CIVIL AND STRUCTURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILD ENVIRONMENT

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA

FINAL PROJECT

PROPOSED KAJANG LOCAL PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

KKKH 4284 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

LECTURERS:

DR. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN

PUAN NORLIZA BINTI MOHD AKHIR

PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN O.K. RAHMAT

TEAM MEMBERS

NURUL SYAFINA AUNI BINTI SAMAD A132101

FATIN NUR NADZIRAH MOHD IBRAHIM A132302

NURUL SYAZRINA BINTI ABD RAHMAN A133675

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Kajang is a town in the eastern part of Selangor located 21 kilometres from Malaysia’s

capital Kuala Lumpur. It is a district capital of Hulu Langat region with a population of 342

657 surrounded by Semenyih, Cheras, Seri Kembangan, Putrajaya and Nilai (Figure 1). The

total population of Kajang has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population

growth of 9% per annum. Strategically, it is located 21 kilometres from Malaysia’s capital,

Kuala Lumpur with the current locational gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai

Chua. Besides, the soon-to-be realised Klang Valley MRT station in Bandar Kajang will

boost the property value in Sungai Chua.

Figure 1 - Location of Kajang District and Kajang City Center

Kajang town started blooming from surrounding estate. It attracts colours of life and

gives this town its own life. Kajang was first established in 1807 and mushroomed into a

modern township as it enjoys the burgeoning rubber estate business at the turn of the 20th

Century. It is an old town as most of the colonial-era buildings were constructed around

1920s to 1930s. The architecture of these shop houses is a combination of traditional Chinese

and European designs. The ground floor was used mostly for commercial activities and the

upper floor as the family living quarter. Nowadays, Kajang has prospered to be one of the

most developed sub-urban townships of Klang Valley and have been linked with modern

highways and complete network of transportation.

However, high density of residential area had become one of the major problems in

Kajang. It led to the traffic congestion at the centre of this town that directly bring to the

pollution, especially air and noise. Hence, travel time increase particularly in peak hour.

Roads often experienced crawls during peak hours including Jalan Besar, Jalan Cheras, Jalan

Mendaling and Jalan Reko, as well as areas in Sungai Chua and Bandar Sungai Long. Some

residents felt that it was part and parcel of life in Kajang. Besides, inefficient pedestrian

sidewalk in this town also cause people tend to use private car and contribute to traffic

congestion.

Figure 2 - Traffic jam in Kajang city center

Apart from that, Kajang town also facing flash floods problem. Other than unusual

amount of rain, low bridges, sedimentation and river pollution, had all combined to cause

even the worst flash floods in decades. The poor condition of Kajang town has made their

residents tends to work outside of this town such as Kuala Lumpur. Lack of land to be

developed also made the development and economic growth of this town became slow. Thus,

in order to increase economic growth and the environmental quality of Kajang,

redevelopment has become one of the best solutions.

Kajang is well connected with many major highway and expressway like Kajang Dispersal

Link Expressway as a ring road of Kajang,Cheras-Kajang Expressway,North-South

Expressway (NSE)with Kajang exit and Kajang-Seremban Expressway at the south of

Kajang near Semenyih. Because the position of Kajang between three major city which is

Kuala Lumpur, Seremban and Putrajaya. This city is included in Klang Valley or Greater

Kuala Lumpur. Public transport available in Kajang are bus, taxi, and train.

There are a variety of facilities that comfort the community in Kajang. Some of the facilities

is a public transport such as station bus, cab, and railway station and also health facilities

such as hospital and clinic.

For this task we need to develop a sustainable kajang city in term of environment, economy

and social. We need to have a sustainable city in Kajang to ensure that the development is

related to the natural environment, have a systematic transportation systems, create an

efficient town structure, enhance the living environment and at the same time conserving the

land.

The New Kajang City

Layout of New Kajang City

2.0 OBJECTIVE

The focus of this proposal is to revitalise the dead space, transforming under-used or

dilapidated areas, boosting local economies and providing a mix of uses and activities which

meet the needs of community. The process can include demolishing old or run-down

buildings, constructing new, up-to-date housing, or adding features with better orientation of

city. The objectives of the study are stated as follow:

1) To maintain the high and stable levels of economic growth and employment.

2) To establish social progress which recognises the needs of everyone

3) To raise effective protection of the environment

4) To prudent use of natural resources by applying sustainable concept of development.

.

3.0 QUALITY OF DEVELOPMENT

Sustainability is related to the quality of life in a community, whether the economic, social

and environmental systems that make up the community are providing a healthy, productive,

meaningful life for all community residents, present and future. To achieve a sustainable

development, our city must concerns about the quality during the developments.There are

three type of quality that this city should focused which is economic quality, social quality

and environment quality.

Economic Quality

Sustainable development is an approach to economic planning that attempts to foster

economic growth while preserving the quality of the environment for future generations.

Economic quality is the use of various strategies for employing existing resources optimally

so that that a responsible and beneficial balance can be achieved over the longer term. Within

a business context, economic sustainability involves using the assorted assets of

the company efficiently to allow it to continue functioning profitability over time.

Sustainable economic growth means a rate of growth which can be maintained without

creating other significant economic problems, especially for future generations. One of the

ways to achieve the sustainable development is through economic health, job creation and

poverty should be noted and the role of informal activities and small-scale trade become

important.

Social Quality

Social sustainability is a quality of societies. It signifies the nature-society relationships,

mediated by work, as well as relationships within the society. Social sustainability is given, if

work within a society and the related institutional arrangements

satisfy an extended set of human needs

are shaped in a way that nature and its reproductive capabilities are preserved over a

long period of time and the normative claims of social justice, human dignity and

participation are fulfilled

Environment Quality

To ensure that land and infrastructure development takes place in an environmentally

responsible and sustainable manner, there must adequate instruments to improve efficiency

and effectiveness of environmental impact assessment system across the city. The

environment activity ensure the continuity of supply of natural resources in the present and

future through effective land use, reduction of non-renewable resources, conversation of

biological resources.

4.0 INTEGRATING TRANSPORT AND DEVELOPMENT

Transport planning is critical to delivering more productive, liveable and environmentally

sustainable cities and regions. Integrating transport and land use decisions helps to deliver a

wide range of benefits, such as improved access to work, less traffic congestion and cleaner

air. In our planning to develop the new kajang city, we plan to increase the environmental

friendly of transportation facilities as increasing in pedestrian facilities, and improved the

road pattern as low of congestion.

Encouraging people to make smart travel choices using various means of guidance is

called mobility management. Mobility management can include, for example, making

services easier to use together with the users. New customers also need information and

encouragement in trying new modes of transport and making choices.

Nowadays, most of the carbon emissions of transport are from road transport. It also

consumes the most energy. The aim is to encourage people to reduce driving alone in their

cars and increase walking, cycling, use of public transport, car sharing, ride sharing and

economic driving. Good public transport services, town planning and locating services and

jobs close to housing reduce the need to use a car on a daily basis.

The need to manage travel demand

Forecast levels of travel demand in urban areas cannotbe met by new and upgraded roads for

private cars. The economic, social and environmental costs are too great. Therefore for our

plan, we focusing on the need to manage travel demand by:

Expanding public transport networks

Improving the quality of public transport services

The location of bus stop at every 4 meters

Expanding cycle and pedestrian facilities and making them more attractive to use by

develop a parks at every 4 meters.

The Grid Road System in New Kajang Developments

Transportation Facilities in Kajang City

Railway Stesen (KTM Kajang)

5.0 MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT DUE TO SURGE IN TRAVEL

DEMANDS

The most critical urban environmental needs by people in developing countries include:

• Provision of healthful housing and other built environments

• Access to environmental infrastructure systems and services (water supply,

sewerage, solid waste management, storm drainage, and urban transport)

• Availability of open spaces in terms of properly designed community parks and

other green areas.

• Environmental surveillance and cleaning services for public buildings and outdoor

areas.

The most important adverse impacts on the urban environment affecting people and

caused by man and nature are:

Water pollution and depletion

Energy use and wastage

Air pollution:

- Outdoor, by industrialization and motorization emissions, and

- indoor, from household and occupational sources

Solid waste, especially hazardous waste, when improperly discharged by

households and industries.

Resource Losses:

- Groundwater contamination and depletion

- Land and ecosystem degradation

- Degradation of historic structures and cultural resources

Environmental hazards:

- Natural disasters (e.g. hurricane, earthquake, volcano, and flooding)

- Man made hazards (e.g. chemical spills and other industrial accidents)

There is no rapid development around the Sungai Kajang, and the surrounding forest is

maintained to balance the ecosystem.

6.0 DEVELOPMENT ACCESS: PEDESTRIANS, DISABLED PEOPLE,

CYCLISTS, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PRIVATE TRANSPORT

Transport choice means choosing how we travel. People should be able to walk, cycle and

use public transport, and not rely solely on private cars. A choice of transport helps the

environment, provides more equitable access, and improves the livability of our urban areas.

Achieving sustainability in transport requires us to look differently at travel. We need to

focus on:

The movement of people and of goods, rather than the movement of vehicles

Maximising accessibility (the ability to undertake a range of daily activities with a

minimum of travel), rather than mobility (the ability to move freely).

To improve transport choice, we need to create an environment that is friendly to

pedestrians, cyclists and public transport users, including people with disabilities. We need to

make land use and development decisions that encourage people to use sustainable modes of

transport for one or more trips per day. We must also ensure that people can reduce their

travel needs by allowing several purposes to be serve by one trip.

In our planning for this new kajang city developments we would like to encourage

people to use a environmental friendly transportation modes. In this planning and

development all the relevant transport modes must be considered. Improving access by

walking, cyling and publc transport must receive equal consideration to, or greater

consideration than, private car access.

7.0 PARKING

A successful parking space can be the making of a place. An unsuccessful one can help ruin

it. Major programmes of development and regeneration are now providing greater

opportunities than ever to improve the spaces that we already have and to create inspiring

new ones. The pace of social and economic change makes it more important than ever to

learn from the experience at the new Kajang Local plan for more sustainable development.

Parking areas are an integral part of the built landscape, from the small town to major

metropolitan centers. Parking areas are a landscape cover associated with all zoning and land-

use types. Parking lots occupy about 10 percent overall of the land in the cities, and can be as

much as 20 to 30 percent of downtown core areas.

Creating sustainable parking for communities depends on taking equal account of the design

of buildings, their location, and the quality of the outdoor space, at strategic, local and site

scales. To ensure that green spaces in these areas are successful in the longer term, it is vital

to plan for that success at the very outset of the regeneration process.

Unlike code about structural buildings or transportation, there is no national, standardized

green law. Thus, some communities have made modest green law efforts, while others have

developed quite innovative and comprehensive codes and ordinances. This variation reflects

community differences in local climatic and natural conditions, local urban growth dynamics,

and political acceptability of green law.

This report is a collection and analysis of code about one dynamic of sustainability such how

trees and the urban forest can mitigate parking area impacts.

And there are several goals for this new kajang new development city:

provide an overview knowledge regarding trees and parking areas

consider the purpose of code and law given the best available information

Urban green law regarding parking areas

Present the latest innovations that reduce and mitigate parking area impacts in cities.

The knowledge regarding trees and parking areas

The greatest single impact of urbanization is the increase in the amount of impervious

surface. Developed landscapes are covered with paving, buildings and other land treatments

that alter the interaction of air, water, sunlight and living things with the land. In recognition

of this problem, many cities are exploring new approaches to reducing impervious cover in

new and existing urban areas for this new city of Kajang. Roofing and pavement generally

cover large percentages of land in urban and highly developed suburban areas.

Figure 7.0: Example of parking areas with trees

Healthy trees and vegetation generate many benefits for this new Kajang city.

Environmental benefits include lower energy use, reduced air pollution and greenhouse gas

reductions, decreased stormwater runoff and improved ecosystems. Community benefits,

reported in scientific studies, are increased property values, improved mental health and

functioning, and better quality of life for residents.

Otherwise, It is disputed whether climate change is the result of human activity or the

natural long-term cycles of the earth. Nonetheless, the impacts on the atmosphere from

human activity and resulting byproducts have increased dramatically in recent decades. Trees

can buffer such effects.

The purpose of code and law given the best available information

Code and ordinance requirements are products of a community’s desire to legislate, regulate

and control minimum standards of landscape quality. Passage of new law is a political

process that relies on a groundswell of local public willingness.

Urban green law regarding parking areas

Physical screening proposed for this new Kajang city of unsightly parking expanses, those

seas of cars and their associated annoyances, is the most prevalent vegetation requirement in

municipal code. The following two topics, interior landscape and vegetation quantity, are

additional strategies for reducing visual impacts of vehicular use areas. Physical screens and

buffer zones are deemed especially necessary on lot lines:

where commercial or industrial uses abut residential land uses

around open storage areas and loading docks

on parking area perimeters

Figure 7.1: Vegetation screen of parking lot using trees and hedges

Screening is usually accomplished using vegetation, earthen mounds , wood or masonry

walls, or any combination. Vegetation strategies include prescribed planting strip widths,

evergreen plantings and densely planted hedges

Square footage of landscape development is proportional to the number of parking spaces.

The requirements of local law range from 10 to 25 square feet of planter space per parking

space, and may require a minimum planter area.

Figure 7.2: Ratio of one tree per twenty parking spaces

Latest innovations that reduce and mitigate parking area impacts in cities.

We are presented the legal strategies that have evolved as local communities have responded

to the need for vegetation in and around built environments. As seen from the examples, legal

requirements of screening, interior planting and vegetation planting area can range from the

negligible to the substantial.

The proposed of parking area within Kajang New City have three primary themes of

innovations, each including several legal strategies which are first is reducing parking surface

area, second would be plant of trees and vegetation at the parking area, and third was the

stormwater management at the parking lots.

Reducing parking surface area

Impervious surface area can also be reduced through attention to parking space dimensions

and circulation. Some of the principal factors in developing conventional parking designs are

traffic circulation and safety for pedestrians and drivers. Standards have been prepared for lot

interior dimensions. Increasing width of stall circulation lanes has caused gradual expansion

of the space needed for equal numbers of vehicles. In addition, wide aisles and stalls have

become standard, providing convenience and plenty of maneuvering space

Plant of trees and vegetation at the parking area

Tree preservation ordinances generally promote the retention of individual trees and tree

stands during development review and site construction. Using tree trunk and canopy cover

specifications, as well as designations of significant species, the benefits of mature trees are

promoted over the delayed gains of planting small saplings. Many cities and counties require

permits to remove a tree or build, excavate or construct within a given distance of designated

protected trees

Figure 7.3: Wide driveways reduce benefits of trees in planting

Another is with tree canopy cover, scientifically assessed as the amount and distribution of

tree leaf area, is directly associated with the urban forest’s capacity to produce community

benefits. Increasing a city’s canopy cover is a direct way to increase benefits afforded by

trees, climate control and energy savings; improvement of air, soil and water quality,

mitigation of stormwater runoff, reduction of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, provision of

wildlife habitat, and increased real estate values and human psychological well-being.

Stormwater management at the parking lots

Runoff from parking lots commonly is directed to a drain that leads to a trap, catch basin or

other device that removes oils and sediment. The water is then discharged to a storm sewer or

to the city’s combined storm and sanitary sewer system. In addition, discharge generally must

pass through a device to control the rate of flow. These devices are usually underground and

can be expensive.

The best way to achieve reduced runoff is to integrate stormwater management into site and

facility design from the beginning of a development project. Parking lots offer significant

opportunities for improvements. A number of cities reviewed and amended theZoning and

Landscape Codes to include Best Management Practices, such as interception, shading,

infiltration filtering and detention, as new elements in existing code

We are proposed to use the Holey Asphalt: New parking lot that wills help reduces runoff for

the parks lot and all buildings parking lots. The new 24,000 square-foot parking lot will

incorporate porous pavement on top of a groundwater infiltration bed. When completed, the

lot is expected to reduce or eliminate storm runoff from the site.

Figure 7.0: Example Cross-section of a typical porous asphalt parking lot.

8.0 URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Urban Character

Transport is as key to urban character as building or accents. The dreams city of new Kajang

redevelopment must anchored with the reach, convenience and the frequency of the public’s

transport. If the Kajangs citizens want to go to another places, they must look no further than

how they can move around the city. Often the style of a city's transport reflects how that city

sees itself.

Figure 8.0: The new urban character for this Kajang city redevelopment

Building context

Future Planning and Built

The planning context shows the site to be in a mixed area and at the edge of a low density

residential area. The site zoning is medium density residential as the properties across the

road. Urban design involves the design and coordination of all that makes up cities and

towns. First is the building in our city.

Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design. The shape and articulate space

by forming the street walks of the city well designed buildings and groups of buildings work

together to create a sense of place. In addition, the public space should be the great as the

living room of the city which is the place where people come together to enjoy the city and

each other. Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible. Public spaces ranges

from grand central plazas and squares, to small and local neighborhood parks. Besides, our

Kajang city should provide street which is the connections between spaces and places, as well

as being spaces themselves. We defined the streets by their physical dimension and character

as well as the size, scale and character buildings that line them. The pattern of our street

network is part of what defines a city and makes city unique.

Furthermore, our transport system connects the parts of cities and helps shape them

and enable movement throughout the city. It is include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian

networks and together form the total movement system of a city. The balance of these various

transport systems is what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them

either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The best cities are the ones that elevate the

experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the dominance of the private automobile

The site includes is during the predevelopment of the city. For example a single

dwelling with a garage adjoining the back of the house and sheds along the rear fence. All

buildings are proposed to be demolished. There are some existing shrubs along the northern

fence. Vehicular access is currently from the north and would need to be retained in this

location to retain existing mature street trees. The site has long boundaries to the east and

west sides. Given the up zoning of this area it is likely that the streetscape will change over

the next few years while existing houses are demolished for medium density and community

uses which will all be built closer to the street.

Building Expression

The three pillars of sustainable development the social progress, economic growth and

environmental protection are inextricably linked. Each depends on the others to support a

sustainable future for human kind. Over the past three decades understanding of the role of

the environment in our future, and its fragility under the growing pressure from human

activity, has grown immensely. Yet the environment is still by no means an equal partner in

the development debate. Long-term environmental considerations are still subjugated to the

short-term demands of economic growth and social progress

9.0 SAFETY AND SECURITY

Safety and security in the inner of Kajang City rests on effective behind the scenes and

visible on the street policing. Comprehensive coverage of inner city streets by closed circuit

television cameras (CCTV) adds significantly to the ability of law enforcement agencies to

combat crime and bolsters public perception of safety and security. By use this surveillance

technology we hope that the new kajang inner city would be more safe in term of the security

guidance.

Picture 9.1: The security system can control and show the safety of the city

To reduce incidents of crime and enhance perceived safety and security on the streets of the

inner city of Kajang City on a 24/7 basis the CCTV network will be install through a new

contracting arrangement.

The new arrangement will see significant improvement in geographic coverage as well as

reaction times to incidents detected. The new CCTV system will be based on digital

technology, enabling much ‘ smarter' law enforcement (including, for example, through

number-plate recognition), urban management and by-law enforcement, traffic management

and disaster mitigation and management. As far as possible and desirable the system will be

integrated with existing private CCTV systems. Private- and public sector partners will also

be able to ‘ buy into' the system to meet their specific security or service monitoring

requirements.

Figure 10.2: Example of CCTV that can be install and set up at Kajang city

Otherwise, bad buildings have become a major challenge in the inner city of Kajang. They

are a concern from the perspective of crime prevention, health and safety, fire safety, water

disconnection, urban management, and the sustainable rates and service charge revenue for

this Kajang city.

To achieve this, we are proposed to scale up its Better Buildings program but also

institutionalise a proactive approach to detecting and dealing with potential problem

buildings. This will combine regular inspections; strengthening of tenant associations or body

corporates, targeted by-law enforcement, innovative approaches to improving health and

safety in buildings.

Measures will include approaches to creatively reconstitute collapsed or collapsing payment

arrangements, including for instance putting buildings under administration where landlord

and tenant relationships break down to the extent that the building poses major revenue risks

to the City and major health and safety risks to the community.

The law enforcement and education can increase the knowledge and awareness level of safety

among the citizen. The urban management structures and systems developed within Kajang

region will provide for an integrated approach to the enforcement of by-laws as well as

national legislation typically enforced at the local level. An integrated team of by-law

enforcement specialists, seconded from various departments, will be established in the inner

city office as a co-ordinating force.

This does not mean the consolidation of all available by-law enforcement capacity in the

Regional offices, simply improved sequencing and alignment of enforcement efforts through

a coherent perspective on the unique circumstances prevailing in different parts of the inner

city.

Figure 10.3: Example of security enforcements for every building safety

Enforcement capacity (in terms of personnel, vehicles, equipment and other) will remain in a

range of different departments or directorates, including the Kajang police station building

control, environmental health and Emergency Management Services.

10.0 LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY

a) Introduction

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land, including the physical

elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as

rivers, lakes, ponds, and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous

vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and

structures and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions. Combining

both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence, often created

over millennia, landscapes reflect the living synthesis of people and place vital to local

and national identity. Landscapes, their character and quality, help define the self-image

of a region, its sense of place that differentiates it from other regions. It is the dynamic

backdrop to people lives.

Other element that needs to be considering in this subtopic is biodiversity. The

variety of life on earth, its biological diversity is commonly referred to as biodiversity.

The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity

of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts,

rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate

conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt to recognize this as being

integral to any approach. However rapid environmental changes typically cause mass

extinctions.

b) Problems

Kajang city have lack of landscape and biodiversity and the existing ones do not well

protected. There are a few issues that need to be concerned such as river pollution,

decreasing flora and fauna growth due to fast development, decreasing number of trees

contribute to the increasing of temperature and reducing number of aquatic life due to

the contaminated water bodies.

Figure 3 Existing Landscape of Bandar Kajang

Figure 4 Condition of Kajang River

c) Solutions

The development of new Kajang city will be more concerned on preservation and

conservation of biodiversity in Kajang. The layout should enhance the comfort and

usefulness of open spaces. This is because by having a green and natural landscape with

good biodiversity will offer a good return to environments. It will also reducing global

warming and contribute to additional impervious area that can solve flood problem in

Kajang city. Below are some of the concepts that can be applied:

a) Encourage people having their own landscape and mini garden at home.

b) Every development needs to consider green landscape. These can enhance the

quality of life through air quality improvement.

c) Upgrade Kajang River becoming a recreational area that can encourage people to

take care of their park.

d) Cover the undeveloped area with trees. It will help in terms of naturalize the

ecosystem in the city. It also can reduce surface water runoff.

e) Build extra green parks in the town with better maintenance.

Figure 5 Green Landscape proposed

Figure 6 Overview of Green City concepts

11.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY

a) Introduction

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which naturally

replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal

heat. It replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas which are electricity, hot

water/space, motor fuels and rural energy services. Renewable energy resources exist over

wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a

limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is

resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In

international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources

such as solar power and wind power.

Renewal energy has a host of social, environmental, and economic benefits. A

sustainable energy must meet these criteria such as have minimal or no negative

environmental or social impact, not deplete natural resources, meet the needs of people today

and in the future in an accessible, equitable and efficient manner, protect air, land and water,

have little or no net carbon or other greenhouse gas emissions and be safe today and not

burden future generations with unnecessary risk. Besides, many renewable energy projects

are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas

and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development. United

Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift

the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.

b) Problems

The issues in Kajang are lack of renewable energy usage among Kajang citizen, few spaces to

install recycling energy and low people conscious on renewable energy. One of the reasons is

lack of exposure about the importance of renewable energy and the impact on existing energy

to the Earth. The usage of non-renewable energy, instead of the sources cannot be renewable

and fast depleting, they leave behind harmful by-products upon combustion and causing a lot

of pollution. Fossil fuel pollutes the environment and it will eventually run out.

Figure 7 WTE Plant in Semenyih

Figure 8 The distribution of power usage following their categories

c) Solutions

On our new Kajang city, we will give enough knowledge on renewable energy to the citizen.

For example, all new developments will be encouraged to install solar power as their energy

source. This is because Malaysia has enough sunlight annually to generate power using solar

panel. While the existing resident area will be provided with the low price of solar panel for

daily energy usage such as to heat water and pools, cook and light homes and buildings.

Besides, road and park lighting will be energized using solar power. Also, we can use lawn as

an air conditioner which the residents need to do landscape at the yard of their house.

Figure 9 Solar powers to reduce non-renewable energy usage

12.0 AIR QUALITY

a) Introduction

Air Pollution Index has become an indicator to check on the air quality. Air pollution comes

from many different sources. One of them is stationary sources such as factories, power

plants, and the smelters and smaller sources such as dry cleaners and degreasing operations.

Air pollution also comes from mobile sources such as cars, buses, planes, trucks and trains.

Also comes from natural occurring sources like windblown dust, and volcanic eruptions. Air

quality can be affected in many ways by the pollution emitted from these sources. These

pollution sources can also emit a wide variety of pollutants.

b) Problems

Current condition of Kajang shows low air quality conditions. This is because of Kajang is a

commercial area with compact population density. The emissions from industries and

manufacturing activities produce smoke and fumes. Waste incinerators, manufacturing

industries and power plants emit high levels of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, and

chemicals into the air. The other source of air pollution is from burning fossil fuels in the

city. Transportation has become a key part of our lives. Cars, heavy duty trucks, trains,

shipping vessels and airplanes burn lot of fossil fuels to work. Emission from automobile

engines contained both primary and secondary pollutants.

Figure 10 Manufacturing is one of the sources of air pollution of Kajang

c) Solutions

For new Kajang city, there will be an improvement on transportation route system. Residents

will be encouraged to use public transportation such as train, MRT and buses to reach their

destination. Also, for car user, the car will be improved with the environmental friendly

technology such as hybrid, natural gas and others which low gas emission. People are

encouraged to use car-pooling or passive transportation. Besides, we will also enhance the

smoke filter for every manufacturing to ensure gases release are not heavy polluted. For

indoor quality, all houses will be provided with efficient ventilation system that removes dirt,

dust, moisture, humidity and pollutants. By planting trees also can reducing air pollution in

Kajang.

Figure 11 Tram with grass rail that allows infiltration

Figure 12 Bicycle usages in city is proposed

13.0 WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE

a) Introduction

Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological and radiological characteristics of

water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more

biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference

to set a standard against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards

used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and

drinking water.

Besides, water pollution is a contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers,

oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or

indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful

compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In

almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but

also to the natural biological communities.

b) Problems

The current issue in Kajang city is about their poor water quality and drainage. Sungai

Langat has massive suspended solid loading as evident from their muddy colour. A major

contribution to the situation is the discharge of silt from construction site. Also the water

quality index of Sungai Langat is in poor condition that requires special treatment. Other

problem is flooding. Subsequently, they had to face with flooding when heavy rain occurs.

These frequent flash floods disrupt the city functioning, damage property and threaten

human lives. Rapid developments reduced the flow capacity of the city’s rivers as they used

the river reserved and also because of the pollutant from the construction that unwell

managed. Rubbish also the main problem of Kajang River and drainage. It tends to cause

drain and river clogged.

c) Solutions

In order to solve this problem, we will provide maintenance frequently depending on the

priority to prevent flood problem. We will also upgrading the river by removing the

sediment and flow to ensure its quality. By providing proper drainage to Kajang city may

allow better water flow and can avoid from flood from occur. We will propose to use

sustainable drainage system that is designed to reduce the potential impact of new and

existing developments with respect to surface water drainage discharges.

Figure 13 Sustainable drainage design is proposed