c,ab; nigeKalneya)aykm<úCa

ynþkarkñ úgkarBRgwgkarGnuelamsiT§ ikmμkrnieyaCit nigbTdæankargar

kñ úgesdækic©sklPavUbnIykmμ

m:as‘ U GI u> sI ulvWEmn (Matthew E. Silverman)1

1> esckþ Iepþ Im>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2> bTdæankargarenAkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

3>mtiRbqaMgnwgbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

4>mtiKaMRTbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5>ynþkarbIy:agsRmab;edaHRsaykarminGnuelamtambTdæankargar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5>1 ynþkarkmμviFIelIkTwkcitþ nigTak;TajkareFI VCMnYj >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5>2 ynþkarRkmRbtibtþ isaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5>3 ynþkarEktRmÚvkarkMNt;témøkñ úgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl {kic©RBm eRBóg

sRmab;QμÜjkNþal} >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

6> esckþ IbB©ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1 GñkniBn§CaebkçCnénkmμviFI LL.M. enAsklviTüal½y Georgetown University Law Center enAExkumÖ³ qñaM

2014 nig)anbBa©b;kmμviFIsikSa J.D., cum laude kñúgqñaM 2007 enAsklviTüal½y Loyola University Chicago

School of Law; B.G.S., 2004, University of Michigan- Ann Arbor.. GñkniBn§sUmsEmþgnUvkar

dwgKuNdl;GñkBinitüepÞógpÞat;GtßbT nigbuKÁlikrbs;RBwtþibRt Cambodia Law and Policy Journal

cMeBaHkarCYyEksRmÜlGtßbT mandUcCa Chris Dearing, Anne Heindel, Barbara Serrano nigsa®sþcarü Katrin

Kuhlmann . GñkniBn§k¾GrKuNpgEdrdl; «Bukmþay Bonnie nig Ron Silverman EdlEtgEtelIkTwkcitþ

dl;rUbKat;. elak elakRsI GaceFVIkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’dl;kmμkr nigRKÜsarEdlrgeRKaHBIkar)ak;rlMGaKar

eragcRk er:Na pøahSa (Rena Plaza) RbeTsbg;køaeds tamry³viTüasßan Institute for Global Labour &

Human Rights nigeKhTMB½r http://www.globallabourrights.org/.

2 |

1> esckþ Iepþ Im

kalBIExemsa qñaM2013 kar)ak;rlMGaKareragcRker:NapøahSa enATIRkúgdaka (Dhaka)

RbeTsbg;køaeds)ansmøab;CIvitkmμkreRcInCag 1>100nak;. ]bTÞvehtuenHbgá[manGRta

mrN³x<s;CageKbMputkñúgcMeNameRKaHmhnþray EdlekIteLIgkñúgeragcRkkat;edr nig)anTak;

Tajkarcab;GarmμN_eTAelIlkçxNçkargard¾lM)ak nigbTdæankagarenAmankRmitkñúgRbeTskMBug

GPivDÆn_CafμImþgeTot.2

XImb‘ÅlI GIuelot (Kimberly Elliot) GñkCMnajxagEpñkBaNiC¢kmμ

nigbTdæankargar )anelIkeLIgfaedImehtuénbBaðaenH KWsßitenAelIcritlkçN³rbs;]sSahkmμ

nigGñkeRbIR)as;³

]sSahkmμkat;edr Ca]sSahkmμmYyEdlpþl;R)ak;kéRmTab BuMTamTarCMnaj mankar

pøas;bþÚrTItaMgeRcIn nigkarRbkYtRbECgx<s;. ktþaTaMgGs;enHCMruj[efAEkeragcRk

kat;bnßykarcMNaytamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. CaTUeTA QμÜjkNþal EsVgrkTijplit

plEdlmantémøTabbMput ehIyeyIgTaMgGs;Kña EdlCaGñkeRbIR)as;k¾)ancUlrYm

cMENkbgá[bBaðaenHenAEtekItman edaysarEteyIgBüayamTijsemøókbMBak;Edl

mantémø efakbMput. 3

vis½y]sSahkmμkat;edrrbs;RbeTsbg;køaeds )anekIneLIgCalMdab; cab;taMgBIedIm

TsvtSr_TI80.4

]sSahkmμenHRtÚv)ankt;smÁal;edaykarpþl;R)ak;kéRmTabdl;kmμkrnieya

Cit nigCaTUeTAmineKarBtambTdæankargarGnþrCati CamYynwgc,ab;kargarkñúgRsúkEdlkMNt;

2 dkRsg;GtßbTBIGñkniBn§ Lawrence MacDonal, cMNgeCIg How to Avoid Another Bangladesh Factory Disaster-

Kimberly Elliot, mCÄmNÐlsRmab;karGPivDÆn_skl (Center for Global Development) ¬éf¶TI7 Ex]sPa

qñaM2013¦ EdlGacrk)anelIeKhTMB½r³ http://www.cgdev.org/blog/how-avoid-another-bangladesh-factory-

disaster-kimberly-elliott 3 Id/ dkRsg;ecj Kimberly Elliot, CasmaCikCan;x<s;enAmCÄmNÐlsMrab;karGPivDÆn_skl.

4 Günseli Berik & Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, cMNgeCIg The Debate on Labor Standards and International

Trade: Lessons from Cambodia and Bangladesh/ The international Working Group on Gender,

Macroeconomic, and International Economic/ TMB½r8-9/ ¬Exmifuna qñaM2007¦

3 |

[mantémøBlkmμTab.5

RbeTsbg;køaedsenAEtbnþTTYlrgsm<aFy:agF¶n;kñúgkarkat;bnßy

témøBlkmμrbs;kmμkrnieyaCit edIm,IRbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr nigkarnaM

ecjsemøókbMBak;eTATIpSarGnþrCati.6

karsikSafμI²)anbgðajBIkarrMelaPelIlkçxNÐkargar nigkarGnuvtþEdlminRsbtam

c,ab;kñúgRsuk nigbTdæankargarGnþCatienAEtbnþekItmaneLIgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edrrbs;

RbeTsbg;køaeds.7

karsikSaxagelI rkeXIjkarrMelaPbMBanelIlkççxNÐkargarrbs;kmμkr

nieyaCitTak;TinnwgR)ak;QñÜl/ em:ageFVIkar/ siT§ishCIB/ karerIseGIgenAkEnøgkargar nigkar

bMBanelIkmμkrnieyaCit.8

karcuHRtÜtBinitüedaymin)anpþl;dMNwgCamunrbs;smaKm (Fair

Labor Association) kñúgqñaM2004 )anrkeXIjfamankarelμIsF¶n;F¶relIviFankarsnþisux

nigGnam½y mandUcCa ]bkrN_suvtißPaBBnøt;GKiÁP½yminmansþg;darRtwmRtÚv/ kgVHbgÁn; nigxVH

Gnam½y/ kgVH]bkrN_karBar/ Kμanxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;/ karEfrkSa]bkrN_enAmankRmit/

nigbBaðakMedAekþAhYsRbmaNenAkñúgeragcRk.9

karsikSaenH)anbgðajfa maneragcRkCa

eRcInEdl kMBugEtdMeNIrkarenAkñúgGaKarlMenAdæan EdlminsaksmnwgeRbIR)as;CaeragcRk

ehIykMBugEtbNþal[kmμkrRbQmmuxx<s;nwgkarrrgrbYs b¤dl;)at;bg;CIvitBIeRKaHGKÁIP½y nig

kar)ak;rlMGaKar.10

kar)ak;rlMeragcRkenATIRkúgdaka kalBIéf¶TI24 Exemsa qñaM2013 Edl)an

smøab;CIvitmnusSdl;eTA 1>127nak;enaH minEmnCaerOgKYr[PJak;ep¥IleLIy BIeRBaHkal

BI5Exmun maneragcRkmYyenAEk,rTIRkúgenH)anTTYlrgeRKaHGKÁiP½y ehIybNþal[mnusS

elIsBI100nak;)an)at;bg;CIvit. kalBIéf¶TI9 Ex]sPa qñaM2013 y:agehacNas;

mankmμkr 8nak;)ansøab;enAkñúgeRKaHGKÁIP½ykñúgeragcRkmYyeTot. karRbkYtRbECgCa

sklkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr RtÚv)an)a:n;RbmaNfa nwgekIneLIgkan;EtxøaMgeLIg enAeBl

5 Id., TMB½r8/ sUmemIl id., TMB½r12-13 sRmab;karBiBN_nay:agek,aHk,aysþIBIlkçN³]sSahkmμkat;edr

rbs;RbeTsbg;køaeds nigbTdæankargarén]sSahkmμkat;edr.

6 Id.,TMB½r8.

7 Id., TMB½r17/ sUmemIl id., TMB½r17-21 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmGMBIkarsikSadéTeTot.

8 Id., TMB½r17-20.

9 Id.

10 Id., TMB½r19.

4 |

Edlkic©RBmeRBógPaBCaédKUGnþr):asIuhiVk((Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement))anGnum½t.

kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrImYyenH nwgbBa©ÚlRbeTsevotNam EdlCaRbeTsmYykñúgbNþa

RbeTsTaMg10 EdlnaMecjsemøókbMBak;eRcInCageKkñúgBiPBelak11

. kic©RBmeRBógenHGac

nwgeFVI[mankar rMelaPbMBanelIbTdæankargar nigsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCiteTVeLIg.

sklPavUbnIykmμkñúgTRmg;CakarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs nigExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl

)anpþl;»kaskargarCaeRcInsRmab;RbCaCnenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ RbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSar

GnþrCati TIpSarmUlFn nigeFVI[esdækic©rbs;xøÜnekIneLIg12

. TnÞwmnwgenH sklPavUbnIykmμ

k¾GnuBaØat[QμÜjlk;rayBIshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_déTeToteqøót»kasTajyk

plcMeNjBIkéRm:BlkmμTab nigbTdæanc,ab;EdlenAmankRmitTabedIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMeNj .13

sMNYrd¾sMxan;mYyecaTfa etIRbeTsnaMecjsemøókbMBak;GackarBar»kaskargar nig

enAEtGacbnþrkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;xøÜnkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr)anEdrb¤eT xN³eBlEdl

RbeTsTaMgenHBüayamFananUvsuvtßiPaB suxumalPaB nigkareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit.14

GtßbTenH eFVIkarviPaKelIynþkarmYycMnYnEdl)anesñIsMunigGnuvtþedaysisS nig sa®sþa

carüenAfñak;]tþmsikSa/ rdæaPi)al/ QμÜjlk;ray/ GgÁkareRkAraCrdæaPi)al/ nigGtifiCn

edIm,IFana[mankareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit nigbTdæankargarkñúgesdækic©sklPavUbnIykmμ

EdlkMBugmankMeNIn y:agxøaMg.

2> bTdæankargarenAkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI

taMgBIedImmk bTbBaØtþikargarminmanEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμBhuPaKIeT BIeRBaH

bBaØtþikargarCaTUeTARtÚv)aneKcat;TukCabBaðakñúgRsuk ehIyminTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmμ. GgÁkar

BlkmμGnþrCati (International Labor Organization) begáIteLIgenAqñaM1919 ehIyCaEpñk

mYyénGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anedIrtYnaTICaGñkTTYlxusRtÚv nigRtÜtBinitüc,ab;kargar. GgÁkar

11 Id., TMB½r10.

12 Richard M. Locke, Fei Qin & Alberto Brause, cMNgeCIg Does Monitoring Improve Labor Standards?

Lessons from Nile, 61:1 ILRREVIEW 1, 3, ¬Extula qñaM2007¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://digitalcommons.

ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1310context=ilrre view.

13 Id., TMB½r4.

14 Berik & Rodgers, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4/ TMB½r1.

5 |

BlkmμGnþrCati )anbegáItGnusBaØaCaeRcInsþIGMBIbTdæankargarGnþrCatiGs;ry³eBlCit 90qñaM

mkehIy.15

GnusBaØaTaMg8 rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati epþatsMxan;eTAelI4EpñkFM² EdleKcat;Tuk

faCa {eKalkarN_énbTdæankargar}³ TImYy esrIPaBénkarbegáItsmaKm nigesrIPaBénkar

crcaCasmUhPaB/ TIBIr karlubbM)at;kargaredaybgçM/ TIbI karkat;bnßyBlkmμkumar/ TIbYn

karkat;bnßykarerIseGIgkñúgkargar nigGaCIB. enAqñaM1998 eKalkarN_TMag4 énbTdæan

kargarRtÚv)andak;bBa©Úlkñúg esckIþRbkasrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCatisþIBIeKalkarN_CamUl

dæan nigsiT§ienAkEnøgkargar nigkarGnuvtþbnÞab; EdltRmÚv[RbeTsCasmaCikénGgÁkar

BlkmμGnþrCatiTaMgGs;RtÚvRbtibtþitam.16

naeBlfμI²enH shrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsCaeRcIn)ancrcaelIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

eTVPaKI EdlhYsBIvisalPaBénbTbBaØtþikargarEdlmanEcg enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógTUeTAelIBn§

Ky nigBaNiC¢kmμ (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak

(World Trade Organization) nigGnusBaØaénGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati. shrdæGaemrik)an

dak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargarkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKIcab;taMgBIqñaM1993.17

karbBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargarenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKI kMBugEtvivtþyWt².18

kic©

RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIBIrrbs;shrdæGaemrikCamYyRbeTsGIuRsaEGl¬1985¦ nig RbeTs

kaNada ¬1988¦ min)andak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargarenaHeT. karGnuvtþEbbenH )anpøas;

bþÚrcab;taMgBIqñaM1993 enAeBlEdlmanktþa3)anCMruj[bTdæankargarkøayCaGaTiPaB. ktþa

TImYyKW shrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþImcrcaCamYyRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. ktþaTIBIrKWkarTTYlsÁal;

BITMnak;TMngrvagBaNiC¢kmμ nigbTdæankargarman)anekIneLIg CaBiessRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_

)anTTYlrgsm<aF[køayeTACaplitTMnijEdlmantémøefak ehIyeFVI[kareKarB nigkarGnuvtþ

15 Mary Jane Bolle, cMNgeCIg Overview of Labor Enforcement Issues in Free Trade Agreements, Congressional

Research Service, TMB½r1, ¬éf¶TI29 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2008¦.

16 Id. 17 Sandra Polaski, cMNgeCIg Protecting Labor Rights Through Trade Agreement: An Analytical Guide, 10:13

J. INT'L LAW & POLICY (Davis California) 13, 14 ¬éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM2004¦.

18 Bolle, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx15/ TMB½r1.

6 |

tamlkç½xNÐkargar nigkareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCitenAmankRmit. ktþaTIbIKW Rkúmh‘unsaCIv

kmμmanqnÞ³kñúgkarpþl; {siT§iesrIPaBdl;kmμkrnieyaCit edIm,IelIkkm<s;kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢

kmμnig edIm,IRtÜsRtaypøÚvdl;kMeNInBaNiC¢kmμ nigkarvinieyaKTunkñúgRbeTskMBug GPivDÆn__.}19

enAedImqñaM2007 smaCikRBwT§sParbs;shrdæGaemrik mkBIKNbkSRbCaFibetyü

)anelIkeLIgfa smaCikrbs;xøÜnnwge)aHeqñatKaMRT bTbBaØtiþkargarenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢

kmμesrIGaemrik EdlkMBugrg;caMkarGnum½t drabNamankarBRgwgelIGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtikargar.

enAéf¶TI10 Ex]sPa qñaM2007 fñak;dwknaMRBwT§sPamkBIKNbkSRbCaFibetyü nigKNbkS

saFarNrdæ nigrdæ)alrbs;elak RbFanaFibtI bU‘s )anmUlmitiKñaelIRkbx½NÐBaNiC¢kmμ

fIμmYyEdlmaneQμaHfa eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfμIrbs;Gaemrik (The New Trade Policy

for American) Edl)anGMBavnav[mankardak;bBa©Úl nigGnuvtþkareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit

EdlTTYlsÁal;;Caskl nigeKalkarN_TaMgbYnénbTdæankargareTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

EdlkMBugrg;caMkarGnum½t.20

eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfμIrbs;Gaemrik )anEkERbkarGnuvtþ

bTbBaØtþiþkargar nigkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIrbs;xøÜn. shrdæGaemrik)ancuHkic©RBmeRBóg

BaNiC¢kmμfμIEbbenHCamYynwgRbeTs)a:Nama: RbeTskMLúMb‘Í nigRbeTskUer:xagt,ÚgenAkñúgrdæ

)alelakRbFanaFibtI GU)am:a.21

eBldak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargareTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμNamYy PaKIBak;B½n§RtÚvEt

kMNt;BIkatBVkic©EdlRtÚvGnuvtþedIm,IeKarBeTAtambTdæankargar dUcCaRbePTénsiT§ikmμkrnieya

Cit ehIyfaetIc,ab;kñúgRsukEdlmanRsab; nigb¤mYyk¾bTdæankargarGnþrCatiNaxøHnwgRtÚvdak;

bBa©Úlkñúgkic©RBmeRBóg.22

kalBImun enAeBlEdlbTdæankargarGnþrCatiRtÚv)andak;bBa©Úl

eTAkñúgkic©®BmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrik bTdæankargarTaMgGs;enaHRKan;EtCakþIRsém::

19 Id., TMB½r2-3.

20 M. Angeles Villarreal, cMNgeCIg The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues,

Congressional Research Service/ TMB½r8/ ¬éf¶TI9 ExFñÚ qñaM 2012¦.

21 CMBUkkargark¾RtÚv)andak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrikCamYyRbeTseb:rU Edl)an

RbtibtþienAeRkamrdæ)alelakRbFanaFibtI b‘Us.

22 Polaski, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx15/ TMB½r16.

7 |

minmankarGnuvtþCak;EsþgeLIy.23

b:uEnþ PasaEdleRbIR)as;kñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

esrIGaemrikCamYyRbeTs)a:Nam:a RbeTskMLúMb‘I nigRbeTskUer:xagt,Úg TamTar[mankar

dak;bBa©ÚlbTdæankargarGnþrCatiEdlGacGnuvtþ)an elIc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsnImYy ².24

RbeTsEdlminGnuvtþtamlkçniþk/ bTbBa¢a/ nigkareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit {RsbnwgsiT§i

Edl)anEcgenAkñúgesckþIRbkasCasklrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati} RtÚv)ancat;faCakar

rMelaPbMBanelIkic©RBmeRBóg.25

ynþkarkñúgkardak;[Gnuvtþ mandUcCanItiviFIedaHRsayvivaT

nigeTasbBaØtiþ ¬mandUcCakardkplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmμ¦.26

mtiKaMRTkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarGnþrCatitamry³kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI )anelIk

eLIgnUvcMNucBIrsMxan;kñúgkarCECkEvkEjk. TImYYy bTdæan niglkçxNÐkargarkñúgRbeTs

kMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcInEdlshrdæGaemrikeFVICMnYj nigbNþak;TunenAmankRmit ehIykarGnuvtþ

EbbenH CaeKalneya)ald¾manRbsiT§iPaBsRmab;eRbIR)as; {enAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr} nig

karBarkar)at;bg;kargar edIm,IRbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμshrdæGaemrik. TIBIr kar

GnuvtþbTdæankargarGnþrCatitamry³kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIGaemrikGac kat;bnßybBaða

R)ak;kéRmTab niglkç½xNнkargarmankRmitrbs;kmμkrnieyaCit edaysarEtkarRbCYtRbECg

elITIpSarGnþrCati nigkarBar {karRbkYtRbECgrbs;eragcRkkat;edr kñúgkarkat;bnßykar

cMNay elIkéRmBlkmμ} kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_.27

23 ]TahrN_° kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsQIlI.

24 PasaEbbenHk¾)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIGaemrik nigRbeTseb:rUenAeRkamrdæ)alelak

RbFanaFibtI b‘Us EdlCaEpñkmYyéneKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfμIGaemrik.

25 David A. Grantz, Discussion Paper No. 11-13/ cMNgeCIg Labor Rights and Environmental Protection under NAFTA

and Free Trade Agreements, UNIV. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV., qñaM2011; Arizona Legal Studies Discussion

Paper No. 11-13, TMB½r43 ¬éf¶TI21 ExmIna qñaM2011¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://papers.ssrn.com /sol3/

papers.cfm? abstract_id=1791839. 26 Polaski, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx17 Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r16.

27 Rober M. Stern & Katerine Terrell, cMNgeCIg Labor Standards and the World Trade Organization, Discussion Paper

No. 499, General R. Ford School of Public Policy, Univ. of Michigan, at 2 (Aug. 2003) manenAelIeKhTMB½r

http://fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers476-500/r499.pdf.

8 |

eBlfμIenH² eTaHbICakic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrikeRbIPasa EdltRmÚv[

mankarGnuvtþtambTdæankargar[manRbsiT§PaBk¾eday mtriHKn;ecaTsYrfaetIeKalneya)ay

BaNiC¢kmμfIμGaemrik BitCaGacnwgelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþtambTdæanGnþrCati nigkarBarsiTi§

kmμkrnieyaCit)anEdrb¤eT. enAqñaM 2011 shrdæGaemrik)anykerOgkþIelIkTImYy nigdMbUg

eKbMputTak;TgnwgbTbBaØtþikargar nig kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIGaemrik CamYynwgsaFardæ

dUmInik nig RbeTsenAtMbn;GaemrikkNþalmkedaHRsay edaysarEtRbeTshÁn;etm:aLa

(Guatemala) min)aneKarBtambTdæanc,ab;kargarrbs;xøÜn.28

CalT§plbnÞab;BIkaredaHRsay

CemøaHmanlkçxNÐ18 EdltRmÚv[RbeTshÁn;etm:aLa cat;viFankar[)anc,as;las;edIm,I

elIkkm<s;kareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit. dMeNaHRsayEbbenHnwgCMruj[édKUBaniC¢kmμ {eFVIkar

crca nigrkdMeNaHRsayd¾smrmümYy} sRmab;karelIkkm<s;siT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.29

k¾b:uEnþ

dUcEdlelak sa®sþacarü David A. Gantz )anelIkeLIgRbsiT§PaBéneKalneya

)ayBaNiC¢kmμfIμ kñúgeBlbcñúb,nñ nigGnaKtGacdMeNIreTA)anGaRs½yelIqnÞ³énrdæ)alsh

rdæGaemrikkñúgkarbegáItmUlniFiRTRTg; CMnYybec©keTs nigqnÞ³neya)aykñúgkarelIkkm<s;kar

GnuvtþbTbBaØtþikargar.30

3> mtiriHKn;RbqaMgnwgbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

mtiriHKn;nwgkardak;bTbBaØtiþkargareTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ GHGagfaRbsinebI

RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_RtÚv)anbgçM[kMNt;bTdæankargarx<s;CagtémøplitplelITIpSarBiPBelak

nieyaCitrbs;xøÜnnwgRbQmmuxnwgkar)at;bg;kargar. R)ak;kéRmBlkmμ{nwgeLIgx<s;Cagmun nig

CMruj[GñkvinieyaKTunbreTsQb;bNþak;Tun ehIyGRtaKμankargarekIneLIgx<s;EfmeTot}.31

mansßiti nig P½sþútagdak;EsþgsRmab;;KaMRTGMNHGMNagxagelIenH. mankarsikSaRsavRCav

tamEbbviTüasa®sþCaeRcIn )anviPaKBIdMeNIrkarvivtþn_rbs;nieyaCit enAeBlEdlR)ak;QμÜl

28 dkRsg;ecjBIeKhTMB½r http://www. ustr.gov/trade-topics/labor/bilateral-and-regional-trade-agreements/

Guatemala-submissionunder-caftadr. 29 Gantz, emIlkMNt;cMNat;elx25/ TMB½r43.

30 Id., TMB½r44.

31 Gabriel H. Sahlgren, Issued Analysis No. 10, cMNgeCIg The United States-South Korea Free Trade

Agreement: An Economic and Political Analysis, Competitive Enterprise Institute, TMB½r1 ¬Extula qñaM

2007¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://cei.org/pdf/6189.pdf.

9 |

mankarERbRbÜl. dUcKñaenHpgEdr c,ab;kargarminGackarBarsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit)an enA

eBlEdl GñkvinieyaKTunRtÚvcMNayy:aghYsRbmaNelIviFankarN_TaMgLayEdlRtÚvGnuvtþ

edIm,IelIkkm<s;siT§ikmμkrnieyaCit. manP½sþútagCak;Esþg edaysarEtmanRkúmh‘unmYYycMnYn

)andkTun rbs;xøÜn xN³eBleBlEdlshCIBTamTarR)ak;kéRmx<s; ¬]TahrN_ shCIB

United Fruit enARbeTskUsþarIka ¦.32

elIsBIenHeTAeTot sa®sþacarü r:UbWt EGm> sÞWn (Robert M. Stern) nig xatFWrIn

fWErl (Katherine Terrell) )anelIkeLIgfaeKalneya)ay b¤bTbBaØtþikargarkñúgRbeTsEdl

minmanehdæarcnasm½<n§ FnFanmnusS b¤karhVwkhVWnRtwmRtÚv edIm,IKaMRT nigkarGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtþi

kargarminGacdMeNIkareTAmux)aneLIy.33

dUcKñanwgesdækic©viTU mtiRbqaMgnwgkarGnuvtþn_bT

bBaØtikargar cat;TukBaNiC¢kmμesrIPavUbnIykmμ nigsklPavUbnIykmμCameFüa)aysRmab;

elIkkm<s;sßanPaBesdækic© nigsgÁm[manPaBRbesIreLIgkñúgry³eBlyUr. karRbwgERbg

dak;[mankarGnuvtþbTdæankargar[)anTUlMTUlay nigrwtEtmanRbsiT§PaBCagmunenAkñúgkic©RBm

eRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI )anRtwmEtraraMgBaNiC¢kmμesrIPavUbnIykmμ nigkarrIklUtlas;rbs;esdæ

kic©CatiEtb:ueNÑaH.

mtiEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI min)anbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;BIkardak;bBa©ÚlbTdæankargar

EdltwgruwgCagmun kñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIeRkamKeRmag eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfIμ

rbs;shrdæGaemrikenaHeT. CaTUeTA mtiRbqaMgnwgkarGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtiþkargarEdltwgrwugCag

munkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIrbs;shrdæGaemrik CMTas;nwgRKb;TRmg;énkardak;bBa©Úlkar

GnuvtþbTdæankargar enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI.34

mtimYYyeTotEdlRbqaMgnwgkar

GnuvtþbTdæankargar KWnieyaCknwgpøas;bþÚrTItaMgplitrbs;xøÜneTAbNþaRbeTsEdlkarGnuvtþn_

bTdæankargarenAmankRmit ehIybegáIt[manGRtaénPaBKμankargareFVIx<s;enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs

EdlmankarGnuvtþn_tambTbBaØtiþkargarRtwmRtÚv nigkéRmBlkmμx<s;.35

4> mtiKaMRTnwgkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

32 Stern & Terrell, emIlkMNt;cMNaMEdl)anbgðajenAxagelI Error! Bookmark not defined, TMB½r7.

33 Id., TMB½r8.

34 Berik & Rodgers, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4/ TMB½r2.

35Id., TMB½r3.

10 |

ebIeTaHbICamanP½sþútagCasßiti nigRBwtþikarN_Cak;EsþgKaMRTfa karBRgwgkareKarBbTdæan

kargartamry³ynþkarBaNiC¢kmμGacCaehtubNþal[mankar)at;bg;kargar/ karfycuHvini

eyaKTunbreTs nigeFVI[kMeNInesdækic©Føak;cuH CaBiesskñúgRbeTsEdlxVHehdæarcnasm<½n§/

karGb;rM nigc,ab;kñúgRbeTsedIm,I[eKarB nigRbtibtiþtambTdæankargark¾eday manP½sþútag

d¾eRcInelIslb;bBa¢ak;fa karmtixagelIenHminRtwmRtÚv. Cak;Esþg karBRgwgbTdæankargarGac

begÍánnUvkarRbkYtRbECg nigkMeNInesdækic©rbs;RbeTsmYy.36

k¾b:uEnþ karRbkYtRbECg

edIm,ITak;TajkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs CaBiesskñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_GacnwgeFVI[man

{karRbkYtRbECgrbs;eragcRkkat;edr kñúgkarkat;bnßykarcMNayelIBlkmμ} Edlb:HBal;

dl;bTdæankargar nigc,ab;kmμkrnieyaCit.37

karsikSamYyenAqñaM2002 )ankMNt;fa karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs eRcInekItmanenA

bNþalRbeTsmankareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit.38

manktþaCaeRcInEdlCMruj[karbNþak;Tun

pÞal;BIbreTsekIneLIg. Ktþacm,gKWkareKarBnigGnuvtþtamlkçxNÐkargar nigkareKarBsiT§i

kmμkrnieyaCit CaktþaCMruj[mansißrPaBneya)ay nigsgÁm ehIyktþaTaMgenHehIyEdl

CMruj[mankMeNInesdækic© nigTak;TgjkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs.39

karsÞg;mtirbs;sh

RKinsaCIvkmμ)anbgðajfa ebIeTaHbICabTdæankargartRmÚv[manR)ak;kéRmBlkmμx<s;k¾eday

karcMMNayeRcInEbbenHCakarcaM)ac; BIeRBaHvaCMruj[mansißrPaBneya)ay sgÁm nig

kMeNInesdækic©.40

y:agNak¾eday kardak;bBa©Úl[mankarGnuvtþbTdæankargar[)anRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgkic©

RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμKWenAminTan;RKb;RKan;enAeLIy. dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI shrdæ

Gaemrik)anBüayamEtmþgb:ueNÑaH edIm,IBRgwgbTdæankargarkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI.

RbsinebIshrdæGaemrikmin)anBüayamCMruj[mankarRbtibtþibTdæankargarenaHeT RbeTs

36 Id. 37 David Kucera, cMNgeCIg Core Labor Standards and Foreign Direct Investment, 141: 1-2 INT' L LABOUR

REV. 31, 31 ¬qñaM2002¦.

38 Id.,TMB½r33.

39 Id., TMB½r34-35.

40 Id., TMB½r35-36.

11 |

kMBugGPivDÆn_nwgminsμ½RKcitþeKarBtambTdæankargarGnþrCatienaHeT CaBiesskñúgkrNIEdl

RbeTsTaMgenaHBMumankartaMgcitþ hirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§RKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuvtþn_.41

viFI

sa®sþbIepSgKñaRtÚv)anesIñedaysa®sþacarü nigsisSenAfñak;]tþmsikSa b¤k¾RtÚv)an

GnuvtþedayraCrdæaPi)al GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigRkúmh‘un edIm,IxitxMRbwgERbgedaHRsay

bBaðaénkarminGnuelameTAtambTdæankargar rYmTaMgkarxVHxatnUvkarKaMBarsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCitenA

kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_.

5>ynþkarbIy:agsRmab;edaHRsaykarminGnuelamtambTdæankargar

5>1> ynþkarelIkTwkcitþedIm,ITak;TajBaNiC¢kmμ

enAeBlEdlRbeTsbg;køaedsTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIlkçxNçkargarenAmankRmit nigkar

rMelaPc,ab;kargarenAeBlfμI²enH RbeTskm<úCa EdlCaRbeTsmanesdækic©Tn;exSay ehIy

]sSahkmμnaMecjsemøókbMBak;rbs;xøÜnkMBuglUtlas; cab;epþImelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþn_bTdæan

kargar bnÞab;BIcuHkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμCamYynwgshrdæGaemrik.42

TisedAepSgKñamYy

cMnYnEdl RbeTskm<úCa nigbg;køaeds)anGnuvtþGacemIleXIjtamry³karbegáItKeRmagelIk

km<s;bTdæankargarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EdlCMruj[manbTdæankargarsmrmü nigbegáInkar

naMecj.43

KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa EdlekItecjBIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

eTVPaKIelIvis½yvaynP½NÐrvagkm<úCa nigshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM1999 )anseRmceKal

bMNgrbs;xøÜn elIcMNucbIy:agdUcxageRkam °

41 RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn dUcCaRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsbg;køaeds manrdæFmμnuBaØ nigc,ab;kargarEdl

dak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargary:agl¥itl¥n; niglkçxNçénsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit Edlbgðaj[eXIjnUvkareFVIsc©ab½nrbs;

xøÜnelIcMnuceKalénc,ab;kargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþ ebIeTaHbICaRbeTsmYymanbBaØtþikargark¾

edayk¾manGacFanafamankarkarGnuvtþRtwmRtÚvenaHeLIy. ]TahrN_° RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIsc©ab½nelIGnusBaØa

TaMg8rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati EdltMNag[cMnuceKalénbTdæankargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak b:uEnþ

karGnuvtþtamcMnuceKalénbTdæankargarrbs;RbeTsmYyenH BitCakarBi)ak edaysarEtGMeBIBukrlYy. RbeTs

bg;køaedsmanc,ab;kargarkñúgRsukd¾TUlMTUlayCaeRcIn edIm,IkarBarkmμkrnieyaCit ehIyRbeTsenHEfmTaMg )aneFVI

sc©ab½nelIGnusBaØacMnYn7 kñúgcMenamGnusBaØasMxan;TaMg8 rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak b:uEnþkarGnuvtþénsiTi§

shCIB nigbTbBaØtiþsIþBIkarminerIseGIgenAmankRmit.

42 Id., TMB½r7.

43 Id., TMB½r2.

12 |

1> karbegáInkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;rbs;km<úCaeTAkan;TIpSarGaemrik CMruj[mankar

elIkkm<s;bTdæankargar.

2> karBwgEp¥kelIGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak kñúgkaredIrtYnaTICaPñak;garRtÜtBinitükar

GnuvtþbTdæankargar.

3> karTTYlyknUvviFankartmøaPaB eBleFVIesckþIraykarN_BIlT§plénkarRtÜt

BinitükarGnuvtþtambTdæankargarenAkñúgeragcRk.44

lkçxNÐénkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKIelIvis½ykat;edrrvagkm<úCa nigshrdæGaemrik

)anbegáInkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;eTAshrdæGaemrik kñúglkçxNçEdlkm<úCaeKarBtamc,ab;

kargarrbs;xøÜn nigbTdæankargarEdlTTYlsÁal;Caskl.45

ehtudUecñH kic©RBmeRBógenH

)aneRbIR)as;ynþkarelIkTwkcitþedIm,ITak;TajBaNiC¢kmμ ¬CaCagkardak;TNÐkmμ¦ edIm,I

CMruj[mankareKarBtambTdæankargar ehIyedaymanGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCatiBinitütamdan

karGnuvtþtambTdæankargarenAkñúgeragRckkat;edrenAkm<úCa.46

eTaHbICakic©RBmeRBógenH)an

putkMNt;eTAehIyk¾eday kmμviFIBinitütamdanenAEtbnþ nig)anBRgIkvisalPaBrbs;xøÜntaMg

BIqñaM 2004.47

KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa rYmbBa©ÚlCMnYybec©keTs nigkarBRgwgsmtß

PaB edIm,IelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþ nigRtÜtBinitübTdæankargarrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigkarcuHeTA

RtÜtBinitüeragcRkkat;edr nigvaytémøedaypÞal;rbs;buKÁlikGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak.48

KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa k¾mankmμviFIbNþúHbNþal edIm,ICYykmμkrfμI[yl;dwg

BIsiT§irbs;xøÜn CYyCieyaCkBRgwgviFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþal nigGb;rMBITMnak;TMngrvagbuKÁlik nigGñk

dwknaMshCIBelIkic©snüakargar lkçxNçkargar rYmTaMgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlik.49

edIm,IFana

44 Id., TMB½r2.

45 Id., TMB½r8.

46 Id., TMB½r8.

47 Id., TMB½r8.

48 Id., TMB½r14.

49 Id., TMB½r14-15.

13 |

[kmμvIFIenHmantmøaPaB r)aykarN_énkarcuHeTARtÜtBinitüeragcRkRtÚv)anbegðaHelIeKhTMB½r

www.betterfactories.org.50

eKhTMB½renH)anEføgfa {KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmun

enAkm<úCa eFVIkarRtÜtBinitüeragcRk/ bNþúHbNþalEpñkRKb;RKg nigkmμkr/ pþl;karENnaM nig

dMbUnμaneragcRk[rkSa)anR)ak;cMeNj nigeKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.}51

KeRmageragcRkRbesIrCagmunenARbeTskm<úCa CMruj nigsRmÜlkarGnuvtþtambT

dæankargar CaCagpakBin½yelIeragcRk b¤dak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHkarrMelaPbMBanc,ab;kargar.52

kmμviFIenHGacbMeBjkic©kar)anCaeRcIndUcCa° TImYy pþl;nUvkarkarBarelIsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit

nig kargar TIBIr begáItskþanuBlEpñkesdækic©kñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr nigTIbI Tak;Taj

Rkúmh‘un[mkbNþak;TunenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanekr×þeQμaHl¥kñúgkarGnuvtþtambTdæankargar.53

50 Id., TMB½r15

51 esckIþEføgkarN_ EdlTTYl)ankarKaMRT edayr)aykarN_cMnYn30ecjpSayedayGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak

cenøaHBIExviciäka qñaM2001 dl; Exkkáda qñaM2003. sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.betterfactories.org . RKaEdl

GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelakbnþbgðajkartaMgcitþrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarKaMRTkmμviFIeragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmun nigkarvivtþ

rbs;kmμviFIenH Cak;Esþg bBaðasMxan;Tak;TgnwgkarGnuelamtamc,ab;kargarrbs;eragcRkenARbeTskm<úCa

KWenAEtmanbnÞab;BIGanesckIþraykarN_EdlmanenAeKhTMB½rxagelI. enAkñúgesckþIraykarN_Exemsa qñaM 2013

GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati)andkRsg;nUvPaBbraC½ykñúgkarGnuvtþn_suvtißPaBxagEpñkGKÁIP½y R)ak;]btßmÖ Gahar

kRmitkMedA lT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at nigsab‘U nigkargarEfmem:agmankMNt;. KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIr

CagmunenARbeTskm<úCa Twenty Ninth Synthesis Report on Working Conditions in Cambodia's Garment Sector

and Statement of the Project Advisory Committee, GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak ¬éf¶TI11 emsa qñaM2013¦/

manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterwork.com/cambodia/wp-content/uploads /2013/04/Sythesis-Report-29th -EN-

Final.pdf. 52 kñúgkarRtÜtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþbTbBaØatiþkargarrbs;rdæenAGaemrikLaTIn Michael Piore nig Andrew Schrank

)an[ehtuplfa RkúmGFikarkic©kargar bMeBjkargaredaymanRbsiT§PaB enAeBlEdleKedIrtYCaGñkRbwkSa

nigBieRKaHeyabl;CaCagedIrtYCaTICab:UlIs. kareFVIEbbenHmann½yfa enAeBlkarbMBanc,ab;EdlCalT§pl

ekItecjBIkarb:unb:g[enAEtmankarRbkYtRbECgrbs;shRKinRtÚv)anrkeXIj RkúmGFikarkic©kargarrdæedIrtYy:ag

sMxan;kñúgkar[dMbUnμan nigEpnkarGMBIrebobrkviFIEdleFVI[karRbkYtRbECg nigkareKarBc,ab;GacTTYlyk

)anTaMgBIrCaCag RKan;Etdak;TNÐkmμ b¤pak;Bin½ycMeBaHkarelμIsc,ab;. Mark Anner Jennifer Bair &Jeremy

Blasi, Buyer Power, Pricing Practice, and Labor Outcomes in Global Supply Chains, Univ. Of Colorado at

Boulder, Institution Program Working Paper Series: INST2012-11, TMB½r4 ¬sIha qñaM2012¦

53 Berik & Rodger, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI, TMB½r 21.

14 |

eTaHCadUecñHkIþ kmμviFIenHTTYlrgkarriHKn;Tak;TinnwgRbsiT§PaBénkarelIkkm<s;kareKarB

siT§ikmμkrnieyaCit nigsuvtßiPaBkargar. karsikSaÉkraCümYyenAkñúgqñaM2013 )ankMNt;

fakñúgGMLúgeBl11qñaMénkarRbtibtþikmμviFIenH R)ak;QñÜl nigsniþsuxkargarCamUldæan)an

Føak;cuH ehIy {karcrcaCasmUhPaB nigesμaHRtg;rvagnieyaCknignieyaCit RBmTaMg

lkçxNçkargarCamUldæan nigsuxPaBenAEtCabBaðaEdlminGacedaHRsay)an.}54

karvay

témøRbcaMBak;kNþalqmassIþBIlkçxNçkargarrbs; KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmun

enAkm<úCa )ankMNt;smÁal;BI {karFøak;cuHénkarGnuvtþn_tambTdæankargar ehIy)atukmμcab;

ekItmaneLIgvijtaMgBIqñaM2011 bnÞab;BIkarrIkcMerInd¾KYr[s¶b;Es¶g kñúgmYyTsvtSeRkay

bnÞab;karcuHhtßelxaelI kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKIelIvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edrrvagkm<úCa

nigshrdæGaemrik.}55

r)aykarN_mYyelIkeLIgBIkar)ak;rlMGaKar er:Na pøahSa enA

RbeTsbg;køaeds nigkardYlrlMeragcRkmYykalBIEx]sPa qñaM2013enARbeTskm<úCa

Edl)ansmøab;CIvitkmμkrplitEs,keCIgcMnYnBIrrUb56

nigbBa¢ak;fa {GtifiCnenAkñúgskl

54 cMNgeCIg Monitoring in the Dark: An Evaluation of the International Labour Organization's Better

Factories Cambodia Monitoring and Reporting Program, International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution

Clinic, Mills Legal Clinic, Stanford Law School and Worker Rights Consortium, at ii ¬ExKumÖ³

qñaM2013¦manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://humanrightsclinic.law.stanford.edu/project/monitoring-in-the-dark/ kar

sikSbnþesñIsMu[mankMENTRmg; edIm,I[kmμvIFIkan;EtmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarkarBarsiT§irbs;kmμkr nigsuvtßiPaBkñúg

eragcRkenAkm<úCarYmmanviFIsa®sþbegáIntmøaPaBénkarBinitütamdan nigraykarN_rbs;kmμviFI. Id., TMB½r56-

72.

55 Statement of the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Cambodia, GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak/

¬éf¶TI18 Exkkáda qñaM2013¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterfactories.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/

Final-PAC-statement-SR-30-EN.pdf. 56 emIl]TahrN_° Leang Phannar, Shane Worrell nig May Titthara dkRsg;ecjBIGtßbT Company Admits

“Negligence in Factory Disaster,” PñMeBjb:us×þ/ éf¶TI17 Ex]sPa qñaM2013/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r

http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/company-admits-%E2%80%98negligence% E2%80%99-factory-

disaster. kardYlrlMTIBIr)anekIteLIgBIrbIéf¶eRkaymk. sUmemIlGtßbTeday Shane Worrell nig qay

can;danIda/ Accident Rocks Garment Industry Again, PñMeBjb:us×þ éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM2013/ manenAelI

eKhTMB½r http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/accident-rocks-garment-industry-again.

15 |

elakkMBugEtTamTar[RbeTskm<úCa eFVIy:agNaFana[manbTdæankargarsmrmüsRmab;kmμkr

nieyaCit.}57

karFøak;cuHénlkçxNçkargarbnÞab;BI KeRmageragcRkRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa TTYl

)aneCaKC½ydMbUg )anbgðaj[eXIjfa eTaHbICakarGPivDÆ nigkarGnuvtþkmμviFIelIkTwk

citþBaNiC¢kmμCasklGacCameFüa)ayd¾manRbsiT§PaBy:agNak¾eday edIm,IKaMRT[manelIk

karkm<s;karGnuvtþbTdæankargar nigkareKarBsiT§inieyaCit58

viFIsa®sþenHRtÚvEtdMeNIrkar

CamYynwgynþkarRtÜtBinitüeragcRk nigkarrwtbnþwgeKalneya)aykñúgRsuk.59

elIsBIenH

eTAeTotynþkarelIkTwkcitþTak;TajBaNiC¢kmμEtmYy KWminRKb;RKan;enaHeT. karvaytémø

KeRmageragcRkRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa )ankt;smÁal;fa bBaðafμIEdlekIteLIgminEmnEteday

sareKalneya)ayCatisþIbTbBaØtikargarenaHeT bBaðaTaMgenHekIteLIgk_eday {TMnak;TMng

nigsm<aFkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;elIBiPBelak.} bBaðaenHnwgmanbkRsayenAcMNuc5>3 sþIGMBI

viFIsa®sþEktRmÚvkarkMNt;témøkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl én{kic©RBmeRBógsRmab;QμÜj

kNþal}.60

5>2> ynþkarRkmRbtibtþ i nigkarRtÜtBinitürbs;saCIvkmμ

bnÞab;BImanerOgGaRsUvpSBVpSayCasaFarN³BIkarekgRbv½Ba© nigkareFVI)abelIkmμkr

nieyaCitkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enABak;kNþalstvtSr_90 Rkúmh‘unvinieyaKTunEdleFIVCMnYj

57 dkRsg;GtßbTecjBIKeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa/ mancMNgeCIgfa Thirtieth Synthesis

Report on Working Condition in Cambodia's Garment Sector, GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak/ TMB½rTI1 ¬éf¶TI18

kkáda qñaM2013¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterfactories.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/30th-Synthesis-

Report-Final-EN.pdf ¬smÁal;fakarFøak;cuHkarGnuvtþkñúgEpñksuvtßiPaBGKÁIP½y Blkmμkumar suvtißPaB nigsuxPaB

rbs;kmμkrnieyaCitGacsnμtfabgáeLIgedaykMeNIny:agelOnén]sSahkmμenH.¦

58 Berik & Rodgers, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4/ TMB½r22.

59 Id./ TMB½r23-24.

60 dkRsg;GtßbTecjBIKeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa (BFC)/ Thirtieth Synthesis Report,

sUmemIl kMNt;cMNaMelx57Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r8. GñkRtÜtBinitüÉkraCü)anbBa¢ak;faRbsiT§

PaBénKeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa RtÚv)anraMgsÞH {BIeRBaHKeRmagenHmin)anedaHRsaynUv

rebobénkarTijrbs;m:akyIeha nigQμÜjEdlCYy[man {karrMelaPbMBanelIsiT§kmμkrnieyaCit}.} Monitoring

in the dark/ sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx54 Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r ii.

16 |

kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ )anbegáItRkmRbtibtþirYmCamYynwgynþkarRtÜtBinitü edIm,I[karGnu

vtþRsbtamRkmRbtibtþi.61

edaysarEtkarGnuvtþc,ab;kargarkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enA

mankRmit ynþkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþn_c,ab;kargartamRkmRbtibtþirYmk¾køayCaviFankarcm,g

Edl Rkúmh‘un nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al kMBugeRbIR)as;edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðalkçxNçkargar

EdlenAmankRmit nigkarmineKarBsiT§inieyaCitrbs;eragcRkenAkñúgdMeNIrkarplit nigEck

cayplitpldl;GtifiCn.62

RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ)anbegáIt {eKalkarN_ENnaMEdltRmÚv[RkúmRtÜtBinitürbs;

eragcRk nigRkúmh‘unsvnkmμÉkCn eFVIkarRtÜtBinitü nigvaytémøelIdMeNIkareragcRk.}63

RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ køayCaeKalkarN_RKb;RKgpøÚvkar EdlCYyEktRmÚv\riyabfrbs;

saCIvkmμcMeBaHnieyaCitkñúgRkbxNÐsmRsb nigeKarBtambTdæankargar.64

mtiKaMRTkar

begáItRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ )an[ehtuplfa TRmg;énkarRKb;RKgsaCIvkmμedaymankarRtÜt

BinitüedayRkúmh‘unsvnkmμ CMruj[GtifiCnTijplitplPaKeRcInBIRkúmh‘unNaEdleKarB

tambTbBaØtikargarGnþrCati nigdak;Biin½ydl;Rkúmh‘unNa EdlmineKarBtambTbBaØtikargar

GnþrCati ehIyGaceFVIkarbNþak;TunenAkEnøgepSg.65

Rkúmh‘unbegáItRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμedayEp¥kmUlehtumYycMnYn dUcCatRmÚvkarGPivDÆn_

KeRmagsRmab;RKb;RKgRbtibtþikareragcRkBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot PaBeCOCak;Edlfa

RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμnwgFana[mankarGnuvtþbTdæankargarRbkbedayyutþiFm’ RBmTaMgbegáIn

cMNUldl;Rkúmh‘un bMNgR)afñacg;køayCa{QμÜlrksIud¾l¥} b¤bMNgR)afñaedIm,IbegáIn nig karBar

ekr×þeQμaHrbs;xøÜn.66

61 Locke, Qin & Brause, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx12Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r4 .

62 Id., TMB½r4.

63 Berik & Rodgers, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMBIelx4/ TMB½r 6.

64 Jill Murray, Corporate Codes of Conduct and Labor Standards, Working Paper, Corporate Codes of Conduct,

Cornell Univ. ILR School ¬éf¶TI5 ]sPa qñaM1998¦, TMB½r3/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r

http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1007&context=codes.

65 Anner, Bair & Blasi, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx52/ TMB½r3.

66 Murray, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx64/ TMB½r18.

17 |

eyageTAtamGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati FatupSMmYycMnYnRtÚvykmkBiPakSaenAmuneBl

EdlRbtibtþisaCIvkmμGacdMeNIrkareTA)aneday {tmøaPaB nigRbsiT§iPaB}. FatupSMTaMgenaH

mandUcCa

- RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμenHGaceFVIeLIgCalaylkçN_GkSr GPivDÆn_ nigGnuvtþenAkñúglkçN³

mYyEdlpþl;GMNac nigkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;nieyaCit.

- RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμenHqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvtRmÚvkarrbs;nieyaCitkñúgRsuk nigkarFana[

)andac;xatnUveKalkarN_kRmitGb,brma énbTdæankargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak.

- RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ enHminEmnCaRkdasmYysnøwkEdlRbFankariyal½yEdlminman

\T§iBlCak;lak;elIkic©dMeNIrkarrbs;Rkúmh‘un eKalneya)ay nigbuKÁlikenaHeT.

- karRbtibtþikargarrbs;Rkúmh‘un RtÚvRtÜtBinitüedayRkúmh‘unsvnkmμ.67

mtiriHKn;nwgRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigynþkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþbTdæankargar GHGag

faRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigynþkarRtÜtBinitüminEmnbegáIteLIgedIm,IkarBarnieyaCit b¤eFVI[

lkçxNÐkargarmanPaBRbesIreLIgenaHeT b:uEnþKWedIm,I {dak;kRmitelIkarTTYlxusRtÚvpøÚvc,ab;

elIeQμaHplitpl nigTb;sáat;kareFVI[xUceQμaHplitplenaH.}68

mtiriHKn;elIkeLIgbEnßm

eTotfa RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigkmμviFIRtÜtBinitüÉkCn EtgEteFVIb:HBa;l;dl;bTbBa¢arbs;

rdæaPi)al nigkarGnþraKmn_rbs;shCIB.69

mtiriHKn;mYyeTotRbqaMgnwgynþkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþbTdæankargar GHGagfaGac

manPaBlem¥óg nigminGacTTYlyk)anekIteLIg edaysarEtGñkcuHeTARtÜtBinitüeragcRk

GacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_tamry³karseRmccitþrbs;xøÜn nigminmancMeNHdwgRKb;RKan;edIm,I

eFVIkic©karenH.70

ynþkarépÞkñúgrbs;Rkúmh‘unkñúgkarRtÜtBinitüdMeNIrkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarGac

bgáCaPaBminR)akdRbCa)an k¾edaysarEtRkúmh‘unmanectnalak;karrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;

kargar.71

ehtudUecñH kareRCIserIsRkúmh‘unsvnkmμ{ÉkraCü}mkeFVIkarva:ytémøGacedaH

RsaybBaðaminR)akdRbCa nigGMeBIBukrlYy. y:agNak¾eday Rkúmh‘unsvnkmμGacpÁab;

67 Id., TMB½r4-5.

68 Locke, Qin & Brause, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx12/ TMB½r5.

69 Id. 70 Id. 71 Id.

18 |

citþGtifiCnrbs;xøÜnedIm,IGaceFVIkic©shRbtiþkarCamYyKñaenAéf¶GnaKt.72

GgÁkarminrkR)ak;

cMeNjGaceFVIkarRtÜtBinitüedayminmanPaBlem¥óg b:uEnþsßab½nenHGacxVHxatxagCMnajRtÜt

Binitü nigkarva:ytémørbs;Rkúmh‘unsvnkmμÉkCn.73

mtiriHKn;cugeRkayeTAelIRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigynþkarénkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþ

bTdæankargarelIkeLIgfaRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμmaneRcInRbePT ehIymanTisedA viFIsa®sþ

nigRbB½n§énkarRtÜtBinitüepSg²Kña EdleFVI[kareFVIsvnkmμminmanPaBRtwmRtÚv.74

elIsBI

enH GñkpÁt;pÁg;xitxMBüayamGnuvtþ nigRtÜtBinitüRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμd¾sm,ÚrEbbsRmab;kar

eFIVsaCIvkmμEdlmanRbePTepSg²BIKñaenAkñúgeragcRkEtmYy Edlbgá[manPaBminGacTTYl

yk)anmYycMnYn dUcCa PaBRcbUkRcbl;/ {PaBTn;exSay} nig{PaBminR)akdRbCaénkar

RtÜtBinitü}.75

ebIeTaHbICamanTsSn³elIkeLIgBIRbsiT§PaBénRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitü

karGnuelameTAtamsvnkmμEtmYy KWminRKb;RKan;edIm,IseRmc)annUvkarGPivDÆRbkbeday

nirnþPaBkñúglkçxNçkargar nigkEnøgeFVIkard¾éTeTotEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an. enAeBlEdlkar

RtÜtBinitüGacmanmuxgarCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;sRmab;bgðajBIKmøatenAkñúgRbB½n§enHk¾eday EtGVI

EdlsMxan;CagenH KWfaetImanGVIekIteLIgbnÞab;BIeFVIsvnkmμ.76

edayEp¥kelImUlehtuenH

shRKascab;epþImpøas;bþÚrkarsgát;F¶n;BIkarGnuelamtamsvnkmμ eTAelIviFIsa®sþrYmKñaeday

72 Id. 73 Id. 74 Id., TMB½r5-6.

75Id., TMB½r6. ]TahrN_ shRKinGacRtÚv)anTamTar[erobcMeLIgvijnUv]bkrN_ Bnøt;GKÁIP½yb¤EksRmÜlnUv

cMnYnbgÁn; enAeBlEdlsvnkrsRmab;m:akyIehaxusKñaGnuvtþkarRtÜtBinitüeragcRk. Id., sUmemIlGtßbTEdl

mancMNgeCIgfa Respecting Human Rights Through Global Supply Chains, Shift Workshop Report No. 2,

TMB½r13 ¬tula qñaM2012¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://shiftproject.org/sites/default/files/% 20Respecting

%20Human%20Rights%20Through%20Global%20Supply%20Chains% 20Report.pdf. 76Id. dUcsuPasitrbs;GasIumYy)aneBalfa {GñkminGaceFVI[RCÚkFat;CagmunenAeBlEdlGñkEtgEtføwgva.}

19 |

eFVIkarCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;edIm,I {vaytémøelIKmøat ksagsmtßPaBbuKÁlik nigCMruj[mankar

GPivDÆedaynirnþrPaB.}77

5>3> ynþkarEktRmÚvkarkMNt;témøkñ úgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;skl

eyagtam m:ak GanNW (Mark Anner) ECnnIFWl )al (Jennifer Bair) nig eCrWmI

)øasIu (Jeremy Blasi) mUlehtucm,génkarrMelaPbMBan;elIsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit CabnþbnÞab;

enAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg KWbNaþlmkBIviFIsa®sþkñúgkarkMNt;témørvagGñkTij nigGñklk;.78

Epnkar b¤dMeNIrkarNamYyeFIVeLIgedIm,IRtÜtBinitü y:agtwgruwgeTAelIsßanPaBkñúgeragcRk

kat;edrEdleRbIkmμkr[eFVIkarF¶n; b:uEnþpþl;R)ak;Extic RtÚvTTYlsÁal;Casklfasm<aFén

témøCalkçN³RbB½n§elIGñkpÁt;pÁg; beNþay[mankarrMelaPbMBanelIsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.79

enAkñúgkarsikSafμImYy Tinñn½yRtÚv)anRbmUledayEp¥kelIninñakarénkarbg;éføelIsemøókbMBak;

rbs;Rkúmh‘unGahr½NshrdæGaemrikBIqñaM1988 dl; qñaM2010 rYmTaMgsßankarN_énsiT§i

kmμkrnieyaCitenA bNþalRbeTsnaMecjsemøókbMBak;kMBUlTaMg20 eTAkan;shrdæGaemrik

kñúgqñaMEtmYy.80

Tinñn½y)anbgðajfa TImYYYy témøCamFümkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer:énsemøók

bMBak;EdlnaMcUlkMBugFøak;éfø nig TIBIr bNþaRbeTsEdlkMBugbegáIncMENkrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarnaM

semøókbMBak;eTAshrdæGaemrikTMngCarMelaPbMBancMnucsMxan;énbTdæankargarCag b:uEnþpÞúyeTA

77 Id., eRbIR)as;Tinñn½yBIsvnkmμeragcRkénlkçxNçkargareFIVenAeragcRkpÁt;pÁg;[ Mike Cag 800 enAbNþa

RbeTscMnYn51 cat;taMgBIqñaM1998 dl;2005 karsikSamYy)anrkeXIjfakarRtÜtBinitüelIkarGnuelam

eTAtamRkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμEtmYyGacpþl;[lT§pltictYc eBlEdlkarRtÜtBinitü)anrYmpSMCamYynwgskmμ

PaBEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkpÁt;pÁg;edIm,IeRKagTukkargarrbs;xøÜn[kan;Etl¥nig EkécñKuNPaB nigsmtßPaBlkçxNÐ

kargarRtÚv)anbgðajfamanPaBRbesIreLIg. Locke, Qin & Brause, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx12 Edl)an

bgðajenAxagelI/ BITMB½rTI3dl;TMB½rTI23. eyageTAtam Locke, Qin nig Brause GVIEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;

Eklm¥lkçxNçkargar nigGnuvtþsiT§ikargarCaskl[manRbsiT§PaB KWviFisa®sþCalkçN³RbB½n§mYuyEdlrYmpSM

edaysm<aF ¬mkBIrdæ/ shCIB/ b¤GgÁkarxagsiT§ikargar¦BIxageRkA¬CamYynwgplb:HBal; Edlman\T§iBlxøaMg

esμIKñab:uEnþlkçN³xusKña¦CamYyRbB½n§BinitütamdanTUlMTUlay nigmantmøaPaBCamYynwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgGnþraKmn_

CaeRcInRbwgERbgkat;bnßymUlehtuCacm,génl½kçx½NçkargarminsUvl¥. dUcxagelI/ TMB½rTI4.

78 Anner, Bair & Blasi, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx52/ TMB½r 5.

79 Id., TMB½r1.

80 Id., TMB½r5-10.

20 |

vijRbeTsEdleKarBsiT§irbs;kmμkreRcIn EbrCaRtÚvrkeXIjfacMENkénkarnaMsemøókbMBak;

eTAshrdæGaemrikrbs;xøÜnmankarcuHGn;fy.81

Anner, Bair, nig Blasi )anCECkKaMRTfa karCab;Tak;TgKñaTaMgenH KWRsbeTAtamRTwsþI

rbs;eKEdl)anelIkeLIgfa {kic©xitxMRbwgERbgNamYyEdlmanry³eBlyUr sRmab;edaH

RsaybBaðakarrMelaPbMBanelIsiT§ikmμkrenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;semøókbMBak;Caskl RtÚvEt

cab;epþImedaHRsaynUvkarb:HBal;KñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagGñkTij nigGñklk; Tak;Tinnwgtémø k¾dUcCa

tRmÚvkary:agTUlMTUlaysRmab;GñkTijkñúgkarTTYlykTMnYlxusRtÚveRcInCagmun cMeBaHry³

eBl niglkçxNçkargarenAkñúgeragcRkpÁt;pÁg;.}82

RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitü

nwgminseRmc)aneRcIn RbsinebIninñakaEdkQμÜjlk;TijsemøókbMBak;kñúgtémøTabenAEt

bnþr.83

TaMgGñkTij nigGñklk; nwgRtÚvEckrMElkelIkarcMNaykñúgkarGnuelameTAtam

bTdæankargarCati nigGnþrCatirYmTaMgRkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ.84

b:uEnþ karEckrMElkénkar

cMNayenHGaceFVIeLIgy:agdUcemþc? Anner, Bair nig Blasi bBa¢ak;facemøIysRmab;sMNYr

enHGacrkeXIj)anenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal Jobbers agreements EdlRtÚv)ancrca

rvagkmμkr GñkpÁt;pÁg; nigGñkTij. kic©RBmeRBógEbbenH {naM[mansißrPaBeTAdl;TMnak;

TMngénkic©snüabnþenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrkñúgRsuk nigCYyCaRbeyaCn_kñúgkarbM)at;kareRbI

R)as;kmμkrnieyaCit[eFVIkarhYsRbmaN.}85

kñúgGMLúgstvtSr_TI20 kic©RBmeRBógQμÜykNþal KWCaktþaCMruj[mankarEklm¥d¾

Gs©arümYYyTak;TinR)ak;QμÜl niglkçxNçkargarsRmab;kmμkreragcRkkat;edrenAshrdæGaem

rik.86

shCIBkmμkarnIkat;edrGnþrCati (The International Ladies Garments Workers Union)

)anbegáItkarcrcaGnusBaØarYm edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkmμkrRtÚv)aneRbI[eFVIkarF¶n; nig

TTYl)anR)ak;Extickñúg ]sSahkmμkat;edrenAkñúgTIRkúgjÚvy:k Edlcab;epþImmanekr×þeQμaH

minl¥ bnÞab;BImaneRKaHGKÁIP½ykalBIqñaM1911 enAeragcRkmYymaneQμaH Traingle Shirtwaist

eFVI[kmμkrcMnYn146nak;)ansøab;.

81 Id. 82 Id., TMB½r 10.

83 Id. 84 Id. 85 Id. 86 Id.

21 |

munnwgmankic©RBmeRBógenH QμÜykNþal ¬CaRbePTshRKasmYyEdlécñ niglk;

semøókbMBak; b:uEnþminEmnCaGñkplitRkNat;¦eFVIkic©snüabnþCamYynwghagÉkCnedIm,Iplit

semøókbMBak;EdlxøÜn)anécñm:Ut niglk;enAelITIpSar.87

kareFVIkic©snüabnþsRmab;plitkmμ

Gac[QμÜykNþaleKcevHkaredaHRsayedaypÞal;CamYykmμkrnieyaCit.88

b:uEnþ shCIB

kmμkarnIkat;edrGnþrCati )aneFIVkarTTUccg;)annUvkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHlkçxNçkargar enAkñúg

hagÉkCnrbs;QμÜjkNþal edayTMnYlxusRtÚvenHminRtÚvFøak;eTAelIGñkem:Akar EdlCYl

kmμkreragcRkkat;edrEtmñak;ÉgenaHeT.89

edIm,I[QμÜjkNþalTTYlykTMnYlxusRtÚvenH

shCIBkmμkarnIkat;edrGnþrCati)ancab;epþImkic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal. PaKIEdl)aneFIVkic©

RBmeRBógmandUcCa shCIB ¬tMNag[plRbeyaCn_rbs;kmμkrnieyaCiteragcRk¦ nig

QμÜjkNþal.90

eyageTAtam Anner, Bair nig Blasi kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal

{naM[mansißrPaBeTAdl;TMnak;TMngénkic©snüabnþenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrkñúgRsuk nigCYyCa

RbeyaCn_kñúgkarbM)at;ecalnUveragcRkEdleRbIkmμkr[eFIVkarF¶n;F¶r b:uEnþTTYl)anR)ak;Extic

enAkñúgtMbn;EdlkmμkrRtÚv)anerobcM.}91

kic©RBmeRBógQμÜykNþalkøayeTACabTdæanenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr nig {edIrtYnaTI

y:agsMxan; EdlminGacGt;)anenAkñúgRbB½n§ EdlCYnkalRtÚv)anehAfakarcrcaCaGnusBaØa

RtIekaNrYm} edaysarvamanEpñktamlkçN³bec©keTs° kmμkrRtÚv)antMNagedayshCIB

Gñkem:AkarEdlCYlkmμkrpÞal; nigQμÜjkNþalEdlGñkmanGMNacCageKenAkñúgvis½yenH.92

kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal nig {karcrcarCaGnusBaØarYmRtIekaN} CYy[mansißrPaB nig

kat;bnßykarrMelaPbMBankñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrGs;ry³CaeRcInTsvtSr_mkehIy nigsuBl

PaBrbs;vaRtÚv)anrkSaTukenAkñúgc,ab;shB½n§ EdlCa]bkrN_d¾manRbsiT§iPaBmYyRbqaMgnwg

eragcRk EdleRbIkmμkreFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b:uEnþpþl;R)ak;kéRmTab.93

kic©RBmeRBógTaMgGs;enHTb;

87 Id., TMB½r 11.

88 Id. 89 Id. 90 Id., TMB½r12.

91 Id., TMB½r10.

92 Id., TMB½r13-14.

93 Id., TMB½r14-15.

22 |

sáat;\T§iBlrbs;GtifiCn tamry³ TImYy Fanafa shRKasEdlnaMmuxbg;éfø[Gñkem:AkarnUv

témøsmrmü/ TIBIr rkSafirPaBnigRKb;RKgTMnak;TMngenAkñúgkic©snüabnþtamry³pøÚvc,ab; nigTIbI

eFIV[shRKasEdlnaMmuxTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHtémøBlkmμmYycMnYn.94

karRbkYtRbECgkñúgcMeNamGñkem:AkarelIR)ak;QμÜlRtÚv)anTb;sáat; BIeRBaHshCIB

kmμkr nigQμÜj)ancrcayl;RBmelIkic©RBmeRBógenHedaypÞal;.95

kmμkrRtÚv)anFanafa

nwgTTYl)anR)ak;QμÜlc,as;las; nigeFVIkarkñúgcMnYnem:agEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBóg

eday\tKitGMBIfaetIQμÜlkNþalNaCYleKenaHeT.96

ehtudUecñH Gñkem:AkarminGacRbkYt

RbECgCamYyKñaedIm,IeFVICMnYjCamYyQμÜjkNþal Edl[témøplitplefak edaysarEtkéRm

BlkmμTab b¤lkçxNçkargar. karRbkYtRbECgEbbenHnwgGac {eFVIeTA)anedayEp¥kelI

PaBxusKñaénKuNPaB nigRbsiT§iPaBCamUldæankñúgcMeNamGñkem:Akar.}97

eKalkarN_dEdlkñúgkareFVi[kic©RBmeRBógénQμÜjkNþal manRbsiT§PaBenAshrdæ

GaemrikGacykeTAGnuvtþ)anenAkñúgbribTénExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl.98

b:uEnþ bBaðamYycMnYn

k¾GacekIteLIg)an. kñúgry³eBl30qñaMcugeRkayenH karekIneLIgénsakPavUbnIykmμkñúg

]sSahkmμ)anEkERbRbBn§½y:agxøaMg.99

sBVéf¶ QμÜjkNþalenAshrdæGaemrik)andak;bBa¢a

[eragcRkÉkCnenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ GnuBaØat[kareFVICMnYjrbs;eKrYcputBIbTdæankargar

shrdæGaemrik nigkarcrcaCaGnusBaØaRtIekaN EdlBImunmk)aneFVI[GñkvinieyaKTunTaMg

Gs;enaHTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHlkçxNçkargarenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl.100

enAeBlEdl

man ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgBIQμÜjlk;rayBüayamGnuvtþkmμviFI EdlTamTar[Gñkem:Akarpþl;

R)ak;QμÜlsmrmü niglkçxNçkargarsmrmüsRmab;kmμkr ¬rYmTaMgbg;R)ak;RKb;RKan;eTAQμÜj

94 Id., TMB½r1.

95 Id., TMB½r17.

96 Id., TMB½r18.

97 Id. 98 Id., TMB½r1.

99 Id., TMB½r16.

100 Id.

23 |

kNþalrbs;xøÜnedIm,I[eFVIvaGacekIteLIg)an¦101

shRKasTaMgenHEtgEtCYbkarBi)akkñúgkar

rkSaTItaMgrbs;xøÜnedIm,IRbkYtRbECg nigEtTTYl)anR)ak;cMenj BIeRBaHshRKasTaMgenH

kMBugRbECgCamYyshRKasdéTeTotEdlmins½μRKcitþGnuvtþtamrebobeFIVGaCIvkmμdUcKña.102

kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþalFøab;)anFanafa GñkTijy:agehacTTYlykplcMNaykñúgkarFana

[)anR)ak;Ex niglkçxNçkargarsmrmüenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;rbs;xøÜn.103

b:uEnþnaeBl

bc©úb,nñenH karcMNayEbbenHminmanenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógrvagGñkTij nigGñkpÁt;pÁg;enAkñúg

]sSahkmμsemøókbMBak;.104

karGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBógQμÜykNþalsRmab;kmμkrenA RbeTs

bg;køaeds nigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_d¾éTeTot nwgtRmÚv[mankRmit]sSahkmμFMTUlMTUlay

mYy Edlpþl;R)ak;kéRmBlkmμsmrmü.105

kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal)anRKb;RKg nigeFIV[TMnak;TMngrvagGñkTij nigGñkem:Akarman

sißrPaB edaymankarrYmbBa©ÚlRbkary:aglm¥itsRmab;elIkkm<s;TMnak;TMngd¾yUrGEgVgrvag

Gñklk;nigGñkem:Akar rYmTaMgbgáakMu[GñkTijpøas;bþÚrGñkem:Akar edIm,IFana[)anTTYl)anR)ak;

cMeNjkñúgry³eBlxøI.106

rebobénkarpÁt;pÁg;edIm,IEsVgrk vaytémø nigcUlrYmpÁt;pÁg;TMnij

nigesvakmμenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrnaeBlbc©úb,nñKWxusKñay:agxøaMg eRBaHfasBVéf¶GñkTij

)anEckcajplitplrbs;xøÜnenAelITItaMgCaeRcInBaseBjBiPBelak nigkarebþCaJcitþrbs;

GñkTijCaTUeTAmanry³eBlxøI.107

etIehtuGVI)anCakarGnuvtþEbbenHminGnuelamtambTdæan

kargar. Anner, Bair nig Blasi )anelIkeLIgfa°

enAeBlEdlkarebþCJarbs;GñkTijeTAkan;GñkpÁt;pÁg; minhYsBIbTbBa¢aEdleTIbEtdak;fμI

ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaEdr GñkTijGaceRCIserIskñúgcMeNameragcRkpÁt;pÁg;d¾eRcIn

elIslb; sRmab;eFIVkarseRmcelIkarpÁt;pÁg;elIkeRkaylT§plTMngGacnwgekIteLIg

KWPaBGsnþisuxxagEpñkGñkpÁt;pÁg; EdlGñkTijGacb:unb:geRbIR)as;luykm©IedIm,IeFVI

101 Id., TMB½r18-20/ sRmab;karBiPakSaGMBI Knights Apparel kñúgkarGnuvtþFatupSMy:agsMxan;én Designated

Suppliers Program .

102 Id., TMB½r20.

103 Id., TMB½r22.

104 Id. 105 Id. 106 Id., TMB½r24; sUmemIl id., TMB½r23-24, sRmab;]TahrN_énbTdæanEbbenH.

107 Id., TMB½r25-26.

24 |

sm,Tan dUcCary³eBlénkarplitmanry³eBlxøI nigtémøTabCag naM[lkçxNçkargar

kan;EtmansPaBy:ab;yWn nigkarrMelaPbMBanelIsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit.108

sBVéf¶enH kic©RBmeRBógelIEpñkplitkmμry³eBlEvg rYmCamYytémøsmrmü nigR)ak;

QμÜlRbkbedaysþg;dar Gacpþl;[Gñkem:AkarnUvkarelIkTwkcitþ nigsmtßPaB ktþaTaMgBIrenHGac

Fana[mankareKarBbTdæankargar.109

enATIbMput kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþalBImun )aneFVI[GñkTij ¬minRKan;EtGñkem:Akar¦

TTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHkarcMNayelIBlkmμrbs;kmμkrnieyaCit. naeBlbc©úb,nñ kñúgRbeTskMBug

GPivDÆn_ vaminEmnCaerOgGIVmYyEdlxusBIFmμtaenaHeT eBlEdlGñkem:AkarQb;eFVIGaCIv

kmμPøam² xN³eBlEdlkMBugCMBak;R)ak;ExkmμkrnieyaCitrhUtdl;eTAry³eBlmYyqñaM ehIy

eFVI[kmμkrminmanR)ak;cMNUlTal;EtesaH.110

enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógénQμÜjkNþal bBaða

EbbenHminGacekIteLIgeT BIeRBaHshCIBCaGñkRKb;RKgKNnIsnSM Edlpþl;edayQμÜj

kNþalsRmab;R)ak;esaFn/ karEfrkSa/ suxPaB nigvisSmkaleTAdl;kmμkr.111

KNnI

TaMgenHenAEtGacrkSaTuk)an eTaHbICakmμkrpøas;bþÚrkargar nigTTYl)anmUlniFiy:ageBjelj

xN³eBlEdlEdlGñkem:AkarQb;eFVIGaCIvkmμ nigkmμkr)at;bg;kargarrbs;xøÜn b¤pøas;Gñkem:A

karfμIk¾eday.112

GñkKaMRTc,ab;kargar)anesñIsMu[mankarbegáItmUlniFidUcKñaenH enAkñúgRbeTs

EdlnaMecjsemøøókbMBak;eRcInCageK kñúgTRmg;CakarTTYlxusRtÚvEpñksgÁmrbs;saCIvkmμ

b:uEnþKμanQμÚjlk;ray b¤rdæaPi)alNa)anseRmccitþGnuvtþenaHeT.113

naeBlbcÞúb,nñ kar

begáItmUlniFiEbbenHGaceFVI[GñkTijRtÚvcMNayx<s;elIplitkmμ EdleKKμanqnÞ³kñúgkarTTYl

yk.114

108 Id., TMB½r26.

109 Id., TMB½r27.

110 Id. 111 Id., TMB½r 27-28.

112 Id., TMB½r 28.

113 Id. emIl id., Tak;TgnwgRbBn§½EdlGaceRbóbeFob dUcCaRbBn§½ FGTS enARbeTseRbsIul.

114 Id.

25 |

dMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaðaminGnuelameTAtamc,ab;kargar enAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Ca

skl TamTarRbB½n§mYy EdlTTYlsÁal;BItYnaTIy:agsMxan;énGñkTij enAkñúgkareRCIserIsbT

dæan niglkçxNçkargarsRmab;kmμkrEdlenAEpñkxageRkaménExSsgVak;enH.115

enAeBlmYy

kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal BitCamansarsMxan; edayminRtwmEtTTYlsÁal;tYnaTIy:agsMxan;

rbs;GñkTijEt b:uEnþ)anbgçM[GñkTijTTYlykkarcMNayx<s;elIplitkmμEdlRtÚvkaredIm,I

Fana[)anR)ak;QμÜlsmrmü nigbTdæankargar.116

eTaHbICakarpøas;bþÚrlkçN³ nigskl

PavUbnIykmμén]sSahkmμkat;edr GacbgáarkMu[kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþalCaRbéBNIekIteLIg

sarCafμIenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ naeBlbc©úb,nñ kmμkrnieyaCitenAEtTTYlrgeRKaHedaykar

rMelaPbMBan EdltRmÚv[rdæaPi)alénRbeTsGPivDÆn_ QμÜjkNþal nigGñkTiijmankatBV

kic©karBar nigelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþbTdæankargar nigkareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.

6> esckI þsni ñd æan

kñúgkareqøIytbeTAkan;RkúmGñkRbqaMgnwgeragcRkeRbIR)as;kmμkreFVIkarF¶n;F¶r )anpus

eLIgenABak;kNþalstvtSr_TI90 GñkCMnajxagEpñkesdækic© pUl køÚEmn (Paul Krugman)

)anpþl;nUvKMnitxageRkamenHRbEhl15qñaMmun°

KMnitRbkbedaysIlFm’d¾x<g;x<s;énGñkRbqaMgnwgsklPavUbnIykmμGaceFVIeTA)an

luHRtaEteKeRCIserIsminKitKUrBIsßanPaBCMhr[)anc,as;las;. enAeBlEdl

CnGtμaniym nigmUlFnGacnwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIsklPavUbnIykmμ b:uEnþ Gñk

TTYlpleRcInCageKEbbCakmμkrenARbeTselakTIbI. GñkGacniyay)anfaGñk

TITal;RkenAelIelakenHminKYrbgçM[eFIVCakmμkr EdleFVIkargarF¶n;nigKμantémø b¤Gñk

edrEs,keCIgsRmab;GñkmanRTBüFn. b:uEnþGIVeTAGacykmkCMnYs)an? etICMnYy

breTscaM)ac;sRmab;CYyGñkTITal;RkeT? RbEhlCaGacEdr fVIebI kMNt;Rta

Rbvtiþsa®sþdUcCaPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTsGIutalI)anbgðajfa CMnYyEbbenHnaM[Gñk

RkBwgBak;GñkdéTCaerogrhUt. y:agNak¾eday karrMBwgTukénsarsMxan;rbs;BI

breTsCMnYymin)anekIteLIgedayEdlGIVcg;)an. etIrdæaPi)alrbs;eKKYrEtpþl;

yutþiFm’kñúgsgÁmeRcInCagmunEdrb¤eT? etIGñkRkIRkTaMgenaHnwgmineFVIGVI eTaHbICa

rdæaPi)aleFVIk¾mineFVI edaysarEteyIgTaMgGs;KñaminR)ab;[eFVI. drabNaGñk

115 Id., TMB½r 30.

116 Id.

26 |

minmanCeRmIsepSg EdlmanPaBR)akdRbCa edIm,ICMnYs]sSahkmμEp¥kelIR)ak;

QμÜlTab karRbqaMgenHmann½yfa eyIgsμR½KcitþminRBm[RbCaCnRkIRknUv

»kasd¾l¥bMput cMeBaHdMeNIrkarCaRbeyaCn_eq<aHeTAkan;bTdæan EdlKYrCaTIKab;citþ

mYyenaHehIy enHCakarBitmYyEdlGñkmincUlcitþnUvKMnitEdlfakmμkrRtÚv)aTTYl

R)ak;y:agtictYcsRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;elakxaglicnUvsmÖar³TMenIb.117

esckþIEføgkarN_Cab;Tak;TgCamYybBaðakMBugBiPakSamYyenHeFVIeLIgeday GñkCMnaj

xagEpñkesdækic© Krugman eTaHCaGñkGanyl;fa karbkRsayenHmanPaBbiunRbsb;xag

EpñkhirBaØvtßú b¤xussIlFm’k¾eday lT§PaBénCeRmIsmYyEdlmanlkçN³R)akdRbCaedImI,

CMnYs]sSahkmμR)ak;QμÜlTabenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enAEtebIkcMh. dMeNaHRsayd¾

R)akdRbCaenAEtminTan;mansRmab;bBaðaGsniþsux niglkçxNçkargarminsmRsb Rbsin

ebIKμankarEkERbkMhuskñúgkarKit nigskmμPaBrbs;raCrdæaPi)al Rkúmh‘un RBmTaMg GtifiCn

TUTaMgBiPBelak. b:uEnþviFIsa®sþmYycMnYn Edl)anBiPakSaenAkñúgGtßbTk¾)anpþl;nUv ]TahrN_

BIrebobénkarGnuelameTAtambTdæankargar nigsiT§rbs;kmμkrnieyaCit Edly:agehac

Nas;RtÚv)anGnuvtþ[RbesIrCagmun nigkarBarenATUTaMgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. lkçN³

sm,tiþTaMgmUlén]sSahkmμenHnwgminpøas;bþÚr edayRKan;EtEp¥kelIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ

b¤RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ b:uEnþGIVTaMgBIrenHenAEtedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarFanafasiT§ nigsuvtßi

PaBrbs;kmμkrnieyaCitenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ nwgRtÚv)ankarBarenAkñúgsklPavUbnIy

kmμkMBugEtekIneLIg nigkarRbkYtRbECgesdækic©.

edIm,IFana[)anfasklPavUbnIykmμ nigbTdæankargarrIkceRmInTnÞwmKña viFIsa®sþcRmúH

KWtRmÚv[man.118

viFIsa®sþEdlEp¥kelICMnYjGacnwgCYy[mankarepþatGarmμN_eTAelIbBaða

Blkmμ nigCYyCMrujédKUBaNiC¢kmμeFIVkarEkTRmg; CaBiessenAeBlEdlkmμviFIelIkTwk

citþedIm,ITak;TajkareFVICMnYjRtÚv)anpþl;[ kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrsRmab;karGnuelamtambTdæan.

117 Paul Krugman, In Praise of Cheap Labor: Bad Jobs at Bad Wages Are Better Than No Jobs At All, SLATE

¬éf¶TI21 ExmIna qñaM1997¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_dismal_science

/1997/03/in_praise_of_cheap_labor.html. 118 Kimberly Ann Elliot, Trading Up: Labor Standards, Development and CAFT, 3:2 Center for Global

Development 7 ¬Ex]sPa qñaM2004¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/2849_

file_CGD_brief_May04_CRAblue2.pdf

27 |

tYnaTIrbs;GgÁkareRkAraCrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelakmansarsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;kar

Gb;rM/ karRtÜtBinitü/ CMnYjxagEpñkbec©keTs nigsmtßPaBksagtamry³kmμviFIEdl

rdæaPi)al nigshRKasminGac b¤mins½μRKcitþGnuvtþ. TMnYlxusRtÚvrbs;saCIvkmμ nigbT

bBaØtþipÞal;xøÜntamry³RkmsaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitüGacnwgbnþmanRbsiT§PaB RbsinebIeFVI

eLIgCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;edaytmøaPaB nigshkarKña ehIyRbsinebIQμÜjlk;raycab;epþImyl;

fa kardak;BakübNþwgBIbTdæankargar KWCaplRbeyaCn_esdækic©d¾l¥bMput sRmab;GñkenAEpñk

xageRkam k¾dUcCaGñkenAelIeKbg¥s;enAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;skl.119

dMeNaHRsayd¾R)akd

RbCacMeBaHbBaðaGacnwgekItmaneLIg)anEtb:ueNÑaH enAkñúgkrNIEdlmankarpøas;bþÚr y:agxøaMg

ekIteLIgenAkñúglkçN³énkarTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg; nigsm<aFelItémø

RtÚv)anpøas;BIGñkpÁt;pÁg;eTAGñkTij. dUecñHGñkTijTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHlkçxNçénkmøaMgBlkmμ

rbs;BYkeK nigTTYlykkarcMNayepSg²elItémøBlkmμ. enAeBl sklPavUbnIykmμkan;

EtekIneLIg nigkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½yesdækic©Gacpþl;RbeyaCn_eTAkmμkrsRmab;RbeTs

kMBugGPivDÆn_ vak¾eFIV[kmμkrRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak; nigkarekgRbv½Ba©BIraCrdæaPi)alenA

RbeTsGPivDÆn_ QμÜjlk;ray nigGñkeRbIR)as;RtÚvmanParkic©kñúgkarkarBar tamry³GIV

TaMgenH nigmeFüa)ayénkarCYyse®gÁaHdéTeTot.

119 Richard Feinberg, Tamar Benzaken Koosed, Carlued Leon & Terry Nelidov, cMNgeCIg Creating an

Enabling Environment for Responsible Labor Practices: Experience in Costa Rica and El Salvador, Better

Work Research Conference, TMB½r2 ¬Exmifuna qñaM2011¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterwork.com/

global/wp-content/uploads/Session-9-Creating-an-Enabling-Environment-for-Responsible-Labor-Practicesl. pdf.