final_470_paper.pdf

A Research on the Perception of the Citizens Towards Chemical Mixed Hazardous Products (foods) in Bangladesh

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Letter of Transmittal

September 6, 2013

Dr. Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury

Assistant Professor

School of Business

North South University

Plot-15, Block-B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka-1229

Subject: Letter of Transmittal

Dear Sir, with due respect, we are the students of your course named “Marketing Research” had

great pleasure doing this course with you. Here is the research paper named “Perception of the

Citizens towards Chemical Mixed Hazardous Products (foods) in Bangladesh”. This paper

initially contents methodology of the research that we have conducted. Then we have analyzed

all the surveyed data of starting from qualitative and quantitative methods of research. This

report solely emphasizes on citizens who are a significant market for chemical mixed foods. We

assure that any material reproduced in this paper has been fully acknowledged. We look forward

for your acceptance of this research paper. If you have any further enquiry concerning any

additional information, we would be very pleased to clarify that.

Mir Sawam Sauhrid Masud Rana Kamrul Hasan

Id: 092 0216 030 Id: 083 456 030 Id: 092 0278 030

Tarek Iftekhar Prodhan Mahin Chowdhury Jawad Hossain

Id: 092 0492 530 Id: 092 0013 030 Id: 091 0222 030


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Acknowledgement

We owe a debt of gratitude to all those people without whom this project would have never been

accomplished. These people, not only mentored us but they also made it a point that this paper

becomes a classy piece of research paper and its only their patronage, their mentoring, their

constructive assistance and guidance that has made the research really meaningful and a well

thought out piece of literature.

At first, we would like to express our gratitude to Almighty Allah who has given us the

opportunity to do this social business plan as an integral part of this course and provided us the

strength to complete the project within the stipulated time.

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury, the course

instructor, for his whole-hearted supervision during the period. It is a great honor for us to submit

this research paper to him. His suggestion and comments were really a great source of spirit to

make the plan a good one. His enthusiastic support and guidance has inspired us to complete this

task successfully. It would not be possible for us to complete the paper, but for his help. His

continuous and enthusiastic monitoring has motivated us to reach to our goal on time and with

efficiency.

We are also thankful to the authors, whose journals, books we have consulted in preparing this

report. Where this research paper succeeds we share the credit, where it errors we alone accept

the responsibility.


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Executive Summary

It has become a very common phenomenon in the market all over the country that the sellers mix

different chemicals for example formalin in different types of products especially in the food

items and in the fruits. Different hazardous and life killing chemical are mixed with all most all

types of foods and fruits. This has been prevailing different dangerous and unexpected disease s

which kills lives in the society and creating problems in our society. This unexpected incidence

influences us to undertake a customer survey research on the perception of the citizens towards

chemical mixed hazardous products (foods) in Bangladesh.

The main objective of this study is to understand and analyze the perception of the citizens of

Bangladesh towards the buying and the selling of the chemical mixed products / foods in the

market. We worked on this specific research paper to understand and analyze the customer

insights and attitude towards the different types of foods, to understand and identify the customer

responds on chemical mixed products/ foods.

Survey research was conducted to measure the customer perception of the citizen on the

chemical mixed products/ foods in Bangladesh. Therefore a questionnaire was prepared to

collect primary data from its targeted group to know buyers and the sellers view points on

chemical mixed products/ foods in the market. Thus conducting both qualitative and quantitative

research we have come to an understanding that chemical mixture in foods is becoming very

acute and practiced in the market so widely. However, from the customers‟ point of view they

are willing to buy such products but they are left no other option but buying. On the other hand,

it has been found out that sellers are practicing such bad practice in every possible way.

Well, we have worked on this research topic for a short period of time, so we may miss out any

important topic that should have been covered. But it we believe on the basis of this research

paper government as well as consumer markets can necessary measures to stop this hazardous

practice.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal ..................................................................................................................1

Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................2

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................3

List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................7

Problem Definition .....................................................................................................................8

Background to the Problem ............................................................................................................... 8

Statement to the Problem ................................................................................................................... 8

Rationale of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 8

Approach to the Problem ............................................................................................................9

Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 9

Objectives of the Research ............................................................................................................... 12

Broad Objective ............................................................................................................................... 12

Specific Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 12

Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 13

Research Design ........................................................................................................................ 13

Research Approach .......................................................................................................................... 13

Types of research ............................................................................................................................. 13

Information Needed ......................................................................................................................... 14

Data collection ................................................................................................................................. 14

Survey .............................................................................................................................................. 15

Primary Data Sources ...................................................................................................................... 15

Secondary Sources ........................................................................................................................... 15

Scaling Techniques .......................................................................................................................... 16

Questionnaires Preparation .............................................................................................................. 16

Sample Selection/ Techniques ......................................................................................................... 16

Statistical Process............................................................................................................................. 17

Fieldwork ......................................................................................................................................... 18


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Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 19

Buyers Perception Analysis ............................................................................................................. 19

Sellers Perception Analysis .............................................................................................................. 32

Limitation of the Study ............................................................................................................. 45

Recommendation and Conclusion ............................................................................................. 46

References ................................................................................................................................ 47

APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 49


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List of Tables

1. Frequency Tables

2. T-test Tables

3. Chi-Square test Tables

4. One-Sample test Tables


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INTRODUCTION

Nowadays in Bangladesh there is new topics is increases which is chemical mixed food. Some

business men are doing this kind of staffs to make a huge profit. Chemical mixed food is very

harmful to human body. Some business men are become greedy that‟s why they do this easily.

They sell chemical mixed food and consumers do not know it. Chemical mixed food is a very

common problem in our country. There is no food safety on our country. For our self-safety we

should take some action against these illegal businessmen. Food safety became last decades very

important for both governments, producers of food products and consumers as well. Food safety

is considering mainly three types of hazards: (a) microbiological hazards; (b) physical hazards

and (c) chemical hazards. However, most of the chemical hazards have long term health

problems for the consumers of food products. Problems with food safety can be very divers in

Bangladesh. However, food safety must be differentiated from food quality. Food safety is the

basic requirement for a food product. Consumers may not become ill from eating a food product.

Food quality on the other hand, is also important as food safety. Fish and seafood are an

important part of a healthy diet and are considered as the biggest source of protein. Fish culture

has been contributing significantly to the export earning, employment generation, poverty

alleviation and to the economic development of Bangladesh. This can impose differences in the

same type of a food product placed on the market by different suppliers or in different countries.

Formalin is a generic term which describes a solution of 37% formaldehyde gas dissolved in

water. Solution of formalin for use in fish should contain 10-15% methanol which inhibits

formation of a highly toxic compound. Now-a-days available reports in the newspaper, the

dishonest businessmen are using formalin in fish to keep freshness or shelf life for longer time

without signs of spoilage. They have very little knowledge about formalin‟s effect on human

body. They know very well that formalin is not allowed to use in fish in our or in foreign

countries.


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Problem Definition

Background to the Problem

There are some TV news, paper articles, some sort of talk shows, seminars and gossips going on

around us in the society everyday about a single issue. It means the issue must be very serious, it

means it is related to majority, it means it is related to human life. What is the issue then? It is

nothing but the usage of the life killing toxic chemicals in the daily needed commodities

especially in the food items which of course is the stake of every one, the attention of all levels

of the people in the society. It is nothing but creeping steps towards destroying a nation. Here in

the research we are going to identify, observe, analyze and interpret the perception of the citizens

towards chemical mixed hazardous products (foods) in Bangladesh. How people take, what is

there reaction, what is there opinion about the issue in next future? Do they think it as a problem

or not and want to continue it or they want to solve the problem, if they want to solve it then

How they think to solve this life killing problem.

Statement to the Problem In Bangladesh, mixing hazardous chemicals in order to preserve different food items is being

practiced so widely. So it‟s important to identify and forecast how far this problem is going to

last and how deep it might take place in our society. So the problem here is to identify the

consumer‟s perception towards this awful problem that is happening in our daily life. So,

problem statement would be, Measure the customer perception of the citizen on the chemical

mixed products/ foods in the Bangladesh.

Rationale of the Study It has become a very common phenomenon in the market all over the country that the sellers

mixed different chemicals for example formalin in different types of products especially in the

food items and in the fruits. Different hazardous and life killing chemical are mixed with all

most all types of foods and fruits. This has been prevailing different dangerous and unexpected

disease s which kills lives in the society and creating problems in our society. This unexpected

incidence influences us to undertake a customer survey research on the perception of the citizens

towards chemical mixed hazardous products (foods) in Bangladesh. That is why we felt the

relevance and the worth of the study.


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Approach to the Problem

Literature Review

In countries like Bangladesh, where most of the foodstuffs, be it manufactured or processed, are

unsafe for consumption or adulterated in varying degrees. This problem persists at every level of

food from preparation to consumption. Food manufacturers, processors, restaurants, fast food

outlets and so forth are all involved in one way or another in this corrupt practice of adulteration.

Foods are adulterated by using various harmful chemicals and toxic artificial colors on the one

hand; and rotten perishables turning to be poisonous foods are stored, sold and served to

consumers in an unhygienic atmosphere on the other. This unsafely of food is contributing to the

public health seriously with numerous chronic and non-chronic diseases. Recent media reports

have brought a particular attention to the practice of using formalin to preserve the shelf life of

perishable goods, particularly fish, fruits, and vegetables, Formalin is primarily made up of

formaldehyde, which is primarily used in hospital mortuaries and laboratories in Bangladesh for

preservation of human bodies and animals (BCSIR). The National Toxicological Program (NTP)

under the World Health Organization (WHO) declared formalin as carcinogenic (2001).

According to doctors and health experts, prolonged consumption of the food dipped in formalin

can result in cancer, liver cirrhosis, kidney, lung, allergy, asthma and other health hazards.

Food is a significant reason for the considerable number of diseases in the entire world.

Consumption of unsafe food is a serious threat to public health in Bangladesh for last couple of

decades.

Adulterated food has many deadly affects. The National Taskforce on Food Adulteration(NTFS)

made by the GOB find out that adulterated foodstuffs each year causes various food borne

illnesses, including diarrhea, malnutrition and other diseases leading to death of many people in

Bangladesh. Especially children are more vulnerable than adults as unsafe food is a major cause

of child mortality. Universally it is accepted that, unsafe food is an important factor of

malnutrition, which causes various types of serious illnesses including diarrhea along with other

permanent consequences for the human body.

Hence, Bangladesh which has abundant

adulterated foods cannot deny the contribution of unsafe foods for malnutrition. In a recent study

recognized by the GOB portrayed the depressing picture of child mortality. Pointing the


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forefinger to the malnutrition as a significant cause of child mortality, this report mentioned that

in every 19 children 1 child die before they complete five years.

World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed its anxiety about the impact of food safety

upon public health in Bangladesh in its website. It reveals that unsafe food can be a significant

reason of many chronic and non-chronic diseases including but not limited to diarrhea, cancer,

heart diseases, various kidney diseases and birth defects. Find a discussion below concerning the

core food safety issues and their specific potential impact upon the public health.

Unhygienic Practice in Food Handling

Unhygienic practices in food handling become a common phenomenon in the Bangladesh food

industry. Countless restaurants, fast food outlets are cooking, baking and processing foods in

extremely unhealthy environments. Unhygienic food is a significant reason of diarrheal diseases

as well as malnutrition. Referring the data of International Centre for Diarrheal Disease

Research, Bangladesh (ICDDRB), WHO suggested that in Bangladesh at least 501 people visits

hospital every day for diarrheal diseases that are related to food safety. The NTFS has also used

by similar ICDDRB data which mentioned that a total of1, 657,381 cases of acute diarrhea and

resultant deaths of 2,064 lives occurred in 1998 alone in Bangladesh. Especially, the extent of

attacks and deaths from diarrhea has become alarming for the last couple of years in Bangladesh.

The report of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) mirrors the magnitude of the

diarrheal diseases and confirms that this health problem is caused by mainly unsafe foodstuffs.

The DGHS report suggests, from

2003 to 2009 17,999,284 people were attacked by diarrhea and among them 4,674 people died,

which signifies that in average at least 3,850 people die for diarrhea each year. NTFS report also

mentioned that each year 5.7 million people become disable due to diarrheal diseases in

Bangladesh. In addition, unhygienic processing of food has a severe impact on the export

facilities in Bangladesh. For example, in 1997 European Union banned importing shrimp from

Bangladesh due to the lack of maintaining proper hygiene standards in the shrimp processing

plants.

Use of Formalin and DDT in Foods

Formalin use in foods is a crucial problem in Bangladesh currently. Supermarkets openly sell

fruits, fishes and vegetables that have been treated with formalin to keep them fresh. This


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widespread use of formalin in various foods is considered to be gravely dangerous for public

health. Scientific scholarships suggest that consumption of formalin directly through food can

cause different types of cancers, especially the lung cancer. Use of DDT is prohibited in 49

countries and restricted in 23 countries around the world. Bangladesh also banned application of

DDT, 24 but unfortunately its use remains rampant. In Bangladesh DDT is commonly used in

dried fish (locally called as „sutki‟ processing.DDT saves its chemical features irrespective of the

environmental circumstances and it is capable of generating to human body through breast milk.

Using of DDT is a significant reason of cancer especially breast cancer, liver cancer and

pancreatic cancer. DDT has also many adverse effects on various types of reproductive issues

including unproductiveness; weaken semen, abortion, early menopause, birth defects and low

birth weight of children. WHO stressed about the frightening child mortality rate and mentioned

that, 150,000 children die each year within first 4 weeks of their lives.DDT can affect

neurological issues on human health having trembling, seizures, nausea and dizziness etc.

Use of Toxic Colors in Food

Unauthorized food colors, especially textile dyes are used in food, manufacturing and processing

in Bangladesh. Textile colors are especially applied in the various types of sweets, which is

locally called as „misti‟ in Bangladesh. Mentionable that, people of Bangladesh love misti or any

sweet based foods and some people are even addicted to this. Except misti some cultural foods

named beguni, peaju are also adulterated by textile dyes. Generally, these harmful colors are

used to make foods attractive, „appealing and appetizing‟. Research suggests that the toxic colors

in food can create indigestions, allergies, asthmas and even cancer. Artificial colors can also risk

the human body for sleeping disorders, vomiting, diarrhea, heart diseases, and several kinds of

neurological diseases.

Other Food Adulterations

Except the aforesaid specific food safety issues, Bangladesh experiences many types of food

adulterations every day. Few of the remarkable and relatively common adulterations are included

below.

The puffed rice (locally called known as „moodi‟ is contaminated by using the urea fertilizer to

make it whiter and bigger in size. Urea is extremely hazardous for human body which can create


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cancer and various ulcers. In a recent doctoral research on Bangladeshi food conducted by Al-

Rmalli, it is found that the level of cadmium in the puffed rice is nearly double than that of

uncooked rice, which the writer suggests may be the result of using urea in the puffed rice. Al-

Rmalli mentioned „exposure to cadmium is linked with kidney disease and over 20 million

people in Bangladesh suffer from chronic kidney disease. Ghee, a popular food in Bangladesh

made from the pure milk, is widely used in Bangladeshi cuisine. In the village culture children

are encouraged to eat hot rice mixing with the ghee and palm sugar in the morning as breakfast.

It is also used to manufacture various desserts in Bangladesh. Ghee is now adulterated in many

ways. The impure ghee is made by rotten milk, palm oil, soybean, animal or vegetable fat, potato

paste and with artificial color flavors instead of milk. Due to this tainting of ghee, people are

deprived from the expected nutrition which ultimately may cause adverse effects on public

health.

Finally although there are numerous laws and act dealings with food safety regulations

government officials corruption, lack of inadequacy of Penalties, and enforcement problems are

the main reasons why the general public are not getting the benefit.

Objectives of the Research

Broad Objective

The main / core objective of this study is to understand and analyze the perception of the citizens

of Bangladesh towards the buying and the selling of the chemical mixed products / foods in the

market.

Specific Objectives

To understand and analyze the customer insights and attitude towards the different types

of foods.

To understand and identify the customer responds on chemical mixed products/ foods.

To identify the attitudes and acceptability and reluctance chemical mixed products/ foods


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Methodology

It is a survey based Marketing research on “the perception of the citizens towards chemical

mixed hazardous products (foods) in Bangladesh”, by a questionnaire. It is served on both buyers

and sellers in the market in Bashundhara area on 30 respondents both male and female age

between 25 and 60. The survey target group was chosen based on the people go to market for

shopping the family items like foods and other household goods.

Research Design

Research Approach

Survey research was conducted to measure the customer perception of the citizen on the

chemical mixed products/ foods in Bangladesh. Therefore a questionnaire was prepared to

collect primary data from its targeted group to know buyers and the sellers view points on

chemical mixed products/ foods in the market

Types of research This descriptive research is both combination of qualitative (interview of the management,

dealers and customers) and the quantitative research that is the primary research based on set of

questionnaires measured on different scale on demand like Ordinal, likert and semantic

difference scale/ different types of scales and dichotomous questions were used to collect the

data to support the research topic and the research problem.

Through our research we will look forward to explore the perception of consumers who uses

chemical mixed products in Bangladesh and what is their opinion about the effects of hazardous

chemical foods. The research is based on the positive and negative use or if they know what are

the consequences of chemical mixed products. Overall our research findings will be able to use

as input into decision making. On the basis of research materials we can it is a conclusive

research design, in which we used the descriptive research procedure. Our major objective was to

determine the perception towards chemical mixed foods and find out the facts that are motivating

or forcing consumers towards these foods. For this research to conduct a clear problem statement


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has been identified, along with specific hypothesis and all detailed information. Thus it can be

said this research needs to conduct a descriptive analysis

Information Needed Among all the foods in Bangladesh we have listed some factors that are related with chemical

mixed foods and can cause fatal health diseases. We have clustered these factors depending on

the types of food. Following factors have an impact on chemical mixed foods that we need to

know:

Here we have considered these factors based on the nutrition factors that are needed to maintain

a sound health. In every meal as per doctor recommendation we need to meet deficiency of

protein, minerals and fiber.

Validity, production process, quality, taste are some factors that lead to usage of chemical and

these factors have an effect of using chemicals by sellers

Data collection

As we have plenty of secondary data or literature review, we have planned to conduct our

research by using both primary and secondary data analysis. There are various products available

in local markets and we have decided to collect a huge data for a successful evaluation. We have

applied Quantitative Strategy in conducting the survey as a tool. All the questions and possible

answers were both fixed alternative and open ended. The total number of people taken as sample

were forty consisting both buyers and sellers. We have collected data from various sources and

for the result analysis we have used statistical software SPSS. To present information statistically

we have been used only bivariante statistical technique.

We have used the following procedure for collecting survey data:

Research Data

Primary Data

Quantitative Data

Descriptive Data

Survey Data


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Survey

We have been collected data through survey method. We have been used a formal questionnaire

presenting question prearranged order. We try to develop Fixed Alternative questions where all

answers were predetermined. As we had two types of respondents like Buyers and Sellers; we

only used close ended questionnaire for sellers, because they are more busy and like to answer

from given answers (options). For buyers we have used both open ended and close ended

questions but as the analysis of open ended questionnaire is difficult we kept it only by one or

two open ended questionnaires. Survey was conducted directly by handing over the

questionnaire to the respondents.

Primary Data Sources

To collect primary data we have conducted a survey upon buyers and sellers. In terms of sellers

we personally talked to every respondent to make them understand the questions, so that we

could get the actual data about their perception on chemical mixed foods available in our local

markets. In case of buyers we have surveyed various types of buyers such as: teachers, students,

housewives, doctors, sportspersons etc. The survey methods we have used are following:

Personal interview technique.

Through a set of structured questionnaires.

Primary data collected from

Shopkeepers.

Sales person.

Secondary Sources

To collect the data on perception of consumers about chemical mixed foods we have used

various secondary sources. Collecting the accurate data we have explored:

Websites

Printed articles

Printed journals

Online and printed newspapers


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Other research projects

Online journals and articles

Printed and online books, magazine and supplements etc.

.

Data Collection Instruments: Data collection instrument are the questionnaire with mostly

close-ended and open end questions.

Survey Process: Through face-to-face interview the survey has been conducted

Scaling Techniques

In our research we have used only one type of non comparative or itemized rating scale which is

likert scale; shows the degree of agreement or disagreement towards any object. It is a five point

rating scale ranging from „strongly disagree‟ to „strongly agree‟.

We put two likert scales in both the buyers and sellers questionnaire to create the balance during

analysis. The main Reason we have used this scale is that it is so simple to understand and use

and respondents can easily give their potential feedback through it.

Questionnaires Preparation

Questionnaires were prepared based on the possible causes of buying and selling of chemical

mixed products/ foods in the market. What are the attitudes of the buyers and the sellers towards

the chemical mixed products /foods in the market? What are the impacts of the buying and

selling of the chemical mixed products /foods? What could be the possible solutions of buying

and selling of chemical mixed products in the market?

Apart from that easy, flexible and no confidential questions were set in the beginning of the

questionnaire and the personal questions were set at the last part in the questionnaire.

Sample Selection/ Techniques

We have selected “simple Random Sampling”, because we were asked by the Faculty member to

collect data and undertake the respondent survey mainly and personal interview to help our

research work. As we found the customers are the direct victim and the sellers are directly selling

this types of the chemical mixed food so we preferred to go for “Random Sampling” on both


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buyer and seller in the market so that we can get a wide range of data that would be more

representative to the research work. .

Statistical Process

Uses of SPSS: as we have conducted our research with the nonparametric, categorical

(qualitative data). Therefore we have to choose some selective tools only. Therefore I decided to

carry on my research on few analysis in detail For example, Frequency distribution which is the

most effective tool I have used to my particular research. Then, we have calculated cross

tabulations to find Chi square test and observe the interconnection/ association within the

variables, attitude of the respondent. I have compared the calculated value and the critical value

of the variables to accept and reject the hypothesis. We have also use the compare means to find

the differences by one sample t test between the variables.

Finally we try to show the significant levels of the cross tabulations by using Chi-square test and

compare means the T test of the variables to find the significant level of the hypothesis. That was

used to find the degree of truthfulness of the Null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

Population: The population of this research project has defined as follow:

Elements: All types of customer who are involved with buying and selling of

chemical mixed hazardous products / foods from the market.

Sampling units: the buyers the regular people who shop their daily needs

from the market and the shopkeepers in the market.

Extent: Different areas of Dhaka city such as Uttara and Bashundhara

residential area

Time:1 August 2013 to 1 September 2013

Sampling Frame: The sample frame of this study has been consisted of the customers,

shopkeepers, sellers. Here we have been selected 30 peoples who are involving with the buying

and selling of the chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods in the market.

Sample size: To conduct this research 30 sample size was selected randomly from the targeted

population in the market.


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Sampling procedure: Among probabilistic sampling methods, simple random sampling

procedure has been used in order to select sampling units from population.

Data collection process: The data of this study has been collected through questionnaire

interview.

Fieldwork

In our research, we have conducted our survey by us as fieldworkers because we had time

constraints and our sample size was small which consists of 40 respondents. We have conducted

our survey among the Bashundhra and Uttara residential area. We conducted the survey among

the consumers who resides in this area and sellers from the local market near Bashundhra gate.

We have made a pair of two consisting three people each. One group conducted the survey

among consumers and the other for sellers. We did not get any hurdles from consumer portion.

They have shown their interest to fill up the survey and we almost got hundred percent responses

from them

But some difficulties we have faced during the collection of sellers response. Most of them

denied giving feedback primarily, because they were busy and worried but when we convinced

them and they showed some interest to give response. We have interpreted the question as well

as the options in Bengali so that they can response carefully. Finally we came up with on average

sixty percent response from seller.


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Data Analysis

Buyers Perception Analysis

Frequency Table

Do you prefer to buy chemical mixed food from market

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid No 30 100.0 100.0 100.0

In response to this question “ Do you prefer to buy chemical mixed products/ foods from market”

all 30 people which 100% respondents choose the option “NO” it means that none of the

respondents wants to buy Chemical mixed hazardous foods from the market.

Marketing Interpretation

Based on the result we can tell that there is no demand for the chemical mixed products /foods by

the citizen in the market because we almost all know the ultimate effects of the chemical mixed

products/foods on out lovely health. Thus the customer wants to buy fresh and non-chemical

mixed products. If it is known that any product is chemical mixed product then customer will not

buy it.


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Who do prefer more


Percent

Valid

Male 13 43.3 43.3 43.3

Female 17 56.7 56.7 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

In response to who prefers more, it is Male or Female does not care or think much while buying

chemical mixed hazardous products i.e foods in the market. It was found that 56.7% is Female

and 43.3% Male respectively. It shows more Female are careless while buying chemical mixed

products, rather Males are more aware about the chemical mixed food in the market.


Male are more conscious and try to probe more in buying foods whether there is chemical mixed

in the products or not. Many of the female do not understand very well about that the sellers or

the producers mixed chemical in foods. Thus the female do not care whether foods contains

chemical or it is going to harm our health.


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Why don’t you prefer to buy chemical mixed food from market


Percent

Valid Heath hazardous 30 100.0 100.0 100.0

Yes, all the respondents choose the option that they don‟t want to buy chemical mixed foods

because of health hazardous issue. They know that chemical mixed hazardous products is

harmful for health and they don‟t want that. Therefore they don‟t want to buy chemical mixed

health hazardous product foods.


The citizen in Bangladesh has become aware of their health therefore the citizen know the

harmful effects of the chemical mixed products so the citizens are reluctant to buy the chemical

mixed products from the market.


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Why do you buy chemical mixed


Percent

Valid

Only option/no

alternative 20 66.7 66.7 66.7

Every one sale the same 10 33.3 33.3 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

66.6% which is 20 people choose that people don‟t have any option other than buy chemical

mixed products foods that‟s why people buy chemical mixed foods and 10 people which is

33.3% stated that everyone sell chemical mixed hazardous products, so they ultimately have to

buy chemical mixed hazardous products in the market place.


There is no regular and reliable source of buying and selling the fresh and non-chemical mixed

products in the market. Therefore the citizens are bound to buy undesirable chemical mixed

products as there is no alternative


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To what extend do you believe that people buy chemical mixed

hazardous food because customer does not have option

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Strongly

agree 5 16.7 16.7 16.7

Agree 13 43.3 43.3 60.0

Neutral 12 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

Answering to this question to what extend do you agree that people buy chemical mixed

hazardous products foods because they don‟t have any other options. Here 16.7% people which

is responded to strongly agreed, 43.3% people said agreed and 40% people chose the option

neutral out of total respondents.


So it can be said that people agree that they buy chemical mixed foods because they don‟t have

alternatives source of buying fresh and nonchemical mixed products and foods so they have to

buy chemical mixed products and foods..


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Why do you think the sellers sell chemical mixed foods

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Suppy

shortage 6 20.0 20.0 20.0

For higher

profit 24 80.0 80.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

Yes, maximum respondents 24 people which is 80% of the total respondents choose the option

that the sellers sale chemical mixed hazardous products foods chemical mixed hazardous

products foods for making higher profit. Few people also said there is a shortage in the market

for fresh foods so sellers sell chemical mixed hazardous products foods to satisfied market

demand but the main issue is higher profit.


25 | P a g e

Ho: There is no association between the why do you think seller sells chemical mixed products

and to what extend do you believe that they sell it for higher profit.

HA: There is association between the why do you think seller sells chemical mixed products and

to what extend do you believe that they sell it for higher profit.

Why do you think the sellers sell chemical mixed foods * To what extend do you agree

that the seller sells chemical mixed for higher profit Cross tabulation

To what extend do you

agree that the seller sells

chemical mixed for higher

profit

Total

Strongl

y agree

Agree Neutral

Why do you

think the

sellers sell

chemical

mixed foods

Supply

shortage

Count 1 4 1 6

% within Why do

you think the

sellers sell

chemical mixed

foods

16.7% 66.7% 16.7% 100.0%

% within To what

extend do you

agree that the

seller sells

chemical mixed

for higher profit

8.3% 36.4% 14.3% 20.0%

% of Total 3.3% 13.3% 3.3% 20.0%

For higher Count 11 7 6 24


26 | P a g e

profit % within Why do

you think the

sellers sell

chemical mixed

foods

45.8% 29.2% 25.0% 100.0%

% within To what

extend do you

agree that the

seller sells

chemical mixed

for higher profit

91.7% 63.6% 85.7% 80.0%

% of Total 36.7% 23.3% 20.0% 80.0%

Total

Count 12 11 7 30

% within Why do

you think the

sellers sell

chemical mixed

foods

40.0% 36.7% 23.3% 100.0%

% within To what

extend do you

agree that the

seller sells

chemical mixed

for higher profit

100.0% 100.0

% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 40.0% 36.7% 23.3% 100.0%


27 | P a g e

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 3.005a 2 .223

Likelihood Ratio 2.978 2 .226

Linear-by-Linear

Association .333 1 .564

N of Valid Cases 30

As the Calculated chi-square value 3.005 is lower than critical chi square value 42.557 so we can

tell that the Null hypothesis is accepted. But the level of significant is .223 which is far greater

than 0.05. Therefore we can tell that null hypothesis is not significant and not true meaning there

is association between the why do you think seller sells chemical mixed products and to what

extend do you believe that they sell it for higher profit.


Yes, if the sellers mixes health hazardous chemical in the products then the longevity of the

perishable products increases by even weeks like fruits and vegetable so they can sell those

products creating an artificial demand in the market over time at a higher price so they can

increase their overall profit.


28 | P a g e

Ho: There is a no difference between gender preference to buy chemical mixed hazardous

products from the market and health damage issue.

HA: There is a difference between gender preference to buy chemical mixed hazardous products

from the market and health damage issue.

T-Test

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Who do prefer more 30 1.57 .504 .092

We don't buy chemical

mixed food for our

health damage issue

30 1.40 .498 .091

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0

t df Sig.

(2-

tailed

)

Mean

Difference

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Who do prefer

more 17.026 29 .000 1.567 1.38 1.75

We don't buy

chemical mixed

food for our

health damage

issue

15.389 29 .000 1.400 1.21 1.59


29 | P a g e

As our calculated t is greater than critical value 1.6691 therefore we are 95% confident that the

Null hypothesis should be rejected meaning there are no difference between the gender

preference and people do not buy chemical mixed product concerning about health damage issue.

Thus, we can tell that there is difference between gender and thinking about health issue. The

level of significant also shows that the value is .000 which is lower than 0.05 so the hypothesis is

true.


Yes, there are differences between genders in buying pattern, the male and female and their

buying behaviors. The male are more rigid toward buying chemical mixed products and female

do not care about chemicals while buying things much. Male ask the sellers often about the

chemicals used or not in the foods.


30 | P a g e

Ho: there is no association between to what extend the chemical mixed food affects human body

and how can we stop selling the chemical mixed hazardous food in the market.

HA: there is an association between to what extend the chemical mixed food affects human

body and how can we stop selling the chemical mixed hazardous food in the market

Crosstabs:

To what extend do you know the impact of using chemical mixed food * What do you think how

can we stop selling chemical mixed food in the market Cross tabulation

Count

What do you think how can we stop selling

chemical mixed food in the market

Total

mobile court Sending to

police

Not buying

the product


know the impact of

using chemical mixed

food

Negligible effect 0 1 0 1

Neutral 3 2 5 10

Some what

extreme 2 5 2 9

Highly extreme 4 3 3 10

Total 9 11 10 30

Chi-Square Tests


(2-sided)



Linear-by-Linear


N of Valid Cases 30


31 | P a g e

The calculated Chi square value is 5.197 and the critical 42.557 which is the critical value is

greater so the Null the hypothesis is rejected. But the calculated significant is 0.519 which is

greater than 0.05. This means it is not significant and not true. Therefore we can tell that there an

association between to what extends the chemical mixed food affects human body and how can

we stop selling the chemical mixed hazardous food in the market.


Yes, there is association with in negative effect of chemical mixed products and their sells. If the

effect is too bad then people would be more aware the negative impacts of chemical mixed foods

abs try to avoid it so the citizen will any how stop buying chemical mixed products and go for

serious measures if anybody is caught.


32 | P a g e

Sellers Perception Analysis

Frequency Table:

Do you prefer to sell chemical mixed food at the market

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Yes 5 16.7 16.7 16.7

No 25 83.3 83.3 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

In response to this question “do you prefer to sell chemical mixed products/ foods in the market”

the seller said “ NO‟‟ that they don‟t prefer to sell chemical mixed product. 25 respondents out of

total 30 respondents said they don‟t prefer but 5 people which is 16.7% of the total said “ YES”

they prefer to sell chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods in the market. But majority do not

prefer to sell chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods in the market.


The sellers are also not willing to sell chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods but the seller

says that they buy the product from the farmers and producers, then they sell those products in

the market in maximum time the farmer mixed the chemical in the products before the seller get

the products. In that case the sellers are helpless as well. they are also not interested but bound to

sell those chemical mixed products/foods in the market


33 | P a g e

Why do you sell chemical mixed food in the market

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

you can buy it at lower

price 8 26.7 26.7 26.7

You can't buy fresh

products 13 43.3 43.3 70.0

Every one is selling 9 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

In respondents to this question” Why do you sell chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods in

the market” 8 respondents which is 26.7% of the total people said that the seller can buy

chemical mixed products at a lower price so they do sell chemical mixed products. 13 person

sellers said they sell chemical mixed products as they don‟t get, even they cannot buy fresh

products, the farmer mixed chemical with the products/ foods and they have to buy those and sell

those parched products in the market. 9 people said every one sells chemical mixed products so

do I.


The sellers can create an artificial demand by selling the perishable products in for the long days

to enhance their profit. On the other hand the sellers buy the product from the farmers and

producers, and then they sell those products in the market. If the farmer and the sellers mixed the

chemical in the products before the products reach to the sellers. In that case seller cant do

anything.


34 | P a g e

To what extend do you believe that seller sells chemical mixed food

for higher profit

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Strongly

agree 7 23.3 23.3 23.3

Agree 14 46.7 46.7 70.0

Neutral 9 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

Answering to this question to what extend do you agree that the sellers sell chemical mixed

hazardous products foods because of higher profit. Here 07 people which is 23.3% responded to

strongly agreed, 14 people which is 46.7% respondents said agreed and 9 people which is 30%

respondents chose the option neutral out of total respondents. So it can be said that people agree

that sellers sell chemical mixed products for higher profit.


The sellers do not sell the chemical missed products for profit sometimes they even don‟t know

that the chemical is mixed in the foods before they buy it. Thus not only the direct sellers but

also the farmer and the producers will have to be negative toward mixing chemical in foods and

any products.


35 | P a g e

To what extend does the seller know the adverse impact of using

chemical mixed food

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

No effect 12 40.0 40.0 40.0

Negligible

effect 12 40.0 40.0 80.0

Neutral 6 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

In response to the question “To what extend does the sellers know the adverse effects of using

chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods in the market” 80% of the total respondents said that

selling chemical mixed product has no or negligible effect on human body and only 6 people out

of 30 total respondents which is 20% answered to neutral, so it means the seller don‟t think that

there is an adverse impact of chemical mixed products on the human body. But consumer thinks

chemical mixed products and foods causes health damage.

Don't you think selling chemical mixed food is a punishable

Act

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Yes 9 30.0 30.0 30.0

No 21 70.0 70.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

In response to the question “ Don‟t you think selling chemical mixed products is a punishable

Act” 70% of total people which is 21 people said ”NO” that they said and claim that it is not a

punishable work and 9 respondents choose the option „YES‟ it is a punishable work to sell

chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods in the marke


36 | P a g e

How do you think the seller stops selling chemical mixed products

Frequenc

y

Percent Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid

Impose restriction on

chemical sales 13 43.3 43.3 43.3

Taking action against

who sells 11 36.7 36.7 80.0

Creating awareness

among sellers 6 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 30 100.0 100.0

Answering to the question “How do you think the seller stops selling chemical mixed hazardous

products/ foods” 13 respondents which is 43.3% people said “Impose restriction on chemical

sales”, 11 people which is 36.7% respondents said taking action against who sells, and 6 people

which is 20% of the total respondents said Creating awareness among sellers may stop selling

chemical mixed products/ foods in the market.


The government should take very aggressive measure and punishment and sever large amount of

financial penalty if any seller is caught with chemical mixed products and foods. Then the seller

will not dear to do involve with these types of behavior. Citizen also needs to be very careful

about the chemical mixed products so that they can‟t cheat the customers.


37 | P a g e

Ho: there is no association between the “how can we stop selling chemical mixed products and

the family opinion”

Ho: there is association between the “how can we stop selling chemical mixed products and the

family opinion”

Crosstabs

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Dont you think you can

stop selling these

chemical mixed food *

What is your family

members opinion

toward selling of

chemical mixed food

and people are affected

30 100.0% 0 0.0% 30 100.0%


38 | P a g e

Don’t you think you can stop selling these chemical mixed food * What is your family

members opinion toward selling of chemical mixed food and people are affected

Crosstabulation

Count

What is your family members opinion toward selling of

chemical mixed food and people are affected

Total

They tell you to

stop all the time

They tell to

stop still i

sell

They don't

know about

this

They don't

care

Dont you think

you can stop

selling these

chemical

mixed food

Neutral 1 4 9 2 16

To some

extend it

is

impossibl

e

0 4 8 2 14

Total 1 8 17 4 30

Chi-Square Tests


(2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square .930a 3 .818


Linear-by-Linear


N of Valid Cases 30

The calculated chi square value is 0.930 and the critical value is 42.557. the calculated value is

lower than critical value so we can tell that the Null hypothesis is accepted. But the level of

significant is more than 0.05 which is 0.818 so we can tell that the Null hypothesis is not


39 | P a g e

significant and not true. It means that there is association between “how can we stop selling

chemical mixed products and the family opinion”. Family opinion can influence the chemical

mixed products in the market.


The sellers do not listen to their family members. Their family members do not support them to

sell chemical mixed products. But the sellers do not obey them. The sellers still sell chemical

mixed products in the market.

Ho: There is no association between why the sellers sell and the buyers buy the chemical mixed

products in the market

Ho: There is associationbetween why the sellers sell and the buyers buy the chemical mixed

products in the market

Crosstabs

Why do you sell chemical mixed food in the market * Why do you think the

buyers buy chemical mixed food Cross tabulation

Count

Why do you think the buyers buy chemical

mixed food

Total

Convenient to

buy

Good looking No

option to

them

Why do you

sell chemical

mixed food in

the market

you can buy it

at lower price 2 0 6 8

You can't buy

fresh products 7 0 6 13

Every one is

selling 6 1 2 9

Total 15 1 14 30


40 | P a g e

Chi-Square Tests


(2-sided)



Linear-by-Linear

Association 3.433 1 .064

N of Valid Cases 30

The calculated chi square value is 6.401 and the critical value is 42.557. The calculated value is

lower than critical value so we can tell that the Null hypothesis is accepted. But the level of

significant is more than 0.05 which is 0.171 so we can tell that the Null hypothesis is not

significant and not true. It means that there is association between why the sellers sell and the

buyers buy the chemical mixed products in the market. Buyers buying behavior is influenced by

sellers selling attitudes.


If the buyer knows or somehow can understand that seller is selling chemical mixed products

then the buyers don‟t buy products/ foods from them. But buyers buy chemical mixed products

because the don know about it.


41 | P a g e

Ho: there is a no strong difference between the “Seller sell chemical mixed foods for higher

profit and sellers sell it as because the sell don‟t get fresh product to sell in the market.

HA: there is a strong difference between the “Seller sell chemical mixed foods for higher profit

and sellers sell it as because the sell don‟t get fresh product to sell in the market.

T-Test


N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean


believe that seller sells

chemical mixed food

for higher profit

30 2.07 .740 .135


believe that seller sells

chemical mixed food

because they do not

have any option

30 2.20 .761 .139


42 | P a g e

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0

t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Differen

ce

95% Confidence Interval

of the Difference

Lower Upper

To what extend do

you believe that

seller sells

chemical mixed

food for higher

profit

15.30

3 29 .000 2.067 1.79 2.34

To what extend do

you believe that

seller sells

chemical mixed

food because they

do not have any

option

15.83

2 29 .000 2.200 1.92 2.48

The calculated value shows is greater than critical value 1.6991 so we are 95% confident that the

null hypothesis is rejected. And the level is significant .000 is lower than 0.05 so it means that

there are difference differences and the Null hypothesis is not true. It means the seller does it to

increase their profit.


The sellers are also not willing to sell chemical mixed hazardous products/ foods but the seller

says that they buy the product from the farmers and producers, then they sell those products in

the market in maximum time the farmer mixed the chemical in the products before the seller get

the products. In that case the sellers are helpless as well. they are also not interested but bound to

sell those chemical mixed products/foods in the market


43 | P a g e

Overall

Ho: people do want to buy Chemical mixed products / foods.

Ho: people do not want to buy Chemical mixed products / foods.

T-Test


N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Do you prefer to buy chemical

mixed food from market 30 2.00 .000a .000

What do you think how can we

stop selling chemical mixed

food in the market

30 2.03 .809 .148

a. t cannot be computed because the standard deviation is 0.

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 0

t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

What do you think how can we

stop selling chemical mixed

food in the market

13.771 29 .000 2.033 1.73 2.34

Based on the hypothesis the SPSS analysis shows that the calculated value is 13.771 and the critical value

is 1.6991 whereas the calculated value is greater. So we are 95% confident that the Null hypothesis is

rejected. So the alternative hypothesis is accepted meaning the people do not want to buy chemical mixed

hazardous products. The level of calculated level of significant is 0.000 which is less than 0.05. So we can

tell that the Null hypothesis is not significant and true.


44 | P a g e


The buyers don‟t want to buy the chemical mixed products. But there is no regular and reliable

source of buying and selling the fresh and non-chemical mixed products in the market. Therefore

the citizens are bound to buy undesirable chemical mixed products as there is no alternative. But

the citizens are not willing to buy this product. If the citizen could have a regular and reliable

source of buying fresh and non-chemical mixed products then they would buy from there.

On the other hand the sellers are also not willing to sell chemical mixed hazardous products/

foods but the seller says that they buy the product from the farmers and producers, then they sell

those products in the market in maximum time the farmer mixed the chemical in the products

before the seller get the products. In that case the sellers are helpless as well. they are also not

interested but bound to sell those chemical mixed products/foods in the market.


45 | P a g e

Limitation of the Study

Time Constraint: First of all, the main limitation of the report was time; it was a very short time

to prepare a professional research report on this large topic “the perception of the citizen on the

chemical mixed products / foods in Bangladesh. But we got even less time to work on the report.

This time is not enough to cover such a wide issue like a research study on chemical mixed

products / foods. We have faced huge problem while data collection.

Inability and unwillingness: People in our country are little reluctant to provide authentic

information as required for the research work. We had to face more difficulty because of the

inability and unwillingness caused by the seller. As most of our seller‟s respondents were not

educated, though we asked them the question and possible answers in Bengali and convinced

them the response will not bring any disturbance to their business, sometimes they demonstrated

some inability error because of (unfamiliarity, boredom, and question content) Because of their

unwillingness caused by the embarrassment, we could not find more accurate results.

On the other hand, it is the first time we were doing a research project on such topic “the

perception of citizen on chemical mixed products / foods”. As a result, it was not possible to go

through every matter in details.


46 | P a g e

Recommendation and Conclusion

Using chemical in all types of food products have become a common trend in Bangladesh, sellers

are selling mostly because of high profit margin and buyers consciously or unconsciously are

also becoming part of this crucial act. Sometimes mobile court goes for a sudden inspection to

some open market, super store and in restaurant to check the quality of foods they are selling and

punished them for selling unhygienic products, but they get bailed after giving some lump sum

money which seems to be nothing against their profit margin and the very next day they again

start their human killing business. So this business is running like a consecutive cycle.

If we see buyers are really helpless about this issue. Everywhere they go for shopping local

market, super shop or departmental store they don‟t get any option available to them. They know

consuming these chemical mixed products may bring damage to their health but they are bound

to buy.

If it continues in this way then it is we have to bear the unexpected consequences in near future.

Thus it is the best time to turn back to take adequate measures to save the society from this

human killing chemicals.

In this regard the Government should take adequate measures to stop selling chemical mixed

products and foods in the open market. Not only Government, People in all the levels in the

society should avoid buying chemical mixed products and foods in the open market. It is not

only the responsibilities of the buyers but sellers should also be aware of the impact of selling

chemical mixed products and foods in the open market. They should feel that their activities may

put others in serious trouble like death. The government bodies like anticorruption commission,

the mobile court have to be very careful in this issue and the anti-chemical mixed products

campaigns may be helpful at least a little to reduce the problems. Government should stop selling

chemicals and formalin in the open market so that this toxic item does not have easy access to

the ordinary public. The dealers and the representative should not sell these chemicals in to the

open market. Otherwise the entire society will have to bear the impact badly.


47 | P a g e

References

1. Malhotra N.K, Dash S. (2000) Marketing Research –An Applied Orientation(6th

Edition), Pearson.

2. The Survey was cited in Quazi Mohammad Ali, “Some Aspects of Consumer Protection

in Bangladesh,” The Dhaka University Studies Part-C (1984): 111.

3. Neela Badrie, Sonia Y. De Leon, and Md Ruhul Amin Talukder, “Food Adulteration

Management Systems:Initiatives of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, Philippines and

Bangladesh” (paper presented at Caribbean Agro-Economics Society 26th West Indies

Agricultural Economic Conference, Puerto Rico, July 2006), 85.

4. Shah Mahfuzur Rahman, Md Asirul Hoque, and Md Ruhul Amin Talukder, “Food

Security in Bangladesh: Utilization, Nutrition and Food Adulteration” (paper presented at

the National Workshop on Food Security, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 19–20 October 2005)

5. The Survey was cited in Quazi Mohammad Ali, “Some Aspects of Consumer Protection

in Bangladesh,” The

6. Dhaka University Studies Part-C (1984): 111.

7. 2 Neela Badrie, Sonia Y. De Leon, and Md Ruhul Amin Talukder, “Food Adulteration

Management Systems:

8. Initiatives of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, Philippines and Bangladesh” (paper

presented at Caribbean

9. Agro-Economics Society 26th West Indies Agricultural Economic Conference, Puerto

Rico, July 2006), 85.

10. 3 Shah Mahfuzur Rahman, Md Asirul Hoque, and Md Ruhul Amin Talukder, “Food

Security in Bangladesh:

11. Utilization, Nutrition and Food Adulteration” (paper presented at the National Workshop

on Food Security,

12. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 19–20 October 2005), 45–6.

13. 4 See, eg, ibid 46; Badrie, Leon and Talukder, “Food Adulteration Management,” 85.

14. 5 See the details of the table on “Public Health Interventions by Selected Institutions,”

Directorate General of

15. Health Services, accessed November 15, 2012,

16. http://nasmis.dghs.gov.bd/dghs_new/dmdocuments/All/Public%20Health%20Interventio

ns.pdf, 6.

17. 6 National Taskforce on Food Adulteration, “Bangladesh Country Paper” (paper

presented at the FAO/WHO

18. Regional Conference on Food Adulteration for Asia and Pacific, Seremban, Malaysia,

24–27 May 2004), 6.

19. 7 “The State of the World‟s Children 2008: Child Survival,” United Nations International

Children's


48 | P a g e

20. Emergency Fund, December 2007, accessed November 15, 2012,

21. http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/docs/sowc08.pdf, 1.

22. 8 For details of the relation between food adulteration and malnutrition, see Motarjemi et

al, “Contaminated

23. Weaning Food: A Major Risk Factor for Diarrhoea and Associated Malnutrition,”

Bulletin of the World Health

24. Organization 71 (1993): 79.

25. 9 The full report can be viewed at “Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011:

Preliminary Report,”

26. National Institute of Population Research and Training, April 2012, accessed November

10, 2012,

27. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/PR15/PR15.pdf.


49 | P a g e

APPENDIX

final_470_paper.pdf

Documents