fire alarm systems el benaa com

8/2/2019 Fire Alarm Systems El Benaa Com

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I nt ro t o Convent ional Fire Alarm Systems

1

I ntroduct ion t o

ConventionalFire Alarm Systems


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Course Descr ipt ionu This two-hour introductory course is forindividuals with little or no experience in the firealarm industry. The course covers the basic buildingblocks of modern conventional and addressable firealarm systems.

u It covers the primary and secondary functions ofa fire alarm control panel, various initiating and

notification devices, digital communicators,waterflow alarm and sprinkler monitoring.


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Course Cont ent su Basic Elements of a Fire Alarm System

u Supplementary Functions

u Physical Elements of Fire

u Initiating Devices

u Notification Appliances

u Water Flow and Sprinkler Monitoring

u Types of Control Panels

u Design Issues

u Notification Appliance Circuit (NACs)

u Supplementary Circuit Wiring


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Life Safety!

What is t hepurpose of a Fire

Alarm System?

Detect, Alert and Evacuate.


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Basic Fire

Lets examine the

components that make abasic Fire AlarmCont rol System .


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Main Cont rolleru The brains of the system.

u

Provides power to thesystem, monitors inputs andcontrols outputs through

various circuits.

u Performs other functions asrequired by the appropriatecode.


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Element s of a Cont rol PanelMain Cont roller, Pow er, I nput s and Out put s


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Primary ( AC)

Secondary (DC)

Requ i res t w o Pow er Sou r ces Element s of a Cont rol Panel


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Smoke Detector

Manual Pull Station

A fire alarmsystem can havea variety ofinput devices.

Elements of a Cont rol PanelI n p u t s


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Inputs

u I nit iat ing Device A system component that

originates transmission of a change of statecondition, such as a smoke detector, manual firealarm box, supervisory switch, etc....

u I nit iat ing Device Circuit ( I DC)A circuit towhich automatic or manual initiating devices areconnected where the signal received does notidentify the individual device operated.


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Horns

Strobes

Elements of a Cont rol PanelO u t p u t s


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Outputs

u Not if icat ion Appliance A fire alarm systemcomponent such as a bell, horn, speaker, light,

or text display that provides audible, tactile, orvisible output, or any combination thereof.

u Not if icat ion Appliance Circuit A circuit orpath directly connected to a notificationappliance.


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The Basic System

Secondary (DC)

Primary ( AC)

Outputs

Inputs

Main Cont rol ler


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Supplement ary Operat ionsu Elevator Capture

u Equipment Shutdown

uAir Handling Shutdownu Damper Control

u Extinguishing SystemInterface

u Event Printing

u Display Monitor Interface

u Door Holding Devices


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Supplement ary Operat ionsu Remot e Signal Annunciat ion - Provides

critical system status and basic control capabilityfrom a more convenient location than where thecontrol panel might be located.


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Remote AnnunciatorsRZA-5X

Remote Zone

Annunciator

LCD-80F LiquidCrystal Display

Graphic

Annunciator

(Custom)


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DACTsUDACT UniversalDigital CommunicatorTransmitter

Dedicated DACT"daughterboard"

411UD Slave/StandAlone DACT

Integral Onboard DACT


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Basic Fire Alarm TechnologySignal I nit iation & I nit iating Devices

What is

t he

threat?


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Aut omat ic Fire

Detectors

How do w e detectt he t hreat?


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Aut omat ic Fire Detectors

u Spot Detect ors provide detection concentrationin a particular location - Heat & Smoke Detectors.

u Line Det ect ors provide continuous detectionalong a path - Thermal Cable & Beam Detectors.

u Air Sampl ing Systems draw air through pipes toan enclosed chamber for testing. - (VESDA & DuctDetectors.


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u Photoelectric

u Light-Scattering (Reflective)u Light-Obscuring (Beam)

u Ionization

u Thermal (heat)

u Duct

Aut omat ic Fire Detectors


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Phot oelect r ic Smoke DetectorsLight -Scat t ering Type

u These detectors use a Light-Emitting Diode

(LED) that sends a beam of light into a darkchamber. A photo diode sits on the other side of apartition within the chamber.

u Smoke particles entering the chamber deflect

some of the light rays into the photocell. The photocell generates a current when exposed to light, andif the current reaches a certain level, the smokedetector alarms.


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Light Scat t er ing Pr incipalSensing Chamber

LightEmitting

Diode

PhotoDiode

Partition


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Light Scat ter ing Pr incipal


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u In a projected BeamDetector, alarms are

generated by diffusing theprojected light beam by a

specified percentage ofobscuration. Total beamblockage generally resultsin a trouble signal.

Phot oelect r ic Smoke DetectorsLight Obscurat ion Type

u Wire the receiver unit as a 4-wire detector (separatepower and sensing connections to the control panel).


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Projected Beam Principal

Transmitter Receiver

Smoke from thefire in the protected

area diffuses the

intensity of the beam at the receiver


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I onizat ion Smoke Detectors

u These detectors contain a small amount ofradioactive material encapsulated in a metalchamber. Ionizing radiation develops a low, butsteady electrical current. Smoke particles enteringthe chamber disrupt the current and trigger thedetector's alarm.

u Ion detectors react more quickly to fast flaming

fires that give off little smoke.

u Spot-type Detectors.


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DuctDetectors

u Photoelectric detector mounted in housing

outside the ductwork that has probes that

extend into the duct to sample the air insidethe duct.

u Primarily used as a smoke control device tocontrol the flow of air in ductwork.


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The i3 series is based on three guiding principles:I nstallation ease, I ntelligence, and I nstantinspection.

uPlug-In Head/Base combination.uSmoothing algorithms

uDrift compensation (automatically adjusts fordust accumulation, reducing nuisance alarms)

uOptional Sensitivity Reader

The i3 SeriesThis line of photoelectric smokedetectors by System Sensor consists of2- and 4-wire detectors, offered with or

without a fixed 135

temperaturethermal sensor.


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Manual I nit iat ing DevicesThe Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station


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I nit iat ing DevicesManual Fire Alarm St at ions

u Manually operated device used to

initiate an alarm signal.u Single Act ion Stations require a single

operation to activate it. Generally a pullingdown action.

u

Dual Act ion Stations require two distinctoperations. A set-up and an activating action.

u Breakglass Stations have an inhibit devicethat must be damaged to activate the station(non-ADA compliant).


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I nit iat ing DevicesManual Fire Alarm Stat ions

u Opt ional Features

u With and without key locks or hex key locks

u Weatherproof models with special backboxes

u With auxiliary contacts

u Multiple languages, even dual languages.

u With a pre-signal featureu With screw-terminal or pigtail connections

u Conventional and Addressable

u Metal or Polycarbonate


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Single-Act ion Manual Stat ionSpring-loaded

releasingswitch

ResetKey

ActuationHandle


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Dual-Act ion Manual Stat ion

Initial

Pre-Actuator

Actuator


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Non Alarm Pull Stat ions

I C i l Fi Al S


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Heat DetectorsHeat detectors are the oldest type of automaticfire detection device. Not considered direct LifeSafety devices, these detectors do contributeto the detection of a fire.

I C i l Fi Al S


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Heat Detectorsu Fixed Detect ors alarm when the sensing elementreaches a certain set point. Two common ones have135 and 200-degrees F range. The Fixed element isgenerally a non-restorable type, and when activated, must bereplaced.

u Rate- o f - Rise Detect ors respond when the rate oftemperature increase is greater than an allowable limit(15 degrees in 60 secs.) (placement in a stableenvironment) (e.g.. ovens, heating vents, etc.). The

Rate-of-Rise element is restorable when conditions return tonormal.

u Rate Com pensat ion will respond regardlessof therate of temperature rise.

I t t C t i l Fi Al S t


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Heat Det ect orsRate Compensation Type

u Detector responds when the temperature of the

surrounding air reaches a predetermined level,regardless of the rate oftemperature rise.

u The system compensates for Thermal Lag.

u During a slow rate of temperature rise there ismore time for heat to penetrate the inner element,which inhibits contact closure until the total devicereaches the rated temperature level.

u During fast rate of increase, there is less time forheat to penetrate the inner element, which exertsless inhibiting effect, so contact closure is still

obtained at the rated temperature.



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Heat Detectors

u

DONT Paint Heat Det ect ors!!!

u Why? Because Thermal Lag occurswhen the physical properties of the Heat

detector cause it to lag behind the alarmcondition of the surrounding air.



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Heat Det ectorsu Exhibit the lowest false alarm rate of all

automatic fire detector devices,

u Slowest-responding fire detection devices.

u Best used in applications where

u Fast-developing, large fires are expected.

u Environment won't allow the use of other

fire detection devices.u The speed of detection is not a prime

consideration.



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Heat DetectorsHeat Sensitive Cable

u A line-type initiating device whose sensing elementcomprises, in one type, two current-carrying wires

held separated by heat-sensitive insulation whichsoftens at the rated temperature, thus allowing thewires to make electrical contact.

u Installed at the exact point of risk to provide rapidlocalized detection of abnormal temperature rises(overloaded or short-circuited high voltage power

wiring).



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Heat Detect orHeat Sensit ive Cable

Actuators

Outer Insulation

Protective Tape

Heat SensitiveMaterial



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Not if icat ion Appl iances Types

u Audible - Horns, Bells, Sounders,

Sirens, Chimes, Speakers.

u Visual - Strobes

u Physical - Bed shakers

u Olfactory - Smell



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Audible Devicesu Bells: Only used if they are only for

fire, or have a distinctive sound fromother bell signaling devices. Often

used as an external gong to indicatethe flow of water in the sprinklersystem.

u Horns: Loud and distinctive output.Often used in high-noiseenvironments, such as manufacturingplants.



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Audible Devicesu Sounders: Electronic or mechanical

audible devices, which are capable ofproducing a variety of tones. Often, the

tone is selectable during installation ofthe device.

u Chimes: Soft-toned appliances usedwhere loud noises could be disruptive toother operations. Generally used wherequalified personnel are continuously inattendance.



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Audible Devices

u Sirens: Extremely loud devicesgenerally limited in use to outdoor

or heavy industrial areas.

u Speakers: Audible devices used inconjunction with voice evacuation

messages. Life-Safety speakers arenot generally associated with Muzak

systems.



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Audible Codesu Coded out put s are required in many applications.

This can be accomplished by pulsing tones for

different areas of the building, or zoning the outputs(floor above - floor below).

u General alarm codes commonly used are MarchTime(110-120 ppm) or Temporalcode (ANSIEvacuation Code 3).



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Visual

Signaling

Appliances

Visual signaling appliances are used in high-noiseenvironments, in areas occupied by hearing-

impaired individuals, or in areas where audibledevices may not be desired.



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VisualDevices

Speaker/ St robe

Chime/ St robe

Horn/ St robe

Strobe



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Selectable-OutputVisual Devices

u Selectable Candela Output (15 - 30 - 60 -75 - 110)

u Selectable Operating Voltage (12 or 24 volts)

u Offered in Strobe and

Horn/Strobe combinations


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Ful l-Wave Rect if ied Pow er

24v

0v

42v



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Fil t ered Regulated Pow er

24v

0v



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Secondary Pow er

u Direct Current - Clean, absolute filtered power

u Supplies the system with operating power underthe loss of primary (AC) for at least 24 hours ofstandby (quiescence) followed by 5 minutes in

alarm. Voice systems require 15 minutes in alarm.u Rated in AMP-HOURS (AH).

u Must be calculated!



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t o t o Co e t o a e a Syste s

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Relays and Contact su Form A - refers to a relay with contacts for common

and normally open ONLY.

u Form B - refers to a relay with contacts for commonand normally close ONLY.

u Form C - refers to a relay with contacts for common,normally open, and normally closed.

u Dry Cont act s -By magnetically controlling the stateof the contacts, the control panel is electricallyisolated (and thus protected) from power connectedto the contacts..



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Relays and Contact s

When a relay is not active,the contacts are in theirnormalposition.

Normally Closed

Normally OpenCommon



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Relays and Contact s

When the relay is activated,current passing through therelay coil magnetically

influences the common"wiper", moving it to theopposite position.

Normally Closed

Normally OpeCommon


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In i t iat ingDevices

SprinklerSystems

Monitoring



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u Wet-Pipe Spr ink lerSystems use a vane-activated Water Flow Device

(WFD) sized to the piping.The device reacts to achange in flow pressure of10 psi, which is theequivalent of one sprinkler

head activating. Retarddevices inhibit falseactivation due to changes inwater supply pressure.

Fire Spr inkler Systems



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WaterflowDetectors

Pressure

Gauges

TamperSwitches



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u Dry-Pipe Spr inkler: An automatic sprinkler systemwhere all piping contains air under pressure. When a

sprinkler head opens, the air is released and waterflows into the system and through any opensprinkler heads into the fire. This type of system isused when freezing of water in the pipes is aconcern.

Fire Spr inkler Systems

u Dry-Pipe Spr ink ler Systems use apressure switch. The device reacts to achange in pressure due to water fillingthe system.



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Sprink ler Monit oring

u Sprink ler Systems have water feed controlvalves. These control valves shut off the water supplyto the sprinkler system and render it useless. A

monitoring device should be attached to every criticalcontrol valve in the system, whether it's a gate valve,indicator valve, or butterfly valve. Whenever the valveis shut off, a supervisory alarm signal (as opposed to

a Fire or Waterflow alarm) is generated.

u The two most common types of SupervisoryTamper Switches are OSY and PIV.



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SprinklerMonitoringOS&Y



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Sprink ler Monit oring

PIV



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The Systems



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u Conventional (hard wired)u Fixed

u Programmable

u Addressable (multiplexed)

u Intel l igent (analog data transfer)

Types of

Fire Alarm Cont rol Panels



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u Simplest type of control unit.

u Generally, a single circuit board contains powersupply, control, initiating and notification circuitry.

u Some models use auxiliary circuit boards to performspecial functions.

u Input/output devices connect to dedicated circuits.

u Designated outputs occur when initiating signals are

received.u Limited special functions and capabilities.

Examples: Fire-Lite MS-2 and MS-4

Convent ional Hard Wired Syst em



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AddressableSystem

u Each device (detector, pull station) has a uniquenumber assigned to it called the address for reportingalarms and troubles.

u Employs a Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) Loop along

which all addressable input and output devices areconnected to the fire alarm control panel.

u Addressable devices transmit an electronic message back tothe Control Unit representing their state (Normal, Alarm,Trouble) when polled by the Control Unit.


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Addressable Pull Stat ionsAddressable

Module



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Typica lSLC


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Soft w are Zoning

u Floor-Above/Floor Below

u Elevator Recall

u Smoke Control

u Ring-By-Zone

u Door Locks (Card Access)

u Cross Zoning



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I nt ell igent System

uAlways an Addressable System.

u Processes detailed, analog data from

detectors about smoke levels.

u Can provide sensitivity data for each

detector.

u Employs Drift Compensation (self calibration)

in it's detectors.

Examples: Fire-Lit e MS-9200,MS-9200UD & MS-9600.



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Design and Applicat ion



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Design I ssues

u Device Select ion

u Photo vs. Ion, line versus spot.

u What is are the total costs of one type versus another?

u How does the environment affect device selection?

u Does the device meet code specifications and code?

u Placement of Devices (where do you place smokedetectors, pull stations, notification appliances)?

u Calculations (how do you calculate battery size and

NAC voltage drops?).u Programming (how will you accomplish your non-

general alarm events?).



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Spot Detector Placement

u Total (complete) Coverage includes all rooms,halls, storage areas, basements attics, lofts, spaces

above suspended ceilings, and other subdivisions

and accessible spaces as well as the inside of allclosets, elevator shafts, enclosed stairways,dumbwaiter shafts and chutes.

NFPA 72 2002 Section 5.5.2.1

Exception - inaccessible areas that DO NOT containcombustible materials do not require smoke detection



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u Part ial Coverage calls for smoke detection in allcommon areas and work spaces, such as corridors,

lobbies, storage rooms, equipment rooms, and other

tenantless spaces.

The building owner must understand that a fire

alarm system may not detect a fire that developswithin any area without smoke detection until thatfire has reached proportions that may seriouslycompromise the safe evacuation of occupants andthe timely notification of fire responders.

CAUTI ON!



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Smoke

Detector

30

21

Typical area

of room protection

Maximumradius of

protection

Spot detector

placement isbased on centralmounting of adetector in a 30 X30 room. No areamay be more than

21 from thedetector.

21

30



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SmokeDetector

10

21

Room Maximumradius ofprotection

Note that in this

application, twodetectors are notrequired becauseall areas within theroom are within 21feet of the

detector.

41



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15 15

15 15

30

30



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Heat Detector SpacingCeiling Height

(feet)

Percent (% ) ofList ed Spacing

0 -10

10-1212-14

14-16

16-18

18-20

20-22

22-24

24-26

26-28

28-30

100

9184

77

71

64

58

52

46

40

34



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I nit iat ing DevicesManual Fire Alarm Pull Stations



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Manual Fire Alarm Stat ionsMount ing Locat ions

u Manual fire alarm stations shall be located within5 feet of the exit doorway opening of each floor.

u Grouped openings over 40 feet in width requirepull stations on either side of the opening.

u Additional pull station will be installed no morethan 200 linear feet apart.

u Each manual fire alarm station shall beconspicuous, unobstructed, and accessible, and ofa contrasting color to the background on whichthey are mounted.



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Manual Fire Alarm Stat ions

u NFPA 72 - Mount pull station so that operablepart is 42" to 54" from the floor.

u ADA Accessibil it y Guidelines

u Forw ard reach: If access is only from aforward approach, mount 15-48.

u

Side reach: If clear space allows a parallelapproach, mount 9-54. If side reach is overan obstruction, use forward reach rules.



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Manual Fire Alarm Stat ions

The height is measured from the floor to the

point of actuation.

48 Inches



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Designing w it hNot if icat ion Appliances



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ADA vs NFPA

u Conflicts exist between ADA and

NFPA guidelines regardingrequirements for notification

appliances in fire alarm systems.u If the specifications call for ADA

compliance, it is a federal law whichmust be obeyed.

u It is believed that newly-revisedADA Accessibility Guidelines willreference NFPA 72 2002.



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Ambient Noise

u Am bien t No ise Leve l the level of noisearound us, or encircling us. Often referred

to as background noise.u Decibe ls (dB) Sound pressure is rated in

decibels, which is a unit for measuringrelative loudness.

u dBA - A dB scale referenced to theminimum pressure that can be detected bythe human ear.



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Ambient Noise

u 1 dBA (faintest audible sound)

Remember the hearing test?

u 50 d BA Typical conversation

u 80 d BA Alarm Clock

u 130 dBA (painful ear damage possible).



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Typical Ambient Noise LevelsBusiness Occupan cies 55 dBA

Edu cat ion al Occupan cies 45 dBA

I ndust r ia l Occupanc ies 80 dBA

I nst i t u t iona l Occupanc ies 50 dBA

Mercant i le Occupan cies 40 dBAPiers and Wat er -Sur round ed St r uc tur es 40 dBA

Places of Assem bly 55 dBA

Resident ia l Occupan cies 35 dBA

St orag e Occupan cies 30 dBA

Thor ough fares , H igh Densi ty Urban 70 dBA

Thor oughf ares , Med ium Densi ty Urban 55 dBAThorou ghfares , Rura l and Subur ban 40 dBA

Tow er Occupancies 35 dBA

Undergroun d St r uc tur es and

Windowless Bu i ld ings

40 dBA

Vehicles and Vessels 50 dBA



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Operat ing Modes

u Pub l ic Mode Audible or visible signalingto occupants or inhabitants of the areaprotected by the fire alarm system.

u Pr iv a te Mode Audibleor visible signaling onlyto those persons directlyconcerned with the

implementation anddirection of emergencyaction initiation and procedure in the areaprotected by the fire alarm system.



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Audible Devices - Publ ic Modeu NFPA: 15 dB above average ambient

sound level or 5 dB above maximum 60-second sound level, whichever is greater

(minimum of 75 dBA to a maximum of120 dBA).

u ADA: I f provided, 15 dB above averageambient sound level or 5 dB above

maximum 60-second sound level,whichever is greater (maximum of 120dBA).



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Audible Devices - Pr ivate Mode

u NFPA: Minimum of 45 dBA, maximum of120 dBA, at least 10 dB above average

ambient sound level or 5 dB abovemaximum 60-second sound level,whichever is greater.



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Visual Signaling Appliance

u Above 105 dbA: When the average ambientsound level is greater than 105 dbA, visualsignaling appliances are required.

u Indoor concertsu Drop forge shops

u Printing presses



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Visual SignalingADA Requirement s

u Americans w it h Disabilit ies Act sets provisionsfor visual appliances:

u Intensity minimum of 75 cd in non-sleeping areas,and 110 cd in sleeping areas.

u Lamp shall be a Xenon strobe type or equivalent.

u The color shall be clear or nominal white.u Pulse duration 0.2 sec. with a 40% duty cycle.

u Flash Rate 1 - 3 per second (1-3 Hz).



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Wall-Mount ed Appliances

NFPA

u Wall mounted devicesshall have their bottoms atheights above the finishedfloor of not less than 80inches, and not greaterthan 96 inches.

u Maximum separation ofappliances shall not exceed100 feet.

ADA

u The appliance shall be placed80 inches above the highestfloor level within the space, or6 inches from the ceiling,whichever is lower.

u Devices shall be no morethan 50 ft. apart.

u

In large areas withoutobstructions 6 ft. above thefloor, devices may be spaced amaximum of 100 feet apart.



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Visual Device I nstallat ion

96"

80"

At least 80"

At

least

6"

NFPA

ADA 96"

80"

At least 80"

At

least

6"

NFPA

ADA

Strobe Horn/Strobe

At least 90"



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Synchronization

u Visual Synchron izat ion reduces the effect on those

who are prone to suffer seizures from Epilepsy.

u Required when two or more appliances are in thesame field of view.



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Synchronization

u Synchronization is effectedvia two means - a remotemodule or circuitry built intothe fire alarm control panel.

u Built- in control panelcircuitry is highly desirable.

u Audib le Synchronizat ion permits theproper sounding of evacuation coding.



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Dist r ibuted NACsu Use of a remote power supply can save previous

voltage in the run from the control panel to thestart of a Notification Appliance Circuit.



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Wir ing Standards

u NFPA 72 establishes standards of

performance for various wiring styles forInitiation Circuits, Notification ApplianceCircuits and Signaling Line Circuit (SLC)Loop wiring.

u For Initiating Device Circuits Styles B & D.

u For Notification Appliance Circuits Styles Y & Z.u For SLC Loops Styles 4,6, & 7.



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u 2-wire circuit originates at the control unit,

interconnects all devices in parallel fashion

and terminates with an End-Of-LineResistor.

uA wire break results in a loss of all devices

past the break.u No branch tapping allowed.

Style B/ Style Y(Class-B type circui t s)



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Class B-Type Circuit

FACP



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Style D/ St yle Z(Class-A t ype circui t s)

u Wiring originates at the control unit,

interconnects all devices in parallel fashionand returns to the control unit.

u Return circuit monitors line voltage. Ifvoltage missing, return line will feed

current to devices from its connections.u No branch tapping allowed.



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Class A-Type Circuit

FACP



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u 4-wire Smoke Detectors are devices that receivepower from a source other than the InitiatingDevice Circuit.

u They may be wired inStyle B or St yle D, andare supervised with anend-of-line power

supervision relay for lossof operating current.

4 Wire Smoke Detectors



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4 Wire Detectors4-wire Smoke Detectors wired Style B

InitiatingZone

4-WireDetectorPower

IDC (+)

IDC (-)

+24VDC

Common

UL Listed

PowerSupervisoryRelay



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Questions?



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Thank You

for At t ending!



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Terminologyu FACP - Fire Alarm Cont rol Panel.

u FACU - Fire Alarm Cont rol Unit .

u FCC - Federal Communicat ions Commission

u UL - Underw rit ers Laboratories

u NFPA - National Fire Prot ect ion Agency.u AHJ, LAHJ - Aut hori t y Having Jur isdict ion, Local AHJ

u ADAAG - Americans w it h Disabili t ies Act Accessibi lit yGuidelines.

u PoC - Products of Combustion

u LED - Light Emit t ing Diode

u I DC - I nit iating Device Circuit

u NAC - Notif icat ion Appliance Circuit

u ELR, EOL - End of Line Resistor



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Terminology

u NEC - Nat ional Electr ical Code (NFPA 70)

u NEMA - Nat ional Elect rical Manufacturing Association

u EI A - Elect ronics I ndustry Association

u Cd - Candela

u dB, dBA - Decibelsu FWR - Full Wave Rect if ied

u ANSI - American National Standards I nst it ute

u PI V - Post I ndicator Valve

u

OS&Y - Out side Stem and Yoke Valvesu SFPE - Society f or Fire Prot ect ion Engineers

u Shall - I ndicates a mandatory requirement

u Should - I ndicates a recommendation or advisement



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References

u NFPA 70 - National Electrical Code

u NFPA 72 - National Fire Alarm Code

u NFPA 101 - Life Safety Code

u National Electrical Code Handbook, NFPA

u Life Safety Code Handbook, NFPA

u Fire Protection Handbook, NFPA

u Fire Alarm Signaling Systems, NFPA



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Addi t ional References

u Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors,System Sensor.

u Guide for Proper Use of Smoke Detectors in Duct

Applications, System Sensor.u Guide for Proper Use of Projected Beam Smoke

Detectors, System Sensor.

u Strobe Compliance Reference Guide, System

Sensor.

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