1

WELCOME

Lecture on…

“FIRST AID TO THE INJURED”

By :M.M. GuptaASSTT. COMMISSIONERSJAB.

2

3

What is FIRST AID ?

4

FIRST AID IS….

A matter of Common Sense

Application of mind

Swift Response

5

DEFINITION

First AID is the help given to a person in case of SUDDEN INJURY or SICKNESS so that the INJURY/SICKNESS does not AGGRAVATE FURTHER and due to swift action further DETERIORATION is checked, same condition is maintained & recovery promoted till the arrival of Medical Help.

6

SCOPE OF FIRST AIDFrom the definition four things are apparent :

PREVENT further deterioration

PRESERVE in the same condition

PROMOTE recovery

To arrange for regular Medical AID

7

METHOD OF FIRST AID

Diagnosis

Treatment

Disposal

8

DIAGNOSIS BASED ON

Circumstantial Evidence

Signs

Symptoms (Patient tells)

(you observe)

9

PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID

Check BreathingCheck Blood lossTreat Shock

Treat FractureLook For Simple InjuriesDisposal

10

BREATHING PROCESS

11

CHECK BREATHING

Can Hear It

Can Feel It

Can Observe It

(Normal Person Breathes 15-18 Times In One Minute)

12

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

Mouth To Mouth

Mouth To Nose@ 10 Breaths Per Minute

& Check Pulse

Give 2 ventilations if there is no breathing

13

CHEST COMPRESSION(Give 30 Compression if there is no Circulation)

14

RECOVERY POSITION (In case of unconscious casualty)

15

BLEEDING (HAMEORRAGE)

Blood Contains

About 5 Litres in a normal body

- Red cells

- White cells

- Plasma

16

BLOOD CIRCULATES THROUGH

Arteries Carry Blood from Heart to body

Capillaries Small Blood Vessels

Veins Carry Blood Back to Heart

17

CIRCULATORY PROCESS

18

CIRCULATORY PROCESS

19

CIRCULATORY PROCESS

20

CIRCULATORY PROCESS

21

CIRCULATORY PROCESS

22

CYCLE OF FLOW OF BLOOD

LV Body RA RV

RV

L1

L2

LA LV

(LUNGS)

(HEART)

(HEART)

(72-80 Times in one minute)

23

HOW TO CHECK BLEEDING ? (HAEMORRHAGE)Direct Pressure

Indirect Pressure

a) Press Near the woundb) Apply dressing

a) Press The Pressure Point

Temporal Region – 2 Back of Ear – 2 Jaw – 2

Collar Bone – 2 Armpit – 2 Upper Arm – 2

Wrist – 2 Elbow-2 Sides of Abdomen – 2

Groin – 2 Back of Knee – 2 Ankle - 2Pressure bandagea) Use a roller bandage (preferably crepe bandage)b) Give support to the limb

24

INTERNAL BLEEDING Bleeding from Nose/Ears.

Bleeding from Lungs with cough

From Stomach with Vomiting

Through Urine (Bladder,Unitary track, Kidney)

Through Rectum with Stool (injury in intestines)

TREATMENT

Handle Carefully and transport for Medical AID

25

Impairment of Normal Functioning of Body, is Shock.

SHOCK

Two Types

a) Established Shock

b)Nervous Shock

Asphyxia

Bleeding

Sickness

Bad/Good News

Heat/Cold/Hunger

Injury to Brain/Spine

26

SHOCK : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Discolourisation of Face

Loss of PowerSlow/weak Pulse

Cold SweatingIrregular Breathing/Shallow breathingNausea & Giddiness

Clammy & Sandy SkinFall in Temperature

27

SHOCK TREATMENT Remove Cause From Effect

Lay down the Patient & Loose ClothingLet Fresh Air Come

Reassure the PatientTry to Maintain TemperatureResort toArtificial Respiration

Arrange Medical Aid

28

SHOCK TREATMENT

DO NOT GIVE ANYTHING ORALLY

GIVE NORMAL HOT OR COLD WHEN PATIENT IS CONSCIOUS OR REGAINS CONSCIOUSNESS

ALWAYS SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE

29

SkeletonSystem

30

SKELETON

• HEAD CAVITY : BRAIN/EYES/EARS

MOUTH/JAWS.

• CHEST ACAVITY : LUNGS/HEART/ SPLEEN/LEVER/

KIDNEYS• STOMACH : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/

EXCRETARY SYSTEM• SMALL LIMBS : HANDS/ARMS/

FEET/LEGS ETC.

31

BONES IN BODY 206 – Bones in Human Body

Skull (8 + 14) = 22Collar Bones (CLAVICLE) = 2

Chest (7 + 3 + 2) x 2 = 24Spine ( 7 + 12 + 5 + 5 + 4) = 33

Shoulder Blade (SCAPULA) = 2Upper Arm (HUME RUS) = 2Lower Arm (RADIUS - ULNA) = 4 Wrist (CARPALS) = 16Palm (META CARPALS) = 10Fingers (PHALANGES) = 28Pelvis ------- = 2Thigh (FEMUR) = 2Knee Cap (PATELLA) = 2Lower Leg (TIBBIA FABULA) = 4Ankle (TARSUS) = 14Foot (META TARSUS) = 10Fingers (PHALANGES) = 28

(NECK - BACK - WAIST - HIP - TAIL)(CERVICAL / DORSAL / LUMBAR / SACRAL / TAIL / COCCYGIAL)

Breast bone(sternum) = 1

32

JOINTS

MOVEABLE

PARTIALLY MOVEABLE

IMMOVEABLE

33

TYPES OF JOINTS

HINGE JOINTS

PIVOTAL JOINTS

BALL & SOCKET JOINTS

34

FRACTURE

Any Breaking, Bending, Dislocation or Cracking of Bone is called Fracture.

35

TYPES OF FRACTURE

SIMPLE OR CLOSED

COMPOUND

COMPLICATED

COMMINUTED

DEPRESSED

IMPACTED

GREENSTICK

36

CAUSES OF FRACTURE

DIRECT INJURY

INDIRECT INJURY

MUSCULAR CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION

37

FRACTURE : SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Pain

SwellingTenderness

Loss of PowerDeformityUnnatural Movement

Irregularity

Crapitus

38

FRACTURE TREATMENT Make The Patient ComfortablePrevent Any MovementCheck BleedingTreat for ShockImmobilize the LimbGive SupportTransportation.

39

MuscularSystem

40

MuscularSystem

41

WOUNDS Any cut in the outer surface of the body is a wound or impairment in the blood vessels.

Wounds are of two types:

OPEN

CLOSED (mostly head injuries)

42

WOUNDS TYPES / CLASSIFICATIONS

INCISED

PUNCTURED

LACERATED

CONTUSED

43

WOUNDS TREATMENT

LAYDOWN THE PATIENT OR ASK HIM TO SIT DOWN

LIFT THE LIMB IF POSSIBLE

APPLY PRESSURE – ON THE WOUND - ON PRESSURE POINT

44

WOUNDS TREATMENT

In the case of INTERNAL BLEEDING:

APPLY COLD FORMULATIONS

APPLY TOURNIQUET (All precautions)

45

BURNS & SCALDSBurn is an injury to the body by excessive heat or excessive cold.

Burns : Dry Heat (fire, flame, metal, sun, electricity etc and friction

Scalds : Moist Heat (steam, boiling water, milk, tea, oil etc)

ChemicalBurns : Acids : H2SO4 , Nitric Acid, Hcl

Alkalis : Caustic Soda, Potash, Ammonia or quick lime

Gases : Liquid O2 or Nitrogen

46

BURNS & SCALDSArea and not the degree of burn is important

(Rule of – 9)

BURN CAUSES

Intense Pain

Shock

Infection

Scars after Healing

47

BURNS & SCALDSMANAGEMENT

Reassure the patientClean wrap the woundCover the woundWash with fresh waterKeep the patient warmKeep hands above the heart & feet elevatedKeep the face prop & observe continuouslyCold pack may also be applied (not excessive cold)Do not remove clothingDo not break blistersTreat for shockMove quickly to hospitalRemove ring, watch, bangles, belt & bootsCan give weak soda & salt solution if patient is conscious and not vomiting.

48

BURNS & SCALDSFOR MINOR BURNS

Clean the AreaSubmerge in waterGive soda & salt solutionCover DryWarm drinksWash well for chemical corrosive burnsCan also neutralize and diluteRemove contaminated clothingWash the face/eye sidewaysNo rubbing of eyes

49

POISONPoison is any such thing which after coming into contact or entering the body is capable of causing harm or leads to death

It can be:

Accidental orIntentional

Can enter the Body:

Through mouth (solid or liquid)Through skin (injection or sting etc)Through nose (gases or toxic fumes)

50

POISONPoison may be:

Corrosive or burning (acids, alkalis, insecticides)Non-Corrosive (decomposed food, fungus etc)Depressants (opium, dhatura, sankhiya etc)

Signs and Symptoms

If through mouth (nausia, vomiting, lose motions, and stomach-ache)Burning of lips, tongue, mouth and throatAffect the brain (can cause asphyxia, deep sleep, fits, unconsciousness and giddiness

51

POISONTREATMENT

Call the doctor immediatelyKeep samples, if possible, of poison, bottle, box or vomitIf Unconscious

-Do not induce vomiting-Keep the patient in recovery position-Artificial respiration, if needed

If Conscious-Give enough water to drink-Do not induce vomiting if acid, alkali or any other chemical is taken-Induce vomiting in other cases

(a) By luke warm salty water(b) By irritating tongue/throat

Give antidote if availableKeep the patient warm

52

SIMPLE INJURY Disinfect the wound

Wash with water

Cover with any clean thing

Don’t apply any lotion except diluted mercurochrome Tincture Iodine etc.

Use disinfectant sprays if available

53

Transportation Seek for Ambulance

(local Hospital or Nursing home)

Use Stretcher

Handle the spine fracture victim with utmost care and Caution

OR

Place the patient under proper care

102 : Ambulance1099 : Cats

(Improvise if not available)

(Bicycle, coil, shirt or Blanket etc,)

54

MODES OF CARRYING

Single Person

(One First Aiders)

Cradle Human Crutch

55

MODES OF CARRYING Pick a Back Fire man’s lift

56

MODES OF CARRYING Hand Seat

(Two First Aiders)

Four Handed Seat Two Arm Seat

(When The Casualty is Co-operating)

57

MODES OF CARRYING

when not conscious or can’t assist Use Hand lock

58

MODES OF CARRYING When space does not permittwo hand seat

Improvised (chair)

59

MODES OF CARRYING Carrying Stretcher

60

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

38”

38”

(Preferably Marcin cloth)

We get Two Triangular Bandages

61

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE

62

FIRST AID BOX

Large : 17 ½” x 10” x 6 ½”

Medium : 16” x 7 ¾” x 4”

Small : 5” x 3 ½” x 2 ½”

63

FIRST AID BOX

Equipment

CONTENTS

DressingsMedicine for Local Application

Medicine for OralApplication

64

FIRST AID BOX

Safety Pins

Equipment

ScissorsPad & Pen

Measuring Cup

TorchSplints

Bamboo Sticks

Cotton Wool

Dressings

Sterilised DressingsEye PadAdhesive PlasterRoller BandagesTriangular BandagesGauzeBand-aidsStretch Bandage

65

FIRST AID BOX

Savlon/Dettol

For Local Application

Eye drops/OintmentTincture Iodine

Tincture Benzoin

Iodex etc.

Salt

For Oral Application

Sugar

Sodamint

Aspirin(250-350 mg.)

Medicines

66

EYEFOREIGN OBJECTSLOCAL INJURYBLEEDINGS

– Internal – External

Over exposureAny inflammation or infection

67

DONT’S

DO NOT RUB THE EYES

DO NOT PANIC

DO NOT USE ANY MEDICINE

68

DO’S

KEEP CALM

REMOVE FOREIGN OBJECTS IF POSSIBLE

GIVE COLD COMPRESS IN CASE OF INTERNAL BLEEDING

WASH THE EYE WITH FRESH WATER FOR

– ANY CHEMICAL BURN– SMALL FOREIGN OBJECT

69

FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE

70

FOREIGN OBJECT IN EYE

71

The End