first experiences with tools for monitoring and predicting ... · sustainable maritime economy and...
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First experiences with tools for monitoring and
predicting non-indigenous species (NIS) in the Arctic
Klaas Kaag, Andrea Sneekes, Hilde van Pelt, Martine van den Heuvel-Greve, Anneke van den Brink, Bas Bolman & Jeroen Jansen
P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands
email: [email protected]
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IMARES
Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies
A scientific institute for strategic and applied marine ecological research in support of maritime policies and innovations.
Sustainable maritime economy and seafood production in harmony with the protection of the seas.
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IMARES in the (Ant)arctic
� TripleP@Sea – Standards and guidelines
for ‘sustainable development’ (4 PhDs)
� SYMBIOSIS – Modelling oil spill effects on
zooplankton and cod
� Arctic Handbook – Generic EIA
� EIA Arctic Naval Operations
� Scientific Expedition Edgeøya Spitsbergen
(SEES.NL)
� Contaminants in the Arctic (‘Silent snow’)
� Association of Polar Early Career
Scientists (APECS)
� Antarctic expeditions (>30 yr)
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Global warming
1980 2012
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Recent Arctic developments
� Decrease in sea ice coverage results in an increase of human activities:
Offshore oil & gas explorationHarbour development and shipping
Tourism Fishery
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What are the risks?
� Introductions of non-indigenous species in the Arctic
� Transfer of NIS via the Arctic
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25-30 % of North Sea invaders by ballast water
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25% as hull fouling
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Non-Indigenous Species in the Arctic
� Gollasch (2006): 18 NIS in European Arctic waters
� Ruiz et al. (2006): 12 NIS in Alaskan waters
� Hines & Ruiz (2000): 24 NIS & 29 cryptogenic species
� Ware et al. (2012): Probably no established NIS in high Arctic (Svalbard area), but planktonic species in ballast water able to survive local conditions
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Transfer of NIS through the Arctic
� Shorter trips, result in increased survival of ‘passengers’
� Lewis et al. (2003): transfer of potential NIS in and on ships in Antarctic
� Lewis et al. (2003): Regrowth experiments show different species compared to direct analysis of ballast water
� DNA analysis of viable organisms
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DNA barcoding: a short DNA sequence that can characterize every species on the planet
DNA metabarcoding: automated identification of multiple species in an environmental sample
DNA barcoding as monitoring tool
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Biodiversity description:species listspecies richness
Biodiversity description
- Species list
- Species richness
- Compare sources
DNA based biodiversity assessmentDNA barcoding as monitoring tool
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Ballast water treatment
�2004 Ballast Water Management Convention
�14 guidelines
�Reducing load of non-indigenous species in ballast water, without harming the receiving environment
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Temperate biased test facilities
Testing restricted to productive season (April-September)
in order to meet challenge conditions specified in G8
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Seasonal biased testing
But,
� Shipping occurs all year round
� Organisms are present all year round
� Treatment should work all year round
�Winter tests difficult but not impossible
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Specific Arctic challenges
� Low temperatures
�High productivity
�Difficult conditions
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Consequences of low temperatures
� Metabolism slow
� Sensitivity low
� Sensitive life stages last longer
� Reproductive rate slower
� Chemical processes slower
� Do Arctic species react the same as temperate species in winter?
� Insensitive life stages (resting eggs; cysts)
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Effects of temperature on toxicity
� Toxicity generally increases with
temperature. Heugens et al 2001
� Toxicity of hypochlorite and
chloramine increases with
increasing temperature. Capuzzo 1979
� Some pesticides more toxic at
lower temperatures. Weston et al 2009
� Most studies in range 15 to 30 °C
� Little is known about BW biocides
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Positive Negative Optimum No correlation
136 tests
15 substances
no biocides used for BW
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Effects of low temperatures on toxicity
� Most effort related to oil & gas. Petroleum hydrocarbons and POP’s most problematic in Arctic. MacDonalds & Brewer 1996
� Arctic species less sensitive to heavy metals. Chapman & McPherson 1993; Chapman et al 2006
� Sensitivity for oil and some PAHs comparable for Arctic and temperate species. Hoop et al 2011
� Longer exposure times may be more realistic. Chapman & Riddle 2005
� Adaptation to low temperatures may result in increased effects. Camus et al 2004
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Are active substances different?
� Not persistent
� Effect instantaneous
� At low temperatures more persistent
� But organisms less sensitive
� Does this change efficacy or ecological risk?
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First testing experiences
� Standard test organisms
� Adapted to different temperatures
� Compare standard test temperature with low temperature
� Compare reference toxicant with BW biocide
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First testing experiences
PERACLEAN(r) Ocean
� Low sensitivity due to slow biological processes
� Higher exposure due to slower degradation
� Net results similar or higher toxicity
Comparison with reference toxicant (K2Cr2O7)
� Lower sensitivity...
� Similar exposure (no degradation)
� Net result less toxicity
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Testing experiencesB. plicatilis (marine)
* *
**
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Testing experiencesB. calyciflorus (freshwater)
Temp °C
LC
50 (
mg
/l)
5 10 15 20 25 300
1
2
3
4PO
Temp °C
LC
50 (
mg
/l)
5 10 15 20 25 300
10
20
30
40K2Cr2O7
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Testing experiences
� Acute effects (1 day)
● less toxicity at low temperature
� Chronic effects (5 days)
● higher toxicity at low temperature
● growth (recovery) at both temperatures
● much slower at 5°C
cilates (marine)
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Preliminary conclusions
� Low temperature testing is slow process
� Biocide shows different response than persistent toxicants
� Different results for marine and freshwater tests
� Different for long-term exposure
� Thanks to Evonik Industries AG for co-funding this research
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Further research
� Sensitivity of natural communities
● 4 seasons
� Dutch Arctic Centre Svalbard
● testing of local species
� Laboratory
● compare effects of BW biocides at different temperature for
different species
● interactions with salinity
� Joint Industry Projects
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Thank you for your attention