first year post rn.pptx

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    Maj Nusrat Bashir

    RN,RM,BScN,MScN

    Gordons Functional Health Pattern

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    Nursing process

    Alfaro defines the nursing process as anorganized, systematic method of giving

    individualized nursing care that focuses on

    identifying and treating unique responses of

    individuals or groups to actual or potentialalterations in health.

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    Nursing process

    Basically, the nursing process provides each nursea

    framework to utilize in working with the patient. The

    process begins at the time the patient needsassistance with

    health care, and continues until the patient no

    longer needs

    assistance to meet health-care maintenance.The nursing process utilizes the cognitive

    (intelligence, critical thinking, and reasoning),

    psychomotor (physical), and affective (emotion and

    values) skills and abilities a nurse needs to plan

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    ROLE IN PLANNING CARE

    First, the patient has a right to expect that thenursing

    care received will be complete, safe, and of high

    quality. If

    planning is not done, then gaps are going to exist in

    the care,

    impacting patient outcomes.

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    NURSING PROCESS STEPS

    There are five steps, or phases, in the nursingprocess: assessment, diagnosis, planning,

    implementation, and evaluation.

    These steps are not different; rather, they overlap

    and build on

    each other. To carry out the entire nursing process,

    you must

    be sure to complete each step accurately and thenbuild upon

    the information in that step to complete the next

    one.

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    ASSESSMENT

    The first step, or phase, of the nursing process isassessment.

    During this phase, you are collecting data (factual

    information)

    from several sources. The collection and

    organization

    of these data allow you to:

    1. Determine the patients current health status.2. Determine the patients strengths and problem

    areas

    (both actual and potential).

    3. Prepare for the second step of the process

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    Data Sources and Types

    The sources for data collection are numerous, but it isessential

    to remember that the patient is the primary data source.

    No one else can explain as accurately as the patient

    can the start of the problem, the reason for seekingassistance or the

    exact nature of the problem, and the effect of theproblem on

    the patient.

    Other sources include the patients family or significant

    others; the patients admission sheet from the admitting

    office; the physicians history, physical, and orders;

    laboratory and x-ray examination results; informationfrom

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    Assessment data can be further classified as typesof

    data. the data types are subjective, objective,

    historical, and current.

    Sub ject ive data are the facts presented by the

    patient

    that show his or her perception, understanding,

    and interpretationof what is happening. Anexample of subjective data is the patients

    statement, The pain begins in my lower back and

    runs down my left leg.

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    Object ive data are facts that are observable and

    measurable by the nurse. These data are gathered

    by the

    nurse through physical assessment, interviewing,and observing, and involve the use of the senses of

    seeing, hearing,

    smelling, and touching. An example of objective

    data is themeasurement and recording of vital signs.

    Objective data

    are also gathered through such diagnostic

    examinations as

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    Histo r ical data refer to health events thathappened

    prior to this admission or health problem episode.

    An example

    of historical data is the patient statement, The last

    time

    I was in a hospital was 1996 when I had an

    emergencyappendectomy.

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    Current data are facts specifically related to this

    admission or health problem episode. An example

    of this

    type of data is vital signs on admission: T 99.2F, P

    78, R 18,

    BP 134/86. Please note, that just as there is

    overlapping of

    the nursing process steps, there is also overlappingof the

    data types. Both historical and current data may be

    either

    subjective or objective. Historical and current data

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    First is the overall admission assessment, whereeach pattern is assessed through the collection of

    objective and subjective data. This assessment

    indicates patterns that need further attention, which

    requires implementation of the second level ofpattern assessment. The second level of pattern

    assessment indicates which nursing diagnoses

    within the pattern might be pertinent to this patient,

    which leads to the third level of assessment, thedefining characteristics for each individual nursing

    diagnosis.

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    A primary advantage in using this type ofassessment is the validation it gives the nurse that

    the resulting nursing diagnosis is the most accurate

    diagnosis. Another benefit to using this type of

    assessment is that grouping of data is alreadyaccomplished and does not have to be a separate

    step.

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    Data Grouping

    Data grouping simply means organizing theinformation into

    sets or categories that will assist you in identifying

    the

    patients strengths and problem areas. A variety of

    organizing

    frameworks is available, such as Maslows

    Hierarchy ofNeeds, Roys Adaptation Model, Gordons

    Functional

    Health Patterns, and NANDA Taxonomy . Each of

    the

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    DIAGNOSIS

    Diagnosis means reaching a definite conclusionregarding

    the patients strengths and human responses. This

    diagnostic

    process is complex and utilizes aspects of

    intelligence, thinking,

    and critical thinking.

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    Nursing Diagnosis

    The North American Nursing Diagnosis AssociationInternational (NANDA-I), formerly the National

    Conference Group for Classification of Nursing

    Diagnosis, has been meeting since 1973 to identify,

    develop, and classify nursing diagnoses.

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    Nursing diagnosis

    Nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment aboutindividual, family, or community responses to actual

    or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing

    diagnoses provide the basis for selection of nursing

    interventions to achieve outcomes for which thenurse is accountable.

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    PLANNING

    Planning involves three subsets: setting priorities,writing

    expected outcomes, and establishing target dates.

    Planning

    sets the stage for writing nursing actions by

    establishing

    where we are going with our plan of care. Planning

    furtherassists in the final phase of evaluation by defining

    the standard

    against which we will measure progress.

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    Expected outcomes

    1. Expected outcomes are clearly stated in terms ofpatient

    behavior or observable assessment factors.

    E X A M P L E

    POORWill increase fluid balance by time of

    discharge.

    GOODWill increase oral fluid intake to 1500 mL

    per24 hours by 9/11.

    2. Expected outcomes are realistic, achievable,

    safe, and

    acceptable from the patients viewpoint.

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    E X A M P L E

    Mrs. Ahmed is a 28-year-old woman who has delayedhealing of a surgical wound. She is to receive discharge

    instructions regarding a high-protein diet. She is awidow

    with three children under the age of 10. Her only source

    of income is husband pension.

    POORWill eat at least two 8-oz servings of steak

    daily. [unrealistic, unachievable, unacceptable,

    etc.]

    GOODWill eat at least two servings from the followinglist each day:

    Lean ground meat, Eggs ,Cheese , beans ,Peanutbutter ,Fish ,Chicken

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    IMPLEMENTATION

    Implementationis the action phase of the nursingprocess.

    Recent literature has introduced the concept of

    nursing interventions, which are defined as

    treatments based on clinical

    judgment and knowledge that a nurse performs to

    enhance

    patient outcomes.Nursing action is defined as nursing behavior that

    serves to help the patient achieve the expected

    outcome.

    Nursing actions include both independent and

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    Independent activities

    Independent activities are those actions the nurseperforms, using his or her own optional judgment,

    that

    require no validation or guidelines from any other

    healthcare

    practitioner. An example is deciding which

    noninvasive

    technique to use for pain control or deciding whento teach

    the patient self-care measures.

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    Collaborative activities

    Collaborative activities are those actions thatinvolve mutual decision making between two or

    more health-care practitioners. For example, a

    physician and nurse decide which narcotic to use

    when meperidine is ineffective in controlling thepatients pain, or a physical therapist and nurse

    decide on the most beneficial exercise program for

    a patient. Implementing a physicians order and

    referral to a dietitian are other common examples ofcollaborative actions.

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    EVALUATION

    Evaluation simply means assessing what progresshas been

    made toward meeting the expected outcomes; it is

    the most

    ignored phase of the nursing process. The

    evaluation phase

    is the feedback and control part of the nursing

    process.Evaluation requires continuation of assessment that

    was

    begun in the initial assessment phase.

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    Gordons Functional Health Pattern

    Marjorie Gordon (1987) proposed functional healthpatterns as a guide for establishing a

    comprehensive nursing data

    base.a method used by nurses in the nursing

    process to provide a comprehensive nursingassessment of the patient.

    Taxonomy II of NANDA Nursing Diagnosis

    classification is based on Gordon's functional health

    patterns.

    Gorden's functional health pattern includes 11

    categories which is a systematic and standardized

    approach to data collection.

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    These 11 categories make possible a systematicand standardized approach to data collection, and

    enable the nurse to determine the following aspects

    of health and human function.

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    1- Health Perception and Management

    2- Nutritional metabolic

    3 -Elimination

    4- Activity exercise

    5 -Sleep rest

    6 -Cognitive-perceptual

    7 -Self perception/self concept

    8 -Role relationship

    9 -Sexuality reproductive10 -Coping-stress tolerance

    11 -Value-Belief Pattern

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    Health Perception and Health

    Management

    Data collection is focused on theperson's perceived level of health

    and well-being, and on practicesfor maintaining health.

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    Health Perception and Health

    Management

    Habits that may be harmful to health are alsoevaluated, including smoking and alcohol or drug

    use.

    Actual or potential problems r/t

    safety & health management

    needs for modifications in the home or needs for

    continued care in the home.

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    HEALTH PERCEPTION AND

    HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN

    1. How has the general health been? How do you rate yourown health?

    2.What do you consider healthy about you? What are yourhealth goals?

    3.What are traditional concepts of health and illness?

    Beliefs and practices?4.Do you have routine physical examination? If yes howoften?

    5.Perform self-breast examination? (female)

    6.In the past year how many times have you seen a health

    care provider? For what reasons?7.In the past, has it been easy to find ways to follow thingsnurses/doctors suggest?

    8.What safety practices do you follow?

    9.Most important things to keep health? You think thesethings will make a difference to health/ (include family/folk

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    HEALTH PERCEPTION AND

    HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN

    10. Personal hygienic practices: Describe how doyou take care of your body? Bath, hand washing,

    trimming of fingernails, wearing of slippers, use of

    deodorant/cologne, brush teeth, flossing, dental

    visits? 11. Substance abuse: Use of cigarette, alcohol,

    drugs? Kind, amount, frequency? Reasons? Aware of

    effects? Passive smoking?

    12. Environmental condition: adequacy of lighting,and ventilation.

    13. Environmental sanitation practices: water supply,

    toilet facilities, waste management, food preparation,

    presence of vectors, health hazards.

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    ADMISSION ASSESSMENT

    OBJECTIVE1. Mental Status

    2. Vision

    3. Hearing4. Taste

    5. Touch

    6. Smell

    7. General appearance

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    Nutrition and Metabolism

    Assessment is focused on the pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to

    metabolic need.

    The adequacy of local nutrient supplies is

    evaluated.

    Actual or potential problems related to fluid

    balance, tissue integrity, and host defenses may

    be identified as well as problems with thegastrointestinal system.

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    B. Nutrition/ MetabolismPrior:

    Eats more of fruits and vegetables

    Eats her meals 3x a day with snack in between Can drink up to 1.5L of water or 4-5 glasses a day

    Drinks coffee in the morning and in the afternoon

    Claimed to be allergic on shrimps and claimed to

    have good appetite

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    During:Weight: 41 kgHeight: 4 ft and 10 inNormal Body Mass Index; BMI = 18.89 kg/m2

    Average Body Temperature is 360C Able to fast in preparation for surgical

    procedure On NPO

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    BEFORE

    HOSPITALIZATION

    DURING

    HOSPITALIZATION ANALYSIS

    Patient usually eats

    vegetables, meat and fish

    alternately. Shes also fond of

    eating native delicacies like

    potato and meat. She drinks

    an average of 6-8 glasses of

    water per day, a cup of tea

    with bread at breakfast and 2

    glasses of juice during snack

    time. She has difficulty in

    chewing and swallowing.

    Patient were placed on an

    NPO status.

    Foods and fluids are restricted

    6-8 hours prior to surgery.

    An individuals health status

    greatly affects eating habit

    and nutritional status.

    (Fundamentals of Nursing by Kozier, pp 1178)

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    Sleep and Rest

    Assessment is focused on the person's sleep, rest,and relaxation practices. Dysfunctional sleep

    patterns,

    fatigue, and responses to sleep deprivation may be

    identified.

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    The pattern is based on a 24-hour day and looksspecifically at how an individual rates or judges the

    adequacy of his or her sleep, rest, and relaxation in

    terms of both quantity and quality. The pattern also

    looks at the patients energy level in relation to theamount of sleep, rest, and relaxation described by

    the patient as well as any sleep aids the patient

    uses.

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    PATTERN ASSESSMENT

    1. Does the patient report a problem falling asleep?a. Yes (Disturbed Sleep Pattern)

    b. No (Readiness for Enhanced Sleep)

    2. Does the patient report interrupted sleep?

    a. Yes (Disturbed Sleep Pattern)

    b. No (Readiness for Enhanced Sleep)

    3. Does the patient report long periods withoutsleep,

    resulting in daytime malaise?

    a. Yes (Sleep Deprivation Pattern)

    b. No (Readiness for Enhanced Sleep)

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    A person at rest feels mentally relaxed, free fromanxiety,

    and physically calm. Rest need not imply inactivity,

    and

    inactivity does not necessarily afford rest. Rest is a

    reduction

    in bodily work that results in the persons feeling

    refreshed

    and with a sense of readiness to perform activities

    of daily

    living (ADLs).

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    Sleep

    Sleep is a state of rest that occurs for sustained periodsat a deeper level of consciousness. The reducedconsciousness

    during sleep provides time for essential repair

    and recovery of body systems. Sleep is as essential to

    our bodies as good nutrition and exercise. Sleep isconsidered

    one of the major components to our health,performance,

    safety, and quality of life.

    A person who sleeps

    has temporarily reduced interaction with theenvironment.

    Sleep restores a persons energy and sense of well-

    being and

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    Sleep patterns and characteristics vary and changeover the life cycle. A persons age, general health

    status, culture, and emotional well-being dictate the

    amount of sleep

    he or she requires. On the whole, older persons

    require less

    sleep, whereas young infants require the most

    sleep. As the

    nurse assesses the patients needs for sleep and

    rest, he or

    she makes every effort to individualize the care

    according to

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    Stage 5 is called rapid eye movement(REM) sleep. REM sleep accounts for 25 percent of

    an

    8-hour nights sleep and is the stage in which

    dreaming

    occurs. Other characteristics of REM sleep are

    irregular

    pulse, variable blood pressure, muscular twitching,profound

    muscular relaxation, and an increase in gastric

    secretions.

    2,3 After REM sleep, the individual progresses back

    DEVELOPMENTAL

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    DEVELOPMENTAL

    CONSIDERATIONS

    In general, as age increases, the amount of sleep per nightdecreases. The length of each sleep cycleactive (REM)

    and quiet (NREM)changes with age.

    Infant:Awake 7 hours; NREM sleep, 8.5 hours; REM

    sleep, 8.5 hours

    Age 1: Awake 13 hours; NREM sleep, 7 hours; REM

    sleep, 4 hours

    Age 10: Awake 15 hours; NREM sleep, 6 hours; REM

    sleep, 3 hours

    Age 20: Awake 17 hours; NREM sleep, 5 hours; REMsleep, 2 hours

    Age 75: Awake 17 hours; NREM sleep, 6 hours; REM

    sleep, 1 hour

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    SLEEP DEPRIVATION

    Prolonged periods of time without sleep (sustained,natural,

    periodic suspension of relative consciousness).

    DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS

    1. Daytime drowsiness

    2. Decreased ability to function3. Malaise

    4. Tiredness

    5. Lethargy

    6. Restlessness7. Irritability

    8. Heightened sensitivity to pain

    9. Slowed reaction

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    BEFORE

    HOSPITALIZATION

    DURING

    HOSPITALIZATION ANALYSISPatient gets an average of 6-7

    hours of sleep daily with 1-2

    hour nap in the afternoon.

    Patient states of no difficulty

    of falling asleep.

    Patient cant sleep when the

    lights are on; she even wakes

    up once in a while due to the

    noise at the hallway.

    Environmental factors can either

    enhance or impair sleep. Lighting,

    temperature, ventilation and

    noise level can all interact to sleep

    process.

    (Delaune, Fundamentals of Nursing, p. 1119)

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    Sleep/Rest

    Prior:

    Can sleep for 7-9 hours per night

    Straight hours of sleep

    Her earliest time in going to sleep is at 9:30 PM

    Latest time in waking up is at 6:30 AM

    She sometimes takes a nap at noon for about 1-3 hours

    No difficulties in going to sleep

    Doesnt uses any medication to promote sleep

    During:

    Sleeps at 8:00 PM

    Wakes up at 6:00 AM

    Can consume 10 hours of sleep Sometimes, she is distracted and sleep is interrupted due to

    pain, administration of medication and visitors

    With rest intervals, usually naps for 4 hours