first year post rn.pptx
TRANSCRIPT
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Maj Nusrat Bashir
RN,RM,BScN,MScN
Gordons Functional Health Pattern
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Nursing process
Alfaro defines the nursing process as anorganized, systematic method of giving
individualized nursing care that focuses on
identifying and treating unique responses of
individuals or groups to actual or potentialalterations in health.
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Nursing process
Basically, the nursing process provides each nursea
framework to utilize in working with the patient. The
process begins at the time the patient needsassistance with
health care, and continues until the patient no
longer needs
assistance to meet health-care maintenance.The nursing process utilizes the cognitive
(intelligence, critical thinking, and reasoning),
psychomotor (physical), and affective (emotion and
values) skills and abilities a nurse needs to plan
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ROLE IN PLANNING CARE
First, the patient has a right to expect that thenursing
care received will be complete, safe, and of high
quality. If
planning is not done, then gaps are going to exist in
the care,
impacting patient outcomes.
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NURSING PROCESS STEPS
There are five steps, or phases, in the nursingprocess: assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation.
These steps are not different; rather, they overlap
and build on
each other. To carry out the entire nursing process,
you must
be sure to complete each step accurately and thenbuild upon
the information in that step to complete the next
one.
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ASSESSMENT
The first step, or phase, of the nursing process isassessment.
During this phase, you are collecting data (factual
information)
from several sources. The collection and
organization
of these data allow you to:
1. Determine the patients current health status.2. Determine the patients strengths and problem
areas
(both actual and potential).
3. Prepare for the second step of the process
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Data Sources and Types
The sources for data collection are numerous, but it isessential
to remember that the patient is the primary data source.
No one else can explain as accurately as the patient
can the start of the problem, the reason for seekingassistance or the
exact nature of the problem, and the effect of theproblem on
the patient.
Other sources include the patients family or significant
others; the patients admission sheet from the admitting
office; the physicians history, physical, and orders;
laboratory and x-ray examination results; informationfrom
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Assessment data can be further classified as typesof
data. the data types are subjective, objective,
historical, and current.
Sub ject ive data are the facts presented by the
patient
that show his or her perception, understanding,
and interpretationof what is happening. Anexample of subjective data is the patients
statement, The pain begins in my lower back and
runs down my left leg.
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Object ive data are facts that are observable and
measurable by the nurse. These data are gathered
by the
nurse through physical assessment, interviewing,and observing, and involve the use of the senses of
seeing, hearing,
smelling, and touching. An example of objective
data is themeasurement and recording of vital signs.
Objective data
are also gathered through such diagnostic
examinations as
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Histo r ical data refer to health events thathappened
prior to this admission or health problem episode.
An example
of historical data is the patient statement, The last
time
I was in a hospital was 1996 when I had an
emergencyappendectomy.
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Current data are facts specifically related to this
admission or health problem episode. An example
of this
type of data is vital signs on admission: T 99.2F, P
78, R 18,
BP 134/86. Please note, that just as there is
overlapping of
the nursing process steps, there is also overlappingof the
data types. Both historical and current data may be
either
subjective or objective. Historical and current data
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First is the overall admission assessment, whereeach pattern is assessed through the collection of
objective and subjective data. This assessment
indicates patterns that need further attention, which
requires implementation of the second level ofpattern assessment. The second level of pattern
assessment indicates which nursing diagnoses
within the pattern might be pertinent to this patient,
which leads to the third level of assessment, thedefining characteristics for each individual nursing
diagnosis.
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A primary advantage in using this type ofassessment is the validation it gives the nurse that
the resulting nursing diagnosis is the most accurate
diagnosis. Another benefit to using this type of
assessment is that grouping of data is alreadyaccomplished and does not have to be a separate
step.
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Data Grouping
Data grouping simply means organizing theinformation into
sets or categories that will assist you in identifying
the
patients strengths and problem areas. A variety of
organizing
frameworks is available, such as Maslows
Hierarchy ofNeeds, Roys Adaptation Model, Gordons
Functional
Health Patterns, and NANDA Taxonomy . Each of
the
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DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis means reaching a definite conclusionregarding
the patients strengths and human responses. This
diagnostic
process is complex and utilizes aspects of
intelligence, thinking,
and critical thinking.
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Nursing Diagnosis
The North American Nursing Diagnosis AssociationInternational (NANDA-I), formerly the National
Conference Group for Classification of Nursing
Diagnosis, has been meeting since 1973 to identify,
develop, and classify nursing diagnoses.
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Nursing diagnosis
Nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment aboutindividual, family, or community responses to actual
or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing
diagnoses provide the basis for selection of nursing
interventions to achieve outcomes for which thenurse is accountable.
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PLANNING
Planning involves three subsets: setting priorities,writing
expected outcomes, and establishing target dates.
Planning
sets the stage for writing nursing actions by
establishing
where we are going with our plan of care. Planning
furtherassists in the final phase of evaluation by defining
the standard
against which we will measure progress.
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Expected outcomes
1. Expected outcomes are clearly stated in terms ofpatient
behavior or observable assessment factors.
E X A M P L E
POORWill increase fluid balance by time of
discharge.
GOODWill increase oral fluid intake to 1500 mL
per24 hours by 9/11.
2. Expected outcomes are realistic, achievable,
safe, and
acceptable from the patients viewpoint.
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E X A M P L E
Mrs. Ahmed is a 28-year-old woman who has delayedhealing of a surgical wound. She is to receive discharge
instructions regarding a high-protein diet. She is awidow
with three children under the age of 10. Her only source
of income is husband pension.
POORWill eat at least two 8-oz servings of steak
daily. [unrealistic, unachievable, unacceptable,
etc.]
GOODWill eat at least two servings from the followinglist each day:
Lean ground meat, Eggs ,Cheese , beans ,Peanutbutter ,Fish ,Chicken
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IMPLEMENTATION
Implementationis the action phase of the nursingprocess.
Recent literature has introduced the concept of
nursing interventions, which are defined as
treatments based on clinical
judgment and knowledge that a nurse performs to
enhance
patient outcomes.Nursing action is defined as nursing behavior that
serves to help the patient achieve the expected
outcome.
Nursing actions include both independent and
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Independent activities
Independent activities are those actions the nurseperforms, using his or her own optional judgment,
that
require no validation or guidelines from any other
healthcare
practitioner. An example is deciding which
noninvasive
technique to use for pain control or deciding whento teach
the patient self-care measures.
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Collaborative activities
Collaborative activities are those actions thatinvolve mutual decision making between two or
more health-care practitioners. For example, a
physician and nurse decide which narcotic to use
when meperidine is ineffective in controlling thepatients pain, or a physical therapist and nurse
decide on the most beneficial exercise program for
a patient. Implementing a physicians order and
referral to a dietitian are other common examples ofcollaborative actions.
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EVALUATION
Evaluation simply means assessing what progresshas been
made toward meeting the expected outcomes; it is
the most
ignored phase of the nursing process. The
evaluation phase
is the feedback and control part of the nursing
process.Evaluation requires continuation of assessment that
was
begun in the initial assessment phase.
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Gordons Functional Health Pattern
Marjorie Gordon (1987) proposed functional healthpatterns as a guide for establishing a
comprehensive nursing data
base.a method used by nurses in the nursing
process to provide a comprehensive nursingassessment of the patient.
Taxonomy II of NANDA Nursing Diagnosis
classification is based on Gordon's functional health
patterns.
Gorden's functional health pattern includes 11
categories which is a systematic and standardized
approach to data collection.
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These 11 categories make possible a systematicand standardized approach to data collection, and
enable the nurse to determine the following aspects
of health and human function.
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1- Health Perception and Management
2- Nutritional metabolic
3 -Elimination
4- Activity exercise
5 -Sleep rest
6 -Cognitive-perceptual
7 -Self perception/self concept
8 -Role relationship
9 -Sexuality reproductive10 -Coping-stress tolerance
11 -Value-Belief Pattern
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Health Perception and Health
Management
Data collection is focused on theperson's perceived level of health
and well-being, and on practicesfor maintaining health.
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Health Perception and Health
Management
Habits that may be harmful to health are alsoevaluated, including smoking and alcohol or drug
use.
Actual or potential problems r/t
safety & health management
needs for modifications in the home or needs for
continued care in the home.
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HEALTH PERCEPTION AND
HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN
1. How has the general health been? How do you rate yourown health?
2.What do you consider healthy about you? What are yourhealth goals?
3.What are traditional concepts of health and illness?
Beliefs and practices?4.Do you have routine physical examination? If yes howoften?
5.Perform self-breast examination? (female)
6.In the past year how many times have you seen a health
care provider? For what reasons?7.In the past, has it been easy to find ways to follow thingsnurses/doctors suggest?
8.What safety practices do you follow?
9.Most important things to keep health? You think thesethings will make a difference to health/ (include family/folk
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HEALTH PERCEPTION AND
HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN
10. Personal hygienic practices: Describe how doyou take care of your body? Bath, hand washing,
trimming of fingernails, wearing of slippers, use of
deodorant/cologne, brush teeth, flossing, dental
visits? 11. Substance abuse: Use of cigarette, alcohol,
drugs? Kind, amount, frequency? Reasons? Aware of
effects? Passive smoking?
12. Environmental condition: adequacy of lighting,and ventilation.
13. Environmental sanitation practices: water supply,
toilet facilities, waste management, food preparation,
presence of vectors, health hazards.
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ADMISSION ASSESSMENT
OBJECTIVE1. Mental Status
2. Vision
3. Hearing4. Taste
5. Touch
6. Smell
7. General appearance
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Nutrition and Metabolism
Assessment is focused on the pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to
metabolic need.
The adequacy of local nutrient supplies is
evaluated.
Actual or potential problems related to fluid
balance, tissue integrity, and host defenses may
be identified as well as problems with thegastrointestinal system.
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B. Nutrition/ MetabolismPrior:
Eats more of fruits and vegetables
Eats her meals 3x a day with snack in between Can drink up to 1.5L of water or 4-5 glasses a day
Drinks coffee in the morning and in the afternoon
Claimed to be allergic on shrimps and claimed to
have good appetite
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During:Weight: 41 kgHeight: 4 ft and 10 inNormal Body Mass Index; BMI = 18.89 kg/m2
Average Body Temperature is 360C Able to fast in preparation for surgical
procedure On NPO
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BEFORE
HOSPITALIZATION
DURING
HOSPITALIZATION ANALYSIS
Patient usually eats
vegetables, meat and fish
alternately. Shes also fond of
eating native delicacies like
potato and meat. She drinks
an average of 6-8 glasses of
water per day, a cup of tea
with bread at breakfast and 2
glasses of juice during snack
time. She has difficulty in
chewing and swallowing.
Patient were placed on an
NPO status.
Foods and fluids are restricted
6-8 hours prior to surgery.
An individuals health status
greatly affects eating habit
and nutritional status.
(Fundamentals of Nursing by Kozier, pp 1178)
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Sleep and Rest
Assessment is focused on the person's sleep, rest,and relaxation practices. Dysfunctional sleep
patterns,
fatigue, and responses to sleep deprivation may be
identified.
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The pattern is based on a 24-hour day and looksspecifically at how an individual rates or judges the
adequacy of his or her sleep, rest, and relaxation in
terms of both quantity and quality. The pattern also
looks at the patients energy level in relation to theamount of sleep, rest, and relaxation described by
the patient as well as any sleep aids the patient
uses.
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PATTERN ASSESSMENT
1. Does the patient report a problem falling asleep?a. Yes (Disturbed Sleep Pattern)
b. No (Readiness for Enhanced Sleep)
2. Does the patient report interrupted sleep?
a. Yes (Disturbed Sleep Pattern)
b. No (Readiness for Enhanced Sleep)
3. Does the patient report long periods withoutsleep,
resulting in daytime malaise?
a. Yes (Sleep Deprivation Pattern)
b. No (Readiness for Enhanced Sleep)
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A person at rest feels mentally relaxed, free fromanxiety,
and physically calm. Rest need not imply inactivity,
and
inactivity does not necessarily afford rest. Rest is a
reduction
in bodily work that results in the persons feeling
refreshed
and with a sense of readiness to perform activities
of daily
living (ADLs).
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Sleep
Sleep is a state of rest that occurs for sustained periodsat a deeper level of consciousness. The reducedconsciousness
during sleep provides time for essential repair
and recovery of body systems. Sleep is as essential to
our bodies as good nutrition and exercise. Sleep isconsidered
one of the major components to our health,performance,
safety, and quality of life.
A person who sleeps
has temporarily reduced interaction with theenvironment.
Sleep restores a persons energy and sense of well-
being and
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Sleep patterns and characteristics vary and changeover the life cycle. A persons age, general health
status, culture, and emotional well-being dictate the
amount of sleep
he or she requires. On the whole, older persons
require less
sleep, whereas young infants require the most
sleep. As the
nurse assesses the patients needs for sleep and
rest, he or
she makes every effort to individualize the care
according to
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Stage 5 is called rapid eye movement(REM) sleep. REM sleep accounts for 25 percent of
an
8-hour nights sleep and is the stage in which
dreaming
occurs. Other characteristics of REM sleep are
irregular
pulse, variable blood pressure, muscular twitching,profound
muscular relaxation, and an increase in gastric
secretions.
2,3 After REM sleep, the individual progresses back
DEVELOPMENTAL
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DEVELOPMENTAL
CONSIDERATIONS
In general, as age increases, the amount of sleep per nightdecreases. The length of each sleep cycleactive (REM)
and quiet (NREM)changes with age.
Infant:Awake 7 hours; NREM sleep, 8.5 hours; REM
sleep, 8.5 hours
Age 1: Awake 13 hours; NREM sleep, 7 hours; REM
sleep, 4 hours
Age 10: Awake 15 hours; NREM sleep, 6 hours; REM
sleep, 3 hours
Age 20: Awake 17 hours; NREM sleep, 5 hours; REMsleep, 2 hours
Age 75: Awake 17 hours; NREM sleep, 6 hours; REM
sleep, 1 hour
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SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Prolonged periods of time without sleep (sustained,natural,
periodic suspension of relative consciousness).
DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
1. Daytime drowsiness
2. Decreased ability to function3. Malaise
4. Tiredness
5. Lethargy
6. Restlessness7. Irritability
8. Heightened sensitivity to pain
9. Slowed reaction
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BEFORE
HOSPITALIZATION
DURING
HOSPITALIZATION ANALYSISPatient gets an average of 6-7
hours of sleep daily with 1-2
hour nap in the afternoon.
Patient states of no difficulty
of falling asleep.
Patient cant sleep when the
lights are on; she even wakes
up once in a while due to the
noise at the hallway.
Environmental factors can either
enhance or impair sleep. Lighting,
temperature, ventilation and
noise level can all interact to sleep
process.
(Delaune, Fundamentals of Nursing, p. 1119)
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Sleep/Rest
Prior:
Can sleep for 7-9 hours per night
Straight hours of sleep
Her earliest time in going to sleep is at 9:30 PM
Latest time in waking up is at 6:30 AM
She sometimes takes a nap at noon for about 1-3 hours
No difficulties in going to sleep
Doesnt uses any medication to promote sleep
During:
Sleeps at 8:00 PM
Wakes up at 6:00 AM
Can consume 10 hours of sleep Sometimes, she is distracted and sleep is interrupted due to
pain, administration of medication and visitors
With rest intervals, usually naps for 4 hours