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Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C.


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About WorkSafeBC

WorkSafeBC is an independent provincialstatutory agency governed by a Board

of Directors. It is funded by insurance

premiums paid by registered employers and

by investment returns. In administering the

Workers Compensation Act , WorkSafeBC remains

separate and distinct from government;

however, it is accountable to the public

through government in its role of protecting

and maintaining the overall well-being of the

workers’ compensation system.

WorkSafeBC was born out of a compromise

between B.C.’s workers and employers in

1917 where workers gave up the right to

sue their employers or fellow workers for

injuries on the job in return for a no-fault

insurance program fully paid for by employers.

WorkSafeBC is committed to a safe and healthy

workplace, and to providing return-to-work

rehabilitation and legislated compensation

benefits to workers injured as a result of their

employment.

WorkSafeBC Prevention

Information Line

WorkSafeBC Prevention Information Line

can answer your questions about workplace

health and safety, worker and employer

responsibilities, and reporting a workplace

accident or incident. The Prevention

Information Line accepts anonymous calls.

Phone 604 276-3100 in the Lower Mainland,

or call 1 888 621-7233 (621-SAFE) toll-free in

British Columbia.

To report after-hours and weekend accidentsand emergencies, call 604 273-7711 in the Lower

Mainland, or call 1 866 922-4357 (WCB-HELP)

toll-free in British Columbia.


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WorkSafeBC Publications

Many publications are available on the WorkSafeBC web site. TheOccupational Health and Safety Regulation and associated policies andguidelines, as well as excerpts and summaries of the Workers Compensation

Act , are also available on the web site: WorkSafeBC.com

Some publications are also available for purchase in print:

Phone: 604 232-9704Toll-free phone: 1 866 319-9704Fax: 604 232-9703Toll-free fax: 1 888 232-9714Online ordering: WorkSafeBC.com and click on Publications;follow the links for ordering

© 1995, 1996, 2005, 2006 Workers’ Compensation Board ofBritish Columbia. All rights reserved. The Workers’ Compensation Boardof B.C. encourages the copying, reproduction, and distribution of thisdocument to promote health and safety in the workplace, provided thatthe Workers’ Compensation Board of B.C. is acknowledged. However,no part of this publication may be copied, reproduced, or distributed forprofit or other commercial enterprise, nor may any part be incorporatedinto any other publication, without written permission of the Workers’Compensation Board of B.C.

2006 edition

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication DataMain entry under title:Flat roofing. — 2005 ed. —

Irregular. Publisher’s former name, Workers’ Compensation Board ofBritish Columbia, also appears on the publication. Previously published as monograph under title: Roofing : safe work practices. ISSN 1718-1720 = Flat roofing 1. Roofing industry — British Columbia — Safety measures.2. Roofing — British Columbia — Safety measures.I. WorkSafeBC. II. Title: Roofing : safe work practices.

TH2431.R66 363.11'9695 C2005-960265-1


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Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................... 1

Responsibilities ........................................................................................ 2

Workers ........................................................................................... 2

Supervisors ...................................................................................... 3

Employers ........................................................................................ 3

Prime contractors ............................................................................ 4

Personal protective equipment and clothing .................................. 5

General safety requirements .................................................................. 6

Job planning and set-up .................................................................. 6

Housekeeping .................................................................................. 7

Protecting the public ....................................................................... 8

Safe use of ladders .........................................................................10

Fall prevention ...............................................................................12

General requirements .........................................................14

Elevations 3 m (10 ft.) or more above grade

Flat roofs or roofs up to 4 in 12 slope ...........................14

Roof deck inspection ......................................................................15

Fire protection ................................................................................18

General fire prevention ......................................................18

Electricity and other utilities ..........................................................19

High-voltage electricity (over 750 V) ..................................19

Low-voltage electricity (750 volts or less)...........................21

Confined spaces ..................................................................................... 22

Tools and equipment .............................................................................. 24

Hand and power tools ................................................................... 24

Air tools ......................................................................................... 26

Hoisting systems and equipment .................................................. 26

Hoist operation .................................................................. 27

Ladder hoist ....................................................................... 29

Mobile cranes .................................................................... 30

Hand signals for hoist and crane operations .................................31

Working with propane .................................................................. 34

The kettle ....................................................................................... 36

Kettle set-up ....................................................................... 36

Kettles and tankers ............................................................ 36


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Using fire extinguishers ................................................................ 39

Vehicle safety ................................................................................ 40

Transportation of dangerous goods (TDG) ................................... 40

Asphalt ...............................................................................41

Propane ...............................................................................41

Solvents and adhesives ......................................................41

Powered equipment ...................................................................... 42

Gas-powered equipment ................................................... 44

Waste disposal and environmental considerations

when re-roofing ....................................................................... 45

Material handling .................................................................................... 46

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information

System (WHMIS) .................................................................... 46Harmful substances ...................................................................... 46

Solvents and adhesives ..................................................... 47

Carbon monoxide .............................................................. 47

Dust ................................................................................... 48

Burns .................................................................................. 48

Handling of materials.................................................................... 49

Torch-on roofs and propane torches ............................................. 49

Fire prevention .................................................................. 50

Health hazards ...................................................................51

Working with sheet metal ..............................................................51

Heat stress .............................................................................................. 52

Preventing heat stress ................................................................... 52

Heat stress control plan ................................................................ 52

Engineering controls ..................................................................... 53

Administrative controls................................................................. 53

Acclimatize workers .......................................................... 53

Supervise workers ............................................................. 54

Determine appropriate work-rest cycles ........................... 55

Schedule work to minimize heat exposure ....................... 55Drink water ........................................................................ 55

Wear cool clothing ............................................................. 56

Personal heat-protective clothing .................................................. 57

Temperature-controlled clothing ....................................... 58

Anti-radiant heat or reflective clothing ............................. 58


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- 1 -

Introduction

This manual is written to help workers and employers in the roofing

industry prevent occupational injuries and disease.

The manual is not a regulatory document and does not cover in detailall aspects of work done in the roofing industry. Instead, it supports and

supplements regulations and equipment manufacturers’ requirements

by detailing general safe work practices and procedures specific to

flat roofing.

The words “flat roofing products” denote the type of materials being used

to prevent water from entering a building or structure. Several types of

roof structures, walls, and other containers exist, and each one may be

treated differently to produce a condition that will not allow for water to

seep through the substructure (substrate).

The following is a brief list of some products that are used in roofing:

• EPDM Membrane• Bituminous EPDM Systems• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)• Rubberized Asphalt• Non-woven glass fibre impregnated and coated with modified bitumen• Non-woven polyester impregnated and coated with modified bitumen


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Responsibilities

To provide and maintain a safe and healthy worksite, owners, prime

contractors, employers, supervisors, and workers must accept and follow

their own level of responsibility.

Workers

Workers have a responsibility for their own safety as well as that of their

fellow workers. Workers must:

• Understand and follow the safety program and jobsite workprocedures

• Wear appropriate clothing and use all required personal protective

equipment• Not take unnecessary risks and not endanger other workers through

practical jokes or horseplay

• Not use any broken tools or unsafe equipment; unsafetools and equipment must be removed from service

• Stay off the worksite if impaired by drugs (medical orillegal) or alcohol

• Refuse to carry out any work activity that could resultin harm to themselves or any other employee

• Maintain good housekeeping conditions

• Report all injuries immediately to first aid, thesupervisor, or the employer

Remember

The prevention ofoccupational injuries

and disease is

everyone’s responsibility.


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Supervisors

Supervisors must ensure that:

• All workers are familiar with and follow the company safety program• Workers are properly trained and follow the Workplace Hazardous

Materials Information System (WHMIS) program, safe jobsite work

procedures, and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation

• The jobsite is evaluated and hazards eliminated orminimized; if hazards cannot be controlled, special

work procedures must be developed by the employer

to prevent the risk of worker injury or disease

• Workers wear appropriate clothing and the requiredpersonal protective equipment

• Appropriate tools, equipment, and materials areavailable and used• Emergency jobsite procedures are developed and made

known to workers

Employers

Employers have the responsibility to:

• Develop, implement, and maintain a safety program designed toprevent injuries and disease in the workplace

• Evaluate worksite hazards and take necessary steps to protect workers

• Ensure an effective WHMIS program is in place,including worker education and training

• Plan the work to be done, ensuring that the right tools,equipment, and materials are available when needed

• Ensure that supervisors train workers in safe workpractices and procedures

• Provide required first aid services and equipment• Ensure that the Occupational Health and Safety

Regulation is complied with on an ongoing basis


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Prime contractors

Prime contractors or, if there is no prime contractor, owners must

ensure that:• A construction site safety program is developed

and followed

• The occupational health and safety activities of allsubcontractors are coordinated

• The Occupational Health and Safety Regulationis complied with by all worksite contractors

and subcontractors

• Workers of contractors and subcontractors areproperly supervised


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In the Regulation

Part 8.2 Responsibilityto provide states:

(1) A worker is

responsible for providing

(a) clothing needed for

protection against the

natural elements,

(b) general purpose

work gloves and

appropriate footwear

including safety

footwear, and

(c) safety headgear.

(2) An employer is

responsible for providing,

at no cost to the

worker, all other items

of personal protective

equipment required by

this Regulation.

Personal protective equipment and clothing

It is the responsibility of workers to wear all personal protective

equipment and clothing required by the OHS Regulation. Roofing workers must also wear any additional protection or clothing required

by the employer. This may include but is not limited to the clothing and

equipment illustrated here.

Hearing

protection

Hardhat

Eye and face

protection

Long-sleeved

shirt (buttoned

at the cuffs and

within one button

of the collar)

Long pants (cuffless),

which extend over the

top of safety boots

Protective

oversleeves for

kettlemen

Safety

boots


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General safety requirements

Not all roofing is carried out on new construction; almost an equal

number of roofing projects involve re-roofing. In these situations, the

old roof surface has to be removed before the new roof surface can be

applied. This may well involve different types of roofing material and

require changes to project planning.

The roofing contractor may often be the only contractor on site, and

the building could be occupied. It is very important to take this into

consideration when planning for work.

Job planning and set-up

Job planning includes:

• Identification and control of jobsite hazards, including utilities

• Providing or obtaining a construction site safety program• Arranging for required first aid services and supplies• Providing personal protective equipment necessary for the job• Ensuring that proper equipment and well-maintained tools are

available at the worksite

• Dealing with the general public, and maintaining a safe environmentfor other all people who have access in and out of the building

• Developing site-specific written procedures for:– Fire hazards

– Fall protection

– Personal protective equipment

– Emergency evacuation

– Injury reporting

– Confined space entry

Equipment should be set up where:

• The ground is firm, level, and free of debris• Overhead obstructions will not interfere with hoisting equipment• The minimum distance from overhead high-voltage power lines can be

maintained

• There is a minimum hazard to workers, the public, and the buildingfrom ruptured hot lines, kettle fires, and hoisting activities• Fumes and dust will not be drawn into fresh air intakes, windows, or

nearby buildings

Remember

Proper job planning

and setup are critical

in providing a safe,

healthy, and

productive worksite.


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Housekeeping

Workers must:

• Remove waste materials and other slipping and tripping hazards fromtheir work area(s)

• Stack building materials neatly in designated areas• Store tools and equipment a minimum distance of 2 m (61 ⁄ 2 ft.) away

from the edge of the roof

• Block the wheels on rolling equipment• Ensure that materials and equipment are properly secured before

transporting them

• Dispose of all hazardous waste materials immediately or confine themto a clearly marked refuse area

Remember

Good housekeepingwill reduce worksite

injuries.

Poor housekeeping can be a source of injury.


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Remember

Roofers must protect

the public from the

hazards of their work.

Supervisors must:

• Supervise and enforce good housekeeping work practices.• Provide the equipment and labour and allow workers the time

necessary to keep the worksite in a neat, orderly condition.

• Provide chutes for the removal of waste materials when the roof isover 6.1 m (20 ft.) above ground, or provide vacuum equipment to

remove the old waste or any accumulation of water.

Protecting the public

Roofers must:

• Set up and leave equipment and materials in areas where the public will be least affected. Equipment should also be placed where fumes

and dust will not be drawn into fresh air intakes or windows. This isespecially important when work is being carried out on an occupied

building during a re-roof situation.

• Protect the public from kettle fires, ruptured hot lines, hoistinghazards, and other overhead hazards by using barricades and/or

warning signs.

• In the event of high wind conditions, materials and equipment on theroof should be stacked and stored in a secure manner away from the

roof edges.


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The public is often attracted to construction sites after working hours.

Protect the public by:

• Securing lids and spigots on kettles

• Locking and securing trucks, hoists, and other equipment• Preventing access to the roof by removing or locking up ladders in a

horizontal position, locking inside stairway doors, etc.

• Ensuring barricades and/or warning signs are in place


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Safe use of ladders

Before any ladders are installed, the area must be surveyed to ensure

ladders will not come in contact or be close to contact with any overheadelectrical power source.

Remember

Many roofers areinjured each year from

the improper set up

and use of ladders.


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• Use only CSA or ANSI Standard approved heavyduty ladders.

• Inspect each ladder before use. Ladders with loose,

broken, or missing rungs, split or bent side rails,

or other defects must be identified and removed

from service.

• The base of a ladder’s side rails must rest on a firm,level foundation. Portable, single, or extension ladders

must have non-slip feet.

• Ladder tops must rest against a firm structure.• Ladders must be set up with a 4 vertical to 1

horizontal slope.

• Ladders (other than stepladders) must extendapproximately 1 m (3 ft.) above a safe landing or

parapet wall.

• Ladders must be tied, blocked, or otherwise secured toprevent them from slipping.

• Ladders used in locations such as doorways orpassageways must be protected from being bumped or

knocked over.

• Watch for overhead power lines before erecting aladder. Metal ladders, including wire-reinforced wooden

ladders, must not be used near energized electrical conductors.

• Never climb up or down a ladder while carrying anything by hand.Tools, equipment, and materials must be raised by hoist or placed in a

container and raised or lowered by rope.

• Workers must not work from the top two rungs of a ladder.• Other than ladder jack applications, ladders must not be used to

support scaffold planking or for any horizontal load-bearing support.

• Workers must not use ladder-type material hoists for roof accessunless the hoists are designed for that purpose.

• Only one worker at a time is allowed on a single-width ladder.• When climbing up or down, workers should:

– Always face the ladder– Use a three-point contact climbing method (two hands and one

foot or one hand and two feet)


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Fall prevention

Falls are the number one cause of injury and death in the roofing

industry. Falls, however, can be prevented.

In the Regulation

Part 11 Fall Protection states:

“fall arrest system”

means a system that

will stop a worker’s fall

before the worker hits

the surface below;

“fall protection

system” means

(a) a fall restraint

system,

(b) a fall arrest system,

or

(c) work procedures

that are acceptable to

the Board and minimize

the risk of injury to a

worker from a fall;

CSA identification

Comfortable full

body harness

Durable rope grab

Shock-absorbing lanyard

for extra safety

9 6 5 m m t

o 1 . 1 m

( 3 8 " t o 4 2 " )

2" X 4"

2.44 m

(8 ft.) max.

TOP RAIL

MID RAIL

TOE BOARD

2.44 m

(8 ft.) max.

1" X 6"

1" X 4"


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This diagram illustrates areas where there is a high risk of serious injury

or death from falling. These areas are listed in order of injury frequency.

1. Ladder falls

2. Falls from rooftop material-handling areas

3. Falls from roof edges

4. Falls through roof openings

➁ Material

handling

refuse area➁ Material handling

hoisting area

➃ Roof

opening

➀ Ladder

falls ➁ Material

handling

➃ Roof

opening

➂ Roof

edges

➃ Roof opening


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General requirements

• Work facing the roof perimeter and avoid walking backward.

• Ensure all roof openings are provided with guardrails or securelycovered with plywood or other substantial materials, and are clearly

marked “Danger do not remove.”

• Follow proper procedures for the set up and use of ladders.

• Use caution when working with loose insulation, asphalt,

polyethylene, smooth surface roofs and areas with water, snow, frost,

or ice. All of these can be extremely slippery.

• Maintain good housekeeping conditions.

• Mark tripping hazards (such as vents, drains, electrical conduit) so

that they are visible to all workers.

Elevations 3 m (10 ft.) or more above grade

Flat roofs or roofs up to 4 in 12 slope

The following procedures are in addition to the general requirements:

• Workers who are required to work within 2 m (61 ⁄ 2 ft.) of a roof edge

must be provided with and use a method of fall protection.

• A warning barrier (such as yellow tape, physical barrier) placed 2 m

(61 ⁄ 2 ft.) from the roof edge may be used to prevent an unprotected

worker from entering the fall hazard area. Roofers working outside the

warning barrier must use fall protection.

• Hoisting, hot supply, garbage disposal locations, and other material-

handling areas must have fall prevention systems.

• Parapet walls of less than 102 cm (40 in) in height must not be used in

place of guardrails.


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Roof deck inspection

Prior to starting a roofing project, the jobsite supervisor must inspect the

roof deck for potential hazards. Once hazards are identified, they must beeliminated or controlled.

• Ensure that roof decks are strong enough tosupport all materials, workers, and equipment.

• On fragile roof decks, such as lightweight steel,asbestos cement products, or concrete decking,

the weight of heavy materials must be spread

over the structural supports of the building. x

Examples of markings on a plywood cover.


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• If a roof is not capable of safely supporting a concentrated load,special work procedures must be developed to eliminate any risk to

workers. A notice warning of the danger must be posted at all points

of access to the roof.

• On new construction work, make sure the deck is adequately securedto the joists and permanent bracing is installed.

• On re-roofing construction, make sure that wood decking is not rottenand steel decks are not rusted or deteriorated. Pay particular attention

to steel decks at overhead door and gas or infrared heating unit

locations. Steel decks should also be checked for side seam clinching.

• Make sure all roof deck openings are securely covered with substantialmaterial or provided with guardrails.

Cover secured

(nailed) in place


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• Immediately replace all guardrails or deck opening covers if they havebeen temporarily removed for the work process. The use of delineators

and danger tape must be in place before any covers or guards are

temporarily removed.

• Deck inspections must determine if workers will be exposed tohazardous fumes, gases, or vapours from rooftop ventilation outlets.

Hazardous emissions must be eliminated or controlled at their source.

If that is not possible, workers must be provided with and wear

proper respiratory protection.


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Fire protection

On built-up roofing jobs, there is a risk of kettle and tanker fires and

tanker explosions. As well, buckets of hot product have been known toflash, under certain conditions, while on the roof.

Roofers and waterproofers face additional risk when applying solvent-

based primers, welding agents, adhesives, thinners, sealants, or coatings.

Many of these products are highly flammable, and their vapours can be

ignited by cigarettes, welding and cutting torches, sparks from power

tools, electrical wiring, hot exposed firing tubes in kettles and tankers,

or non-explosion-proof rooftop fans. When applied in non-ventilated or

poorly ventilated areas (such as pits, below-grade locations, or indoor

areas), these products can release vapours that quickly build into

explosive mixtures.

General fire prevention

• Know the location of fire exits, alarms, and fire extinguishers.• Know the limitations and proper use of fire extinguishers. Using the

wrong extinguisher (e.g., water on burning bituminous materials) can

cause a fire to spread.

• For most roofing work, a Class “B” dry chemical fire extinguishershould be used.

• Used or empty fire extinguishers must be identified and replaced

immediately.

• In case of fire:– Warn others. Call for help if needed

– Use an extinguisher if the fire is small

– If the fire is or could become too large to control:

° Call the fire department and sound the fire alarm

° Evacuate the area

° Ensure all workers are accounted for

° Post lookouts to direct the fire department

• Store flammable materials in proper containers away from buildingsand ignition sources.

• Remove mops from the roof at the end of the day. Wring themout, and store them in the kettle or on the ground, away from

combustible materials.

Remember

Fires and explosionspose a significant

hazard to roofers and

waterproofers.


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• The working temperature and flash point of bitumen and otherproducts should be made known to kettlemen and tanker operators.

Working temperatures as listed on each keg must not be exceeded.

• Post warning signs or install barricades around work areas whereflammable liquids are being used.

• Workplace hazardous materials information system (WHMIS)requirements for the handling of flammable materials must be

understood and followed by workers.

Electricity and other utilities

High-voltage electricity (over 750 V)

The location of overhead electrical apparatus (including lines,transformers, and capacitors) must be identified before work begins.

If waterproofing has to be carried out below ground on an existing

building and the soil has to be removed to give access, a call must be made

to BC One Call to check for any hidden utilities before starting work.

Remember

Contact with

high-voltage electricityand or natural gas will

result in serious injury

or death.


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If roofing work must take place around overhead electrical apparatus, the

following procedure must be followed:

• Determine the operating voltage. This can be done through theauthority controlling the system (for example, BC Hydro).

• Ensure that the following minimum distance from the lines canbe maintained.

Voltage Minimum Distances

751 V to 75 kV (phase to phase) 3.0 m (10 ft.)

Over 75 kV to 250 kV

(phase to phase)4.6 m (15 ft.)

Over 250 kV to 550 kV

(phase to phase)6.1 m (20 ft.)


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• If minimum distances cannot be maintained, the apparatus must bede-energized or guarded. Lines can also be rerouted from the work

area. This is done through BC Hydro or other authorities controlling

the electrical system.

• Written assurance of the action taken must be provided, posted at the jobsite, and made known to workers. A Form 30M33 is used for this

purpose and is available through BC Hydro or WorkSafeBC.

Never use a tape measure or other such equipment to physically measure

distances from energized power lines. Distances must be estimated from

ground or roof locations. If in doubt, contact WorkSafeBC or BC Hydro.

Low-voltage electricity (750 volts or less)

For roofers, low-voltage electrical accidents are usually associated with:

• The use of defective electric tools• The use of non-grounded or damaged electrical extension cords• Contacting electrical conductors hidden under the roof surface during

re-roofing projects

• Contacting power line feeds to the roof

The development of safe work procedures coupled with an effective

electrical tool inspection/maintenance program will reduce or eliminate

these types of accidents.

Remember

Contact with a

low-voltage source

can also result in injury

or death.


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Confined spaces

In the Regulation

Part 9 Confined Space states:

“confined space”,

except as otherwise

determined by the

Board, means an

area, other than an

underground working,

that

(a) is enclosed or

partially enclosed,

(b) is not designed or

intended for continuous

human occupancy,

(c) has limited or

restricted means

for entry or exit that

may complicate the

provision of first aid,

evacuation, rescue

or other emergency

response service, and

(d) is large enough

and so configured

that a worker could

enter to perform

assigned work;

Part of the work of a roofer is to provide and install waterproofing

products. There are many areas that require waterproofing, including

planters, basement walls, underground concrete bunkers, or storage

tanks. Special consideration must be given to this type of work.

There are many work areas where roofers may be exposed to confined

space hazards. The most common and dangerous work activities are

cleaning the inside of bitumen tankers and waterproofing in enclosed or

below-grade work locations.

With respect to sloping and shoring, no worker can enter any

unsloped or unshored excavation that is over 1.2 m (4 ft.) in depth.

4 4

3 3


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Roofers must not enter a tank or any other confined space until a

qualified person has performed a hazard assessment and has provided

written safe work procedures for entry. The qualified person will:

• Assist with identification of confined spaces• Rate the confined space(s) according to high, moderate, or low hazard

atmosphere

• Write the procedures specific to the hazards of the work inside thespace, including:

– Providing information on testing

– Testing initial conditions:

° What sensors to have on the continuous monitor

° Proper test procedures and equipment

° When and where to test° Monitoring devices required for contaminants that cannot be

monitored using a continuous monitor

° What to do when a low oxygen reading or a high flammability

reading is obtained

– Required ventilation and placement of the ventilation equipment

– Cleaning requirements prior to entry

– Required control measures to reduce the possibility of explosion

– Required control measures to reduce the risk of trips, falls,

entrapment, engulfment, or other possible physical hazards

– Requirements for respirators and other personal protective

equipment (ventilation must be used as a means of ensuring a

worker’s safety before consideration is given to providing the

worker with a respirator)

– Requirements for isolation and lockout of piping (workers cannot

enter a space unless the piping system has been disconnected or

isolated)

– Considerations for rescue, which include notification of the

rescue personnel and ensuring the workers are wearing harnesses

attached by a lanyard to a winch or other approved device for

removing an injured worker

– Requirement for having a standby person

Remember

Prior to anyoneentering a confined

space, they must be

trained in recognition

of the confined space

hazards and must be

trained in the required

precautions. Confined

spaces are deadly

spaces when proper

control measures have

not been put into place.


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Tools and equipment

There are many different types of tools used in the roofing industry. Some

tools are never used on a roof (such as the equipment used by the sheet metal

worker for pre-forming the metal used for capping, etc.). Regardless of where

the tools are used, it is important to adhere to the following guidelines.

Hand and power tools

Personal protective equipment (especially eye protection) must be worn

when using power tools. If you normally wear glasses, then goggles or a

full face shield must be worn.

• Use and maintain tools according to manufacturers’ instructions.• Make sure that roofing knives are sharp, used properly, and carried in

a safe manner.

• Do not bypass or remove manufacturer-installed safety devices.• Do not operate tools beyond their rated limits, or modify tools to

increase their capacity.

• Use the correct size and type of tool for the work to be done.• Remove worn or damaged tools from the worksite, and replace or

repair them.

• Maintain electrical cords in good repair, and keep them out of water.Make sure that electrical tools are grounded if not built to double

insulation standards. Where possible, use ground fault circuit

breakers or receptacles.

• Be sure tools are switched off prior to plugging them into electricaloutlets. Surprise start-ups are dangerous.• Never leave an unattended power tool running, and never set it down

before it has fully stopped.

• Be careful about where sharp tools are set down. Don’t place them where they can fall or be knocked over.

Remember

The proper maintenance

and use of tools and

equipment will prevent

injuries and save lives.


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Dolly

Roofing buckets

Standard gravel spreader

Tearoff bar

Handcart

Wheelbarrow


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Air tools

When using air tools, make sure all the connections are secure.

Compressed air can be very dangerous if contact is made withun-protected skin.

• Take particular care using power tools when on a scaffold or ladder.Watch your footing, keep electrical cords free of obstructions, and do

not over-reach.

• Only trained, certified, and qualified workers can operate power-actuated tools.

• Ensure that grinder stones or discs are matched to the RPM rating ofthe tool. A low RPM stone or disc on a high RPM grinder may shatter.

• Check grinder stones and discs for nicks, cracks, or other defects.

Replace immediately if damaged.• Using chainsaws can be dangerous. Operators must be trained in safe

work procedures, which include kickback hazard recognition and

prevention.

Hoisting systems and equipment

A large part of roofing work involves moving supplies and equipment

with hoisting systems. To perform this work safely, the following

procedures must be used.

Remember

Never drop grinders;

hairline cracks can

occur and may not

be visible to the

naked eye.


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Hoist operation

Roof hoists are especially valuable in a restricted area where a crane

can not be used to lift equipment on to the roof. Special consideration

must be given to the location of the hoist on the roof and the possible

effect the concentrated load from the counterweights will have on the

roof. Accordingly, select hoisting areas that are clear of power lines and

other obstructions.

• Hoists must be assembled, counterbalanced, tested, operated,maintained, and repaired to the specifications and instructions of theoriginal hoist manufacturer. These instructions should be available at

the jobsite.

• Roof hoists must be assembled away from the roof edge. Hoistsshould be moved into place only after assembly is complete.

Trolley

hoist

Hydraulic

swing hoist


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• Roofers must be assured that the roof structure is strong enough tosupport the weight of hoisting equipment and its intended loads.

• Roof hoist counterweights must be:

– Of the type specified by the manufacturer

– Marked as to their weight

– Secured together and to the hoist frame

• Roof hoists must be tied back to solid anchorage points.• Roof hoist operators must:

– Be familiar with manufacturer’s assembly and maintenance

requirements

– Be trained in safe operating procedures

– Inspect hoisting equipment according to the manufacturer’s

instructions

– Inspect hoist rigging for wear and damage prior to each day’s use

– Never exceed the load rating capacity of the hoisting equipment

– Ensure the load is secure and all workers are clear of the

hoisting area

– Ensure roof edge fall protection is provided and used; safety lines

or lanyards must never be attached to the hoist structure

• Adjustments or repairs must not be made when hoisting equipmentis operating.

• When hoisting in windy conditions, taglines should be used to controlthe load.

• Avoid hoisting over open doorways or walkways; if that is notpossible, signs or barricades should be provided to prevent workers

and members of the public from entering the area.

• Unless designed for that purpose, and safe work procedures are inplace, ladder type hoists must not be used for roof access.

• Hoist operators and spotters must know and use standard hoistinghand signals (refer to pages 31–33).

Remember

Roofing materials

or equipment must

not be used for hoist

counterbalance.


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Ladder

hoist

Ladder hoist

1. Only trained operators can use this hoist. The operator must have

complete knowledge of the operating instruction as defined in thehoist manual.

2. Select an area that is clear of power lines

or any other obstruction that could affect

the safe operation of the hoist.

3. Inspect the hoist rigging for any wear or

damage each day prior to its use.

4. Do not exceed the load capacity of

the hoist.

5. Ensure the load is secure and the area

is cordoned off to prevent workers orothers from being close when the hoist is

in operation.

6. Trial-run the hoist with a light load

on each daily start up to make sure

everything is working safely.

7. Immobilize the hoist at the end of the

shift to prevent possible use by others.


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Mobile cranes

On larger jobs, a crane is often employed to lift the large amount of

equipment and tools required to complete a new roof. Extreme cautionmust be used when considering the amount of concentrated loading on

the roof. The advice of a structural engineer must be requested before

any loads are placed on the roof. Some roofs are designed to carry a

given snow load, which is considered a spread load, and this may not be

adequate for a concentrated load.

When using a crane supplied and operated by others, the following must

be addressed:

• Locate the crane in an area that will not cause an obstruction to othersand the boom or load must maintain the required distance from power

lines.• The crane must be well blocked and on a level and firm surface that

can support the weight of the unit and the load to be lifted.

• The load must be rigged correctly and must not exceed the liftingcapacity of the crane.

• Use recognized hoisting hand signals or two-way radio.• Tag lines may be required, especially in a wind condition.


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Hand signals for hoist and crane operations

STOP

Arm extended, palm down, move hand horizontal.

HOIST LOWER

With forearm vertical, finger With arm extended down,

pointing up, move hand in move forefinger; pointing

small horizontal circles. down, move hand in circles.

RAISE BOOM LOWER BOOM

Arm extended, fingers closed, Arm extended, fingers closed,

thumb pointing upward. thumb pointing downward.


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LOWER THE BOOM AND RAISE THE LOAD

With arm extended, thumb Arm extended, fingers

down, flex fingers in and out as closed, thumb down, other

long as load movement is desired. arm vertical, forefinger

upward and rotate hand.

RAISE THE BOOM AND LOWER THE LOAD

With arm extended, thumb Arm extended, fingers closed,

pointing up, flex fingers thumb pointing upward, other arm

in and out as long as load bent slightly with forefinger

movement is desired. pointing down, and rotate hand.

EXTEND BOOM RETRACT BOOM

Both fists in front of body, Both fists in front of body,

with thumbs pointing outward. with thumbs pointing

toward each other.


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SWING MOVE SLOWLY

Arm extended, point in Use one hand to give any motion

direction of swing of boom. signal and place other hand

motionless in front of hand giving

the motion signal (hoist slowly

shown as example).

DOG (STOP) EVERYTHING

Clasp hands in front of body.


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Working with propane

Liquid propane has an expansion rate of 1 to 270. One litre of liquid

propane will produce 270 litres of vapor. A liquid propane leak ispotentially more hazardous than a vapor leak.


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Propane vapor is heavier than air and will settle in low-lying areas. When

liquid propane contacts your skin, it will cause a freeze burn as it extracts

the heat from your skin to vaporize.

• Wear safety glasses, goggles, or a face shield when connecting ordisconnecting propane cylinders or tanks.

• Wear neoprene gloves and long-sleeve shirts when connecting ordisconnecting propane cylinders or tanks.

• When connections are made, use a leak detection solution made upof 50/50 liquid soap and water. If the bubbles expand, a leak exists;

adjust the connection, and test again.

• Check propane cylinders for damage or corrosion prior to use.• All propane and burner systems must be provided with a functional

regulator.

• Propane cylinders must be secured in a level, upright position duringstorage, transportation, and use.

• Never apply a flame to cylinders to increase pressure.• Do not operate any equipment if the odor (rotten egg smell) of

propane is present.

• Do not hoist propane cylinders to roof areas by their valves or collars.• Prior to use, propane hoses must be:

– Checked for damage and replaced if necessary

– Protected from traffic damage

– Checked for leaks at their connections (use a soap test)

• When in use, propane cylinders must be kept at least 3 m (10 ft.) awayfrom the kettle or tanker. Bulk propane and storage tanks must be

kept at least 8 m (25 ft.) away from kettles or tankers.

• Propane cylinder valves must be fully opened when in use and tightlyclosed when not in use. Cylinder valves must not be used to adjust the

torch flame. Pressure regulators are used for this purpose.

• Before shutting off the burner, close the cylinder valve and let theremaining gas burn out of the hose before closing the burner valve.

• During propane use, fire extinguishers must be available. One drychemical extinguisher is required for every two torches.

• In the event of a propane fire:– Shut off the gas valve– Evacuate the hazard area

• If the gas flow cannot be shut off safely:– Allow the gas to burn

– Evacuate the area and immediately call the fire department

Remember

Liquid propane gasleaks can cause serious

fires and explosions.


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The kettle

There are various types and makes of kettles, and it is important to follow

the manufacturer’s instructions for use.

Kettle set-up

Only trained personnel are allowed to operate a kettle. This person must

have a full knowledge of the safe operating temperatures required for the

products being heated in the kettle.

Kettles and tankers

Kettle

Remember

Safe work procedures

will prevent fires,

explosions, and

resulting burns.


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• Kettles and tankers must be set up on level ground, clear of debris andflammable materials. The wheels must be fully inflated and blocked to

prevent rolling. In the event of a fire in the tanker, the fire department

may require to remove the blocking and tow the tanker to a safer place.

• Ensure that the area around kettles, tankers, and propane cylinders is well ventilated.

• The working temperature and flash point of the product must beknown by kettlemen and tanker operators. The following temperatures

must not be exceeded:

– The working temperature of asphalt will range from 190°C (375°F)

to 218°C (425°F).

– Asphalt should not heated over 260°C (500°F) to 274°C (525°F)

for more than four hours and must never be heated above 274°C

(525°F) as there is a strong possibility of reaching the flash point

for bitumen and rubberized asphalts.

Note: A yellowish-brown smoke from the melt indicates the kettle

is overheated.

• Kettlemen and tanker operators should use a hand-held thermometerto periodically check the melt temperature. Thermometers can also

be used to calibrate kettle gauges. Hand-held thermometers provide a

more reliable temperature measurement than equipment gauges.

• Propane cylinders, hoses, and pressure regulators must be inspectedfor damage and leaks before their use.

• For kettles, the exhaust stack covers must be opened before firing theburner. On tankers, the exhaust vent must be opened.

• Burners (torches) must be lit on the ground, using a proper striker.When lit, the burner should be placed into the burner well. Use

caution when lighting burners; on a bright day, the flame may not

be visible.

• Burners should not be fired at full thrust until at least 150 mm(6 inches) of melt covers the heating tubes.

• When heating cold material, the temperature of the melt should beslowly raised to the desired level.

• Do not use oversized burners in kettles. Tubes can becomeoverheated, creating a fire or explosion hazard.

• Only kettles and tankers in good working condition should be used.Kettles must have tight-fitting lids and should be of sufficient size to

do the job properly.


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• Tanker and kettle burners must be shut down when gasoline or dieselpump engines are being refueled. Sparks from a running motor or a

hot manifold can ignite fuel vapours.

• An open flame should never be used on top of a heated tanker.Explosive vapours from the tanker can be ignited.

• The outside of kettles and tankers must be kept clean. A build-up ofasphalt can create a fire that is very difficult to extinguish.

• A fully charged dry chemical fire extinguisher must be available at thetanker or kettle.

• To prevent burns, kettlemen must:– Wear required personal protective equipment and clothing,

including eye and face protection.

– Use extra caution when loading cold product into the kettle.

Kettlemen should slowly lower product into the vat.

– Check equipment pumplines and fittings for defects andproper installation. Check to ensure that the pumpline valve

is working properly.

Remember

If a fire occurs, do not

panic. Close kettle lids

or tanker hatches and

turn off the burners.

Remember

Never load whole kegsinto the kettle.


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• To prevent the pipeline from kinking and unwanted movement, itmust be supported and secured at the roof.

Using fire extinguishers

Dealing with a fire can be a frightening experience;

however, knowing how to deal with a fire is an

important part of a roofer’s job.

There are various classes of fires, determined by what is

actually burning:

• Fires involving wood and paper

• Fires involving flammable liquids (such as bitumen,asphalt, molten rubber, and gasoline)

• Electrical fires• Combustible metals (such as magnesium or sodium)

Make sure:

• To use the right type of extinguisher; a (B) or (ABC)rated is generally the best for most fires in the roofing industry.

• To check all fire extinguishers on a regular basis, at least once eachmonth. A record of the inspection, inspection date, and who carried

out the inspection should be visible on the extinguisher.

• To handle extinguishers with care; avoid dropping—they areunder pressure.

• You know how to operate the extinguisher, either by training orreading the instruction label. If in doubt, ask your supervisor.

• You know where the fire extinguishers are located on the job.

Remember

PASS

P Pull pin

A Aim nozzle at base

of fire

S Squeeze handle

S Sweep from side

to side, covering

entire fire


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Vehicle safety

Follow the common sense rules of good driving:

• Don’t tailgate• Observe the speed limit• Stay alert; expect the unexpected• Use vehicle mirrors• Drive defensively

In addition, there are special rules that apply to roofing trucks:

• Before driving, check the load:– For even distribution of weight

– To make sure it is secured in place

• Before towing equipment, check to ensure that:– The hitch and ball are properly connected

– The safety chain is secured in place

– Product is at a level where it will not spill during cornering

or stopping

– All brake and running lights are working

• Other vehicle checks include:– Horn, front lights, and windshield wipers

– Oil and water levels

– Tire pressure (including equipment in tow)

• Roofing vehicles should be equipped with a first aid kit and drychemical fire extinguisher.

• An alarm must be fitted for backing up. In addition, if backing intoconfined or blind areas a traffic control person should be used.

Transportation of dangerous goods (TDG)

The Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods 1992 Act and regulations

are designed to promote public and worker safety. The regulations set

the requirements for handling, offering for transport, transporting, and

importing of dangerous goods. The regulations also provide a means for

communicating the degree and nature of the product hazard.

The following TDG requirements and exemptions apply to common

materials transported by roofers.

Remember

Allow for safe stopping

distances. A heavily

loaded truck or a vehicle

with equipment in tow

will not stop quickly.


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Asphalt

Asphalt is not considered a dangerous good if transported in a tanker, and

is therefore exempt from TDG regulations. Asphalt may be regulated if itis transported in bulk (more than tanker) quantities.

Propane

Transporting propane by road is exempt from TDG requirements, if

propane cylinders are:

• Transported in quantities under 501 kg (1105 lbs) or contained in notmore than five cylinders

• Transported in an open vehicle with their cylinder label visible tothe outside

• Secured in or on the vehicle in an upright position• Not connected for use and their valve protection covers are in place

Marine transportation of propane is regulated by the TDG Act and is

therefore subject to its requirements.

Solvents and adhesives

Road transport of job quantities of solvents and/or adhesives that have a

flash point of 37.8°C (100°F) or more is exempt from TDG requirements.

Products with lower flash points (under 37.8°C) are regulated by the

TDG Act and require:• TDG training for the driver and shipper• Appropriate truck placards• A shipping manifest

Marine transportation of these products may be regulated by the TDG Act .

Other less-common products used by roofers may be classed as dangerous

goods under the TDG Act . If in doubt, contact the nearest TDG office.

Remember

During thetransportation of

asphalt, tanker burners

must be turned off.


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Powered equipment

There are many different types and designs of powered equipment used

in roofing work.

Hydrasaw

Rotary planer

Power broom

(small)

Power broom

Roof ripper Vacuum


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Single blade

roof cutter

Single blade

roof saw

Join taper Gravel spreader

• Know how to operate the equipment safely before using it.Equipment must be operated and maintained according to the

manufacturer’s instructions.

• Use all personal protective equipment required by the manufacturerand any additional protection required by the employer.

• Inspect the equipment before use. Ensure that:– Guarding is in place– Operating handles and levers are working properly

– Cutting heads/blades are in good operating condition

• Prior to cutting, ensure that electrical conduit or other hazards hiddenunder the roof surface are identified.

Remember

All types of powered

equipment can be

very dangerous if not

operated correctly.


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• Operate equipment parallel to the roof edge, not at right angles to it.Ensure that fall protection is used when required.

• Maintain complete control of equipment at all times.

• Be aware of the location of obstructions such as vent pipes, drains,skylights, and hatches.

• Do not start equipment when cutting heads or other such componentsare in the operating position (resting on the roof surface).

• When possible, reduce dust levels by wetting down the roof surface.

Gas-powered equipment

When using gas-powered equipment, roofers must follow these

general procedures:

• All gas-powered equipment must be used in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions.• All guards must be in place and the equipment in good order.• Extra care must be taken when filling the gas tank. Never fill close to a

source of ignition (vapours can travel over one metre). Never over-fill

the tank. Use a funnel to help to avoid a spill.

• Always keep the gas cap tight and store fuel in a safe containeraway from any source of ignition. The contents of the container

must be marked.

• If you are using a cutting or grinding tool, make sure the disk and orblades are in sound condition and suitable for intended use.

• Never drop or bang a tool with grinding disk or cutting blades; crackscould form, causing the disk or blade to shatter, creating the danger of

serious injury.

• Do not try and force the equipment to do more than it was designed for.• Before changing or installing any attachments, the unit must be

switched off and completely shut down.

• Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (such as glasses,goggles, face shield, and gloves).


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Waste disposal and environmental

considerations when re-roofing

Re-roofing can present several situations that are more hazardous thanthose associated with new roofs. During the demolition and removal of

the old roof system, pay special attention to the product being removed.

Special work procedures must be developed for the following:

• The old roof may contain items such as asbestos, gypsum board, andfibreglass insulation and molds in the gravel.

• When removing these products, personal protective equipment(PPE) must be worn. In the case of asbestos products, special PPE

is required, and the whole process has to be under strict control, as

specified by WorkSafeBC guidelines.

• Fibreglass must not be allowed to become airborne, where it cancontaminate the area and becomes an irritant to other workers or thegeneral public.

• Manual removal of gravel can create a tremendous amount of dust, which creates several hazards, including limited visibility, eye

contamination, and respiratory problems. If molds are present, a

much more serious condition could develop.

• Try to avoid doing this work if high winds are present or expected.Use water to damp down the area, being careful that large

accumulations of water do not develop.

• The chute and garbage bin are very practical for most jobs; however,roofers are more often using high-powered vacuum units that cansafely remove most old roof products, as well as water.

Exposure to asbestos fibres may result in asbestosis, lung cancer, or

mesothelioma (cancer affecting the lining of the chest or abdominal

cavity). For further information, refer to the WorkSafeBC publication Safe

Work Practices for Handling Asbestos (BK27), available at WorkSafeBC.com.

Remember

Roofers can and

have died from the

overexposure to

asbestos fibres.


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Material handling

Workplace Hazardous Materials

Information System (WHMIS)

There are three key elements to the WHMIS program:• Labelling (supplier label and workplace label)• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)• Worker education

For roofers, the most important element of this program is worker

education. The employer must provide an education and training program

for all roofers who:

• Store, handle, use, or dispose of hazardous (controlled) products• Work close to controlled products that can put their health and safety

at risk

The objective of education and training is to ensure roofers are able to

apply WHMIS information to protect their health and safety and that of

their fellow workers.

Each worker must be able to answer the following four questions:

1. What are the hazards of the products in use?

2. What precautions are required for the safe use of the product?

3. Where do I go for further information?

4. What do I do in the case of an emergency?

Harmful substances

Roofers are exposed to many harmful substances. In most cases, harmful

substances can be safely handled and hazardous job operations safely

performed. This can only be accomplished if:

• Proper controls are in place• Workers are trained in safe work procedures• Workers are provided with and use all necessary personal

protective equipment

WHMIS Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) provide the informationnecessary for working safely with controlled products used in the

roofing industry.

Remember

It is very important

that roofers refer to the

appropriate MSDS and

follow the instructions.


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Solvents and adhesives

Solvents and adhesives are commonly used on roofing and waterproofing

jobs. These chemicals can enter the bloodstream through the lungs, skin,or eyes. Repeated exposure may have adverse long-term health effects.

Repeated contact can cause skin diseases or produce allergic reactions. In

addition to health hazards, many of these chemicals are highly flammable.

• Do not use adhesives or solvents in enclosed or confined spaces without wearing adequate respiratory protection. Ensure that spaces

are continuously ventilated with large amounts of fresh clean air

(refer to WHMIS requirements and the Confined Space Entry section,

pages 22–23).

• Roofers must wear hand, eye, and face protection when using these

products (refer to WHMIS requirements).• Saturated cleaning rags must be placed in fire-proof containers and

stored properly to await disposal.

• Working quantities of organic solvents should be used only frommetal safety containers. Storage on the roof should not exceed a one-

day supply.

• Smoking must not be allowed within 15 m (50 ft.) of any organicsolvents used in cleaning or adhesive applications. NO SMOKING

signs should be posted.

• Roofers must ensure that other trades who use equipment that causessparks or has open flames (such as gas or electric welding units) do not

enter areas where flames could ignite flammable or explosive vapours.

• Appropriate, fully charged fire extinguishers must be readilyaccessible at all times during the use of these products.

Carbon monoxide

Gas- or propane-powered equipment used in enclosed or poorly ventilated

areas can produce dangerous levels of carbon monoxide gas. These

areas must be properly ventilated and tested to ensure clean respirable

air. Regular cartridge respirators will not protect workers from inhaling

carbon monoxide. A qualified person must provide written procedures forentry into these areas. (See the section on Confined Spaces, pages 22–23.)


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Dust

All dust can be harmful. Even nuisance dust can cause respiratory and

eye irritation if the levels are high enough. If the dust cannot be controlledby the use of water or ventilation, workers must wear an approved

respirator designed for the type of contamination encountered.

Burns

Most roofing burns result from hot product splashes while roofers are

loading kettles, carrying hot asphalt, and filling hot luggers, mop carts,

and hot dispensers. Roofers can become so accustomed to working with

hot product that they forget they are handling a molten material heated to

near 260°C (500°F).

• All buckets used to carry hot product must be:– Of substantial construction, with handles capable of safely lifting

the load

– Inspected before use

– Free of all debris

– Absolutely dry

• A bucket should not be filled any higher than 125 mm (5 inches) fromits top.

• Roofers may carry two buckets of hot stuff on flat roofs but only oneon sloped surfaces. Buckets should not be lifted above hip level.

• Often, a bucket of hot product will stick to the roof surface. To liftsafely, the bucket should be twisted gently and firmly back and forth

until it becomes free.

• Buckets of hot product should be hoisted to the roof using properhoisting equipment.

• Workers must never stand under hot product being hoisted.• Don’t walk in hot product. It’s slippery and can cause falls.

In the Regulation

Part 8.33 Selection states:

(1) The employer,

in consultation with

the worker and the

occupational health

and safety committee,

if any, or the worker

health and safety

representative, if

any, must select

appropriate respiratoryprotective equipment

in accordance

with CSA Standard

CAN/CSA-Z94.4-93,

Selection, Use, and

Care of Respirators.

Remember

Roofers must never

carry hot product up

a ladder.


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Handling of materials

• Know the weight limit you can safely lift. If the load is too heavy, get help.

• Follow safe lifting procedures:– Bend your knees; lift with your legs, not your back

– Keep the load as close to your body as possible

– Keep your head up

– If you must turn, use your feet, not your back

• When available, use mechanical devices such as wheelbarrows andcarts for moving heavy materials.

• Be sure to have a clear path when moving materials. Check for roofcurbs, vents, piled materials, equipment, and other obstructions.

• Be aware of slippery roof conditions.

• When working on a sloped roof, materials must be securedagainst falling.• To prevent burns when filling felt machines, mini-mops, buckets, and

similar equipment, roofers must:

– Check pipe couplings and fittings of filling lines for damage and leaks

– Stand to the upwind side of filling lines

– Be careful; moisture in pipes and equipment can cause hot product

to pop and splatter

Torch-on roofs and propane torches

A flame from a propane torch can reach temperatures of over 1093°C

(2000°F). Roofers applying torch-on products can receive serious burns from

both the torch flame and the hot modified bitumen sheets they are applying.

• When using a torch, workers must wear proper protective equipmentand clothing.

• Prior to use, be sure that torching equipment is in good working orderand the cylinder valves are clean. Check to see that fittings, hoses, and

heads are secure.

• Use soapy water to check all connections and fittings for leaks. Do notuse a match or open flame.

• Do not use torching equipment that is leaking propane at any fitting.Should a leak occur, stop work immediately.

• Do not use matches to light a torch. Use only a spark lighter orelectronic starter.

Remember

Most strains and sprainsare caused by improper

material handling.

Remember

Roofers are exposed

to additional hazards

when applying

torched-on modified

bitumen systems.


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• Propane hose damage can be prevented by:– Ensuring that the torch flame does not contact the hose

– Keeping hoses free of kinks

– Ensuring that heavy roofing equipment does not run over them

– Not pulling or lifting the cylinder by the hose

• Be careful: a torch flame can be hard to see on a bright day and can igniteskin or clothing instantly. Never leave an operating torch unattended.

• Other than the torch operator, roofers should stay a minimum of 1 m(3 ft.) away from the flame.

• When not in use, torch units must be set into their support legposition with the torch head pointing at an upward angle. Torch units

must never be placed over a curb or roof edge.

• When shutting off the torch, close the propane cylinder valve first. Letthe remaining gas burn out of the hose and then close the torch valve.

• At the end of the day, hoses should be disconnected and properly stored.

Fire prevention

• Prior to application, inspect the roof surface and remove combustiblematerials.

• Follow all company fire prevention policies and procedures during theinstallation of the roof system.

• Do not torch directly to a cant strip, insulation, wood, or any otherflammable material. When torching at flashings, corners, or voids in

the roof or roof deck, never torch directly.

• Be careful when torching around pipes or fresh air vents. They couldbe under suction and draw the flame into the building structure.

• Do not torch near building gas or electrical lines.• Have at least one fully charged 9 kg (20 lb) dry chemical fire

extinguisher within 6 m (20 ft.) of each worker using a torch.

• The roof area should be thoroughly inspected for hot spots at theend of the day. A roofer should remain on site for at least one hour

to watch for smoke, flames, or smoldering insulation. Material can

smolder under the membrane for hours before igniting.

Remember

Torching modified

bitumen products can

pose a serious risk

of fire.


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Health hazards

The health hazards from torching modified bitumen membranes are not

well known. Heat fusing these products may release irritant gases. Irritantgases may also be released from torching the systems that are set in a cold

adhesive or mastic. To avoid any potential health hazard, roofers applying

torch-on products should:

• Avoid overheating the membrane• Work upwind• Wear respiratory protection when needed

Working with sheet metal

Sheet metal workers have two places of work. The first is in the

fabrication shop, where all the pieces of piping, flashing, and roof edge

capping are made up. The second is on the roof itself, when all the

pre-fabricated pieces are installed. The fabrication shop is considered

to be a safe environment; apart from the possibility of minor cuts and

scrapes, there is limited risk of injury.

However, it is a very different situation on the roof, especially when

installing the capping. This is generally the last part of the roofing

process. In this situation, the worker is almost always in a kneeling

position, which does afford a certain amount of security. Still, a fall

restraint system must be employed by the sheet metal worker and helper.

The worker should always kneel down about 1 m (3 ft.) back from the

edge of the roof and then proceed to move toward the edge. Before

standing, the worker should retreat from the roof edge in the kneeling

position about 1 m (3 ft.) before attempting to stand up, and this should

be done slowly. The worker could become dizzy after kneeling for any

length of time. Having another worker passing materials from a safer

distance back from the roof edge will eliminate the need for the sheet

metal worker to keep standing up.


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Heat stress

Preventing heat stress

Employers must conduct a heat stress assessment where a worker is,

or may be, exposed to environmental conditions that could cause heatdisorders. If a worker is exposed to such conditions, employers must

develop and implement a heat stress exposure plan. As part of this plan,

employers, supervisors, and workers must have a basic understanding of

how heat affects the body if they are to prevent heat stress.

Employers must provide adequate training and education to all workers

at risk for heat stress, their immediate co-workers, and their supervisors.

Training should include the following information:

• How heat stress develops

• Personal risk factors• How to prevent heat stress• How to recognize symptoms• What a worker should do if he or she, or a co-worker, develops a

heat disorder

It is important for workers to recognize the signs and symptoms of the

early stages of heat stress. If workers are able to remove themselves or

co-workers from a hot environment in the early stages, more serious

illness can be avoided. Workers should also be able to recognize the

range of symptoms for different stages of heat stress in themselves and

co-workers. However, since a decrease in alertness is one of the early

symptoms, workers may not be able to recognize the development of heat

stress in themselves.

Heat stress control plan

If a worker is exposed to environmental conditions that could cause heat

disorders, the employer must implement engineering controls to reduce

exposure. If engineering controls are not practical, the employer must

provide administrative controls (such as an appropriate work-rest cycle)

or personal protective equipment if the equipment provides protectionequally effective as administrative controls. Combinations of various control

methods often provide the most effective protection from heat stress.

Remember

Employers must

provide adequate

training and education

to all workers at risk

for heat stress, their

immediate co-workers,

and their supervisors.


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Engineering controls

Engineering controls are the most effective and preferred means to

reduce excessive heat exposure. The following are some examples ofengineering controls.

• Reduce worker activity through automation or mechanization.• Cover or insulate hot surfaces to reduce radiant heat.• Shield workers from radiant heat.• Provide air conditioning or increased ventilation to remove hot air.• Provide fans for spot cooling. (Caution: Where the temperature of

the surrounding air is above 35°C, using fans may actually increase

workers’ risk of heat stress.)

• Reduce the humidity using air conditioning and dehumidifiers, orreduce the sources of moisture (for example, open water baths, drains,

leaky steam valves).

Administrative controls

If engineering controls are not practicable — which is often the case when

work is done outdoors during the summer months — administrative

controls must be considered. The following are some common

administrative controls used to reduce the risk of heat stress.

Acclimatize workers

The body will adapt to working in hot environments if it is given a chance

to gradually get used to the new conditions. This process, known as

acclimatization, allows the body to modify its own functions to better

cope with heat stress and to remove excess heat more efficiently.

Acclimatization has three main benefits:

• Enhanced cardiovascular fitness — both heart rate and core bodytemperature stay lower when working in a hot environment.

• Enhanced sweating — the person sweats sooner and sweats more,

which has a cooling effect on the body.

• Lower salt content in sweat — this helps to prevent salt depletion.(Caution: There can still be significant salt loss, because the total

volume of sweat increases.)


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In general, acclimatized workers will be able to work in hotter work

conditions and for longer periods than unacclimatized workers.

Acclimatization takes time — full acclimatization is usually achieved afterseven continuous days of gradual exposure but can sometimes take as

long as three weeks. The amount of time required for acclimatization is

affected by the same personal risk factors that put individuals at risk for

heat stress. For example, an older worker with cardiovascular disease may

need a longer and more gradual acclimatization schedule than a young,

physically fit worker with no known illnesses. Acclimatization schedules

will also vary according to the level of physical work required and the

conditions of the surrounding environment.

The benefits of acclimatization are lost more quickly than they are

gained. In fact, some loss will take place over a weekend away from

work. For this reason, the first workday after a break should require less

demanding work than other days of the week. After seven consecutive

days away from work in a hot environment, a worker is considered to be

unacclimatized. That worker should begin the acclimatization process

from the beginning.

There are some general recommendations for acclimatization schedules.

An average worker who has not previously worked in a hot environment

can start at 20 percent of the full workload on the first day and increase

the workload by 10–20 percent each day. If workers are returning to workin hot conditions after being away more than seven consecutive days, they

could start at 50 percent of the workload on the first day and increase the

workload by 10–20 percent each day. During the acclimatization period,

it is important to gradually increase the time spent working in the heat at

each workload level.

Supervise workers

Workers should not work alone in conditions where heat stress is

possible. They should be closely supervised or work in pairs or groups to

ensure that heat disorders are identified and treated as soon as possible.Supervisors need to ensure that there is adequate first aid coverage and

must establish emergency procedures to deal with serious conditions such

as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Remember

Acclimatize your body

(gradually expose

yourself to heat

and work).


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Determine appropriate work-rest cycles

Appropriate work-rest cycles should be determined and scheduled to

allow adequate time for workers’ bodies to cool. Workers cannot rely ontheir bodies to indicate when a rest period is needed. By the time a worker

feels ill, it may be too late.

It is important to have cool areas, such as shaded or well-ventilated areas,

for breaks and rests. Showering or soaking in cool water, when possible,

can cool the body very quickly.

Schedule work to minimize heat exposure

Common sense should be used to schedule and organize work to

minimize heat exposure.

• Schedule the hardest physical tasks for the coolest part of the day.• Rotate work activities or use additional workers to reduce heat

exposure for each member of the work crew.

• Allow for slower-paced work during the hottest periods of the day.• Move or relocate the work away from direct sunlight or radiant heat

sources whenever possible.

• For outside work, schedule routine maintenance and repair workduring cooler seasons of the year.

• For inside work, schedule routine maintenance and repair work for

time when hot operations are shut down.

Drink water

The body naturally sweats to cool itself. Sweating can use up a significant

amount of fluid, which must be replaced continuously throughout

the workday. If fluid is not regularly replaced, a worker will become

dehydrated, increasing his or her risk for heat stress.

It is important to drink water (without added salt) before as well as during

and after work in a hot environment. As a starting point, workers should

drink about two glasses (1

⁄ 2 litre) of water before starting work in a hotenvironment and one glass every 20 minutes throughout the workday. In

very hot environments or where sweating is profuse, even more water may

be required. Workers must not wait until they are thirsty to replace fluids.

Remember

Workers should

not work alone in

conditions where heat

stress is possible.


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Employers are required

to provide an adequate

supply of cool drinking

water close to the work

area for workers exposed

to heat. Suitable drinks

include tap water, mineral

water, and fruit juices. Fluids

do not need to be iced; cooled

drinks between 10°C–15°C are

adequate. Fluids that contain

caffeine or alcohol are not

suitable because they increase

dehydration. Eating fresh fruits will also help to replace lost fluids.

Although the average North American diet

usually contains enough salt for most work

conditions, working in hot environments can

cause salt deficiencies. To replace the salt lost

by sweating, workers can eat salty foods. Salt

tablets are not

flat rooﬁng

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