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Floating LiDAR
A Cost-Effective and Reliable Alternative
EWEA Wind Resource Workshop, Helsinki, Finland
Michiel Müller & Anthony Crockford
02/06/2015
© ECOFYS | |
Introduction
> Economic argument for floating LiDAR
is simple:
– Reducing costs of an offshore met
mast campaign from €5+ million
by 80% or more
> Cost-benefit analysis is trickier
– Can a floating LiDAR really replace
the offshore met mast?
– What is the accuracy of this new
technology?
– Is it reliable?
– Will it be accepted for financing?
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Overview
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> Technology Acceptance
> Case study: LiDAR (non-floating)
> Recent progress for floating LIDAR
– Validation campaigns
– Uncertainty and sensitivity
– Reliability
– Bankability
> Future outlook
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Technology acceptance
> Technology Readiness Levels allow for the evaluation of the
development of a new technology
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Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
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Case Study – LiDAR (non-floating)
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Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
1970s
Initial aerospace
research
2003-2004
First wind LiDARs
- Tested extensively
- R&D applications
2006
First validation campaigns
comparing LiDAR to met mast
2005
First LiDAR
deployment offshore
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Case Study – LiDAR (non-floating)
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2009
NORSEWInD
Definition of validation criteria
for repeatable tests.
Multiple offshore deployments 2012
Windcube and ZephIR achieve ‘Stage 3.’
Widespread acceptance of LiDAR measurements
as replacement for met masts in simple terrain.
Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
2008 – 2011
Significant body of published
validations and operational
experience.
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Case Study – LiDAR (non-floating)
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2011-ongoing
IEC 61400-12-1 ed 2
Definition of procedures to calculate LiDAR
uncertainty and classify LiDAR devices.
Acceptance for power performance
measurements
Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
Ongoing
Innovative new uses for LiDAR:
- Shear measurements
- Wind turbine performance
monitoring
- Wake effect measurement
- Yaw mis-alignment
- Equivalent wind speed
- Site calibration
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Floating LiDAR
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Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
2005
First LiDAR
deployment
offshore
2009
First floating
LiDAR deployment
2013
Carbon Trust Offshore
Wind Accelerator
publishes “Roadmap”
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Floating LiDAR
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Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
2005
First LiDAR
deployment
offshore
2009
First floating
LiDAR deployment
2013
Carbon Trust Offshore
Wind Accelerator
publishes “Roadmap”
2013-2015
First long-term validations
against offshore met
masts
- Gwynt Y Mor
- Meteomast Ijmuiden
- NAREC
- FINO1
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Floating LiDAR - Validations
> Reached Stage 2
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Babcock FLiDAR Fugro Oceanor
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Floating LiDAR - Validations
> Undergoing validations to achieve Stage 2
> In addition, the SeaRoc SeaZephIR and Nass&Wind M3EA floating LiDAR buoys
have been deployed commercially. There are no published results regarding their
validations against offshore met masts, compliant with the OWA Roadmap.
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AXYS WindSentinel FraunhoferEOLOS
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Floating LiDAR - Validations
> Numerous published results have shown that floating LiDAR wind
measurements are comparable to met mast measurements,
within industry guidelines (NORSEWInD or OWA Roadmap)
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AXYS WindSentinel
EOLOS
Babcock
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Floating LiDAR - Validations
> Numerous published results have shown that floating LiDAR wind
measurements are comparable to met mast measurements,
within industry guidelines (NORSEWInD or OWA Roadmap)
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FLiDAR
Fugro Oceanor
Fraunhofer
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Floating LiDAR – Uncertainty and sensitivity
> Probing deeper into the data from these offshore validation
campaigns, we can also quantify the uncertainty of the wind
speed measurements
> According to IEC 61400-12-1 (ed 2), Annex L
> First results show similar results as for fixed, onshore LiDARs
– in line with high-quality cup anemometry
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Babcock; Frazer Nash
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Floating LiDAR – Uncertainty and sensitivity
> We can also investigate the sensitivity to metocean conditions
> Part of the IEC classification of remote-sensing devices
– Considering meteorological conditions (turbulence, shear, etc)
– Also waves, current, tides, sea temperature, etc
> Initial results show negligible sensitivities
> This analysis is key to deployments in different sea conditions
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Fraunhofer Babcock; Frazer Nash
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Floating LiDAR – Uncertainty and sensitivity
> Sensitivity to pitch, yaw and roll can be determined from offshore
tests
> Or systematic onshore tests using motion simulators
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Fraunhofer Fugro Oceanor
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Floating LiDAR – Reliability
> Accuracy is only half the picture
> System reliability and data availability are key to overall data
quality from floating LiDAR campaigns.
> Regular improvements being made based on long-term
campaigns
> Initial results according to OWA Roadmap criteria are promising
> Track records will build over time
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KPI Definition Realised Validation Plan
Minimum
MSA1M Monthly system availability -
1 month average 99.8-99.9% ≥ 90%
OSACA Overall system availability -
campaign average 99.9%* ≥ 95%
MPDA1M
Monthly post-processed
data availability - 1 month
average
92.4-99.9% ≥ 80%
OPDACA
Overall post-processed data
availability - campaign
average
98.4%* ≥ 85%
Fugro Oceanor; FLOW
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Floating LiDAR – Bankable wind data
> The definition of bankability is complex and needs to be
considered on a case-by-case basis
> A recent announcement of the first wind farm financed on the
basis of a wind resource assessment using floating LiDAR as the
sole source of wind measurements
– DONG Energy’s 258 MW Burbo Bank extension
– FLiDAR buoy on-site from June 2013 to September 2014
– Post-validation of floating LiDAR against offshore met mast
> Now several reported floating LiDAR campaigns at offshore wind
farms under development…
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© ECOFYS | |
Floating LiDAR
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Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
2014-2015
First floating LiDARs
achieve “Stage 2”
according to OWA Roadmap
2015-2016
IEA Wind Annex 32 to
publish Recommended
Practice for Floating LiDAR
2015
Ongoing validations and
several commercial
campaigns announced
2015
Investigations of floating
LiDAR sensitivity, classification
and uncertainty
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Floating LiDAR
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Research / prototype Pre-commercial Commercial
FUTURE:
Beyond pre-construction wind
resource assessments:
- Wind farm performance
monitoring & control
- Wake effect measurement
- Yaw mis-alignment
- Equivalent wind speed
© ECOFYS | |
Conclusions
> (Non-floating) LiDAR has experienced
widespread acceptance based on high
accuracy demonstrated in significant
number of validation campaigns
> Floating LiDARs have similarly shown
high accuracy in the first rounds of
long-term offshore validations
> Further investigations are needed to
quantify the uncertainty and classify
the buoys based on sensitivity to
metocean conditions
> Considering the strong economic case,
and the largely positive validation
results, we expect a quick uptake of
floating LiDAR for numerous
applications at offshore wind farms
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© ECOFYS | |
Thank you!
> We would like to thank everyone who
shared their time and test results to
ensure this presentation accurately
reflects the current status of floating
LIDAR
> For further information, please feel
free to contact us:
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