In this artist’s reconstruction of the Temple Mound Complex in the Booker Creek area of St. Petersburg, a priest prays for a good fishing season. A Rattlesnake Priest, standing on the same mound summet, supports his prayers. It is still early in the day and the plaza below is beginning to see the activity of traders, hunters and fishermen.

Vol. 3 No. 2 Where old news is good news! April - June 2000

FLORIDA

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

Quiz

Events …page 2 & 3Dade Battle…page 5 Digging Deeper…page 6 Diving into Florida’s Past…page 8 Rendezvous Kids…page 9 School of 16th Century …page 10 A Gem of Parks…page 11Book Reviews …page 12Military Medicie…page 13Florida Frontier.com …page 15Recipes ... page 16

SEARCHING FOR FLORIDA’S ANCIENT PAST

SEARCHING FOR OUR ANCIENT HERITAGEby Hermann Trappman

Our inheritance is as much a link to the environment, and its ancient story, as it is a connection to our parents and grandpar-ents. The original people who settled this State reflected this flat landscape which rose out of the sea. They mirrored its avail-able resources with their daily life. Their inventive ability was tuned to its changing geography, and in the last 15,000 years this place has gone through some major changes. The ancient people who first saw Florida, saw a landscape which was twice this size. The glaciers in the north and south had raised Florida over 300 feet above our modern tide line. The ground water was about 100 feet deeper than it is at present. Much of the landscape we know today was a very dry scrubby desert-like place back then. The coast would have been similar,

but with fields of craggy and pitted lime-stone. Winds pouring over the massive ice sheets may have dropped the temperatures down about 10° in the winter. Summer temperatures never rose as high as they do today. The climate was more moderate.

The developing picture of the ances-tors is far more complex than our notions just ten years ago. Many researchers are now looking at a number of migrations possibly starting somewhere about 24,000 years ago. In the short history of human kind, that’s a long time. New evidence of an ice-free corridor bordering America’s north pacific coast suggests an early path into our country. Those ancient folks would have found a very different landscape than we know. Canada and the states bordering it would have been buried under an ice sheet almost two miles thick. The midwest was wet,

splashed with lakes. Salt Lake is just a remnant of that time. Forests were scattered over the southern Great Plains. The Florida of that time, shared much of its fauna with Mexico. Once, mammoths, mastodons, saber-

toothed cats, jaguars, paleo-llamas, horses, giant tortoises, short faced bears, dire wolves, and many other unusual critters lived and hunted in this place. By ten thou-sand years ago, they were only a whisper of the age of mammals. Some students of the past see the hand of man in that extinction. The last glacial spike is called the Younger Dryas. It ended about 9,200 years ago. With its end, the tides returned to claim much of the land. It is not difficult to imagine the stress which that caused the ancient people. People with numer-ous wounds have been recorded from

Hermann Trappman © 1999

See Searching page 4

The developing picture of the ancestors is far more complex than our notions just ten years ago.

1. Name three extinct animals that lived in Florida over 10,000 years ago.2. 10,000 years ago there was a sud-den return to glacial cold. What was the name of that event?3. Which three tribes had historical alliances with the Calusa?4. What kinds of marine life would have been seen in Florida 3.5 mil-lion years ago?5. Who lost his nose to the war dogs of the Narvaéz expedition?6. What makes the Topper site such an important archaeological find?7. Why is the “Clovis culture” not working any more as the indicator of first humans in North America?8. If you went to your barber in the 16th Century you might also ask him to do what for you?9. How did Paracelsus influence early medical practice?10. Where did Juan de Le Conte receive his medical training and where did he practice medicine?11. What kinds of diseases were treated by early doctors in Florida?12. How did Pedro Piques get even for being insulted and banished from St. Augustine?

George Street. Contact: Brian Bowman (904) 824-9823 3 Pensacola, Open House at Historic Pen-sacoala Village 10am-4pm. Crafts, guided house tours, living history presentations. Also looking for reenactors. FREE Richard Brosaham (850) 595-5985E-mail: penshpb@mail.dos.state.fl.us

about the Civil War through demonstra-tions, displays, living history historians, etc. Period battles, demonstrations and sutlers Saturday and Sunday. Contact the Boy’s Ranchat (904) 328-1281 for details. 20 Tallahassee at Mission San Luis de Apalachee presents a living history event here at the site of a 17th-century Spanish mission. Times are 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and the event is free. If you could list this on your website, it would be greatly appre-ciated. Contact: Karin Stanford27 Pensacola BIG LAGOON / PERDIDO KEY STATE RECREATION AREA. (7:00 p.m.–9:00 p.m.)Enjoy an evening of Bluegrass Music at the park’s amphi-theater. The concert is free. Food service will be available. Approx. 10 miles SW of Pensacola on CR 292A. (850)492-1595.27 Fanning Springs at FS State Recreation Area 5th Annual Red Belly Days Memo-rial Day weekend (9:00 a.m.-sundown) Day-long event held during Memorial Day weekend. Festivities include food, musical entertainment, handmade crafts, fishing tournament, belly flop contest and melon-chucking competition. Sponsored by the Dixie County Chamber of Commerce. Park admission is FREE; however an entrance charge will be collected by the chamber for this fundraising event. Call (352)498-3310 for more details.31 Chiefland. Manatee Springs State Park 7TH Annual Memorial Day Treasure Hunt (9:00 a.m.) Children dive for Short Billy Copper’s lost treasure. Bring snor-kel, mask and fins and meet down at the concession stand. FREE with paid park admission. Call (352) 493-6072 for details.

3 St. Augustine at Fountain of Youth. DRAKE’S RAID The usual Drake’s Raid through the streets of St. Augustine is be-ing changed to the First Day reenactment of cannonading from Conch Island to the town at the Fountain of Youth Park. Re-enactors hope the event will continue the traditon of the public street battle on St.

Published Quarterly by Neily Trappman Studio5409 21st Ave. S. • Gulfport • FL • 33707Phone (727)321-7845 E-Mail tocobaga@floridafrontier.com

Web Site http//www.floridafrontier.com

Vol.3 No.2April - May

2000

Writers: Sheila Benjamin Robert Hawk Elizabeth Neily Hermann Trappman Illustrations/Photography: Elizabeth Neily Sheila Benjamin Ann St. Charles Hermann Trappman Computer Service:specializing in Apple Macintosh George Watson (727) 321-7845 John Mariner (727) 823-0933

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Copyright 1999. Articles may be reproduced with prior permission. Just give us a call and we will be happy to accommodate your request. Exceptions are logo, masthead and where other copyrights apply.

“Understanding the past gives you the freedom to plan for the future.”

EVENTS CALENDAR

SUBSCRIPTIONS1 YEAR/4 ISSUES - $8.00

2 YEARS/8 ISSUES - $14.00Please send name, address and phone #

with check payable to

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Writers, artists, photographers may submit articles to us for concideration. Subject matter must be written in style appropriate for all age groups from the 4th grade into the golden years. This is not meant to be a scholarly publication but one to increase awareness of Florida’s rich and varied heritage.We want to celebrate our past, not dwell wholely on our failures.

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NORTH

CENTRAL

SOUTH

NORTHApril

June

1 Tallahassee SPRINGTIME TALLA-HASSEE Grand Parade. Imagine the ex-citement as over 100 colorful and magical units parade down North Monroe Stt. More than 140 units will step off at 10:30 a.m. for a sensational 32nd Anniversary Parade. Join us this year for “Millennium Magic.” Springtime Krewes, area organizations, businesses, and festivals from around the southeast sponsor floats. The parade will travel South on Monroe St. from Thomas-ville Rd to Gaines St. in downtown Tal-lahassee. Contact (850) 224-5012.1 Fanning Springs State Recreation Area 3rd Annual Suwannee River NatureFest (7:00 a.m.-sundown) Celebrate the return of swallowtail kites and the unique natural and cultural resources found in the Suwan-nee River Valley. Enjoy birding, hiking, biking and canoeing events, plus food, natural crafts and nature-based exhibits. Park admission is free; however, additional fees may apply for some planned events. Located on US Highway 19/98 in the town of Fanning Springs. Call (352)493-6736 for more details.7 Gainesville at Fl. Museum of Natural History- UF Public lecture by noted sci-entist Stephen J. Gould Contact: Mary Salvamoser Phone:846-20008-9 Chiefland at MANATEE SPRINGS STATE PARk. OLD’ FASHIONED RIV-ER PARTY (1p.m.-9 p.m.)Live bluegrass, country, folk, western, and gospel music will be performed by talented musicians from the community. Bring your blanket and meet down by the Suwannee River for an afternoon of country picking’. FREE with paid park admission. Call (352)493-6072 for more details.Located at the end of State Road 320, off US 98, 6 miles West

of Chiefland.8- 9 HOMOSASSA SPRINGS STATE WILDLIFE PARKCITRUS WATER-COLOR CLUB SPRING ART SHOW (9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m.) Come out and enjoy the work of local artists in the park’s visi-tor center on U.S. Highway 19. Paintings will be for sale. There is no charge to visit the art show. Located on Highway 19 (Sun coast Blvd.) about 7 miles South of Intersection of Route 44 andHighway 19. (352)628-5343 15 Tallahassee Third Saturday of each month, Mission San Luis de Apalachee presents a living history event at the site of a 17th-century Spanish mission. Times are 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. and the event is free. Contact: Karin Stanford. Also on May 20, June 17, July 16, August 19.21-22 White Springs at STEPHEN FOSTER STATE FOLK CULTURE CENTER SUWANNEE RIVER STORY-TELLING FESTIVAL (Friday 9 a.m.-3 p.m.)(Saturday 10 a.m.-4 p.m. & 7 p.m.-9 p.m.) This 7th annual festival is a 2 day event featuring popular storytellers from around Florida. Sponsored by the Stephen Foster Citizen Support Organization, the Florida Storytellers Guild and the Florida Park Service. Fee: $3 per person. On US 41 (904)397-2733 22-23 Pensacola at BIG LAGOON / PERDIDO KEY STATE RECREATION AREA Saturday at 8 a.m. EASTER EGG

Hunt The Kiwanis Club of Perdido Key hides hundreds of Easter eggs for the kids to find. Come early and enjoy the hunt. FREE. Meet at the park’s amphitheater. Sunday 23 (EASTER SUNRISE SERVICE 6:00 a.m.) Enjoy an Easter sunrise service overlooking the intercostals waterway and the Gulf of Mexico. FREE. Meet at the amphitheater of the park. Approx. 10 miles SW of Pensacola on CR 292A.

(850)492-159523 Point Washington, EDEN STATE GAR-DENS EASTER SUNRISE SERVICE (6:00 a.m.) Join us for our annual sunrise service at the picnic area overlooking scenic Tucker Bayou. Given by the Min-isterial Alliance of South Walton. Eden State Gardens which was once the home of the William Henry Wesley family is now a place of tranquility and contempla-tion. Yet, nearly 100 years ago, a visit to Eden State Gardens would have vibrated with the whir of mechanical and human energy of the westley Lumber Company. Guided Tours Thurs. - Mon., 9-4 hourly. E3 Located off US 98 on County Road 395. (850)231-4214.23 Wakulla Springs State Park and Lodge EASTER BUFFET (11:30 a.m.-2 p.m.) Experience a holiday tradition at historic Wakulla Springs Lodge with our delec-table buffet lunch. Reservations required. Located 14 miles South of Tallahassee on State Road 267 at State Road 61.Call (850)224-5950.26-27 White Springs, STEPHEN FOSTER STATE FOLK CULTURE CENTER,ANNUAL FLORIDA FOLK FESTIVAL (Gates open 8 a.m.-midnight) This re-nowned festival is an incredible three-day celebration of folk songs, music, dances, legends, crafts and other forms of tradi-tional expression which reflect the folk life of Florida. Cosponsored by the Department of State. (Fee To Be Announced). On US 41 (904)397-2733 28-30 Gainesville at Morningside Nature Center Living History Farm 22ND AN-NUAL FARM & FOREST FESTIVAL Friday 9am-1pm Sat-Sun.10am-5pmTurn-of-the-century farm life & environ-mental festival with crafts, animals, games, entertainment, & food. Contact:Gary Paul Phone:(904)334-2170 29 Gainesville at Fl. Museum of Natural History- UF Sensational Science Contact:

Mary Salvamoser (904)846-2000

May6-7 Fernandina Beach at Fort Clinch State Park. Federal (Union Army) Civil War Garrison and Living History. Candlelight tours for spectators on Saturday night. Contact the park at (904) 277-7223 or (904) 277-7274. 13 Talahassee at TORREYA STATE PARK CANDLELIGHT TOUR (5:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m.)Enjoy a medley of music while meeting reenactors representing theperiod 1850 to 1860 and learning about hearth cooking, sewing, candle making and blacksmithing. Also, the Big Bend Wildlife Sanctuary will be showing birds of prey. After sunset, we will give tours of the Gregory House, under the warm glow of candlelight, with ladies in period dresses throughout the house to help you step back in time. MAP H2 Located West on County Road 1641 off State Road 12, 13 miles North of Bristol. (850)643-267418 Gainesville at Florida Museum of Natu-ral History - UF International Museums Day Contact: Mary Salvamoser Phone: (904) 846-2000 18-20 Pensacola, Florida Historical Society 2000 ANNUAL MEETING “FLORIDA 2000 PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE”, Pensacola Grand Hotel , wynne@metrolink.net for more info TOLL-FREE NUMBER 1-888-224-152617-19 Palatka Battle of Horse Landing.

Rodehever’s Boy’s Ranch, 9.7 miles south of Palatka on Highway 19. Friday the 17th is Living History Day. Students from all schools in the area are invited to learn

(Above top) Tim Burke on horseback at De Soto Winter Encampment in Tal-lahassee. (Above) Even the dog got into the act. Mocha Efu works hard at her war dog impression. Photos by E. Neily

16th CenturyDeSoto’sWinterEncampment

16 St. Petersburg REPTILES OF THE WORLD at Great Explorations. Natu-ralist, Doug Scull and his slithery scaley friends. 1 and 3pm in The Pier rotunda. FREE. (727) 821-8992.20 Safety Harbor at Safety Harbor Mu-seum of Regional History. Vintage Photo-graphica lecture with civil war/reeactment photographer Fritz Kirch.2 p.m. Admission $2 reserved seating. (727) 726-1668.22 Kenansville Forever Florida’s Grand Opening and 1st Annual Earth Day Festival 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. For-ever Florida is a 4,600 acre preserve with swamp buggy tours, horseback trails, bike and walking trails, and a visitor center with restaurant and gift shop. Looking for any Florida living historians, reenactors, craft-ers, or performers. Contact Mella Jacobs, Events Manager 407-957-9794Forever Florida/Crescent J Ranch, 4755 N. Kenansville Road St. Cloud, FL 34773, (South of St. Cloud, Osceola County.)7.6 miles south of Holopaw on U.S. Highway 441. 1-888-957-9794 fax 407-892-5010

May

6-7 Deleon Springs, Spring Garden Plantation Raid, Civil War. Contact Bob Smethurst at (904) 749-1341.14 Bradenton at Desoto National Memo-rial 16th C. Living History Camp 10 a.m.

-4 p.m.

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South Florida

Fort Foster State Historic Site, Hillsborough River State Park,on Hwy 301, Thonotosassa, Fl.

Check our web site: Http://fortfoster.homep-age.com

Bryan Smith, historical interpreter at Roanoke Island Festival Park in Manteo, NC. is hosting a Veteran’s Day celebration weekend featuring different military eras from the 16th century on. We will provide a dinner, wood, and a campsite for your use. The event will start with a check in on Friday(registration), last from 10-4 on Saturday, then 10-3 Sunday. If you are interested, please contact him at :

BryanEII@yahoo.com,BryanAnna@beachlink.com, or 252-475-1500.

24th Annual NMLRA & NRLHF EASTERN PRIMITIVE RENDEZVOUS - Year 2000 A Pre-1840 Living History Encampment -

September 23 - October 1, 2000. An Exceptional Millennium Event.The Eastern Primitive Rendezvous is a large encampment of living history buffs portraying every man-ner of pre-1840 historical characters including French & Indian War soldiers, Colonial militia, frontier longhunters, mountain men, Native American Indians, plus a great variety of historic crafts and craftsmen. This event also includes historical craft and skills seminars, Highland Games, shooting events for the old timey muzzleloaders, and children’s activities. It is designed by and for history buffs and reenactors. If you like living history, don’t miss this event! Open to the public on two days only: Sunday, Sept. 24th from 9 AM until 4 PM and Sat., Sept. 30, 2000, from 9AM until 4PM. Admission: $3 ea., Kids under 12: Free.

HEAR YE! HEAR YE!

Central Florida

The drummer summons the troops during a surprise Seminole attack at Fort Foster Rendezvous in February.

The Battle for the Bridge

We can’t possibly attend all the events so, please, send us you pictures.Send S.A.S.E if you need them returned.

April5 Safety Harbor, Regional History Fair at Safety Harbor Middle School Media Cen-ter, sponsored by Safety Harbor Museum of Regional History and Safety Harbor Lions Club. Theme: Technology in Florida History. All students are eligible to enter. Contact (727) 726-1668.8 St. Petersburg, Rocket Building Work-shop at Albert Witted Airport Aviation Festival, presented by Great Explorations10am and St. Petersburg FESTIVAL OF STATES PARADE AND FAN CRAFTS Great Explorationswill join The PIER Trol-ley in the parade at 10am. Hands on fun in Straub Park. FREE. (727) 821-89929 Bradenton at Desoto National Memorial 16th C. Living History Camp 10 a.m. -4 p.m. Located at the northern terminus of 75th St. NW, Bradenton, Florida. Visitors can reach the park from I-75 or I-275. exit 42, follow State Road 64 west, for approxi-mately twelve miles to 75th Street NW. Turn right (north) onto 75th Street NW, and proceed two and five-tenths miles to the park. From I-275 exit 1, follow US-19 into Bradenton. Turn west onto State Road 64, for approximately five miles to 75th Street NW. Turn right (north) onto 75th Street NW, and proceed two and five- tenths miles to the park. Contact: (941) 792-0458 15 Ruskin, Grand Opening Heritage of the Ancient One’s Village at Camp Bayou. They are back! the ancient Florida people have returned and invite you to join them in a celebration of the opening of their village. You can also meet their dreaded enemies the 16th Century Spanish conquis-tadors. Perhaps they will roast Juan Ortiz on the barbecoa for you. who knows what surprizes lie in store for the adventurous. Bring a canoe of kayak to ply the waters of the Little Manatee River. Dead end on 24th Street SW on Little Manatee River Contact: Wynn Tatman (813) 641-8545 15 Sun City at Little Manatee River State Recreation Area SPRING FLING (10:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m.) Come and join us for our “Spring Fling.” Activities for the day will include egg events, games, pony rides, food, exhibits, hay rides, ranger led walks and nature displays. Park entrance fee. Located 5 miles South of Sun City, off US 301 on Lightfoot Road. (813) 671-5005. 15 St. Petersburg MY COMMUNITY ON MARS Millenium Construction Great Explorations. The Pier - 2nd Ave. N.E.Top ten Essay Contest winners will build their vision with K-Nex Building sets from 10-Noon. winners will be photographed and receive a Lifetime membership to the museum and enjoy a pizza party. The communities will be on display thru May 15. (727) 821-8992 15-16 Winter Garden, Battle of Flat Lake, Civil War. No spectators please. Skir-mishes anytime -anywhere. Night battle. Contact Bob Niepert (407) 877-0406 or at mayorbob@sprynet.com .

April8-9 Fort Myers, Civil War Show, Gun & Knife, Araba Shrine Temple, Saturday, 9-5 p.m. , Sunday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Admission: $5. For more information, contact: Lee County Gun Collectors, P.O. Box 6168, Fort Myers Beach, FL 33932, (941) 463-2840. 10 Davie Speaker: Stephen D. SingerA diver for over thirty years Steve has worked on a number of archaeological projects. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Environmental Science from New Eng-land College and has studied Underwater Archaeology at Nova University. He is an Associate Editor for Treasure Quest Maga-zine and other dive related publications. He is the author of Shipwrecks of Florida. He is the president of the non-profit Marine Ar-chaeological Council, Inc. Sponsored by the Broward County Archaeological Society, Inc. Broward County Archaeological So-ciety, 6820 Nova Dr., #6-201, Davie 33317

May5- 7 Ft. Myers, Florida Anthropological Society, 2000 Annual Meeting hosted by SWFAS, Holiday Inn Sunspee Resort, 2220 West First St, Ft. Myers Florida Contact: John G. Beriault, PO Box 9965,

Naples Fl 34101, jgberiault@aol.com19-21 Holly Hill, Battle of Bishop’s Farm, Florida. Friday the 19th will be school tours. Reenactors are needed to pro-vide demonstrations. This is the replace-ment event for the Altuna Raid. Contact David South, 5933 Estella Way, Orlando, FL 32809. Soldier registration: dsouth@orlandosentinel.com .

A Call For ReenactorsNovember 11, 2000

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archaeological sites from the period 9, 000 to 7,000 years ago. It seems like a time of populations colliding with each other. If the largest population of that time inhabited coastal zones, evidence of their existence would now be covered by 300 feet of Gulf waters. Were populations dislocated from the flooding shoreline, straining against a different people living in the interior? Migrations of native people from more northerly areas left traces along the river borders in northern Florida. Other popula-tions settling into coastal marshes relied heavily on shellfish from the estuaries of the Gulf. Cultures blended into one an-other, shifted and changed into something new. Borders did the same. It was a time of new transition and cultural adjustments may have begun to shake out into distinct geographical attitudes. The Gulf of Mexico is an enclosed system. As time went on, ideas, born from travel and trade, began to link these people to an extensive mound builder culture. It may have extended from Central America, up through the Mississippi valley and into Ohio, and back down to the Gulf Coast of Florida. But, the mound culture was not a static thing. It adapted, or it was adapted to lo-cal interpretations. Although it blossomed along the Gulf coast, mounds are found throughout the state. Each site has its own wonderful insight to makers. From central Atlantic Georgia south to Ocala, a confederation of states developed. According to Julian Granberry, languages influences from the Caribbean and South America can be detected in the speech which groups these people as Timucua. The Timucua language is complex, prob-ably reflecting its nearest neighbors, trade relationships, and triumphs in war. Along the Atlantic coast, a series of cultures grew up. Unlike the enclosed Gulf, the Atlantic coast sprawled along a single lane. The people developing there

were faced with a rigorous environment of barrier islands facing the great deep ocean. The easiest resources came out of the estu-aries and inter coastal waterway. The deeps beyond the wind swept beaches could be a turbulent passage for small boats. Still, what we know of the Timucua, suggests that the coastal states were involved with the islands to their south. The Ais, Jeaga (pronounced Wheaga), and Tequesta had historical alliances with the Caulsa. The Tequesta were a people of the Florida Keys north to Palm Beach and Fort Pierce. They hunted and fished the Miami River, the wide sweep of coastal pinelands, and the eastern side of the Everglades. In southwest Florida a distinct people developed. Known as the Calusa, their leg-acy is the amazing layout of city precincts. Places like Fort Center, Big Circle Mounds, Big Mound City, Mound Key, Marco Island and Pineland all offer evidence of a very unique architectural sophistication. Historically, the Calusa seemed to have functioned similar to a European kingdom with nobles and fealties. The problem is that the Spanish who wrote about the Calusa’s political system were rigidly devoted to the concept of “kingdom.” Everywhere in the Americas where the Spanish, French, and English landed, they tried to apply “kingdoms” to the political stucture of the people they met. Those no-tions still influence ideas about the ancient people even today. Europe’s environmental systems had been dramatically reduced by the glaciers which swept south trapping entire habitats between mountain ranges. Because Ameri-ca’s mountain ranges ran mostly parallel to the flow of ice, it had not suffered the same environmental destruction. The diversity of America’s environments led to the amazing variety of native cultures and their unique offering to the tapestry of human experi-ence. In Florida that story is woven into how our ancient folks lived within their available resources. Their intelligent use and development of them was reflected

in their society. The challenge that each people faces is a kind of dynamic bal-ance within the system in which they live. Over-harvesting leads to reduced resources the following year. Starvation leads to a weakened system which cam become the playground of disease. The wonderful cul-tures which developed in Florida worked towards sustainable resources by respond-ing to the environment in which they live. The Miami Circle, built by the Te-questa neighbors of the Calusa, exhibits the same expression of awareness. The ancient people of Florida wrote their story in the landscape. What does it mean? How do we make sense of it? Wherever you live in Florida, ancient feet have wandered. The sense of it may come in listening to the birds. If their song tells of dwindling wildlife, then how should we react? If Florida’s waters no longer contain an abundance of fish, what will we enjoy here in fifty years? We inherited a legacy from the past. What will we give to the future? The ancient people left us their hard-won story. If we can learn to listen to what they have to say, we may come to understand what this environment will bear.

Although the Crystal River Site was not one of the largest prehistoric temple mound complexes in central Florida, it is one of the best preserved. Note the two stele flanking the central mound in the drawing above. In the December 1971, Florida Anthropologist, Clark Hardman suggested that the stele were part of a solar observatory. Crystal River is a wonderful State-owned historical site and is open to the public. Thisillustration is after a drawing in William Morgan’s, Precolumbian Architecture in Eastern North America. See Book Reviews pg 12.

SEARCHING from front page

This is the Big Circle Mounds siteabout 15 miles south of Clewiston. Bulldozed for croplands, this site no longer exists. William Morgan re-constructed the site from aerial maps taken by Ross Allen.

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Florida Frontier Gazette was there!

January 2, 2000The DADE BATTLE - DECEMBER 28, 1835

For the best resource on this period tour the Florida Territoy during the Seminole (Florida) Wars 1792-1859 designed by scholar, Chris Kimball (above) on-line at http://www.GeoCities.com/CollegePark/Stadium/1528/

(Left) Greg Centane, a naval historican intrigues audiences with his authentic Swamp Sailer uniform and his knowledge of fighting along the coasts of Florida and in the Everglades.

Looking down the barrel of an 1835 muzzle loader

A quickly errected fort of felled pine logs offers little shelter as soldiers desparately defend themselves from the surprise Seminole attack.

Billy Cypress (left) portrayed Jumper as he narrated the Battle from the Seminoles view point.

The line was drawn but wet weather dampen the gun-powder making their desparate defense futile. All but one soldier of the troop of 100 died on that dreary day on the road to Ft. King (Ocala)

FILMS, FLIERS, FOSSILS & FROLICSWeedon Island After the Archaeology

Opening April 15, 2000

Following the Smithsonian Institution’s archaeological excavation in 1924, Weedon Island became the site for a variety of diverse activites which

utilized the island’s lush surroundings. Grand Central Airport, Sun Haven Movie Studios, and the San Remo Night Club all called Weedon Island home for a brief period of time in the 1920’s and 1930’s. Discover the fascinating history of this local landmark and learn why it played such an important role in the

development of St. Petersburg’s history.

Also Showing

Nostalgia Trippin’And on display in our First Flight Gallery

Project Apollo & The National Airlines Story

St. PetersburgMUSEUM of HISTORY

335 Second Avenue N.E., St. Petersburg, Florida 33701Visit our website at: www.ij.net/spmh/

(727) 894-1052 Hours: Monday.-Sat. 10-5 Sun. 1-5

Reservations are now being taken for the2000”Catch the Weedon Island Fever” Summer Camp.

Call the Museum of History for details.

Photos by Elizabeth Neily

Paynes Prairie Knap-in 2000

Terry Powell demonstrates woodworking skills of prehis-toric peoples.

Claude Van Order is a master of the ancient art of knapping chert into a Clovis point.

Photos byElizabeth Neily

Ice-freeCorridor

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For a long time it has been assumed that the first people entering the Americas came along the Ice-free Corridor around 12,000 years ago. New evidence sug-gests that people were here a lot earlier. Those ancient people may have used the coastal margins or even skin boats to explore new opportunities. The America they entered was very different than the place we call home.

In 1998, Al Goodyear made the deci-sion to dig deeper. What he found would help change a scientific belief which had kept the view of the first people who came into North America locked in chains. The accepted position on America’s first people stated that the earliest immi-grants arrived though the Ice-free Corridor around 11,500 years ago. During the gla-ciations, huge amounts of ice, more than a mile thick, covered all of Canada. When that happened, the earth’s oceans lost about 300 feet. The area connecting the Eastern Siberian landscape to Alaska and the rest of North America was well out of the water. The problem was crossing all that ice. With little life able to exist on it and with huge swallowing crevasses, it was impossible to cross. As the Glaciers broke down, an Ice-free Corridor opened between the glaciers along the Pacific Coast and the huge mass of ice capping the rest of Canada east. The opening of that passage happened about 11,500 years ago. An artifact, found in Clovis, New Mexico, dating from about the time of that passage became the “defining point.” The Clovis Point was actually found mixed in a bison kill site. For many, the notion of the Clovis Culture just didn’t feel right. It was too clear. It left no room for the variations found in the Native People of the Amer-ica’s. Prehistory and especially human prehistory is complicated with luck in the field which is linked with the luck of pres-ervation. It is hard to imagine that anyone will ever find the hearth of the first people on their first day in America. Prehistoric North America was so different than it is today. Traveling south from the mass of ice, the western part of the U.S. was much wetter than it is today. Large lakes were splashed across the land-scape of Utah, Nevada, and Oregon. Sand drifts covered expanses of Nebraska. The central plains were a checkered board of forest and meadow. Florida was twice its present size. Those ancient people needed to feed their families. They would have looked for consistent resources which were easy to obtain. If people lived just along the coastal areas of Florida, their sites would be covered by 300 feet of salt water. That evidence would have been tumbled and mixed into bottom debris. Those artifacts could have come from a canoe overturned in a storm at a much later time. Instead of answers, many thoughtful people in the field wondered where and how to look for evidence. In the early 1970’s Louis Leaky came to America to look for an earlier prospect. He was not kindly treated by the establish-ment. In 1987, Natural History magazine published an entire series on finds which seemed to indicate earlier dates. Monte Verde was one of the sites Natural His-tory mentioned. These notions were just not taken seriously and Monte Verde has become the focus of hot debate. Today scientists like Dr. Albert Good-year are testing the soil for a better insight to early man. What follows is a conversation with Al Goodyear.Hermann Trappman Hi Al. How’s the weather up in South Carolina?Al Goodyear We are enjoying warmer weather now which is heightening our interest in returning to our excavation in Allendale this May.H.T. Where did you grow up?A.G. I was born and raised in St. Pe-tersburg, Florida in the 1950’s and 60’s.H.T. What drew your curiosity toward the past?A.G. In second grade we had a unit on

DIGGING DEEPERAn Interview with Dr. Albert Goodyear

by Hermann Trappman

© Hermann Trappman

the natural heritage of Florida and I was drawn to Florida’s natural beauty and the Seminole Indians. When I was eight, my grandmother, Ethel Sherrell, gave me a small collection of arrowheads found in Missouri. That really fired up my imagina-tion about Indians and the past.H.T. Were there folks in the commu-nity who encouraged your enthuasism?A.G. In junior high, I began to hear about prehistoric sites in Pinellas County and to meet other young people who had an interest in local archaeology. Not long after that, I met Dr. Lyman Warren and Frank Bushnell, accomplished avocational archaeologist, who had been working with Dr. Ripley Bullen from the Florida State Mu-seum in Gainesville. Warren and Bushnell had a strong effect on me as they were trained scientists and were at that time publishing their findings in the Florida Anthropologist.

H.T. What influenced you to turn your interest into a career?A.G. I brought my hobby of archaeol-ogy with me to college. Because of my deep interest in the subject, I sought out related courses and obtained a bachelor’s degree in anthropology. The more I got into it, the more I felt a calling to make it a career.H.T. Were did you go to college?A.G. I went to St. Petersburg Jr. Col-lege, University of South Florida, Uni-versity of Arkansas, and Arizona State University (Ph.D).H.T. Why did you choose to study North America’s ancient people instead of say… Egypt or Europe?A.G. Early in my life as an avocational archaeologist growing up in PinellasCounty, I had found or observed early prehistoric sites and stone tools which aroused my interest in the really ancient. I think much of my interest in Early Man was a result of being stimulated by these finds, especially sites that were being dredged up from Tampa Bay. From there to a career as a professional, I’ve always been curious about the earliest humans in North America, or to what has been known heretofore as Paleoindian.H.T. What were some of your early discoveries which helped channel your quest?A.G. As I said, finding early sites and tools such as Suwannee points in my youth whetted my appetite for Paleoindian stud-ies. Bullen, Warren and Bushnell were

documenting Florida’s Paleoindian record at that time, so it was very exciting as a young person to be associated with them. My interests and beginnings of original re-search in Paleoindian came together when I had the good fortune to work with Dr. Dan F. Morse of the Arkansas Archeological Survey. I studied in the field and lab with Dan from 1969-1971 and worked as his assistant in the excavation of the Brand site, a unique 10,000 year old Dalton site in northeast Arkansas. I wrote up the results of our work as my masters thesis, published in 1974 as a monograph by the Arkansas Archeological Survey.H.T. Did your curiosity focus on any aspect of the ancient drama in North America?A.G. As a student of Paleoindian, you inevitably must be concerned withancient environments, particularly as the world left the ice age of the Pleistocene and evolved into the modern climate of the Holocene. This is otherwise known as the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. It took place all over the world about 10,000 yars ago and it was a time of dramatic en-vironmental change. The really fascinating thing is that human beings were right in the middle of it. And now, with the discovery of pre-Clovis (pre 12,000 yr BP) sites in South and North America, the quest is to learn about early humans in a fully Pleis-tocene world in the western hemisphere. Which brings me to the Topper site dis-covery in South Carolina. Because of the geological nature of the Topper site find, a team of environmental scientists must be assembled to adequately understand the site’s context. Dr. Mike Wa-ters, a geoarchaeologist from Texas A and

M, Dr. Steve Forman, a geochronologist from the University of Illinois at Chicago, Dr. Tom Stafford, a radiocarbon chemist of Stafford Laboratories in Boulder, and Dr. John Foss, soil morphologist from the University of Tennessee, are all working on dating the Topper site and reconstruct-ing the ancient environment. In addition to these scientists, we have support from the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology here at the University of South Carolina, and the help of many volunteers and supporters of our research.H.T. Your recent research at the Topper Site, in Allendale County, South Carolina, has helped drive back the dates of the evidence for the early people in North America. What led to those discoveries?A.G. The discovery of the Topper site is kind of a long story, but suffice it to say, it is the direct result of maintaining a sus-tained research interest in one region of the Savannah River valley for nearly 20 years. It is a discovery of the Allendale Paleoindian Expedition, a yearly excavation program for the public which has allowed us to explore several important Paleoindian sites. The Topper site had been known about since 1981 and partially excavated, searching for classic Paleoindian occupations. Because of finds made in South America, especially Monte Verde in Chile, and a site called Cactus Hill in Virginia, in 1998, I decided to excavate deeper at Topper in the hopes of possibly finding pre-Clovis remains. The rest, as they say, is history.H.T. What is important about under-standing these ancient origins?A.G. In a way, studying human origins of the ancient past is as much about us in the present as it is people in the past. There seems to be a common desire in all people to know where they came from, whether its through the study of family geneology or ancient hominid fossils. Part of your identity is bound up in who and where you came from. And I think equally important is a related question of how as a species did we begin? In other words, what is the origin of mankind?H.T. How does it help the average person to know when the first people came to the Americas?A.G. For Americans, our story is get-ting a little more complicated fast. Previ-ously, the standard textbook story was the ancestors of the American Indians, i.e., Pa-leoindians, came over here around 12,000 years ago and nobody was here before that. That would be the Clovis culture see Digging page 7...

(Left) Al Goodyear sifts though the dirt to find evidence of pre-Clovis occupations. (Below) Volunteers learn excavation techniques and artifact identification.

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of U.S. fame. Sites older than 12,000 are being found in South America and now even North America so the old story of “Clovis first” isn’t working anymore. Not only that, but some skeletons found which date between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago in both South and North America are not typical American Indian or Mongoloid types. Kennewick Man, for example, is only about 9,000 years old but is not a Mongoloid skeletal type. The implica-tion is that different human populations, albeit Asians, came into the western hemisphere perhaps prior to the ancestors of the American Indian even within the Holocene. If people were in South and North America well before 12,000 years ago, what racial types were they and where did they come from? So, our story as citizens of the western hemisphere is not completely known. And, what is being discov-ered indicates that it is a lot more complicated than we thought. The Allendale Paleoindian Expedition is an excavation program where members of the public come help excavate along side profes-sionals in our search for the earliest humans in the Savannah River valley. Since 1996, we have

been using volunteers who sign up for a week at a time by making a tax deductible donation to the University and provide the excavation labor for our digs. We have had people come back year after year from as far away as Maine and Florida. They are at least 18 years old but of all ages and from all walks of life. And they all share a passion for discovering Early Man.H.T. Any thoughts for young folks going into the field of archaeology? What should they be looking for?A.G. Begin subscribing to magazines such as Archaeology, Discovering Archae-ology, and National Geographic. There are numerous outstanding presentations of archaeology on television, especially some of the Nova programs. Join the Florida Anthropological Society, read the present past issues of their journal, The Florida Anthropologist, and become active in one of the many local chapters of the Florida Anthropological Society. They usually have excellent meeting programs and participate in a way with professionally organized digs.

Visit the recreatedTimucuan Native Village of Ucita

Come help us Celebrate our

GRAND OPENING

Digging from page 6.

•

Ancient Natives Return!

www.ancientnative.org

on the Little Manatee River in Ruskin

Saturday April 15, 2000

12 Noon until we get tired... ...Bring your canoe or kayak

...Camera

Some of the happy volunteers who assisted at last year’s Allendale Paleoindian Expedition. Visit it on-line at http://www.cla.sc.edu/sciaa.html.

For Information or Reservations call(813) 641-8545 or (904) 824-3325

Let’s Go To...All Items Prepared Fresh Daily

Serving the area’s best Breakfast • Lunch • Dinner

Family Owned and Operated Since 1990

Hours:Mon-Sat 8am-8pm

Sun 8am-2pm

3808 Sun City Center Blvd.Wal-Mart Plaza (Across from Comfort Inn)

633-BOYS (633-2697)

Visit the Book NookLocated at the Ruskin Bay Company

102 W. Shell Point Road W. • Ruskin • 33709 (813) 649-9090

A cozy little room filled with popular and collectible paperback and hardcover books. Leonard also prints custom T-shirts... Drop by and share a cup of tea with him on Tuesday and Wednesday.

OPEN: Tuesday - Friday 11-5 • Saturday 11-3

RUSKIN HOUSE BREAD & BREAKFAST

Historic 1910 Victorian Home on 3 acres beside Ruskin Inlet• Antique Furniture • Hardwood Floors• Rocking Chairs on the Porches• Southern Hospitality

120 Dickman Drive S.W. Ruskin, FL 33570 (813) 646-3842$75 per evening including an Expanded Continental Breakfast

Living History Musem at Camp Bayou Nature Preserve

Imagine flying over an Eden of emerald islands encircled by cream-colored beaches and an ocean of cerulean blue. Some of the islands are large and laced with clear streams which flash like silver ribbons through the overhanging forest. Some of the islands are low and marshy on their inland side. Salt marsh fields are bordered by the stilt-legged red mangroves. Smaller islands are covered in a blizzard of nesting birds. Imagine standing on the beach, a fresh breeze playing through your hair, the surf splashed with silver and gold sun reflections. That scene so beautiful, holds its tension too. Out there, where the water plunges into deep blue, is a 50 foot torpedo of shark. The Carcharodon meglodon, a relative the modern white shark, still hunts these waters. A dip in this ocean has plenty of risk. But we’re not headed for deep water. We’ll snorkel some of the shallower bayous of ancient Florida about 3.5 million years ago. We’re looking for the ancient shellfish which made this Eden their home. The modern shellfish which inhabit our coasts are beautiful, but they pale beside some of their ancient relatives. Back then, the ocean reached around the world. The tides poured through the narrows separating South America and Central America. Shellfish from the Pacific shared the Atlantic waters. In shallow estuaries, where fresh water mixed with salt, shoals of oysters as big as the spread of your hand, filtered the incom-ing tides for food. In its ebb, the tide washed the waste away. There, colorful starfish hunted an opportune meal. Unable to cut through the layers of oyster shell, they looked for an unwary shellfish. If they found one just slightly ajar, the starfish had a chance. Strong arms kept the shell apart enough to insert the starfish’s stomach. The oyster was eaten right inside its own shell. Nearer the stream’s mouth, mussels clustered on the spindly roots of red man-groves. Five inches long, the mussels in their midnight blue shells, hung in hands. Discarded shells, their pearly insides catch-ing the rolling glint of sunlight, littered the bottom. This was a shadowy world where olive-black mangrove crabs skittered along the prop roots and limbs. Large Golden Orb spiders hung between branches. Further along the shore, wandering through the tangle, the mussels were replaced by Flat Tree Oysters. Delicate Bubble shells and the halves of tiny clams were deposited between tree roots. Seaweed’s, torn from distant sandy bottoms, sloshed up around the elongated mangrove fingers. They formed a carpet

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CALL 727-525-6609 FOR A FREE CATALOG OF FLORIDA BOOKS

the first floridians no longer live here…

…but we know quite a lot about them, thanks to scientific examination of the mounds and other artifacts they left behind. This book is fascinating for all ages, has lots of sidebars, photographs and illustrations, and is organized by county. Do you live on an old Indian mound?@ Size 51/2” x 81/2”, 320 pageS, paperback,

$14.95 at your local bookSeller.

who was the first black man in america?

Estevanico, a Moorish slave, was perhaps the most lively, charismatic member of the 16th-century Narvaéz expedition, but he’s completely unknown to most people. Read this histori-cal novel to learn how he prevailed over early Florida’s hazards (and captured the hearts of Indian maidens!).

Size 51/2” x 81/2”, 256 pageS, paperbac

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with a strong peppery aroma. Tiny flies swarmed over the mats of seaweed. Caught in a ray of sunlight, a thick spiral casing cast aside by hatched whelk eggs dried on top of the matted weeds. Fallen leaves from mangroves added further mulch to the shadey bottom. There, between the stilt legs, was a world of tiny hunters and their prey — Blue Crabs haunted this shadowy margin. Stingrays drifted in like stealth bombers and nestled into the sandy bottom. Just beyond, a magical world began. Tube worms threw up spiraling umbrellas of delicate pink. Between the long blades of waving eel grass, giant scallops opened colorful shells to feed. Their halves were ringed with translucent baby blue tentacles and dark metallic blue eyespots along their base. Spiny Jewel Boxes, a lacework of pink and pastel yellow arching up from their shells, are tucked between the dark-green fronds. Their shelly lace kept predatory snails from getting close to their shelter. These shallows are home to Fighting Conchs, Banded Tulips, Whelks, and Horse Conchs. All of these critters hunt oysters, clams, and scallops. Joining the hunters, we see occasional murex shells. Their variety is from the robust Apple Murex to the delicate Lace Murex and small Murex Textilis. This little murex has thin curled folds running its length.

Proproots of Red Mangroves embrace a world of beginnings, support-ing an amazing variety of life Their shadows are home to tiny creatures which feed on the leaf litter. Each system provides food for the next, attracting game fish like snook and reds.

Snail. Gliding across the debris, like a large spike, is Turret shell. From its dark brown tip, it shades toward a beautiful pastel orange opening. This Turritella apicalis has never been seen since the end of the Pliocene. With the increase in depth, it is easy to see the ribbons of sunlight. Changing kaleidoscopic patterns of light dance across the bottom. A Giant Eastern Murex hunts the there. It won’t care if its pray is another predator or not. Here in these seemingly gentle shallows, the battle for life goes on. Between the blades of sea grass there is a hint of orange stripes. It’s a Cone shell. It too is a hunter. About 2.5 million years ago the isth-mus of Panama finally closed, cutting off

As we splash further out, a new envi-ronment unfolds. Sandy places are littered with the halves of clams in a great variety. The bottom in these places is prismatic with color. The long narrow shells of Razor Clams, in sunset tints, are mixed with the pearly burple-blue of Pen Shells and the robust orange and yellow of Even Cockles. Rusty red Hermit crabs scuttle over Rose Petal Tellins, wearing the discarded shells of the Scotch Bonnet and the Sharks Eye

the flow of oceans. Some goephysical con-dition would initiate the ice ages. Florida would rise above the shrinking tides. The Gulf of Mexico would contract. With each warming trend, the oceans came rolling back. As glaciations melted, they poured an ocean worth of fridgid fresh water down the Mississippi and into the Gulf. All of these conditions strained the lifeway of the shellfish living here. Some of these shells no longer live in Florida’s Gulf waters. Today, these ancient scenes are found eroding out along the banks of rivers or in shell mines. Their colors lost in the past, these beautiful sculptings of nature are truly descriptions of ancient environments.

Vasum locklini has no common name. Extinct by the end of the Pliocene Epoch, no human ever saw a living specimen.

Murix textilisTurritella pontoni

Pectinidae

DIVING INTO FLORIDA’S PAST by Hermann Trappman

Historic St. A.

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722 Pasadena Ave. S. St. Petersburg, FL 33707(7 blocks off Central Ave.& 66th St..) (813) 345-2800

Bagpipes • Harps• FlutesDrums • Tapes & CD’sCrystals • Metaphysical BooksGold & Siver Jewelry

OPENTUES. - SAT.11 AM - 7 PM

Spring Break Camps

Summer CampsJune-Augusy

Call for brochureof fun activities

at our day camps.

MonthlyAstronomy Viewing

and Lazer Shows• Telescope viewing

Laser shows ($2)• Planetarium Show ($1)

7701 22nd Ave. N.St. Petersburg, Florida 33710

(727) 384-0027

Rendezvous KidsChildren are a very special part of the Rendezvous circuit in Florida. Look around and you will find tiny babes-in-arms to young men in training to be a soldier. this is a photo documentary of just a few we have met.

Photos byElizabeth Neily &Ann St. Charles

April 17 - 20

recorded of the early expeditions: life in Ucita before the Spanish arrival, the Narvaéz incident when Cacique Hirahigua lost his nose and his mother was thrown to the war dogs in the conquistador’s search for GOLD. While Juan Ortiz was roasted on the barbecue in retalliation he was saved from a long agonizing death by the Cacique’s wife and daughter. He is finally recued with the coming of the DeSoto Expedition and goes on to becoming a guide for DeSoto. Then there was Pedro Menéndez search for shipwreck captives in the Indian encampments and the confrontations of the different Indian nations (some with European support) Everyone had a good time with the sketches and the video taken should be interesting. Both Saturday and Sunday was filled with visitors to the camps - -Many of the visitors were the volunteers who have worked to help get Camp Bayou started and are continuing to help the park programs become a reality. The 16th Century School is open every year to people interested presenting or studying early Florida history. - (Indian, Spanish, French, English).We are always looking for interested individuals and families to join in making Florida history come alive. The 16th century calendarof events is busy throughout the year with demonstrations, museum and state / national park programs.Come join us on a weekend - in 16th Century Florida to talking about the year’s coming events for 16th century.

The Florida Frontier Gazette was there...Story and photos by Sheila Benjamin and Ann St. Charles

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School of the 16th Century January 27, 2000

Good Food. An army marches on it’s stomach!

Turtle Woman, Hirahigua’s wife, saved Juan Ortiz from an agonizing death on the barbecoa.He goes on to guide the DeSoto Expedition. (L to R) Wynn Tat-man, Tim burke, Johnny Shaffer, Doug Pommel, Collin King.

(Above) Jackie Shaffer and Brad Spear. A smart Woman should practice shoot-ing the crossbow. You never know when you might need to defend yourself in the Florida wilderness.

Johnny and Jackie Shaffer of Tallahassee feed their pet kid, Darlin’. Johnny often pourtrays Juan Ortiz, who is rescued by the De Soto after 10 years of living with the Indians.

Storytelling around a blazing fire There is no better way to pass an evening in 16th C. Camp.

Ah! Siestas are a perfect way to interpret early Spanish life!

by Sheila Benjamin The annual January gathering of the 16th Century Living History demonstra-tors and re-enactors was held this year in a new location. Previously held in St. Augustine, the new site is on the Little Manatee River at Camp Bayou (Ruskin, Florida), near the site of the original Camp Ucita of the early 1500’s. The camp is reclaiming a Florida woodlands which will become a Hillsborough County park with nature center, Indian village - Ucita, and early animals of Prehistoric Florida museum when complete. The Indian village is the dream project of Wynne Tatman a.k.a. Turtle woman - - She and Doug Pommel aka Many Names are building a council house and village with palisade - - It will be a place for school groups and families to come and learn about early Florida. The camp set-up included an Indian village and a Spanish encampment. Many of the 16th century school re-enactors par-ticipating in the two day event came from across the state of Florida. Those attending kept busy sharing the old stories, discuss-ing life and travel in the 16th century, watching demonstrations, learning about Indian and Spanish period crafts and cook-ing. They studied Indian and Spainsh tools and weapons, practiced bow and crossbow shooting, black powder with the arquebus and canon. They also learned about Indian and Spanish medicines of the period. One of the highlights this year was a series of skits concerning the earliest European contact history of Florida with Narvaéz, DeSoto and Menéndez expedi-tions. The sketches included the events

Are you interested in finding out more about the livily 16th century? Are you interested the clothing and weapons of the 16th century? Are you interested in the music of the New World in the 16th century?Are you interested in sailing and boating in the 16th century? Are you interested in fishing and hunting in the 16th century? Are you interested in sketching the 16th century? Are you interested in what the original Florida living was like for the early Indians and settlers? Are you interested in learning “old world” crafts or arms? Are you interested in becoming a ‘Living History” story teller?

Are you interested in finding out about the life styles of the rich and poor - French, Spanish, English in Florida? Are you interested in the Indians of Florida in the contact period?Are you one who enjoys dressing in strange ‘Period” clothing and talking with accents? Anyone interested a 16th century “liv-ing history’ demonstrators or re-enactors can contact the following people for more information:Bryan Bowman - St Augustine(904) 824-9823Tim Burke - Bradenton941 - 953-7723 Elizabeth Neily - St. Petersburg(727) 321-7845 John Shaffer - Tallahassee(850)539-8460

(Below Right) Cacique Turtle Woman greets the Spanish visitors as she is carried into camp by her faithful servants, Many Names and Spotted Eagle..

NEEDED! VOLUNTEERS FOR THE 16TH CENTURY

For some of the best information about the 16th century on theWorld Wide Web visit CALDERON COMPANY’S homepage...

http://members.home.net/calderon/

Photos byAnn St. Charles

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Safety Harbor Museumof Regional History

329 Bayshore Blvd. S., Safety Harbor, FL Phone: (727) 726-1668Tuesday -Friday 10a.m. - 4p.m. Saturday & Sunday 1p.m - 4p.m.

A Florida History and Archaeological Museum

DUNEDIN HISTORICAL SOCIETYAndrews Memorial Chapel c. 1888

Sunday Tours 2 pm - 4 pm

Available for Weddings, Concerts, Tours.1899 San Mateo Drive, Dunedin.

Dunedin Historical MuseumRailroad Station c. 1922

341 Main Street, Dunedin, FLExhibits related to

Dunedin and Florida History

Museum Programs1890’s Vintage Baseball Games at Otten Field, Dunedin

1920’ History of Dunedin and Dunedin IslesTill May 31, 2000

60th Anniversary Exhibit of Honeymoon IslesJune 20 through November 18, 2000

Museum Hours: Tuesday - Saturday 10 am - 4 pmFor information call (727) 736-1176

A local trip to the past in a hidden resi-dential place on the Manatee River shores in Bradenton, Florida - - It is a place that one can spend a leisurely afternoon walk-ing the shoreline and nature trails among the mangroves and Florida forests, visit-ing the DeSoto museum, watching a film on the early Spanish expeditions in cool theatre or wandering about the campsite of Camp Ucita . Throughout the season, the park rang-ers give nature programs on the tidewater/mangrove area of the park, “16th cenury period” programs on the early expedi-tions on DeSoto and other explorers, demonstrate the Spanish weapons brought

with them (cross bow, arquebus, armor, etc.) - The National Park volunteers do demonstrations of camp life throughout the year (usually once a month) - Some of the highlights of the park volunteer programs include the 16th century armor and school in the fall and spring, the 16th century Christmas in Florida complete with period music, dancing, pinata breaking and monthly demostrations of camp life at Camp Ucita - - This small National Park is on the way to Brandenton/ Holmes Beach off of 64 West at the North end of 75th Street. It is well worth a stop and place to cool down during the hot summer days.

A GEM OF PARKS -De SotoNational Memorial Park by Sheila Benjamin

(Above Left to Right) Sheila Benjamin, Tim Burke, Doug Pommel and Nancy Robinson enjoy the cool breezes from the mouth of the Manatee River at sunset. Can you beat the Florida reenacting scene in winter?

Paying homage- kissing the hand that bleeds you? Juan Calderon set up camp on themouth of Manatee river in 1539.

Candlelight adds a sense of mystery tothe atmospher at DeSoto Memorial. Denise Spear is a park ranger at the park when she is not portraying one of the few women who accompanied the governor.

Pinatas are a very old Span-ish tradition which everyone enjoys at special festivals like the Christmas camp at DeSoto Memorial. (Above) Denise Spear gives it a whack.

Now it’s your turn to play Juan!

April22nd Shark Egg Hunt: Join The Pier Aquarium and The Pier in welcoming Radio Disney for a day of egg-hunting. Come search for “shark eggs” on the beach and make a memento of the treasure you may find inside! 2pm-4pm at Spa Beach and Education Station. $2.00/participant.May13th Kids Fishing Tournament: Kids 12 & under (accompanied by an adult): Grab your favorite pole and join The Pier Aquarium for a day of fishing and fun! Registration at 8:30am, fishing from 9am-11am, prizes

and trophies awarded 11am-Noon. Entertainment provided throughout the event. Located at The Pier (outdoor). $1.00/participant.27th Tampa Bay Walks The Talk (pt 1): Join The Pier Aquarium for a day of “Catchin’ Critters Knee Deep!” Learn about the animals that call Tampa Bay their home. 11am-1pm at Spa Beach and Education Station. $2.00/participant.June10th Tampa Bay Walks The Talk (pt 2): Join The Pier Aquarium for a seine net pull and coastal clean up of Spa Beach! Learn about the animals that call Tampa Bay their home. Also learn what the most common and unusual items of marine debris are found along our beach, and how they affect our marine environment. 11am-1pm at Spa Beach and Education Station. $2.00/participant.24th Tampa Bay Walks The Talk (pt 3): Perform water quality tests in Tampa Bay, compare it to the Gulf of Mexico, and find out how pollution enters the Bay, affects its health, and what we can do to prevent it. 11am-1pm at Spa Beach and Education Station. $2.00/participant.

800 Second Ave. North East • Suite 200 • St. Petersburg, FL 33701

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elements to each other and to the natural environment. Some environmental char-acteristics that precolumbian American architects may have considered when location and planning their settlements ap-parently included the proximity of a nearby watercourse for drinking water, hygiene, fishing, and possibly transportation, views of dominant topographic features, such as a distant island or nearby valley; sufficient elevation to avoid flooding and to afford a refuge for outlying hamlets; sufficient distance from other settlements to assure appropriate areas for hunting, gathering, or agriculture, proximity to varied ecologi-cal zones to provide food supplies under changing natural conditions; and acces-sibility for trade or communications. An example of placing elements with respect to a dominant topographic feature is mound royal on the east bank of the St. Johns River near Lake George in Florida. The site consists of a pond connected by a long sunken avenue to a conical mound. The axis of these elements aligned with a small but well-defined island at the north end of the lake, creating a remarkable sense of place still evident today. This book is an excellent addition to the studies of the precolumbian Native

Americans.•

of the cliffs and canyons and ruins, all chiseled into rugged, life-sized diorama. To the left, Fewkes Canyon ran away from us, cradling four major ruins within its em-brace. Accross the jagged, narrow canyon, Sun Temple, a small complex of sandstone buildings, perched boldly on the opposite sun-splashed bluff. Numerous sets of ruins of varying sizes popped into view to grab and hold the scanning eye… below and off to the right, I spotted the magnificent cluster of masonry build-ings known as Cliff Palace tucked under an eroded-out overhang in the face of the sandstone cliff. That’s the site I was particu-larly interested in visiting, For it was photos of these fabulous ruins that had helped di-vert my attention from mesoamerica to the Southwest Further to the right and closer to the canyon floor sat Sunset House. another cluster of masonry dwellings. most sites were surprisingly well preserved consider-ing their antiquity, although there have been

some restorations in modern times. •

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AN OUNCE OF PRESERVATIONA Guide to the Care of Papers and Pho-tographsby Craig A. TuttleRainbow Books, Inc.ISBN 1-56825-021-5$12.95 An Ounce of Ppreservation is an excellent little guide. Packed with infor-mation on identification of papers, inks and different photographic methods. Tuttle clearly describes different kinds of damage which may occur to valuable family papers and how to treat them. He points out the best place to store important historical or personal documents. An Ounce of Ppreservation does a good job of describing repair and clean-ing. Its main thrust is preservation through preservation and care. The information on preservation supplies lists suppliers. The book is supported with a glossary and sources for additional information. This is ahandy reference for indepen-dent collectors as well as smaller public institutions. Below follows an excerpt on:Writing Inks Prior to the 20th century, most writing inks were either carbon or oak-gall-based solutions. Carbon based inks are composed of carbon, natural gums and water. still used by artists and calligraphers, carbon based ink is extremely durable and resistant to the deteriorative effects of humidity, air and light/ Iron Gall ink, used from the 17th to the early 20th century, is a mixture of iron sulfate, oak galls, arabic gum and water. Unlike carbon-based inks, iron gall is acidic, fades to varying shades of brown and eventually burns through the paper. Present-day inks used in ball-point, fountain and felt-tip pens are composed of synthetic solvents, resins and dyes which have a low to moderate resistance to excessive humidity and light. These inks, when exposed to adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time will fade, run and stimulate chemical reactions

which accelerate paper deterioration. •

THE TREE THAT BENDSby Patricia Riles WickmanUniversity of Alabama PressISBN 0-8173-0966-7Paperback $ Sometimes a book comes out which has real political and legal implications. This may be such a book. A background in the debate of tribal origins of the south-east and recent political aspirations are an important foundation for understanding the nature of this book. The Timucan people was a name given to a confederation of tribes by the First Contact Period Spanish.

The confederation extended from southern Georgia, south through the central part of Florida to Ocala. Ocala is a Timucuan name which has been passed down all these years. According to Wickman, Attempts to classify the linguistic affilia-tions of this latter group, known today by the single term Timuguana or Timucan, have engendered much controversy, principally among archaeologists. Ultimately, how-ever, it would be impossible to segergate this region from the Mississippian picture, as if these peoples had existed in a total linguistic exclusion despite their geographic and cultural inclusion. Moreover, the larger areas of controversy make these people an excellent example of many of the cultural processes that are reexamined and rede-fined in the present work. John Hann’s recent study, A History of the Timucuan Indians and Missions, makes it quiet clear. Their zone of occupation, ex-tended across much of what is today north Florida and south Georgia, was controlled by at least fourteen or fifteen distinct tribes, speaking as many as eleven separate dialects of a common language. Whether these dialects ultimately had theirorigins in the core Maskoki Language or comprised a discrete base language with numerous Maskoki borrow words remains a subject of conjecture… After describing the European view that the Natives of Florida left for Cuba as this state came under British control, she continues: As one anthropologist sum-merized this explicit view, “Florida did not remain empty of native peoples. During the first half of the eighteenth century, Creek Indians moved southward into Florida, often occupying lands previously inhabitated by Apalachee and Timuguana peoples. These Creeks were the ancestors of the modern Seminole and Miccosukee peoples” (em-phasis added). Wickman expounds an interesting argument— that remnants of the Timucuan people, as well as Maskoki newcomers, are actually the modern Seminoles. The ideas and conclusions put forth by Patricia Wickman require intense scholarly consideration. The Tree That Bends is a book with powerful implications for all Floridians and because of that, I would recommend this book to anyone who is interested in Seminole Indians, their his-

tory, or their economic / political future.•

PRECOLUMBIAN ARCHITECTUREIn Eastern North Americaby William N. MorganUniversity Press of FloridaISBN 0-8130-1659-2Paper $19.95 William Morgan uses his enthusiasm for precolumbian Native American archi-tecture in his work as a modern architect. His practical experience flows back into this book which is full of drawings illustrat-ing the sophistication of the ancient build-ers. After visiting numerous sites he writes: In the simplest of terms, this study suggests that we may be wise to stop destroying our architectural heritage, examine it further, and possibly learn from it with the view of rendering our future built environment

more livable. A central concern of archi-tecture is the relationship of architectural

IN SEARCH OF LOSTCIVILIZATIONSAdventures in Archaeologyby Thom TanseyRainbow Books, Inc.ISBN 1-56825-047-9Paperback $14.95 Many folks came to the enthuasism of archaeology through its sense of adventure. IN SEARCH OF LOST CIVILIZATION captures that feel of adventure again. Al-though the author is visiting well known sites, his writing style makes you look around every corner with a sense of dis-covery and excitement Well written with an easy interesting style, Thom Tansey writes for a general

audience. The vans next stopped at Sun Point for one of the best views of Mesa Verde, which provided a breathtaking panorama

CRY OF OUR NATIVE SOULOur Instinct for Creation-centered Spiritualityby Patricia J. McWhorter, Ph.D.Rainbow Books, Inc.ISBN 1-568250-067-3Paperback $12.95 Beautifully written, this book inspired me send a letter of thanks to the author. American’s see themselves as a nation of religious freedom. Often that freedom seems circumscribed by a single powerful religious doctrine. The major religions have the power of mass media. We live in a world of beliefs. Like everything human

there is a lot of controversy within the major religions themselves. As a student of humanity and history I was overjoyed at Ms. McWhorter’s book. She treats her subject with respect, thought, and sensitivity. I also applaud Rainbow books, Inc., for taking the risk. We can never understand the perspective of the ancient people without this kind of insight. Thousands of stars shimmered and sparkled against the jet black Arizona night sky. They seemed alive in their brilliance. As I stared into the heavens, I listened to the mantra-like rhythm of an elderly Hopi man sitting across from meas he spun his ancient tales. His wise humility warmed the cool summer night…Hours passed in a blink of an eye. Then, imperceptibly at first, the sun began to creep over the horizon. Ever so

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gradually, darkness was erased by the streaming light. Just as unobtrusively, the elder Hopi began to softly chant. His vol-ume, however, soon rose with his passion Suddenly, he jumped from his seat with face and arms outstretched to the heavens. In his heartfelt cry to the universe, he con-tinued to sing out while slowly turning to honor each of the four directions; and just as my spirit began to soar in response to the spiraling energy, he abruptly stopped and held out his hand in a silent invitation to join him. As we moved through this ancient ritual to greet the new day, something resonated deep within my being. A small inner voice reminded me that I had always known these ways it shook me to my core that my soul remembered. In that same moment, I was awestruck by the beauty surrounding me and for the miracle of being alive. •

Cry continued from page 12

(Left) The Barber-Surgeon makes salves for wounds and broken limbs, cures syphilis, operates for cataract, pulls teeth, cuts hair and bleeds patients. (Righ)t The Dentist removes aching teeth painlessly “as one bears children”; he also sells oils, salves and other medication, flea and louse ointments and rat poison. Drawings from the 16th century The Book of Trades by JostAmman and Hans Sachs. Dover Publications.

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Little known and less appreciated by most Americans is that the oldest European medical tradition in what is now the conti-nental United States of America began in Florida. And, as Florida was a presidio or military settlement, it has the oldest mili-tary medical tradition as well. That tradi-tion, derived from a handful of surviving official records, is extremely checkered as to quality and effectiveness with long pe-riods of poor care, ill-trained personal and vastly inadequate funding. Primarily this was a consequence of Florida’s existence on the less desirable and less wealthy fringe of Spain’s New World Empire. During the first 200 years of perma-nent European presence in Florida, the only significant settlement was at St. Augustine. There were short-termed outposts at Santa Elena in today’s South Carolina, along the Georgia coast and in the Apalachee region of central Florida, but they do not figure in the history of military medicine in any major fashion. Thus, the history of military medicine in Florida is basically that of St. Augustine and the personal based there who occasionally ventured out to serve the needs of the more distant Spanish Florida garrisons.

European background • At the time of St. Augustine’s establishment by Pedro Menendez de Aviles in 1565, military med-ical theory, education, practice and organi-zation had been undergoing revolutionary changes in Europe for nearly 75 years. By the end of the 15th century, Spain had the most modern and effective military medi-cal delivery system in the western world. Armies were accompanied in the field by dedicated surgeons and physicians. Special assistants with wagons and stretchers were attached to the armies to recover wounded from the battlefield for transportation to

nearby field hospitals. While the delivery system for military medicine in the field was much improved, the actual state of medical theory, educa-tion and practice remained rooted in the Middle Ages, dominated by the teachings of the 5th century Roman physician, Galen, as revised by Avicenna in the 10th century. Galen had presumed all disease and complications of wounds affected the four humors, or states of the body. The principal treatment for most illness was massive purging, sweating and bloodletting. Some herbal medicines and other concoctions of incredible composition, including pig stools, were used to help redress the bal-ance of the body’s humors. Treatment of wounds had long been given the province of the barber surgeon. By the beginning of the 16th century, gunshot wounds were considered poison-ous, to be treated with boiling oils and the formation of “laudable pus” by introducing foreign bodies into open wounds. Amputa-tions had few survivors as extreme total cauterization was the normal treatment for exposed stumps. Finally, there was the age-old formal separation between the physician, surgeon and apothecary. For hundreds of years, while the physician generally received some formal education at the university, the sur-geon was truly a barber, handy with a knife, who performed surgery when necessary and generally without a physician’s supervision. Apothecaries included anyone who could claim knowledge of herbs and medicines. During the 16th century, Spain’s medical educational system produced well-trained physicians and, in what was a modestly revolutionary step, elevated surgeons and apothecaries to near equal status, even for a time training physicians

Military Medicine in FloridaThe First 200 Years

by Robert Hawk

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Military continued from page 13

This detail from Rembrandt’s 1632 Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp shows a deep curiosity of both the physician and the artist in how the human body works.

Continued on next page...

to function as surgeons. Most of these changes were in response to the discover-ies and practical achievements of Ambrose Pare, Aureolus Paracelsus and Andreas Vesalius. They initiated a direction in medical theory, education and practice that would eventually replace those associated with Galen and Avicenna, especially in the area of military medicine. Paracelsus emphasized the need to integrate the functions and treatments of the physician, surgeon and apothecary. He insisted correct medical practice involved a combination of experimenta-tion and authoritative literary resources. Vesalius, whose magnificent work on human anatomy fundamentally changed long held assumptions about the subject and ultimately the study, diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, is correctly perceived as the founder of modem clinical pathology. Pare’s work on the treatment of combat, especially gunshot wounds, would not be improved upon until the advent of anesthesia and antiseptic medicine.

Spanish medical training • Many innova-tions associated with these men would be incorporated in. to the training of Spanish military medical personnel. By the second decade of the 16th century, most Spanish universities were training physicians to be surgeons ‘ and surgeons as physicians. Even the apothecaries were provided related and substantial training including a new materia medica based on a combi-nation of Old and New World remedies. Dissections on a par with those of Vesalius were a major part of the curriculum. Pare’s insistence that gunshot wounds were not poisoned and that ligature of blood vessels and herbal poultices as bandages after am-putation were more effective than boiling oils and catastrophic cauterization became standard practice. Less successful were attempts to replace Galenesque practices of massive bleeding and purging of patients to relieve bad “humors.” And the near total reliance on time-honored herbal medicinal rem-edies, some of which actually worked quite well, remained standard practice among practitioners of military medicine long after the First Spanish Period in Florida Unfortunately for Spain and her American colonies, these dynamic and “modern” changes in Spanish medicine, especially military medicine, were not to last. As a consequence of the religion-in-spired counter reformation during the last half of the l6th and the first part of the 17th centuries, Spanish medical education, theory and practice included a return to pre-Renaissance practices associated with Galen and Avicenna. There was even a re-version to older, far less effective and more barbaric practices in military surgery that had been common prior to the innovations of Vesalius and Pare. After all, Paracelsus, Pare and possibly even Vesalius, were Protestants. Truly modem military medi-cine in Spain and its empire would have to wait another hundred years or so. All these developments would be reflected in the practice of military medicine in Florida, even if only on a very minor scale.

Garrison medical care • When St. Augus-tine was founded, the Spanish government had a mandated system of military medical support for all presidios, Each was to have at least one physician, one barber surgeon and one apothecary. A hospital was to be established in each presidio, staffed, equipped and supplied to provide adequate care for both wounded and diseased sol-diers. Each soldier’s pay was to be docked to pay for these services. Menendez brought no physicians but did bring two surgeons, an apothecary and five barbers with his expedition to conquer and colonize Florida. Florida would not be so generously endowed with practitioners of military medicine for the remainder of the First Spanish Period. Within ten years, all those who had come with a conquering fleet were gone to other colonies, died or had returned to Spain. St. Augustine and Florida were left to do the best they could for the next 200 years. For awhile, the best was very good indeed, even if under exceptionally un-usual conditions. In about 1579, Juan de LeConte, probably a French Huguenot, was shipwrecked near Santa Elena and transferred to St. Augustine as a pris-oner. Records indicate he was an excellent physician-surgeon and a knowledgeable apothecary. LeConte’s medical training, obtained primarily in French and north-ern Spanish universities, almost certainly included material associated with the teachings of Paracelsus, Vesalius and Pare. For decades, he was virtually a one-man military medical system for Florida. He functioned as a barber to the garrison. In the beginning, he performed all those tasks in return for sustenance and was later granted a small salary. He served St. Augustine until approximately 1620 when he retired to Cuba where he died in 1630. LeConte and Florida’s military medi-cal system were assisted by at least two of Florida’s governors. During the 1580s, Catalina Menendez, sister of Governor Pedro Menendez Marquez, cared for the sick and injured soldiers in her home at her own expense, serving as a nurse with one female Royal slave to help her. Another governor, Gonzalo Mendez de Canzo, es-tablished a military hospital in 1579. When this first official military hospital burned in 1599, he built another and it lasted, in one form or another, for several decades into the 17th century to be replaced by other facilities normally operated by the friars of St. Francis stationed in the presidio. With the retirement and death of LeConte, Florida was not to experience adequate medical care for its garrison until near the middle of the 18th century. barber-surgeons and apothecaries came and went, there is little evidence any were adequately trained to perform their assigned tasks. Florida needed real military medical care as a final half of the 17th century was characterized by frequent back country wars with England-supported Indian raids, occasional province-wide epidemics of the plague, measles, smallpox, syphilis and various supposedly climate-induced diseases, most probably typhoid, dysentery and yellow fever.

Assigned physicians • There is little evi-dence a real physician was assigned for any

length of time to St. Augustine for the last half of the 17th century. Time and time again, local governors urgently requested assignment of qualified and knowledgeable military physicians, surgeons and apothecaries. Their re-quests were almost never answered, let alone fulfilled. About the best they could hope for was the assignment of an occasional barber-surgeon to supplement whatever local resources

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there might be. One local-born and probably self-styled barber-surgeon, Juan de los Reyes, served the garrison as apothecary of record from 1648 to 1712, followed by his son, Estaban. It was noted by more than one governor that Reyes wasn’t much good and didn’t know his job. He was unique in being styled both surgeon and apothecary , but as the garrison rarely had a stock of medicines to dispense, he could do little real harm. Still, he was all the Florida garrison had for a very long time. In 1680 a garrison surgeon, Juan Mar-quez Cabrera, became governor. He was wildly unpopular in the province, even be-ing denied absolution by the local priests. He departed in 1687 never to return. However, he did try to improve medical services for the garrison by requesting the assignment of three friars of the Order of San Juan de Dios from Mexico City. The friars came to operate the garrison hospital. One was an educated physician-surgeon, one an apothecary and one a nurse. The local Order of St. Francis was bitterly against this “intrusion” into their province and the medical team of friars from Mexico departed within months of their arrival. Florida would not experience their caliber of medical practice for more than four decades. There were other problems associ-ated with providing some form of military medical service to the garrison. During the 1670s and early 1680s, one surgeon to the garrison was an Englishman who was actually not a surgeon at all and intoxicated most of the time. He was hardly an answer to the military medical needs of the prov-ince. In 1668, the governor, Francisco de la Guerra y de la Vega, cheated, insulted and shipped out the French-born garrison surgeon, Pedro Piques. Piques’ ship was captured by the English pirate John Davis. Piques led Davis on a raid to St. Augustine in revenge for his poor treatment by the Spanish. The pirates looted and destroyed much of the city and killed many residents.

Other providers of care •For much of Florida’s first 200 years, medical care was administered to the garrison by church friars, convicts, or the soldiers themselves. Considering their pay was docked for medical care every month, the paucity of adequate care must have been frustrating and added immeasurably to the difficulties and unpopularity of service in Florida. And, of course, there was no question of their having adequate medical care when they took the field on expeditions against hostile Indians or intrusive Englishmen. Their pay stoppages were to pay for medicines as well, medicines which were almost never available. For much of the 17th century, members of the garrison had to rely on locally grown and produced herbal medicines and “Indian” cures or none at all. The records are replete with official requests for medicines to be dispatched to Florida, few of which were ever fulfilled and then only delays spanning several years. Because of this long period of inad-equate and provisioned medical staff in Florida, the truly sick of badly injured or wounded soldiers had to be sent to Havana for treatment. There at least those who survived the trip could receive relatively decent medical care more in the line with officially mandated military medical policy. As a presidio settlement, virtually all the people in Florida were in or serviced the military establishment and thus entirely relied upon the military medical institu-tions until the very last decade of the first Spanish period. The general inadequacy of medical service in Florida was a constant theme of protest in official letters to the king and the bureaucrats of the government in Cuba and Spain. Sometimes changes in Spanish law made the situation more difficult as when it was decided neither physicians nor sur-geons could dispense medicines, a job for

apothecaries. This was especially difficult in Florida where there were rarely both a physician and an apothecary and even less frequently the necessary medical supplies.

Substantial improvements • Only after the siege of St. Augustine in 1702, would substantial improvements in Florida mili-tary medical institutions and services begin to any significant degree. By the 1720s the assignment of adequately trained and equipped physicians, surgeons and apoth-ecaries became expected and normal, even when it was possible to obtain adequate military health care, there were problems. In 1738, Governor Manual de Mon-tiano, one of Florida’s best and most effective governors, noted there were no medical personnel in the presidio and formally requested a physician, surgeon, and an apothecary from the government in Cuba. His request was granted with com-mendable dispatch and the required medi-cal personnel were sent. Unfortunately, all drowned when the ship carrying them was wrecked. It was not until after the war against the English, 1739-1742, that their replacements arrived. However, Montiano did not have to do entirely without medical assistance. That same year, another ship was cast upon the coast and its well-educated and capable surgeon, Juan Pescador, was “attached to the garrison for several years, eventually received official approval, and pay, for his sojourn in Florida. Finally, in 1743, the garrison hospital was, by Florida standards, a remarkably satisfactory facility with two large rooms, 12 beds, kitchen, privies, apothecary shop, herb garden and sufficiently trained personnel to perform the needed services. By the standards of European military medicine elsewhere, it may not have been much but it was the best that Florida had since the days of LeConte. In 1763 Florida was transferred to the British in exchange for Havana which the British had previously captured. During the first 200 years of European settlement in the Peninsula, satisfactory military medical care had been only occasionally available and rarely of decent quality. Until the finally decade of Spanish control, miserly medical care in Florida had not even come close to the quality and comprehensive demanded in official government documents and policies. For most of the preceding 200 years in Florida it was best if the soldier of the garrison refrained from being wounded or sick. Except under the administrations of Le Conte and the garrison medics of the final three decades, his chances of sur-vival from wounds or sickness decreased in direct proportion to the amount of care he received from the poorly trained and supplied surgeons, physicians, and apoth-ecaries available to him. During the 18th century, there were major advances in the theory and practice of military medicine. At century’s end and generally as a consequence of lessons learned during the years of warfare accom-panying the French Revolution, develop-ments in the theory, practice and effective delivery of medical care for soldiers in the field and in garrison finally achieved a level of quality promised by the innovations of the Renaissance physicians and surgeons and as promised in 16th century Spanish government policy. But it still was not recognizably modern military medicine. That would remain a goal of the future and nearly 100 years of achievement.

-15-

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3pm ‘til 10pmFri. & Sat.

3pm ‘til 11pm

SOME LIKE IT HOT - SOME LIKE IT NOT...WE DO IT YOUR WAY!

1700 PARK STREET NORTH • ST. PETERSBURG 727•345•6400with Beautiful Boca Ceiga Bay and Dock Just a Few Steps Away.

Across the Way from the Narvaéz Indian Mound.

LIVE MUSICTHUR.• FRI. • SAT NITES

Since 1994

Recommended by USA TodayVoted Best Cuban Food in Tampa Bay

Chicken Picata • Picadillo-Palomilla Steak • Roast Pork Chicken & Yellow Rice • Cuban Sandwiches • Shrimp Ajillo

Shrimp Boracho • Grilled and Fried Fish • Black Beans and Rice Salads

And Many Freshly Prepared Desserts

Traditional Hand Prepared Cuban Favorites Including:

All Entrees Include White Rice, Black Beans, Plantains & Cuban Bread

Reservations & Take-Out Welcome

Beer/Wine/ Sangria/LiquorTotally Smoke free inside

Catering/Private PartiesSe Habla Espanol

HOURSM-TH 11am to 9pmFri & Sat. 11am to 11pm

Upstairs Dining in our locally sponsored Art Gallery

over 900days!

EVERY 1ST FRIDAY GALLERY WALK6:00 pm - 9:30 pm

From I-275 take 22nd Ave. So. to left onto Beach Blvd.

Bird’s Eye View ~ The Whimsical SpiritClass Act at Fabric Exchange ~ The Dragon and SphinxFinley Hall Gallery ~ Threshold Studio ~ Key West Style

Edyth James of Saffron’s Restaurant grew up in Jamaica. Living on a Carribean island in-spired her to be innovative and inventivein her cooking style. She shares her culinary skills at a monthly class where she whips up island delicacies and reveals her secrets to her stu-dents. Her classes meet on the second Monday of each month. We know Edyth for her sense of fun and her love of history, art and jammin’ music.

Mango Salsa1/3 cup wine1/2 cup small diced red onion1/2 cup small diced red peppers1/2 cup small diced yellow peppers1 1/2 cup small diced tomatoes1/4 cup chopped cilantro1/2 tbls. small diced jalabeño1 cup Mango1/4 teaspoon limeSalt and Pepper as needed.Combine mango and wine. Mix to-gether onion, peppers, tomatoes, jalabeño, cilantro, lime juice. Sea-son to taste with salt and pepper.

Filet Gumbo2 Fryer Chickens1/4 cup Olive Oil (lard)Flour with Black Pepper1 cup cooked Ham1 chopped Onion1 teaspoon minced GarlicChopped fresh Marjoram3 tsp. Sassafras powder.2 quarts boiling Water! doz. fresh shucked oystersSteamed Rice Dredge chicken pieces in flour into which has been mixed marjo-rum, S &P. Sauté chicken in very hot oil in a deep iron skillet or dutch oven. Add a little chopped onion, garlic and ham. Pour 2 quarts boiling water over it, cover and let simmer for three hours. Stir in Sassafrass powder and let simmer five or six minutes longer. Add oysters to the stew about one-half hour before it is done This southern recipe may be made with poultry, veal, lamb, venison or kid. Serve over steamed rice.

And then there is this great old dish based on a recipe from Miss Leslie’s New Cookery Book, 1857

Roman Punch Roman Punch was generally served as a course just af-ter the beef. It was a palate freshener, preparing one for the game which came next. In England, punch was served with soup so... maybe it will go with Gumbo?1 quart lemon ice-water1/2 pint of Champagne1/2 pint of Jamaica rum4 ounces of Cherry Liquor1 teaspoon of Vanilla Pour the liquors over the frozen ice-water and beat well. Pack and cover and let stand four or five hours in the refrigerator to ripen. It must not be frozen hard but frothy when served in chilled glasses.Mmmm...

MISSING Has any one seen my 12 quart dutch oven? Last time it was seen it was resting at the side of the community fire at the Fort Foster Rendezvous in February. What ad-ventures that little pot had! It spent Saturday baking a sumptuous bread pudding, which was freely shared around camp. Then it cooked up a delicious Chicken Paella which also treated some starving campers. Then it was set aside til morning to be washed, but sadly, it was kid-napped overnight. I’m sure it is still having adven-tures in another camp but it comes with this warning. It will curse the low-life scoundrel who took it. It will burn food and cause unbear-able gas to anyone who cooks with it... UNLESS it is returned to its rightful owner...ME! Elizabeth Neily

☛

In MemoriumThis issue is dedicated to the loving memory of

Jean Elliot Neily1918-2000

She was a devoted wife, mother, teacher, photographer and quilter. I will always remember her for her generosity and her love of fine art, crafts, literature and food. If there are any words to some up her life, it would be those I often heard her express when I was learning to sew as a girl — “If something is worth doing, it is worth doing well.” She lived her life well. Thanks Mum for your inspiration and patience... - Elizabeth.

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