florida shorebird presentation. 2/23/2009 janell brush - florida fish and wildlife conservation...
TRANSCRIPT
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FLORIDA SHOREBIRD PRESENTATION
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2/23/2009
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Janell Brush - Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
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Life History of Florida Shorebirds
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With 217 species worldwide and approximately 50 species that breed in North America, shorebirds make up a small percentage of the world’s more
than 8,000 bird species
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They can be found all year round on most Florida beaches.
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Breeding Season
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The Florida breeding season is March - July
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14 Species of shorebirds and seabirds nest in Florida
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The majority of shorebirds leave Florida to nest in the Arctic, Midwest
or the North Atlantic Coast
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In Florida, shorebirds and seabirds nest on coastal beaches, barrier islands,
spoil islands, causeways, gravel roofs, coral rock islands
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Nesting Birds
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Colonial Nesting– ‘seabirds’ gulls, skimmers, terns
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Enhanced protection and defense against predators
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Improved foraging – follow successful hunters to food source
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Solitary Nesting – shorebirds (oystercatchers, willets, plovers)
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Use camouflage for protection from predators
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Food resource remains more constant in area of territory
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Colonial Nesting Birds
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Nesting ‘Seabird’ Status – 10 Species
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Threatened – Least Tern, Roseate Tern
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Petitioned for listing – Gull-billed Tern
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Species of Special Concern in Fl- Black Skimmer, Sooty Tern, Royal Tern, Caspian Tern, Sandwich Tern,
Brown Noddy
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Common- Laughing Gull
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Colonies on ground or rooftops
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Loss of habitat on beach
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Many coastal buildings are getting rid of gravel rooftops
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Human disturbance on ground
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Risk of chicks falling off roof
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Least Tern – Only tern that will nest on rooftops in FL
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Roofs support 75% of all colonies and 83% of all nests
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Black Skimmer – Starting to nest more on rooftops in FL
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10% of nests are on roofs
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Solitary Nesting Birds
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Four shorebird species nest in FL
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Snowy Plover (threatened), American Oystercatcher (threatened), Willet
(common), Wilson’s Plover (species of special concern)
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Advantages of solitary nesting
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Use of camouflage for predator protection (instead of colony)
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Food resource remains more constant
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Snowy Plover Nest Monitoring
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USFWS census and WEC Master’s student Raya Pruner
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Information about population, nest success, nesting distribution and
relative survival
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Occur on mainly the Gulf Coast
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American Oystercatcher Nest Monitoring
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Determine nest success, relative survival and distribution of Florida
birds
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Provide information to managers
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Occur throughout coastal Florida
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Wintering Shorebirds
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About 20 species of shorebirds winter in Florida annually
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Most of the species are species that are in trouble
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Piping Plover – Federally Endangered
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Only 54% of them have been found on the wintering grounds
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Many groups conducting research/monitoring
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Report banded birds at [email protected]
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American Oystercatcher – Threatened in Florida
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Recent evidence of population declines, particularly in the
Southeastern U.S., has prompted research aimed at understanding
the bird's biology and conservation needs.
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Large winter roosts (>2,000)
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Gulf Coast Barge Canal to Horseshoe Beach and Jacksonville
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The majority of birds are not part of the Florida breeding population
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Large group of researchers throughout its range
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Report bands at http://www.ncsu.edu/project/grsmg
is/AMOY/Research.htm
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In recent years, coordinated, widespread banding and re-sighting
efforts along the Atlantic coast have revealed connections between breeding and wintering sites and a
glimpse into the complexity of patterns of movement and
dispersal.
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Migrating Birds
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More than 30 species of shorebirds and seabirds migrate through
Florida
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Energetically costly to migrate long distances
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Need ‘re-fueling’ stopover habitats consistent from year to year to gain
weight in a short amount of time
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Alterations to food resources can have devastating effects on the
birds
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Timing of migration related to prey availability. Classic example is the spawning events of horseshoe crabs
and migrating shorebirds in Delaware Bay
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Red Knot – Species of Special Concern in Florida – Petitioned for
federal listing
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Largest calidrine sandpiper in N. America (robin-sized). They can
live 10-15 years. Dietary generalist – mollusks, amphipods, horseshoe
crab eggs, insects
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Heavily relies on Horseshoe crab eggs in Delaware Bay
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Unknown where the FL wintering population nests – Alaska?
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Historically the most common shorebird – today 20,000
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Winter largely along Gulf Coast, concentrations in SW and
Panhandle, migrate through Duval County
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Although still rufa subspecies, some population genetic and
morphological differences from S. American birds
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Threats
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Altricial hatchling- (passerines) EX. Robin, Blue Jay, Sparrow.
Helpless at hatching. An altricial hatchling is naked or sparsely
downy, unable to leave the nest, and its eyes are closed
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Semi-precocial hatchling - (seabirds, oystercatchers) Describes young that have characteristics of
precocial young at hatch (open eyes, down, capacity to leave the
nest) but that remain at the nest and are cared for by parents until close
to adult size.
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Precocial hatchling - (shorebirds) Capable of a high degree of
independent activity from birth. A precocial hatchling has heavy
down, is quickly mobile, and often requires little direct parental care.
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Human related disturbance
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Disturbance - Activities that “upset” birds by causing them to fly, run walk away, or vocalize.
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Managers try to decrease disturbance by posting nesting
areas
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Enforce leash laws
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Increase in mammalian predators
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Habitat alteration – nourishment and raking
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Increasing pressures in the Arctic
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Climate Change
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The population of the Florida coastal counties is predicted to
double from 12.3 million to more than 26 million by 2060
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About 59% of Florida beaches are already experiencing erosion.
Some of this erosion is the result of natural forces; however the majority of the impact is a
consequence of human activities.
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This situation will be exacerbated in the near future by the effects of
climate change.
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Climate change can be expected to result in sea level rise, increasing storms, and changes to the pattern of ocean currents. These changes
will require an increase in management of coastal systems in the form of habitat modifications including raking, nourishment,
armoring, and dredge-spoil deposition, and these modifications
have the potential to impact shorebird and seabird communities.
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Much uncertainty exists about the long and short-term ecological
impacts of these types of management activities
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Arctic Tundra
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The only major environment whose range is completely unable to shift
northward in response to global warming
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Optimistic models predict that tundra habitat will be cut in half by the end of the twenty-first century due to northward shift of boreal
forest
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Sea-level rise will affect shoreline habitats in the Arctic and farther
south
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More frequent severe storms and flooding may heavily impact birds breeding in coastal lowlands such
as coastal tundra, salt marshes, and beaches
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Timing of bug hatchings is not as predictable– no food for young
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Conservation and Management
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Complicated due to the large variety of habitats used
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Require a series of interconnected areas of suitable habitat to
successfully complete their annual movements
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Many variables have to be right in order to be suitable for shorebirds
at a given time
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Communication by managers and researchers throughout range of the
species
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US Shorebird Conservation Plan http://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan
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In 2000, partners from state and federal agencies pooled their
resources to develop a plan for migrating shorebirds and their
habitats
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Goal is to ensure that adequate quantity and quality of shorebird habitat is maintained at the local level and to maintain or restore
shorebird populations at the continental and hemispheric levels
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Outreach, education, research, monitoring, and habitat
conservation programs are being implemented,
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Accomplishment of conservation objectives for all shorebird species
will require a coordinated effort among traditional and new partners
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Research and Monitoring
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FWC Shorebird Monitoring Website
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http://myfwc.com/shorebirds
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