floris input2012

SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”SESSION ON “LANDSCAPE, RURAL AND URBAN PLANNING”

Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning Spatial Strategies in land use planning

and housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the NetherlandsRobertaRoberta

FlorisFloris

and housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlandsand housing location in the Netherlands

1

TheTheTheThe Netherlands,Netherlands,Netherlands,Netherlands, withwithwithwith 16161616,,,,5555 millionmillionmillionmillion ofofofof population,population,population,population, isisisis thethethethe largestlargestlargestlargest ofofofof thethethethe smallersmallersmallersmaller

countriescountriescountriescountries ofofofof thethethethe EuropeanEuropeanEuropeanEuropean UnionUnionUnionUnion.... EthnicEthnicEthnicEthnic minoritiesminoritiesminoritiesminorities accountedaccountedaccountedaccounted forforforfor twotwotwotwo thirdsthirdsthirdsthirds ofofofof thisthisthisthis

populationpopulationpopulationpopulation growthgrowthgrowthgrowth....

TheTheTheThe heartheartheartheart ofofofof thethethethe relativelyrelativelyrelativelyrelatively stablestablestablestable DutchDutchDutchDutch urbanurbanurbanurban systemsystemsystemsystem isisisis thethethethe RandstadRandstadRandstadRandstad Holland”Holland”Holland”Holland”

TheTheTheThe predominantlypredominantlypredominantlypredominantly ruralruralruralrural charactercharactercharactercharacter ofofofof thethethethe GreenGreenGreenGreen HeartlandHeartlandHeartlandHeartland isisisis uniqueuniqueuniqueunique totototo thethethethe

RandstandRandstandRandstandRandstand,,,, enclosedenclosedenclosedenclosed asasasas itititit isisisis withinwithinwithinwithin thethethethe stronglystronglystronglystrongly urbanizedurbanizedurbanizedurbanized ringringringring shapeshapeshapeshape structurestructurestructurestructure....

2

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

State of artState of artState of artState of artState of artState of artState of artState of art

Main issues in decision makingMain issues in decision makingMain issues in decision makingMain issues in decision makingMain issues in decision makingMain issues in decision makingMain issues in decision makingMain issues in decision making

Results and problemsResults and problemsResults and problemsResults and problemsResults and problemsResults and problemsResults and problemsResults and problems

Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion (recommendations)(recommendations)(recommendations)(recommendations)(recommendations)(recommendations)(recommendations)(recommendations)

3

NationalNationalNationalNational SpatialSpatialSpatialSpatial StrategyStrategyStrategyStrategy

---- urbanurbanurbanurban networksnetworksnetworksnetworks

---- urbanurbanurbanurban concentrationconcentrationconcentrationconcentration areasareasareasareas

((((isolatesisolatesisolatesisolates thethethethe countrycountrycountrycountry fromfromfromfrom itsitsitsits

internationalinternationalinternationalinternational contextcontextcontextcontext))))....

Source: MVROM 2004 Source: MVROM 2004 Source: MVROM 2004 Source: MVROM 2004 http://english.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/english/http://english.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/english/http://english.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/english/http://english.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/english/

The The The The RandstadRandstadRandstadRandstad conurbation conurbation conurbation conurbation

constitutes the core of the constitutes the core of the constitutes the core of the constitutes the core of the

Netherlands. 6,5 million people live Netherlands. 6,5 million people live Netherlands. 6,5 million people live Netherlands. 6,5 million people live

and work there. and work there. and work there. and work there.

Economic PerspectiveEconomic PerspectiveEconomic PerspectiveEconomic Perspective

-‘northern wing’ (including ‘northern wing’ (including ‘northern wing’ (including ‘northern wing’ (including

metropolitan regions of Amsterdam metropolitan regions of Amsterdam metropolitan regions of Amsterdam metropolitan regions of Amsterdam

and Utrecht)and Utrecht)and Utrecht)and Utrecht)

-----‘southern wing’ (including ‘southern wing’ (including ‘southern wing’ (including ‘southern wing’ (including

metropolitan regions of Rotterdam metropolitan regions of Rotterdam metropolitan regions of Rotterdam metropolitan regions of Rotterdam

and The Hague)and The Hague)and The Hague)and The Hague)4

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

---- 1960: 11960: 11960: 11960: 1stststst National Policy Document of Spatial PlanningNational Policy Document of Spatial PlanningNational Policy Document of Spatial PlanningNational Policy Document of Spatial Planning

Land Use PolicyLand Use PolicyLand Use PolicyLand Use Policy based on based on based on based on 5 5 5 5 basic principles: (Needham, 2007).basic principles: (Needham, 2007).basic principles: (Needham, 2007).basic principles: (Needham, 2007).

•Concentration of urbanization;Concentration of urbanization;Concentration of urbanization;Concentration of urbanization;

•Spatial cohesion;Spatial cohesion;Spatial cohesion;Spatial cohesion;

•Spatial differentiationSpatial differentiationSpatial differentiationSpatial differentiation;;;;

•Spatial hierarchySpatial hierarchySpatial hierarchySpatial hierarchy; ; ; ;

•Spatial justiceSpatial justiceSpatial justiceSpatial justice, in terms of facilities., in terms of facilities., in terms of facilities., in terms of facilities.

Key dataKey dataKey dataKey data

•Spatial justiceSpatial justiceSpatial justiceSpatial justice, in terms of facilities., in terms of facilities., in terms of facilities., in terms of facilities.

ThoseThoseThoseThose principlesprinciplesprinciplesprinciples representedrepresentedrepresentedrepresented thethethethe expressionexpressionexpressionexpression ofofofof highhighhighhigh ambitionambitionambitionambition ofofofof achieveachieveachieveachieve socialsocialsocialsocial

goalsgoalsgoalsgoals inininin LandLandLandLand UseUseUseUse PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning,,,, andandandand havehavehavehave beenbeenbeenbeen followedfollowedfollowedfollowed forforforfor atatatat leastleastleastleast 40404040 yearsyearsyearsyears

5


1945194519451945:::: thethethethe NetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlandsNetherlands hadhadhadhad totototo dealdealdealdeal withwithwithwith aaaa seriousseriousseriousserious housinghousinghousinghousing shortageshortageshortageshortage

highhighhighhigh levellevellevellevel ofofofof governmentgovernmentgovernmentgovernment interventioninterventioninterventionintervention inininin homebuildinghomebuildinghomebuildinghomebuilding programsprogramsprogramsprograms broadlybroadlybroadlybroadly

acceptableacceptableacceptableacceptable.

DrivingDrivingDrivingDriving forceforceforceforce�� needneedneedneed totototo buildbuildbuildbuild cheaplycheaplycheaplycheaply andandandand quicklyquicklyquicklyquickly

TheTheTheThe sector’ssector’ssector’ssector’s shareshareshareshare grewgrewgrewgrew fromfromfromfrom 12121212%%%% inininin 1945194519451945 totototo 41414141%%%% inininin 1975197519751975 andandandand totototo 44444444%%%% ofofofof thethethethe totaltotaltotaltotal

stockstockstockstock bybybyby thethethethe earlyearlyearlyearly 1990199019901990ssss....

1111950950950950,,,,60606060,,,,70707070:::: housinghousinghousinghousing waswaswaswas aaaa toptoptoptop prioritypriorityprioritypriority inininin DutchDutchDutchDutch politicspoliticspoliticspolitics....

TheTheTheThe housinghousinghousinghousing stockstockstockstock grewgrewgrewgrew fromfromfromfrom 2222....1111 millionmillionmillionmillion inininin 1947194719471947 totototo 4444....8888 millionmillionmillionmillion duringduringduringduring 1980198019801980,,,, aaaa growthgrowthgrowthgrowth

ofofofof 130130130130 %%%%,,,, muchmuchmuchmuch moremoremoremore thanthanthanthan thethethethe 45454545 %%%% growthgrowthgrowthgrowth ofofofof thethethethe populationpopulationpopulationpopulation inininin thethethethe samesamesamesame periodperiodperiodperiod....

InInInIn thethethethe twotwotwotwo decadesdecadesdecadesdecades afterafterafterafter 1980198019801980,,,, 2222 millionmillionmillionmillion houseshouseshouseshouses werewerewerewere addedaddedaddedadded totototo thethethethe housinghousinghousinghousing stockstockstockstock.... AtAtAtAt

thethethethe turnturnturnturn ofofofof thethethethe centurycenturycenturycentury almostalmostalmostalmost oneoneoneone thirdthirdthirdthird ofofofof thethethethe thenthenthenthen 6666....6666 millionmillionmillionmillion houseshouseshouseshouses werewerewerewere builtbuiltbuiltbuilt afterafterafterafter

1980198019801980....

6

State of artState of artState of artState of artState of artState of artState of artState of art1980: 11980: 11980: 11980: 1stststst National Policy focus on economic issues: National Policy focus on economic issues: National Policy focus on economic issues: National Policy focus on economic issues:

- jobs and incomes,;jobs and incomes,;jobs and incomes,;jobs and incomes,;

- education,;education,;education,;education,;

- crime and safety matters latercrime and safety matters latercrime and safety matters latercrime and safety matters later

Imbalances housing marketImbalances housing marketImbalances housing marketImbalances housing market

New driving force New driving force New driving force New driving force �� Renewed interest from public, politics and science Renewed interest from public, politics and science Renewed interest from public, politics and science Renewed interest from public, politics and science

Why?Why?Why?Why?Why?Why?Why?Why?

1111.... populationpopulationpopulationpopulation growthgrowthgrowthgrowth waswaswaswas smallsmallsmallsmall now,now,now,now, butbutbutbut thethethethe numbernumbernumbernumber ofofofof householdshouseholdshouseholdshouseholds isisisis growinggrowinggrowinggrowing

ratherratherratherrather fast,fast,fast,fast, andandandand alsoalsoalsoalso thethethethe averageaverageaverageaverage ‘space‘space‘space‘space consumption’consumption’consumption’consumption’ perperperper householdhouseholdhouseholdhousehold continuescontinuescontinuescontinues itsitsitsits

growthgrowthgrowthgrowth....

2222.... ConvictionConvictionConvictionConviction thatthatthatthat muchmuchmuchmuch ofofofof thethethethe lowlowlowlow qualityqualityqualityquality multimultimultimulti----familyfamilyfamilyfamily andandandand multimultimultimulti----storeystoreystoreystorey houseshouseshouseshouses

builtbuiltbuiltbuilt inininin thethethethe 1960196019601960ssss andandandand 70707070ssss havehavehavehave totototo bebebebe replacedreplacedreplacedreplaced bybybyby betterbetterbetterbetter dwellingsdwellingsdwellingsdwellings....

3333.... possibilitiespossibilitiespossibilitiespossibilities totototo buildbuildbuildbuild onononon urbanurbanurbanurban ‘fill‘fill‘fill‘fill----inininin locations”locations”locations”locations”

ConsequenceConsequenceConsequenceConsequence

ItItItIt isisisis unavoidableunavoidableunavoidableunavoidable totototo buildbuildbuildbuild againagainagainagain aaaa considerableconsiderableconsiderableconsiderable numbernumbernumbernumber ofofofof newnewnewnew houses,houses,houses,houses, onononon

greenfieldgreenfieldgreenfieldgreenfield sites,sites,sites,sites, whichwhichwhichwhich wouldwouldwouldwould possiblypossiblypossiblypossibly causecausecausecause anananan overspilloverspilloverspilloverspill ofofofof urbanurbanurbanurban areasareasareasareas inininin thethethethe

countrysidecountrysidecountrysidecountryside.... 7


1990199019901990:::: thethethethe subsidiessubsidiessubsidiessubsidies onononon housinghousinghousinghousing constructionconstructionconstructionconstruction werewerewerewere abandoned,abandoned,abandoned,abandoned, andandandand housinghousinghousinghousing

corporationscorporationscorporationscorporations werewerewerewere liberalisedliberalisedliberalisedliberalised.... CommercialCommercialCommercialCommercial developersdevelopersdevelopersdevelopers andandandand housinghousinghousinghousing

corporationscorporationscorporationscorporations hadhadhadhad thethethethe responsibilityresponsibilityresponsibilityresponsibility forforforfor thethethethe realizationrealizationrealizationrealization ofofofof housinghousinghousinghousing supplysupplysupplysupply andandandand

thethethethe provisionprovisionprovisionprovision ofofofof associatedassociatedassociatedassociated locallocallocallocal publicpublicpublicpublic goods,goods,goods,goods,

ConstructionConstructionConstructionConstruction inininin thethethethe ownerownerownerowner----occupieroccupieroccupieroccupier sectorsectorsectorsector inininin thethethethe 1990199019901990ssss waswaswaswas notnotnotnot significantlysignificantlysignificantlysignificantly higherhigherhigherhigher....

Driving force Driving force Driving force Driving force �� Preservation of landscape heritage and open space Preservation of landscape heritage and open space Preservation of landscape heritage and open space Preservation of landscape heritage and open space �� Government Government Government Government

interestinterestinterestinterestinterestinterestinterestinterest

The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, while continuing to The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, while continuing to The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, while continuing to The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, while continuing to

formulate ambitious goals with respect to housing production, formulate ambitious goals with respect to housing production, formulate ambitious goals with respect to housing production, formulate ambitious goals with respect to housing production, becomes responsible becomes responsible becomes responsible becomes responsible

only for the realization of the environmental goals..only for the realization of the environmental goals..only for the realization of the environmental goals..only for the realization of the environmental goals..

8

3rd National Policy Document3rd National Policy Document3rd National Policy Document3rd National Policy Document

NationalNationalNationalNational policypolicypolicypolicy inininin thethethethe ThirdThirdThirdThird NationalNationalNationalNational PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy DocumentDocumentDocumentDocument onononon SpatialSpatialSpatialSpatial PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning 1973197319731973----1983198319831983

waswaswaswas forforforfor aaaa ‘bundled’‘bundled’‘bundled’‘bundled’ andandandand notnotnotnot disperseddisperseddisperseddispersed....

Moreover,Moreover,Moreover,Moreover, peoplepeoplepeoplepeople andandandand jobsjobsjobsjobs shouldshouldshouldshould bebebebe activelyactivelyactivelyactively movedmovedmovedmoved outoutoutout thethethethe RandstadRandstadRandstadRandstad totototo smallsmallsmallsmall townstownstownstowns

whichwhichwhichwhich wouldwouldwouldwould bebebebe greatlygreatlygreatlygreatly expandedexpandedexpandedexpanded


Fourth National Policy Document Fourth National Policy Document Fourth National Policy Document Fourth National Policy Document �� Spatial QualitySpatial QualitySpatial QualitySpatial Quality

AAAAims ims ims ims

- to avoid monoto avoid monoto avoid monoto avoid mono----functional areas, in order functional areas, in order functional areas, in order functional areas, in order

- to create more lively spaces which should also be saferto create more lively spaces which should also be saferto create more lively spaces which should also be saferto create more lively spaces which should also be safer

- to reduce mobilityto reduce mobilityto reduce mobilityto reduce mobility

- to use the land more intensivelyto use the land more intensivelyto use the land more intensivelyto use the land more intensively

Principles: Principles: Principles: Principles:

- land use policy should be made at the Regional scaleland use policy should be made at the Regional scaleland use policy should be made at the Regional scaleland use policy should be made at the Regional scale

- spatial cohesion between the various activities in the regionspatial cohesion between the various activities in the regionspatial cohesion between the various activities in the regionspatial cohesion between the various activities in the region

- relationship between living and working, between living and shopping, relationship between living and working, between living and shopping, relationship between living and working, between living and shopping, relationship between living and working, between living and shopping,

between living and education.between living and education.between living and education.between living and education.

The quality of housing and of shared spaces is improvingThe quality of housing and of shared spaces is improvingThe quality of housing and of shared spaces is improvingThe quality of housing and of shared spaces is improving

9


Transport system plays an important role within this context.Transport system plays an important role within this context.Transport system plays an important role within this context.Transport system plays an important role within this context.

Cooperation between Municipalities in order to realize land use policy at the Regional Cooperation between Municipalities in order to realize land use policy at the Regional Cooperation between Municipalities in order to realize land use policy at the Regional Cooperation between Municipalities in order to realize land use policy at the Regional

level is still problematiclevel is still problematiclevel is still problematiclevel is still problematic

PPPPolicyolicyolicyolicy ofofofof urbanurbanurbanurban nodesnodesnodesnodes....

Fourth National Policy Document Fourth National Policy Document Fourth National Policy Document Fourth National Policy Document �� Spatial QualitySpatial QualitySpatial QualitySpatial Quality

PPPPolicyolicyolicyolicy ofofofof thethethethe ‘compact‘compact‘compact‘compact town’town’town’town’

ThisThisThisThis policypolicypolicypolicy followsfollowsfollowsfollows threethreethreethree stepsstepsstepssteps forforforfor developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment locationlocationlocationlocation::::

- taketaketaketake intointointointo accountaccountaccountaccount howhowhowhow manymanymanymany houseshouseshouseshouses areareareare presentpresentpresentpresent withinwithinwithinwithin thethethethe areaareaareaarea;;;;

- makemakemakemake aaaa draftdraftdraftdraft ofofofof thethethethe possiblepossiblepossiblepossible numbernumbernumbernumber ofofofof houseshouseshouseshouses whichwhichwhichwhich cancancancan bebebebe builtbuiltbuiltbuilt inininin thatthatthatthat areaareaareaarea;;;;

- thethethethe remainderremainderremainderremainder cancancancan bebebebe locatedlocatedlocatedlocated asasasas nearnearnearnear asasasas possiblepossiblepossiblepossible totototo existingexistingexistingexisting townstownstownstowns andandandand citiescitiescitiescities....

LocationLocationLocationLocation needsneedsneedsneeds totototo bebebebe connectedconnectedconnectedconnected totototo highhighhighhigh qualityqualityqualityquality publicpublicpublicpublic transport,transport,transport,transport, andandandand needsneedsneedsneeds totototo bebebebe nearnearnearnear

totototo employmentemploymentemploymentemployment andandandand recreationalrecreationalrecreationalrecreational areasareasareasareas

AAAA strongstrongstrongstrong policypolicypolicypolicy forforforfor protectingprotectingprotectingprotecting thethethethe openopenopenopen spacespacespacespace inininin thethethethe countrysidecountrysidecountrysidecountryside

10


‘RED‘RED‘RED‘RED CONTOURS’CONTOURS’CONTOURS’CONTOURS’

‘GREEN‘GREEN‘GREEN‘GREEN CONTOURS’CONTOURS’CONTOURS’CONTOURS’

‘BALANCED‘BALANCED‘BALANCED‘BALANCED AREAS’AREAS’AREAS’AREAS’

5th National Policy Document 20005th National Policy Document 20005th National Policy Document 20005th National Policy Document 2000----2020 2020 2020 2020 �� three different areasthree different areasthree different areasthree different areas

• RedRedRedRed contourscontourscontourscontours werewerewerewere totototo bebebebe drawndrawndrawndrawn aroundaroundaroundaround existingexistingexistingexisting

settlementssettlementssettlementssettlements andandandand newnewnewnew buildingbuildingbuildingbuilding mustmustmustmust remainremainremainremain withinwithinwithinwithin thosethosethosethose

contourscontourscontourscontours....

• GreenGreenGreenGreen contourscontourscontourscontours werewerewerewere totototo bebebebe drawndrawndrawndrawn aroundaroundaroundaround ruralruralruralrural areasareasareasareas

whichwhichwhichwhich werewerewerewere totototo bebebebe strictlystrictlystrictlystrictly protectedprotectedprotectedprotected andandandand wherewherewherewhere nononono

developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment tooktooktooktook placeplaceplaceplace (or(or(or(or hadhadhadhad takentakentakentaken place)place)place)place)....‘BALANCED‘BALANCED‘BALANCED‘BALANCED AREAS’AREAS’AREAS’AREAS’

CurrentCurrentCurrentCurrent NationalNationalNationalNational PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy isisisis containedcontainedcontainedcontained inininin thethethethe NationalNationalNationalNational SpatialSpatialSpatialSpatial StrategyStrategyStrategyStrategy....

- specifiesspecifiesspecifiesspecifies sixsixsixsix concentrationconcentrationconcentrationconcentration areas,areas,areas,areas, delineateddelineateddelineateddelineated aroundaroundaroundaround existingexistingexistingexisting settlements,settlements,settlements,settlements, inininin

whichwhichwhichwhich mostmostmostmost ofofofof thethethethe newnewnewnew housinghousinghousinghousing shouldshouldshouldshould bebebebe builtbuiltbuiltbuilt....

- givesgivesgivesgives totototo thethethethe MunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalities andandandand provincesprovincesprovincesprovinces thethethethe possibilitypossibilitypossibilitypossibility totototo workworkworkwork outoutoutout inininin detail,detail,detail,detail,

wherewherewherewhere thethethethe developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment shouldshouldshouldshould taketaketaketake place,place,place,place, eveneveneveneven ifififif allallallall municipalitiesmunicipalitiesmunicipalitiesmunicipalities shouldshouldshouldshould stillstillstillstill bebebebe

ableableableable totototo buildbuildbuildbuild enoughenoughenoughenough houseshouseshouseshouses forforforfor theirtheirtheirtheir ownownownown ‘natural‘natural‘natural‘natural growth’growth’growth’growth’....

11

developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment tooktooktooktook placeplaceplaceplace (or(or(or(or hadhadhadhad takentakentakentaken place)place)place)place)....

• BalancedBalancedBalancedBalanced areasareasareasareas,,,, wherewherewherewhere smallsmallsmallsmall developmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopments werewerewerewere totototo bebebebe

permittedpermittedpermittedpermitted ifififif theytheytheythey improvedimprovedimprovedimproved thethethethe countrysidecountrysidecountrysidecountryside....

ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults and and and and and and and and problemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblemsproblems

1)1)1)1) HugeHugeHugeHuge developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment inininin aaaa rationalrationalrationalrational way,way,way,way, healthyhealthyhealthyhealthy laylaylaylay out,out,out,out, withwithwithwith greengreengreengreen areas,areas,areas,areas, cyclecyclecyclecycle

tracks,tracks,tracks,tracks, recreationrecreationrecreationrecreation spaces,spaces,spaces,spaces, carefulcarefulcarefulcareful urbanurbanurbanurban designdesigndesigndesign....

2)2)2)2) NewNewNewNew developmentsdevelopmentsdevelopmentsdevelopments couldcouldcouldcould bebebebe feltfeltfeltfelt asasasas boringboringboringboring andandandand monotonous,monotonous,monotonous,monotonous, despitedespitedespitedespite ofofofof housinghousinghousinghousing

quality,quality,quality,quality, whichwhichwhichwhich waswaswaswas usuallyusuallyusuallyusually appreciableappreciableappreciableappreciable withwithwithwith aaaa satisfactorysatisfactorysatisfactorysatisfactory residentialresidentialresidentialresidential

environmentenvironmentenvironmentenvironment....

3)3)3)3) MunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalities desiredesiredesiredesire totototo prepareprepareprepareprepare LandLandLandLand useuseuseuse plansplansplansplans includingincludingincludingincluding newnewnewnew housinghousinghousinghousing areasareasareasareas thatthatthatthat

areareareare expansionexpansionexpansionexpansion areasareasareasareas forforforfor eacheacheacheach singlesinglesinglesingle towntowntowntown orororor villagevillagevillagevillage.... MoreoverMoreoverMoreoverMoreover smallersmallersmallersmaller

3)3)3)3) MunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalities desiredesiredesiredesire totototo prepareprepareprepareprepare LandLandLandLand useuseuseuse plansplansplansplans includingincludingincludingincluding newnewnewnew housinghousinghousinghousing areasareasareasareas thatthatthatthat

areareareare expansionexpansionexpansionexpansion areasareasareasareas forforforfor eacheacheacheach singlesinglesinglesingle towntowntowntown orororor villagevillagevillagevillage.... MoreoverMoreoverMoreoverMoreover smallersmallersmallersmaller

MunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalities dodododo notnotnotnot sustainsustainsustainsustain thethethethe NationalNationalNationalNational PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy ofofofof addressingaddressingaddressingaddressing developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopment inininin

existingexistingexistingexisting townstownstownstowns andandandand citiescitiescitiescities....

4)4)4)4) PolicyPolicyPolicyPolicy ofofofof ‘bundled‘bundled‘bundled‘bundled dededede----concentration’concentration’concentration’concentration’.... Recently,Recently,Recently,Recently, housinghousinghousinghousing isisisis beingbeingbeingbeing builtbuiltbuiltbuilt

concentratedconcentratedconcentratedconcentrated inininin andandandand aroundaroundaroundaround existingexistingexistingexisting urbanurbanurbanurban areasareasareasareas.... OutsideOutsideOutsideOutside thethethethe concentrationconcentrationconcentrationconcentration

areasareasareasareas thethethethe housinghousinghousinghousing stockstockstockstock grewgrewgrewgrew lesslesslessless thanthanthanthan insideinsideinsideinside.... TheTheTheThe distinctiondistinctiondistinctiondistinction betweenbetweenbetweenbetween towntowntowntown andandandand

countrysidecountrysidecountrysidecountryside isisisis stillstillstillstill clearclearclearclear.... However,However,However,However, thisthisthisthis locationlocationlocationlocation isisisis notnotnotnot thethethethe samesamesamesame everywhereeverywhereeverywhereeverywhere.... InInInIn

factfactfactfact theretheretherethere isisisis oneoneoneone aspectaspectaspectaspect ofofofof DutchDutchDutchDutch planningplanningplanningplanning ofofofof whichwhichwhichwhich allallallall nonnonnonnon----DutchDutchDutchDutch plannersplannersplannersplanners havehavehavehave

consideredconsideredconsideredconsidered:::: thethethethe ‘Green‘Green‘Green‘Green Heart’Heart’Heart’Heart’.... NowNowNowNow thisthisthisthis areaareaareaarea isisisis becomingbecomingbecomingbecoming redredredred....

12


13

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

1111)))) AtAtAtAt thethethethe urbanurbanurbanurban sidesidesideside ofofofof thethethethe housinghousinghousinghousing spectrumspectrumspectrumspectrum thethethethe possibilitiespossibilitiespossibilitiespossibilities ofofofof buildingbuildingbuildingbuilding houseshouseshouseshouses onononon

‘fill‘fill‘fill‘fill----inininin locations’locations’locations’locations’ totototo produceproduceproduceproduce moremoremoremore ‘compact‘compact‘compact‘compact cities’cities’cities’cities’ areareareare runningrunningrunningrunning outoutoutout.... TheTheTheThe majoritymajoritymajoritymajority ofofofof

thethethethe productionproductionproductionproduction ofofofof newnewnewnew houseshouseshouseshouses isisisis nownownownow situatedsituatedsituatedsituated atatatat suchsuchsuchsuch distancesdistancesdistancesdistances ofofofof thethethethe oldoldoldold citiescitiescitiescities thatthatthatthat

oneoneoneone cancancancan wonderwonderwonderwonder ifififif theytheytheythey reallyreallyreallyreally cancancancan bebebebe consideredconsideredconsideredconsidered asasasas aaaa partpartpartpart ofofofof thesethesethesethese citiescitiescitiescities....

2222)))) WithWithWithWith referencereferencereferencereference totototo communitycommunitycommunitycommunity planning,planning,planning,planning, itititit couldcouldcouldcould bebebebe dangerousdangerousdangerousdangerous thethethethe competivenesscompetivenesscompetivenesscompetiveness2222)))) WithWithWithWith referencereferencereferencereference totototo communitycommunitycommunitycommunity planning,planning,planning,planning, itititit couldcouldcouldcould bebebebe dangerousdangerousdangerousdangerous thethethethe competivenesscompetivenesscompetivenesscompetiveness

betweenbetweenbetweenbetween NationalNationalNationalNational andandandand ProvincialProvincialProvincialProvincial plannersplannersplannersplanners.... AAAA breakbreakbreakbreak upupupup ofofofof thethethethe strategicstrategicstrategicstrategic planningplanningplanningplanning

communitycommunitycommunitycommunity couldcouldcouldcould bebebebe aaaa seriousseriousseriousserious issueissueissueissue

3333)))) TheTheTheThe declinedeclinedeclinedecline ofofofof housinghousinghousinghousing policypolicypolicypolicy cancancancan bebebebe aaaa problemproblemproblemproblem.... InInInIn thethethethe past,past,past,past, strategicstrategicstrategicstrategic planningplanningplanningplanning

hashashashas beenbeenbeenbeen thethethethe prologueprologueprologueprologue ofofofof housinghousinghousinghousing grantsgrantsgrantsgrants.... NowNowNowNow thethethethe favouritefavouritefavouritefavourite subjectsubjectsubjectsubject isisisis housinghousinghousinghousing forforforfor

homehomehomehome----owners,owners,owners,owners, andandandand isisisis moremoremoremore difficultdifficultdifficultdifficult totototo regulateregulateregulateregulate.... ThisThisThisThis requiredrequiredrequiredrequired moremoremoremore effortseffortseffortsefforts totototo createcreatecreatecreate

connectionconnectionconnectionconnection withwithwithwith housinghousinghousinghousing policypolicypolicypolicy....

14

RecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendationsRecommendations

- AAAA newnewnewnew comprehensivecomprehensivecomprehensivecomprehensive approachapproachapproachapproach couldcouldcouldcould makemakemakemake StrategicStrategicStrategicStrategic PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning moremoremoremore relevantrelevantrelevantrelevant

thanthanthanthan itititit is,is,is,is, accompaniedaccompaniedaccompaniedaccompanied bybybyby negotiationnegotiationnegotiationnegotiation andandandand impactimpactimpactimpact assessmentsassessmentsassessmentsassessments....

- PotentialPotentialPotentialPotential partnershippartnershippartnershippartnership couldcouldcouldcould bebebebe notnotnotnot onlyonlyonlyonly relatedrelatedrelatedrelated totototo publicpublicpublicpublic agencies,agencies,agencies,agencies, butbutbutbut alsoalsoalsoalso

privateprivateprivateprivate developers,developers,developers,developers, whowhowhowho needneedneedneed totototo bebebebe associatedassociatedassociatedassociated withwithwithwith greengreengreengreen issuesissuesissuesissues....

- AAAA socialsocialsocialsocial learninglearninglearninglearning processprocessprocessprocess:::: sharedsharedsharedshared knowledgeknowledgeknowledgeknowledge aboutaboutaboutabout crucialcrucialcrucialcrucial relationshipsrelationshipsrelationshipsrelationships isisisis moremoremoremore- AAAA socialsocialsocialsocial learninglearninglearninglearning processprocessprocessprocess:::: sharedsharedsharedshared knowledgeknowledgeknowledgeknowledge aboutaboutaboutabout crucialcrucialcrucialcrucial relationshipsrelationshipsrelationshipsrelationships isisisis moremoremoremore

importantimportantimportantimportant totototo developdevelopdevelopdevelop aaaa finalfinalfinalfinal visionvisionvisionvision orororor planplanplanplan.... (sharing(sharing(sharing(sharing “underground”“underground”“underground”“underground” knowledgeknowledgeknowledgeknowledge

andandandand discussingdiscussingdiscussingdiscussing assumptions)assumptions)assumptions)assumptions)

- AAAA differentdifferentdifferentdifferent waywaywayway ofofofof usingusingusingusing transporttransporttransporttransport models,models,models,models, moremoremoremore asasasas communicativecommunicativecommunicativecommunicative insteadinsteadinsteadinstead ofofofof

predictivepredictivepredictivepredictive devices,devices,devices,devices, inininin turnturnturnturn recognizingrecognizingrecognizingrecognizing theirtheirtheirtheir limitationslimitationslimitationslimitations andandandand subjectivitysubjectivitysubjectivitysubjectivity

---- TheTheTheThe identificationidentificationidentificationidentification andandandand understandingunderstandingunderstandingunderstanding ofofofof personalpersonalpersonalpersonal lifelifelifelife stylesstylesstylesstyles isisisis importantimportantimportantimportant asasasas aaaa

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Technology