fog & kép ii, marius puc a5 cu index...

Abstracts László Ropolyi: The picture of philosophy and the philosophy of pictures, or the truth is the part – the truth is the whole

Keywords: picture, Flusser, network, postmodern, Internet

In the last few decades there has been emerged the consensus among the significant philosophers that nowadays it is impossible to create universal metaphysical systems. These attempts fit for nothing – and this is the case not just because the lack of the great contemporary thinkers, but it is also clear that such a traditions and schools in philosophy have already arrived at their end. Now for a philosopher it is better to consider certain concrete details, to immerse the world of a well-selected great thinker, to analyze well-formulated concrete problems, and to express our ideas on the world just in case studies. This is the way today to the up-to-datedness and success-fulness. However, it is quite obvious that Hegel would not like this situation. What is the meaning of these considerations if only the whole is the truth? Perhaps it is worth trying not to give up, but to rethink again the whole.

The philosophical tradition is attached to the speech and writing. However, in the last few decades the pictures became the most significant representation and communication medium. On the other hand all of our knowledge (including the philosophical one) based on the observation, manipulation, and creation of material and mental systems. However, in the last few decades a specific form of systems – the networks – became the most significant organizing unit for the material and mental experiences. In this way it can perhaps declare the fundamental conditions of the philo-sophical activity has changed radically in the last decades, which is very probably appeared on the picture of the recent philosophy.

So, the question arises: Is it possible to build up and to maintain universal philosophical worldviews, metaphysical systems based on pictures (instead of speech and writing) and networks? The answer seems to be yes – moreover, it is probably that such philosophies have already existed for a

Fogalom & kép I I 354

while, however in mainly unrecognized or misunderstood forms. Philosophy of pictures and philosophy of networks can suggest tools for their recognizing, analyzing and creating. Accepting the Hegelian view on the whole, in this lecture we try to sketch the picture of a general philosophical worldview based on Flusser’s ideas on the pictures, on the principle of the internet as picture, on the postmodern networking, and on some philosophical consi-derations on networks. Hopefully, we will be able to depict it.

Mircea Dumitru: Semantic relationism and empty names

Keywords: meaning, semantic relationism, representational semantics, semantic holism, empty names

In his recent book, Semantic Relationism, Blackwell Publishing, 2007, Kit Fine argues in favor of a fundamentally new view of meaning, which he calls “Semantic Relationism”. What is the main idea behind this approach? Fine’s view is that there may be irreducible semantical or representational relationships between expressions or elements of thought, ones that are not reducible to the intrinsic semantic features of the expressions or elements of thought themselves between which they hold. This semantic approach leads naturally to a novel view on representation in both language and thought. The explanatory job Fine does is twofold. He shows how this view can be articulated to offer solutions to persistent and intriguing puzzles in philosophical logic and philosophy of language, such as Frege’s identity puzzle, Russell’s antinomy of the variable, Moore’s paradox of analysis, Kripke’s puzzle about belief. And he also uses his new doctrine to ground a more defensible form of direct reference theory, one which can successfully meet the criticism that Fregeans have recently mounted against it.

In my paper, which is work in progress, I shall first discuss one metho-dological aspect having to do with the way one can specify semantic relationism as opposed to the much debated doctrine of semantic holism. The sharp contrast between Fine’s semantic relationism and the doctrine of semantic holism can be summarized thus: semantic relationism is meant to be an extension of usual representational semantics while semantic holism is an alternative to representational semantics. What is at stake in the ongoing dispute between proponents of semantic holism and their rivals is the form that an appropriate semantic theory should have. The holists insist that the proper theory should

Angol nyelvő összefoglalók 355

provide an account of the expressions’ “conceptual” or inferential role. The anti-holists will hold that the theory should be representational. The goal of a representational semantics is to assign referents or senses to expressions and then consider various semantic relationships between them.

Fine’s semantic relationism also provides glimpses beyond the issues he addresses. And this suggests further work. My paper will then discuss the semantics of empty names against this background. The basic idea here is that the problem of reference of empty names is a case of a defective semantics. Empty referring expressions usually come along with putative requirements for their use, which cannot be met by any arbitrary object. If this is the case, another “backup” semantics comes to the rescue: the original requirements which cannot be met are substituted by related requirements which can be met. Failed reference to an ordinary object turns into successful reference to an intentional object.

Péter Egyed: The Proper Images of the Philosophy

Keywords: mental events, theoretical constructs, paradigms, examples, philosophems, precepts

The multitude of images/pictures meant always, for the philosophy, the process and the instrument of another way of thinking, one which is in a specific, but for a long time unexplained relation with the discursive thinking. Among the creators of the great-impact pictures we can mention the names of Plato, Plotinus, Boethius, Saint Augustine, Descartes or Heidegger (glade). The philosophical imagistic says that this images, creations of the reason, containing no empiric elements, are specific objects, functioning in the process of thinking as philosophemes, patterns, models, phenomenon of lighting the objects, space-forms of the representation, mimetic forms which suffered anamorphic changes. According to the theories of the cognitive mind-philosophy, the presence of these images in the abstract thinking is structurally given, that means we talk about a specific form of thinking, equal, as value, to the conceptual discursive thinking, another immanent, analytic and synthetic form of reason. This perspective can help us in the reinterpretation of some concepts, already naturalized in the philosophy, like the eye of reason, or the view of the spirit, which have been intensively discussed and criticized, for example by Arnauld or Pascal.


Miklós Lehmann: To make use of pictures. Wittgenstein and photography

Keywords: Wittgenstein, representation, photography, visualization, way of action

Probably there is no other philosopher whose thinking about pictures resulted in so many reflection and inspiration as Wittgenstein‘s did. One can find two reasons for it. On the one hand, philosophical thought dissociates oneself from visualizations and pictorial representations, because of its nature and tradition. Accordingly, such questions and contemplations belong to the realm of aesthetics. On the other hand, a philosopher is extraordinary in the history of philosophy who took the advantage of pictures in the course of his work. As is well-known, Wittgenstein applied many diagrams and sketches in his writings and also took photos. In the discourse I will try to reconstruct the connections between philosophy and photography – on the grounds of the Nachlass, the electronic edition of Wittgenstein‘s manuscripts.

Imre Ungvári-Zrínyi: Perception of reality and experience of meaning in Documentaries

Keywords: perception of reality, experience of meaning, types of documentary, hermeneutics, play

It is evident that from all artistic representations the film provides the most convincing and the most misleading illusion of the receiver’s presence in the world. Fore the everyday approach the film-experience bears the signs of immediacy and objectivity, especially in the case of those films which in their basic intentions „address the world in which we live rather than a world imagined by the filmmaker” (Bill Nichols), namely they approximate their subject with the exigence of documenting and preserving. All this naive impression seems to dissolve if we put the problem philosophically and analyse wether we could have at all immediate factual experience and how we are able to represent the immediacy of experience and making our picture about reality. So instead of searching for characteristics of the objective, general and sigle meaning of Reality behind the documentaries, we consider


more important to analyse the reality of the documentary as work of art, his origins and modes of mentaining relations with the Truth as the unconcealment of beings.

László Gál, Gabriella Gál: Picture reasoning – an architectural case study

Keywords: diagrammatic reasoning, architectural designing, C. S. Peirce, conjunction and negation

The paper starts with the idea that is not necessary to transform the pictures in propositions to make logical operations with them and such they become propositions who have truth value. In this way pictures are not specific. That’s because we try to find out a picture-specific, but not linguistic possibility of study them. We use for that C.S. Peirce’s existential graphs Alpha theory. In this way we could study diagrammatic reasoning without use the truth values. But we could find a diagrammatic interpretation of logical constants e.g. conjunction and negation. In our paper we follow up how a building project borns. It is the Promenade cultural center project in Cluj’s down town and the project was elaborated by Gabriella Gal in period of marcth-april 2010. She is a student of architecture in 5th. We was interested step by step of how takes shape the building complex. Our aim was to identifie the steps of diagrammatic reasoning, those has logic importance. We concloude that only Peirce’s existential graphs are not suffisent to analyse the complex work of an architect. In the end of paper we try to compare our linguistic researche results about conjunction and negation and the architectural one.

Mihály Jánó: Ung Master Paul's prayer in the church of Dîrjiu (Székelyderzs)

Keywords: frescoes, Saint Paul's conversion, Eucharist, Archangel Michael,”hic fuit, „ars bene moriendi”

On the southern wall of the nave of the Unitarian Church of Székelyderzs there are visualized Saul’s, known also the Apostle Paul, journey in Damascus, his conversion in a single composition, the lasting balance figure of St.


Michael and three Bishops’ wall paintings. On Paul's conversion scene of the wall painting in the church of Derzs, Christ is shedding holly wafers on the saint’s precipitating figure from the horse. In 1887 József Huszka made a watercolor copy of the Gothic inscription, S[anctus] Paul[us], today invisible. In the front of the saint Christ’s sent is seen and on his glory there is an inscription, S[anctus] Annanias. Ananias touches Saul’s forehead with his left hand and blessed him with the other hand corresponding to Saul’s baptism iconography. On the fresco in Derzs we do not see any beams of light (often visualized as blinding light according to the apostolic traditions), we see holly wafers falling down from Christ's hand indicating the essential presence of Jesus according to the Pauline sense of the word Eucharist. At the same time the painter portrayed Paul with open eyes as the result of his own contracted interpretation of vision and christening. One of the persons from the Saul’s escort riders is a young knight who keeps Saul’s coat in his right hand and a tin flag, a labarum, in his left hand. (Implicitly translation of the inscription: "This work had been nicely developed and had been finished by Ungi Stephen's son, Paul Master, in the year of 1419 of the Lord. While he painted he held a beautiful girl on his mind".) Two mail-coated knights are visible among Saint Paul's escort. One of them is turning against to the viewer. This bearded, helmed person has been identified as the artist's self-portrait by many art-historians. The fully knightly armored depicted Archangel Michael appears at the same time as the defeated dragon (Lucifer), and as the holy spirit measuring the Last Judgement. On his soul-measure left arm a bare-chested, long-haired female figurine is sitting longing for mediation. The above mentioned girl might be that female figure who appeared ont he arm of Archangel Michael. Thus the profane, amour reference probably supports the remembrance of the lost lover. I think Ungi Stephen's son, Paul Master was the author of the wall paintings. In the same time this interpretation is confirmed by the ”hic fuit” inscription near Archangel Michael's figure: "Hic fuit Paul(us) de Ung pictor. 1419”. The scene of Saint Paul's conversion and the inscription of secret votive meaning, the eschatologycal immages of Saint Michael and the bishop-saints refer to the idea of ars bene moriendi.


Krisztina Szıcs: Cental Europe from the concept of Jan Patočka

Keywords: central-european world, Europe, the own world, problematizing, openness, the search of the truth, Patočka, philosophical therapy, the self centrated soul, in the origins self centrated soul, the autoreflexive consciousness

This paper aims to analyze the concept of “soul care, concern for the soul” in the thinking of Jan Patočka. For Patočka European culture, Central Europe means the desire for knowing the world, and it also means a requirement of justice and vocation of the soul to know itself. Finally Europe and Central Europe have the opportunity to put into question their own ideas. Patočka’s fundamental idea was that Europe has effectively ended, its position destroyed during two wars and because of it the world entered a post-European age and it is the task of philosophy to restoring equilibrium, by seeking to understand the path Europe traveled and how it failed to take up the challenge presented buy its Socratic heritage.

Béla Mester: Iconic Thinking as Iconic Idea

Keywords: Frigyes Karinthy, identity, “iconoclast” theory of thinking, critique on the language, Jenı Posch, psychology

My lecture’s aim is to offer the outlines of a hidden, “iconoclast” line of the philosophical literature of this topic. These opinions deny both the pictorial and linguistic nature of the conceptual thinking. A Hungarian representative of this tradition is Jenı Posch. He is more interpreted and estimated author in the history of psychology, then in the philosophy, but his opinion on the history of philosophy and the critique on the language, and his identity as a philosopher offers a possibility of a new-style analysis of his oeuvre. My lecture follows the topic of my lecture at the conference of the Hungarian Philosophical Society in Szeged (May 2010), and uses my experiences as a teacher of the aesthetics of representation. The last part of my lecture outlines a hypothesis about the influence of the though of Jenı Posch on the novels of Frigyes Karinthy in the expression of the problems of identity of the fictional figures.


Carol Veress: The Linguistic Dimension of the Image

Keywords: image, likeness, view, mirror, appearance, language, speaking

In my study I am addressing some of the more significant issues of the shift in the perception of the being of image. As opposed to the traditional separation of image and language, the connection between imagistic presentations and linguistic processes will be put forward. I will be looking for answers such as: Is the image expanding in a linguistic environment? How is it possible and how can the connection between image and language be conceptualized (from the viewpoint of the image)? In a Hermeneutical approach, it appears that image and language belong to the same speculative structure, and this is what bonds the imagistic and linguistic dimensions of the Hermeneutical experience. A further conceptualization of the above could lead to an integrative aspect in which esthetic, semiotic, logical, phenomenological, neurophysiologic, and anthropologic approaches could meet and interact.

Dénes Tamás: The mediated world

Keywords: world, media, description, image-erodation

The XX. century philosophy's most complex performance is the reconsideration of the world's concept. As a result, it became possible the description of the human existence's true extent. The structure revealed, however, is questionable because of today's media revolution. The world domiated by images erodates some of the basic components of human life-world. To be able to describe this effect first of all the proper question should be asked.


Sándor Antik: Visual thinking and the practical examples of visual communication

Keywords: visual thinking, visual communication, visual thinking operations, visual analysis; visual constitution; visual formation; the experimentation of technical and linguistic visualization, concepts and exercises of visual education

The first part of this study is a review of the book edited by Gyorgy Kepes in 2008, The Education of Vision. The book expounds the actual problems of artistic training and visual education through the studies of several well-known artists and theoretical experts. The authors of the presented writings are followers of the pedagogic principle of György Kepes stating that the education of vision isn’t a privilege of artistic training – he would extend it over a larger area of education and enforce the role of visual education even in a larger social context. The quoted authors represent this pedagogical approach, offering modalities and examples for its various aspects. The second part of the study presents some tutorials and curricular exercices carried out by the author with his students. This part contains the description and visual material of the tutorials. The presentation of the visual and filmed material at the conference was much richer and more illustrative than the imagistic material presented with the possibilities of printing.

Gábor Szécsi: Pictorial Communication – Pictorial Language

Keywords: Electronic communication, pictorial language, pictorial meaning, semantical globalisation, secondary orality

The expansion of electronic media has led to a new kind of commu-nication culture. One of the most characteristic features of this culture is that the advent of multimedia communication has resulted in a strong interaction between picture and language in the process of both the oral and written messaging. Thanks to the appearance of this specific, pictorial language, the process of the convergence and synthesis of the linguistic features of oral and written forms of communication is accelerated. As multimedia technology expands, the dividing line between the linguistic


characteristics of oral and written communication becomes increasingly indistinct. In this paper, consequently, by using the term pictorial language, I am referring not only to the integration of verbal and pictorial components of information exchange, but to the linguistic medium of the specific synthesis of the features of conceptual and pictorial thought.

Anna Keszeg: Visual culture, visual literacy, digital literacy, media literacy

Keywords: visual culture, visual literacy, digital literacy, media literacy, literacy, competences

In 1992 J. W. T. Mitchell published a volume about the pictorial turn in the humanities and social sciences. The pictorial turn was described as a symptom of the society of the “spectacle”, as the image-blow of the neovisual era. In the field of social sciences this process consisted in a growing attention for the specific skills related to visual objects and for the visual and media literacy. The main research in this domain concerned the hierarchy and function of visual capacities. In my paper I present some of the skills of this area of competences and I intend a definition of the various concepts of literacy.

Zsuzsanna Lurcza: Identity as a concept and (self)image

Keywords: identity, sameness, otherness, play, belonging, experience, openess, historicity, self-image, body-image, human ideal image, culture

This paper attempts to interpret the problem of identity in the context of conceptual and image-analysis. On the one hand I propose a conceptual rethinking of the question of indentity based on the play-centered approach of philosophical hermeneutics. On the other, I will treat the problem of identity with reference to problems of self-image and the ideal image of humankind. The aim of the analysis is to uncover the complex relation between the constant culture- and history specific restructuring of human self-image and ideal, and the dynamic, play-centered theory of identity. According to the hypothesis stated in this paper the dynamic and multifaced nature of human self-image and ideal as well as the conceptual fuzzyness of


the notion does not hinder the interpretative efforts, but enlights the problem of identity through pointing at its very specificity.

Erzsébet Kerekes: Conceptual schematisms (diagrams) in Heidegger’s Religion Courses (1920/21)

Keywords: diagrams, phenomenology of religious, formal indication, Heidegger’s hermenutic(al) phenomenology

In our paper we analyze two diagrams of dynamics of becoming a Christian from Heidegger’s Religion Courses. The real contribution of the 1920/21 academic year to Heidegger’s development is the elaboration of hermeneutic phenomenology, the discover of formal indication (and kairology). The methodical treatment of the formal indication is followed by two conceptual schematism (diagrams) extracted from the texts of Paul und Augustine. We investigate what can be the role of these diagrams? These schemata governed by Greek and Latin infinitives, are not just pedagogical aids, but rather direct descendents of Heidegger’s sense of hermeneutic formality.

Péter Horváth: The two concepts of the universal in Aristotle

Keywords: Aristotle, universal, concept, image, energeia, science

In the Aristotelian philosophy the concept of the universal is used first of all as abstract universal, universale. But he also uses the term to designate the universality present at the level of sense-perception and ascribes to it the character of images. The two concepts are exemplified in De anima II 1 and II 2, and the second of them is presented in more detail, as a confused universal, in Physics I 1. This latter text also points to the beginning and to the goal of the science of nature, as progressing from the confused universality toward particulars. The aim of science is to grasp its object according to its innermost activity. The Hegelian interpretation points to the significance of the concept of activity in the philosophy of Aristotle.


Dániel Schmidt: The picture of possibility, or the fragmented ontological relevance of the possible

Keywords: movement, possibility, ontology, Aristotle

In my thesis I'm trying to point out the hidden cause of the movement in the Aristotelian spirit of research of nature. Driven by the assumption that the ontological problem of the movement is essentially associated with the ontological question of possibility, I assume that as a consequence the latter issue will be clearer. De motu animalium is not chosen by accident, but because in my opinion (despite of the text's extent) is one of the most complex and promising of his writings, in which the interpretation could find the most prolific Aristotelian picture of the nature.

fog & kép ii, marius puc a5 cu index...

Documents