San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 1

Food Allergies: The Enemy Within

Krzysztof Maruszewski

European CommissionJoint Research CentreInstitute for Reference Materials and Measurements

http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 2

Allergen intake

Swelling of the skin

Food allergens: the mild effect

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 3

Food allergies: the severe effect

• Allergenic food can cause anaphylaxis, a life-threatening type of allergic reaction

• Severe anaphylaxis affects 1-3 per 10,000 people

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Food allergies vs. intolerance

• Allergy– IgE mediated– activate mast cells– release of histamine– dilation of small blood

vessels– Itching, swelling, skin

rash, diarrhoea

• Intolerance– not IgE mediated– may be caused by

overreacting T-cells damaging the lining of the gut (coeliacdisease)

– may be caused by deficiency of enzyme activity (milk intolerance

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 5

Regional prevalence in Europe

Peach and melon allergies in the Mediterranean

Fish allergies in Iceland

Celeriac allergies Switzerland

North-south divide in sensitivity towards apple (skin/flesh)

Source: EuroPrevall

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 6

Food allergens

• Only a few offending protein families:– Cupins (peanut, walnut, hazelnut)– Prolamins (sesame, peach, wheat, rye)– Plant defence system proteins (banana,

avocado, celery, apple)– Profilins (celery, banana, melon)

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 7

Food allergens: countermeasures

• At the moment no cure for food allergy• Allergic people have to protect themselves by

avoiding the offending foods• Critical importance of food labelling• Certified allergen-free production

environments

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Labelling

• informs consumers on the contents and the composition of food products

• helps consumers to make an informed choice while purchasing their foodstuffs

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Allergen detection methodology

Immunology, e.g. Elisa

Molecular biology, e.g. PCR

Protein chemistry

From fluorescence to results

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JRC - Reliability of test results

Poms et al. (2005)

Spiking level

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 11

Pele et al. (2007)

0 20 40 60 80 100

"may contain"

"present inenvironment"

no warning

% testing positive

HazelnutPeanut

254 chocolatesamples

JRC - Market survey

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Allergen labelling regulations

Buckwheat

EggMilkPeanutCereals containing gluten

Tree nuts

Crustaceans*FishSoybean

Sesame seedSulphites

CeleryMustardMolluscs*Lupin

Japan & South Korea

USA Canada,Australia,New Zealand

EU

Mandated by Codex Alimentarius

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 13

Labelling related to gluten

Codex Alimentarius– Dietary foods may be labelled “gluten-free” if gluten

level does not exceed 20 mg/kg– Foods specially processed to reduce gluten content to

above 20 mg/kg but below 100 mg/kg (labelling of those products will be decided at national level → in EU labelled as “very low gluten”, Regulation (EC) No 41/2009)

– Method of analysis will be based on immuno-chemistry• Gluten is a cultivar dependent complex protein

mixture• Processing (heating, fermentation) changes

apparent gluten content• Results assay specific

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 14

Outlook

• Harmonisation needs– Analytical methods

• Screening• Confirmation

– Labelling– Precautionary labelling

• Thresholds for mandatory labelling• Allergen management programmes

Q-TOF MS/MSQ-TOF MS/MS

San Diego, 18-22 February 2010 – AAAS Annual Meeting 15

Thank you!