Food consumption patterns and nutritional status of adults

in peri-urban Uganda: The case of Nangabo sub-county,

Wakiso district

Authors; Nathan Isabirye*, S. Kiwanuka, J. Mutyoba

Makerere University, College of Health Science

Presentation outline• Introduction and background• Study aims and objectives• Location of study site• Methodology• Data analysis• Study findings• Study limitations• Conclusion• Recommendations• Acknowledgement

Introduction and background• Globally, NCDs contributes 61% of all deaths; 80% in LICs• Unhealthy diet a major determinant of NCDs (WHO, 2002)

• Mainly due to dietary transitions and globalization• Recent survey in Uganda (UNDS,2011) indicated 19.2%

prevalence of obesity and overweight among HHs• Limited information available on dietary practices of the

population • Enriching available information, guide nutrition interventions

Study aims and objectivesGeneral objective• To establish adults’ nutritional status, dietary intake and patterns

among adults in Nangabo S/C, Wakiso district.

Specific objectivesThis study assessed;1. Nutritional status of adults in Nangabo S/C, Wakiso district2. Average Daily Macronutrient Food intake (ADMFI) 3. Consumption patterns among adults in Nangabo S/C, Wakiso

district

Location of study site

Wakiso district as Peri-urban,

borders Kampala city

Methodology Study design: Cross sectional study

Sample size: 316 respondents

Sampling technique: • Respondents from an existing cohort by Mak-SPH• 300 respondents were enrolled in the study

Tools used:• Food Frequency Questionnaire • Standardized tools for physical measurements

• Weighing Scale & Measuring tapes

Data analysis• Software utilized; EPI-data ver 3.1 and STATA version 10

• Food intake frequencies categorized to obtain patterns

• ADMFI =∑nutrients in specified serving × frequency of intake/30

• Nutrient intakes compared using RDAs (King et al, 1993)

• Logistic regression analysis utilized to assess associations

Study findingsTable 1: Nutritional status of respondents as measured by BMI

Nutritional status(Kg/M2)

Prevalence (%)

Overall N (%) ≤24.99 186 62.0 25.00-29.99 72 24.0 ≥30.00 42 14.0 Sex-

specific

Age-specific

Male Female 18≤39 40-79 N % N % n % n %

≤24.99 117 82.5 69 43.7 127 68.0 49 51.0 25.00-29.99 20 14.0 52 32.9 45 24.0 23 23.5 ≥30.00 5 3.5 37 23.4 15 8.0 25 25.5 Total 142 100 158 100.0 187§ 100 97§ 100

Table 2: Nutritional status in comparison with demographic factors

Demographic factor BMI≥30.00 (n)

BMI≤29.99 (n)

Un adjusted OR

95%CI Adjusted OR

95%CI

Sex Male 25 117 1.0 1.0 Female 89 69 6.0 3.5-10.2 4.6 1.8-11.3*** Age 18-39 60 127 1.0 1.0 40-79 48 49 2.1 1.3-3.4 2.2 1.1-4.6* HH size 1-3 26 69 1.0 1.0 4-7 58 93 1.6 0.9-2.8 1.0 0.5-2.3 <8 30 23 3.4 1.7-7.0 2.3 1.0-8.0 Respondents status HH head 34 100 1.0 1.0 Spouse of HH head 70 37 5.6 3.2-9.7 2.6 0.9-6.7 Other 9 48 0.55 0.2-1.2 0.4 0.1-1.2 Main work status Employed 16 28 1.0 1.0 Self employed 59 82 1.3 0.6-2.5 0.9 0.3-2.3 Not employed 34 54 1.1 0.5-2.3 0.6 0.2-1.5 Education level Primary 46 70 1.0 1.0 Secondary 45 68 1.0 0.5-1.7 0.8 0.3-1.8 Tertiary 18 37 0.7 0.4-1.5 0.3 0.0-1.6

Table 3: Respondents ADMFI over a one month period dietary recall

Parameter Sex specific Macronutrients intake

Male (n=142)

Female (n=158) Carbohydrates

(Kcal) Proteins

(g) Fat(g)

Carbohydrates (Kcal)

Proteins (g)

Fat(g)

Total sum of nutrient intake

17,471,630 507,989 348,797 15,836,124 415,632 354,807

ADMFI 4,101.32 119.24 81.87 3,340.95 87.69 74.8 RDA 2,944 57 57 2140 48 48 Extra intake 1157 45 24 1200 40 27 Proportion of Extra intake (extra intake/RDA)

0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.6

Table 4: Food consumption patterns of respondents over a month period

Food category Consumption pattern Daily(1-6+ times

per day 1-5 times per week 1-3 times per

month seasonally

Grains, potatoes & related foods

Posho, Plantains Pillau, Irish potato, sweet potato, cassava

Fruits Beans alone/soup, tomatoes, cooked onions

Orange, apples, water melon

Mangoes, papaya, jackfruit

Legumes, vegetable & nuts

g.nut stew, beans mixed,

Meats, fish, & eggs Beef, Dried fish, eggs

Mutton, offal, chicken,

Dairy foods Tea without milk Powdered milk, yoghurt

Beverages Soda Beer, Wine, alcoholic beverages

Other foods Margarine, animal fat

Study limitation

Recall for 1 month difficult • Minimized by listing all foods

Results represent peri-urban, not generalizable

Conclusion Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 24.0% and

14.0% respectively• More prevalent in women (32.9%, 23.4%) and in older age

group

Females had a higher extra intake than males for all macro-nutrients (0.6vs0.3, 0.8vs0.7, 0.6vs0.4)

Staples and legumes were foods consumed daily. • Considerable consumption of fats and oils were observed. • Seasonally consumed foods were fruits and vegetables.

Recommendations Create awareness of the increasing rate of obesity

• Need to better understand obesity and related illness• Initiate interventions based on our local settings

Need for promotion of health habits and dietary practices

• Promote physical activity especially among females

Government should engage in food security support • Food preservation• Backyard gardening – targeting peri-urban settings

Acknowledgement

MaK-SPHNCD-Working group

Suzanne Kiwanuka

Joan Mutyoba

David Guwatudde

(FETP)Field Epidemiology Training program

Thank you!