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Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects

1985

Food for thought: the collegiate way of living Food for thought: the collegiate way of living

David Holland Charlton College of William & Mary - School of Education

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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Charlton, David Holland, "Food for thought: the collegiate way of living" (1985). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539618572. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25774/w4-8a92-4811

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0604297

C harlton , David Holland

FOOD FOR THOUGHT: THE COLLEGIATE WAV OF LIVING

Cot tage o l Wiit iam and Mary in Virginia Eb.D.

UniversityMicrofilms

International 300 N Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M(4B10G

1985

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December 1905

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ACKNCJWIil XTFWEM'S

r thank John 'Ib ie lin , ttoger Ita lrlw in , and I a t r y H roarta ll w it.ltout

who?*? support. am i p a tie n c e th is p ro je c t could not liave been ctarpilotod.

tan n tJ'Links go t.o a number of fr ie n d s to o numerous to l i s t , who have boon

f r e e w ith t h e i r t in e ami g e n tle w ith t h e i r advice and c r i t ic is m .

Simple acknowledgement is inadequate fo r Wendy ami Wes, wito luvo

l iv e d w ihh t h is p ro je c t and w ith n>e day by *iay. They d eserve more.

F in a l ly , 1 tliunk C u tle r and Gordon who liave always been t.here .

TAbloK OF CtaJTHMTR

Page1

In tro d u c t j o n ........................................................................................... 1

C hapter 1 : 'llic Co] le g i a te Way o f L iv in g . .......................... 1

Chapter 2 : European and English U n iv e r s it ie s :Antecedents o f the American C o lle g ia tedTadi t i o n .............. lb

C iiapter E a rly American C o l l e g e s . . , , , , , . . . , , , . . . . 3 2

G m ptor 4; 'Ib o ir M a je s ty 's R oyal! Col lo d g e . , . , . , . , . 4 7

G iu p to r 3; 'Hie Col lege o f W illia m and M iry 1975-8 5 . . . — 7 2

Chapter 6: ('one] us io n , , . . ................................... .. 9 I

Appendix .......................................................................................... 105

b ib lio g ra p h y . . . ] 09

V i t a ...........................................................................................................................U 2

Abfct ract...................................................................... 11.5

INTRODUCTION

Iinngi t.udinnl e x a m in a tio n o f phontjuerva t-tircjucjh h is to ry , o f f e r s a

s jir.*<: i n I j >e r s[ xrct i ve - 'TTrnL p r spect i v c is th e e x tc n t to whi t:h 1 ( >ea 1

c i rcuiestarioos, in a p a r t i c u l a r t m e , a f f e c te d o r e f fe c te d clianqc in ttia t.

phenomenon through t h i s n**t hfx3.

I n tta n p tc d to f in d t h is [XE i'S fjective by exanuninq t lie way in w hich

s tu d e n ts have liv e d a t c o l le g e and why th e y l iv ix i so. 'Jlirough h is t o r i c a l

re v ie w and a case s tu d y o f an o ld , p r e s t ig io u s l ib e r a l a r ts c o l le g e , I

have examined the developm ent o f a s t y l e o f c o l le g ia te l i f e th ro u g h

cy c le s o f cnungirig jxtj] i t i c a I P s < x :is l, and economic c o n d itio n s find

a t t i t u d e s as w e ll as s u c c e s s iv e g e n e ra t io n s o f students w ith h ig h ly

v a ry in g c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , needs, and d e s ir e s .

My in t.en t was t o c o n c e n tra te , w hore p o s s ib le , on the d in in q o r

ecmuons ccirgionent o f n o o l le q ia t e l i v i n g s i t u a t io n . Th is e f f o r t trot w ith

mixed suctx.iss. Much o f w liat lias loeon w r i t t e n and sa id ai*>ui th e

e x t ia c u r r ic u lu ir a jifiears t.o assume lo d g in g and d in in q (and t.o a p o in t,

w o rsh ip } as a package. C o n seq u en tly , d in in g has I men tre a te d s e p a r a te ly

fo r a n e c d o ta l and fn e tu a ] -d e s e r ip t i ve p u rp o ses , hut tre a te d as a p i r t o f

I he w hole of the c o l l e g ia t e t r a d i t i o n fo r tiu rjo so s o f phi lo s o p h ic a 1 and

J

e d u c a t io n a l fo u n d a tio n and r a t io n a le , I hojjo re a d e rs w i l l tx? a b le t o

a p p r e c ia te g i i i ip s e s o f t_ho ocumans e x p e r ie n c e a v a i l a b le t liro u g h re c o rd s

and docum ents w h ich have been l e f t , w ith o u t. IxEcrminq f r u s t r a t e d b y tin?

need to r e tu r n o f te n t.o th e la r g e r is s u e of t i i e e x t r a o u r r ir m lu n i in o r d e r ,

h i s t o r i c a l l y , t o t r a c e i t s d e v e lo fm o n t-

] os;k ri'Y re a d e rs ' in<iu 1 genco a ls o in a c c e p t in g a r a t h e r a r b i t r a r y

i n te rch an g u b i 1 i t y of t cutis such as c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n , i x i l l e g i a t e way

o f l i v i n g , c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g , txTmiunal l i v i n g and d in in g . A l l a r c

in tended t o d o s c r il ic th e some phenomenon and a r c used s im p ly t o a v o id

sore o th e rw is e u n a v o id a b le r c p c t i 1.iv e n e s s .

The ap p en d ix re q u ire s a worn oi e x p la n a t io n . [n re s e a rc h in g t h is

to p ic , vo lu m in o u s d a ta em erged. Much o i i t is in t e r e s t in g but no I.

e s s e n t ia l to th e t e x t , h a th e r t l ia n c l u t t e r th e t e x t w i t h n o t o r ia l not

d i r e c t l y f v r r t in c n t , o r m ix r Locumonts, p ic t u r e s , e t c . w i t h i n th e t e x t and

a ls o in an a jip e n d ix , I have p la c e d a l l d o e iin e n ts in t l ic a p p e n d ix . A

ta b le o f c o n te n ts p reced es th e a p p e n d ix and in c lu d e s a b r i e f d e s c r ip t io n

oi each ite m in c lu d e d th e r e in . My hof*? is t h a t th o se re a d e rs who have

th e in te r e s t riny f in d th e a p p e n d ix can add f l a v o r and t e x t u r e t o th e

m ental p ic t u r e o f l i f e a t c o l le g e s arid u n iv e r s i t i e s , d u r in g d i f f e r e n t ,

p o r iix is arid a t d i f f e r e n t lo c a t io n s , w h ich may Jiave I icon c re a te d in th e

n a rra t iv o .

CHAPTER 1

11 IE COLLEGIATE WAV Of' LTVING

The? C o l le g ia te Way o f h iv in g i s a term c r e d i t e d to C o tto n M a th e r ,

an A n g lic a n c lergym an who liv e d and worked in B o s to n , M assach u se tts ,

d u r in g t l ie l a t e seven tee n th anti e a r l y e ig h te e n th in en t.u ries . T h is

C o l le g ia t e Way o f h iv in g , accord ing t o W illia m s C o lle g e h is t o r ia n

F r e d e r ic k Rudolph, was

one o f th e o ld e s t t r a d i t io n s of th e An>erican c o l le g e , a t r a d i t io n so fundam enta l, so a ] ] -e rK xn ipass ing , th a t to c a l l i t m e re ly a t r a d i t io n is to u n d e rv a lu e i t . Fo r w hat is in v o lv e d h e re is n o th in g le s s than a way o f l i f e , th e C o l le g ia te Way.

'11 ie C o l le g ia t e Way is a n o tio n th a t a c u r r ioulum , a l ib r a r y , a f a c u l t y , and s tu d e n ts a re not enough to make a a l l e g e . I t is an adherence t o the r e s id e n t ia l scheme o i t i l in g s . I t is reSfject.lu l o f q u ie t r u r a l s e t . t in g s , dependent, on d o r m ito r ie s , cor mi t. ted t.o d in in g h a l l s , perm eated by p a te rn a lis m . J t is wfiat e v e ry American c o l le g e has had o r c o n s c io u s ly r e je c te d or lo s t or sought lo r e c a p tu r e . I t is W ill ia m Teeumseh Khorntin p re m is in g to be a f a t h e r to an e n t i r es tu d e n t lo d y ; i t is ccm fort and f u l l to b acco j a r s in aP r in c e to n doju ii t.o ry; in an u rb an u n iv e r s i t y i t . i s c o u n s e lo rs h e lp in g th e s o c ia l ly in ep t t o overcame t.he i r w eaknesses.

[jiifK jrted w ith so much o f e v e ry th in g e ls t : from E n g lan d , th e C o l le g ia te Way in Am erica was from th e b e g in n in g t ire e f f o r t to fo l lo w in th e New W o rld th e p a t t e r n of life? w h ich I iaf 1 dove lt^.iof 1 a t th e Fng 1 i sh oo 11eges, . .Nad th e f i r s t American c o l le g e s been th e w ork o f Scot oilmen o ro f c o n t in e n ta l b’urojiean.s, f>orhaps a c u r r ic u lu m , a l i b r a r y , f a c u l t y , and s tu d en ts would Iia v e been enough . h u t, th e n , A m ericans would have had to w a i t longer f o r t h e i r o o l ie g e s .F o r th e developm ent of tlie K n g lis l'i f ja t fe rn in th e New W o rld was not s im p ly a conscious e f f o r t , t.o adap t t h e c o l le g ia t e system to Am erican c irc u m s ta n c e s . I t was a t f i r s t th e o n ly s o lu t io n t o th e absence o f l a r g e c o n c e n tra t io n s o f p o p u la t io n . Not to have th e <'ol le g is te Way w o u ld have re q u ire d c i t i e s - c i t ie s t h a t could o H o r up s u f f i c ie n t numlx:rs oi houses that co u ld f in d rcxnis in t h e i r a t t i c s and in t h e i r IviSfsin:iits lo r s tu d en ts a t t r a c te d t o t l ie c o lle g e frc m th e su rro u n d in g c o u n try s id e . In th e absence o i c i t i e s and k n e e in g th e E n g lis h [ jo t te r n , the fo u n d e rs o f H a rv a rd anil o th e r c o lo n ia l t o I leges n a tu r a lly subscribetl t o th e C o l le g ia t e Way. By th e tim e t l ia t tlw? c o lle g e s in P h ila d e lp h ia and New York w ere under w ay , th e c o l le g ia t e p a tte rn was n o t a n e c e s s ity , f o r these w ere c i t i e s , hut- by then what liad Iwron a n e c e s s ity had beeane a t r a d i t io n , and fro m tJien on th e founders o f Am erican c o lle g e s o tth e f ad h ered to th e t r a d i t i o n o r c lu m s i ly sought a m w r a t io n a le , tor- th e adherent o f th e t r a d i t i o n , t hf? c o l le g e wan a la rge f a m i ly , s le e p in g , e a t in g , s tu d y in g ,

.1

and w o rs ilip p in g to g e th e r under one r o o f . 'Itie c la im s made f o r i t w ere o r te n e x tra v a g a n t, liut. Ih e y became ho much o f th e language o f t l ie c o lle g e s tJiat. in t im e i t was d i f f i c u l t t os e p a ra te th e r e a l t_hinq rrtm t l ie myth which c o l le g ia n s andc o lle g e o f f i c i a l s c re a te d ou t o f th e o o l le q ia t .e way. 1

r*m e o f th e g r e a te s t American C o lle g e P re s id e n ts spoke on th e

s u b je c t . C h a r le s E l l i o t , long tin ie p r e s id e n t o f H a rv a rd C o lle g e and

fa th e r o f th e e le c t iv e system , b e lie v e d tJ ia t " In s p i t e o f th e f a m i l i a r

p ic tu r e o f th e m oral d an g ers which e n v ir o n t l ie s tu d e n t , th e re is no p la c e

so s a fe as a good c o l le g e d u rin g t lie c r i t i c a l passage frcmn l;oyhood to

manhood. The v ie * o f Dartm outh C o l le g e 's P re s id e n t &nit.h was th a t

"Earnest young Jrieii c rave rea l guidance. rJhcy we lot m e, to o , a projK-jr

system o f e c r jiu ls io n and r e s t r a i n t , , . . " ^ Noah P o r te r o f Y a le found

tx in o f i ts in c o lle g e l i f e even fo r the'; w eakest and le a s t m o tiv a te d .

The e l P ^ t s lo ! th e c o l le g ia t e way| a re so p o w erfu l anti s a lu ta r y tJiat i t may w e ll U i q u e s tio n e d w liet.her th e e d u c a tio n w liich th e y in p art, does not o f i t s e l f tio re t.luin re p a y th e tim e and money w hich i t c o s ts , even t o th o s e id ] f i r s a t c o lle g e who d e r iv e frc m t h e i r res id en ce l i t t l e o r n o th in g m ore th a n th e s e a c c id e n ta l o r in c id e n t a l a d v a n ta g e s . . . Such id l e r s som etim es awake to m n l in e s s and duty when th e y le a v e c o l l e g e . . . '1 many who p e r s is t e n t ly n eg lec t th e c o lle g e s tu d ie s , th e (c o lle g e l i f e is a n y th in g r a th e r than a t o t a l lo s s , liven th o se wlio s in k downward w i th no re c o v e ry , f i n d t h e i r d e s c e n t r e ta r d e d .

C o lle g e s were p e rc e iv e d as a g e n c ie s o f t o t a l e d u c a t io n ; n o t ju s t

acad em ic , bur m o ra l, s o c ia l , r e l ig io u s , and c u l t u r a l developm ent was

oxf looted and thought a p p ro p r ia te , T lie g ra d u a l m o ld in g o f an e n t i r e

j>erson th ro u g h a h ig h ly s tru c tu re d p ro c e s s ol s tro n g d is c ip l in e and

c e a s e le s s s u p e rv is io n was th e essence o f th e Amor Lean v e t s i on o i th e

c o l le g ia t e way o f l i v in g .

A t i t s l*> s t , t l ie c o l le g ia t e way niay have acocnp.l ishod seine o f wliat

is c la im ed f o r i t in th e a lx ive p is s a g o s . At. i t s w o r s t , i t was accused of

4

b e in g a p re p o r a ju s t .i f io a t io n Tor ftfio r academi c s , a l lo w in g o r perhaps

even c r e a t in g a d e -e n p lia s is o f th e i n t e l l e c t u a l component o f th e

e x p e r ie n c e . b e n ja m in H ush , P r e s id e n t o f D ic k in s o n C o lle g e r e je c te d

donni t o r i os and t h e i r use as "m onkish ig n o r a n c e . ' 1 P h i l l i p lA iv lsJey ,

P r e s id e n t o f th e U n iv e r s i t y o f N a s h v i l le , s ta t e d , " T h is i s c e r ta in ; that,

[ a r e n t s need n e v e r lo o k t o a c o l le g e f o r any m ira c u lo u s m oral

r e g e n e r a t io n o r t r a n s fo r m a t io n o f c h a r a c t e r . F ra n c is W ayland,

P re s id e n t of [UrcAvn U n iv e r s i t y , r e je c t e d th e c o l le g ia t e way ,-jfi " u t t e r ly

u n s u ite d 1’ lie tiause i t iiad been d e s ig n e d o r i g i n a l l y f u r " th e e d u c a tio n o f

th e m odieva J c le r g y and m o d if ie d by th e p re s s u re o f an u l 1-p o w e rfu l

a r i s to c r a c y .

The co l le g in i e way e s ta b l is h e d funrJam entals o f th e n o n - in t e l le c t u a l

tx irfjcm cnt o f (ifid r a t i o n a l e fo r c o l le g e s , No c o l le g e was m e re ly an

i n s t i t u t i o n o f elassrociT* le a r n in g . H ie can] .logi a t e w ay , w ith E + n

p a t e r n a l i s t i c t r e a tm e n t o f s tu d e n ts and i t s p a ro c h ia l in f lu e n c e on

s tu d e n ts , m a s te rs , and even ccn m n u n ities , may even have d e la y e d

d o ve lijjjm en l o f seme c o l le g e s i n t o u n i v e r s i t i e s . Rudolph suggests t l in t

th e c o l l e g i a t e way p ro lo n g e d ad o |eso e .n ee in a s o c ie ty in w h ich th a t

phenomenon was l i t t l e k n tw n . C e r t a in ly , th e re s id e n t i a l-e t iim u n a l

o r ie n t a t io n p re c lu d e d a t te n d a n c e a t c o l le g e o f many c a te g o r ie s o f

s tu d e n ts e e n ro n to d a y such as p ia r t - t im e , i t i n e r a n t , o ld e r , and t i a n s ie r

s tu d e n t s .

q u e s t io n a b le though t i ts 1 re lie f i t s may have been , ant] a h le to s e rv e

o n ly th e few who c o u ld a t te n d and th e n t h r i v e o r even cope w ith l i f e a t

c o l I ( g o , a d h e re n ts o f th e c o l I eg i a t e w ay, such as Noah P o r te r o f Y a le ,

l i e l i c v f t i i t t o be v a s t l y s u p e r io r t o any o f th e a [ r o r n a t iv e s .

lo t. any r e f le c t in g man t i l in g f o r a moment o f . , , t h e t r i c k e r y o f b u s in e s s , t l ie jo b b in g o f p a ] i t . ie ia n s , th e s la n g o f new spapers , th e v u lg a r i t y o f fa s h io n , th e s e n s a t io n a l ism o f p o p u la r b o o k s , th e s h a llo w n e s s and c a n t t h a t d is h o n o r p u lp i t and d e f i l e w o rs h ip , and h e may re a s o n a b ly r e jo io e t l i a t th e re is one c c n n u n ity w h ich f o r a c o n s id e ra b le p e r io d ta k e s in to i t s k e e p in g many o f th e m ost s u s c e p t ib le and most p re m is in g o f our y o u th , t o im p art t o them b e t t e r ta s k s , h ig h e r a im s , am i, utxive a l l , to tt:aeh them t o d e s p is e a l l s o r ts o f i n t e l l e c t u a l and m o ia l shams. H

C o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i t ie s nan be c o n s id e re d t o t a l i n s t i t u t io n s in

th a t th e y s tan d fo r and p ro v id e a o en p le t.e round o f l i f e fo r t h e i r

c o n s t i tu e n ts , As such th e y may w e l l lie (X iq M re d t o such o a tp le x t o t a l

in s t i t u t io n s as m en ta l h o s p i t a ls , m o n a s te r ie s , t in * r r d l i t .a r y , o r p o s s ib ly

a oaupmiy town o r la rg e c o r p o r a t io n .

As w ith o th e r i n s t i t u t io n s , th e c o l le g e o r u n iv e r s i t y lias a c q u ire d a

d is t i n c t i v e e th o s o r group o f le g e n d s w h ic h , in f a c t , e n p lia s izo the

gamut o f s e r v ic e s , a c t i v i t i e s , r i t u a l s , and s t r u c tu r e s o f d a i l y and

annual l i f e th a t, make t i ie i n s t i t u t i o n s p e c ia l - *- - a t lw to re t ie a ] Ijase

sunntir i zed wet 1 in th e t u n i n g q u o te by F r e d e r ic k Rudolph in h is account

o f th e c o l le g ia t e w ay.

Act. i v i t i e ft , r i t u a l s , ami ft t ruct. u r es o f oo 11 eges on n I ie ova L ua t e< S

I ran an o r g a n iz a t io n a l th e o ry ^ icrs fx tc t jv e . Unliert. M e rto n , in Id s Soci a 1

Ttie o ry and S o c ia l S t r u c lL r o , e xam in es "nuni Jest fu n c t io n s " o f

o r g a n iz a t io n s as opposfxi lo "system s m a in ten an ce" fu n c t io n s , ib e

cw l.lc .g ia t e way o f l i f e would suggest th a t sane fu n c t io n s seen as system s

m ain ten an ce by o th e r o r g a n iz a t io n s , w ould be seen by c o lle g e s and

u n iv e r s i t ie s as m a n ife s t fu n c t io n s o r jx i r t io n s t h e r e o f ,

f.i

I'lvidonee p resen tee! in l a t e r c h a p te rs w i l l suggest th a t c o lle g e

p re s id e n ts , f a c u l t i e s , and oven b o ards o f t ru s te e s r o u t in e ly devotee)

e x t r a o r d in a r y [ jo r t io n s o f L h o ir t im e and e n e rg ie s on th e non-academ i e

crinfionents o f i n s t i t u t io n a l l i f e , The g o a l was n o th in g lo s s th a n t o t a l

e d u e a tio n and developm ent. o f an in d iv id u a l . N a t u r a l ly , such a g o a l

re q u ire d c o n s ta n t g u id an ce and s u jje rv is io n o f th e in d iv id u a l as w e l l as

unuoasiiig v ig i la n c e a g a in s t tin.? ta rip t.a t.jons anti c o r ru p t in g in f lu e n c e s o f

tiit.1 w o r ld .

Hoc r e a l io n , s tu d y , w o rs h ip , l i v in g t ia h its and e a t in g h a b its w ere

a l l h?gi t im a l.e ly w i th in th e ju r is d ic t io n o f th e p re s id e n t, ami n iast.ers.

rJhese coupon e n ts o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l l i f e were each h ig h ly s t.iu c t.u red am!

ro q u ]a t< *l as w e l l as c a r e f u l l y j u s t i f i e d in o f f i c i a l documents such as

c h a r te r s find s ta t u t e s w h ich d e s c r ib e d in scn>e d e t a i l how each ecu if* merit

o f c o l le g ia t e l i f e was to Ije liv e s ! and o f te n e x p la in e d th e reaso n in g fo r

r equi rejTont s in lenris such a:-; v u ln e r a b i l i t y to tem pt.a ti on and th e dangers

o f id le n e s s .

d in in g h a l l s and food s e rv ic e s a re p a r t i c u la r l y in t r ig u in g in that,

t.txiay th e y irtny l>e ta k e n fo r g ra n te d as an om nipresent b u t u n s jip o ta e u lfir

p a rt o f th e o r g a n iz a t io n , t V r r t a in ly , d in in g h a l ls a r e not c o n tra ] to

f a c u l t y m e e tin g s a ltfju t c u rr ic u lu m o r board m eetings about th e s t a t e o f

th e i n s t i t u t i o n , bu t t h is in d i f f e r e n c e may be m is le a d in g .

D e s p ite th e fact, t lm i t l ie best re p o r ts o f food q u a l i t y and

s a t is f a c t io n le v e l w it l i th e ctnmons e x p e rie n c e a re n e u tra l ami th a t th e

m a jo r i ty a r e n e g a t iv e in (.he ex trem e , f o r sane reason m andatory cannunal

d in in g p e r s is te d * 'Jin. t e n a c i t y w ith w hich c o lle g e s h e ld t o t h in

t r a d i t io n i s e v id en t.**! by cont inuod adherence to th e cannons as a

7

v a lu a b le component o f c o l le g ia t e l i v in g even i n th e fa c e o f c o n s is te n t,

d is s a t i s f a c t io n and c c u p ln in t and e v e n , on o cc a s io n , r e b e l l io n ,

R udolph chooses a d ra m a tic exam ple in r e v iw in g th e a b b re v ia te d

te n u re of H arvard C o l le g e 's f i r s t p re s id e n t , N a th a n ie l E aton , whose " w ife

served m e a tle s s m e a ls , w hich feat.u rt.il sour bread and d ry p u d d in g , Eaton

was d is m is s e d .. ." -^

H en ry S h e ld o n 's S tu d en t L ife and f u s io ns ]iv*kos s e v e ra l o b s e rv a tio n s

aJjout s tu d e n t d is u t . ia f a c t io n w ith c o l le g ia t e d in in g d u r in g t.he e ig h te e n th

and n in e te e n th c e n tu r ie s .

Our f i r s t g lin p s e s in to th e s tx :ia l l i f e o f t lie s tu d e n ts d is c o v e r a d re a ry round o f f a s t days, e a r ly c h a p e ls , s tv e r t : p u n is h m e n t, anti bad b o a rd .

In 1691 th e H arvard a u th o r i t ie s warned th e s tu d e n ts a g a in s t th e dangers o r an over s u p p ly o f plum cake . N e a r ly 30 y e a rs l a t e r , a low was jmssed t o the e f f e c t th a t no plum cake , ro a s te d , b o i le d , o r baked meats o r p ie s should be made by any ' ocrm enoer * T

(R e g a rd in g V a le in th e 19th c e n tu ry . ) One o f th e most otJimon g rie v a n c e 's on th e fv ir t o f t lie s tu d e n ts was in t.he q u a l i t y am i th e q u a n t i ty o f food served in th e c o lle g e tr jim o n s . We have r e l i a b l e a u th o r ity th a t r a t io n s were u n u s u a lly b a d . One g ra d u a te con s id ered th e board fu rn is h e d a t Y a le as a b s o lu te ly d e s t r u c t iv e o f l ie a lth .

We have th e n o t ic e s o f r e b e l l io n in th e d i f f e r e n t c o lo n ia l c o l le q o s , g o in g as fa r la c k as 1750 . H arvard was e a r l y s u b je c t t.o th e s e d is tu rb a n c e s . H ie r e b e l l io n in 1796 was o f such d im en sio n s th a t i t in te r ru p te d th e re g u la r w ork o f th e c o l le g e f o r more th a n a month. I t a ro se because o f d is s a t i s f a c t io n w ith th e cermons.

The freshm en are! supbemoros o f Y a le re l je l le d in 1H1CJ ije c a u s e oi th e q u a l i t y o f th e ocjtieitls, in 1973 th e re was a m ore e x te n s iv e u p r is in g , known as th e 'b ro a d and b u t te r re l jo] 1 io n . 1 A t South C a ro lin a C o lle g e th e court jus w ere a s o u rc e o f e n d le s s Ijaycot t.s and reb e l 1 io n s ,

D e s p ite such tu r m o i l , th e t r a d i t io n rem ained la r g e ly i n t a c t .

C o n s id e r w hat P ro fe s s o r Hugh .Tones a t th e C o lle g e o f w i l l ia m am i Mary

9

w ro te in 1724 s p e c i f i c a l l y w i t h reco rd t.o th e o e m o n s ecnponent o f t l ie

C o l le g ia t e Way.

[T r u s te e s | a p p o in t a p e rs o n , t o whem th e y g ra n t S f^ec ia l P r iv i le g e s and A llo w an ces to boa id and lo d g e th e u rastcrS and s c h o la rs a t an e x t r a o r d in a r y clioap r a te When th e c o l le g e s h o u ld 1*? Cul l and ocm pleat as h e re d ir e c te d and w is h e d , th e c o l le g ia n s may l>e Ix ia rd e d , • * i t is tl»ought as y e t m ore a d v is a b le t o board in t.Jte r o l l c q e . . . ^

An e x c e rp t f r a n th e U n d erg rad u ate Program c a ta lo g u e , 1903 /^ 4 o f th e

Col 1 ogf1 of W i l l i a m and Mary under t lie h ead ing o f "A Camra u n en t to L ib e r a l

E d u c a tio n " , su g g ests th a t th e carniitm ent. t o e d u c a te t lie w h o le p erson had

dtnriged l i t t l e i n 260 y e a rs ,

'Ihe C o l le g e 's oaTini tm ent in a l l program s t.o l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n is t lie source o l i n s t i t u t io n a l c o h e re n c e . W il l ia m and Mary tscphas isies, in i t s u n d e rg ra d u a te , g ra d u a te and p r o fe s s io n a l program s, t-hc developm ent o f th e s tu d e n t a s a w h o le in d iv id u a l . to c o l lc n c e in te a c h in g and le a r n in g , in c la s s am i o u t o f c la s s , i s a t th e h e a r t o f th e e d u c a t io n a l prc.)cess. E d u ca tio n t l i a t i s rounded and th o ro u g h , p re p a r in g i t s s tu d e n ts t o l i v e and make a l i v i n g . - ^

ih e tx-'nof i L o f th e c o l le g ia t e way is and was an im p o r ta n t s o c ia l

f a c t . W hether o r no t t r u e o r even te s t a b le , th e h ip o r ta n t s o c ia l f a c t is

d ia l it . may be p e rc e iv e d as such . TVfvocates, sfjokesm en, a lu m n i, and

s tu d e n ts b e l ie v e i t t o !«:■ so . I t is p a r t o f th e r e a l and e m b e llis h e d

memory of an i n s t i t u t i o n .

HJlie purpose oT t h is d is s o r t a t io n is to exam ine th e c o l l e g i a t e way

o f l i v i n g ; how i l. began, haw i t developed and ch an g ed , am i why

inst it .u t.io n s have co n tin u ed t o adhere t.o i t . W ith in L in t, c o n te x t , t.he

cuiiriuns o r orjitnijrinl d in in g ceiTif o rie n t o f th e c o l l e g i a t e way o f l i v in g w i l l

bt? s tu d ie d in d e t a i l , T h is d is s e r t a t io n w ilJ a tte m p t t.o d e te rm in e why

c o lle g e s liave b e lie v e d t l ia t ccmnunal d in in g was im p o rta n t enough Lo

r e q u ir e it . d e s p ite w id e ly ra n g in g c irc u m s ta n c e s and d i f f e r i n g s tu d e n t

[ lo p u la tio h s ™ e r a p e r io d o f at. l e a s t fo u r hundred y e a rs .

H ie s ta te d , o r o f f i c i a l , r a t io n a le g iv e n f o r Lhe c o l le g ia t e way of

l i v in g and f o r c turiunn l d in in g w i l l I k.' eotijsared witJL a v a i la b le ev id en ce

in an e f f o r t to le a rn w h e th er o r no t th e y were: and / o r a re eonsi s te n t..

The c o l le g ia t e way o f J iv in g t r u l y niay Ix? th e id e a l v e h ic le f o r t o t a l

e d u c a tio n and (levelopnen1 o f Llie in d iv id u a l re g a rd le s s o f chang ing

e i rm in s tan ces and f x jp i la t io n s 01 i t may i>e n te re ly a t r a d i t i o n so d e e p ly

cnilxxlded th a t r a t io n a le fo r i t s e x is te n c e was d e v e lo p e d , as needed, in

o rd e r t o r e t a in th e t r a d i t i o n ■

I I je l ie v e th a t seme e v id e n c e may suggest th a t e d u c a tio n and

developm ent o f Lhe w lio le p e rs o n , th e essence of th e c o l lo q ia t e w ay, has

kxx:i 1 a I t.imes 1 i kx?ra 11 y i n t .e rp re to d . C e r ta in 1 y , one o f th e jnost

in te r e s t in g r e - in t e r p r e t a t io n s i s Lhe change from an em phasis on

s t r u c tu r e and s u fje rv is io n t.o a v o id w o r ld ly e v i l s and te m p ta tio n s t o an

em phasis on d eve lopm enta l c o u n s e lin g and enhancing s tu d e n ts ’ c o l le g ia t e

e x p e r ie n c e . A d d it io n a lJ y , th e f is c a l b e n e f i t s to c o l le g e s , m a s te rs , and

s tu d e n ts o f ocnmunal l i v i n g and d in in g liavo 1m m .sn c i te d o n ly r a r e ly as

o f f i c i a l r a t io n a le , Iru t appear Lo be a m a jo r f a c t o r in d is c u s s io n s ami

d e c is io n s on th e s u b je c t .

European, M n g lis h , ami e a r ly A m erican c o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i t ie s

w i l l be exam ined f i r s t , b e g in n in g w ith th e U n iv e r s i t y o f P a r is , bu t w ith

an y ip h n s is on O xford ojhI Cam bridge U n iv e r s i t ie s in E n g lan d , c h a p te r two

w i l l a tte m p t to e s ta b l is h t_he? p re s e n c e o f ocm iunal l i v in g and d in in g a t

K)

u n iv e r s i t ie s as e a r ly as th e 12 th c e n tu ry . H ie reasons and o f f i c i a l

r a t io n a le , i f any, f o r such phenomena wi 11 be examined and an a tte m p t

w i l l 1.x? made to p ro v id e some in s ig h t , in t o the; n a tu re o f l i v i n g anti d in in g

arrangem ents f o r s tu d e n ts and n ias te rs a t those in s t i t u t io n s * f t is in

t h is oen p ariso n o f C o n t in e n ta l and t ' i ig l is h u n iv e r s i t ie s t h a t c le a r

d if fo re n o e s ap jiear in m o t iv a t io n and r a t io n a le s tijjfio rtin g s im i la r

arrangem ents lo r ccmuunal l i v in g atxl d in in g -

Chapter th ro e wi 11 r e v i w t l ie s u ccess fu l export o f th e c o l le g ia t e

way of l i v i n g to A t:ierica. Seme d e s c r ip t io n and e x p la n a tio n o f Hew W orld

tliink itLq and c irc u its la n c e s w i l l h e lp p ro v id e a fo u n d a tio n f o r

u nderstand ing why th e E n g lis h ool le g ia t .e t .ro d it io n was a t t r a c t i v e to

e a r ly A m ericans, Seme o r th e e a r lie s t- , es t.a b lis h e d c o lle g e s w i l l Lie

examined, d e s c r ib e d , and seme reaso n s o f fe r e d f o r t h e i r c lio k re of ami

em phatic adherence t.o t.he c o l le g ia t e way of l i f e ,

C hap ters fo u r and f i v e w i l l a t te m p t a d e ta i le d tvise s tu d y o f one o f

th e out s ta n d in g su ccess fu l e x a n p le s o f t l ie c o l le g ia te way o f l i v in g a t a

p re s t ig io u s , v e n e ra b le A m erican i n s t i t.ut ion * The C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and

Mary Lr: V i r g in ia is th e second o ld e s t c o l le g e in A m erica, W il l ia m and

Mary wjs fount let] by c h a r te r frcm t l ie E n g lis h crown ’’th a t t l ie youth lie

p io u s ly ed u cated in good T je tte rs and M anners"-^ e n t i r e ly on th e O xfo rd

anti Cambridge model o f ccnmunal l i v i n g , d in in g , and w o rs h ip . M a s te rs ,

stu d en ts , and s e rv a n ts a l l l i v i n g torjelJiF^r in a c o lle g e u n d er th e

w atch fu l eye and f ir m hand o f th e p re s id e n t who, f o r th e f i r s t one

hundred y e a rs o f th e C o l le g e ’ s h is t o r y , t y p ic a l ly was an A n g lic a n

clergyman and u s u a lly t i ie A n g l i a n B is lic p o f V ir g in ia .

Tlie c rc w n , d e te rm in ed t o en su re th a t th e a lic v e -s ta te d g tja l co u ld be

L L

m et, p ro v id e d th e C o lle g e 's P re s id e n t w i th a Board o f V is i t o r s made up o f

re s p e c ta b le and in f l u e n t i a l members o f th e co lony and a R e c to r o f th e

C o lle g e , a jsersonage no le s s august th a n th e A rchb ishop o f C a n te rb u ry ,

Begun as a c o lle g e p r i i r H r i l y in te n d e d to t r a i n p r ie s t s , la w y e rs ,

and te a c h e rs , th e C o lle g e o f W ill ia m and H ary d eve lo p ed in to a

t r a d i t io n a l l i b e r a l a r t s , u n d erg rad u a te c o l le g e . A lth o u g h now a medium

s iz e u n iv e r s i t y , W ill ia m and Mary r e t a in s th e name c o lle g e as w e l l as

much o f i t s h is t o r ic a l t r a d i t i o n and i t s r e s id e n t ia l , u n d erg rad u ate

l ib e r a l a r t s c h a ra c te r .

C hapter fo u r w i l l exajiiine and d e s c r ib e two s ig n i f i c a n t p e r io d s in

th e l i f e o f th e C o lle g e o f W ill ia m and tto ry . A f t e r e s ta b l is h in g th e

presence and im p o rtan ce o f th e o o l lc g ia t e way and th e ocm ons e x p e r ie n c e

at. t l ie tim e o f Lhe e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e C o lle g e and i t s co n tin u ed

prtn iitienee th ro u g h o u t i t s e a r ly y e a rs , th e l a t e 1 6 th c e n tu ry w i l l be

considered in seme d e t a i l . A v a i la b le e v id e n c e re g a rd in g th e r o u t in e o f

C o lle g e l i f e , and th e p la c e o f t l ie Camions w i th in i t , w i l l be p re s e n te d .

Through use o f secondary source d e s e r ip tJ o n s , maps, o rg a n iz a t io n a l

c h a r ts , b lu e p r in t s , Board o f V is i t o r s and fa c u lty m ee tin g m in u tes a sense

and f la v o r f o r l i f e a t W i l l ia m and M ary in th e l a t e l7(J£)'s w i l l em erge.

A f t e r b r i e f o b s e rv a tio n s re g a rd in g th e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry , C h a p te r

fo u r w i l l c o n c e n tra te n ex t on p ro v id in g a p ic t.u re o f l i f e at. W il l ia m and

r-tary d u r in g t l ie 1 Midi's anti e a r ly I 'J lO 's ; a p e r io d o f grow th under th e

dynamic le a d e rs h ip o f P re s id e n t J . A . C, Q ia n d le r - P hotographs,

p u b lic a t io n s , seme correspondence anti a f tw recorder! o r a l h is r o r ie s a r e

a v a i la b le to e n r ic h th e p ic t u r e o f C o lle g e ro u t in e beyond th e le v e l

[possible w i t h th e l im ite d documents and sources a v a i la b le f o r e a r l i e r

p e r io d s .

11

Botli p e r io d s a r c in t r ig u in g because th e y a r e tim es o f g r e a t change

in A m erican s o c ie t y . D u rin g b o th p e r io d s much t i i a t was t r a d i t i o n a l was

d is c a rd e d and th e young, in p a r t i c u l a r , demanded new and b e t t e r ways rtore

s u ite d to th a n , t h e i r d e s ire d l i f e s t y l e s , ami t h e i r g o a ls . R e v o lu tio n in

th e f i r s t p e r io d and p o s t-w a r bocm tiJties, f la p p e r s , and econom ic

s p e c u la t io n in th e second p e r io d n o tw ith s ta n d in g , th e C o lle g e o f W illia m

and M=sry in V i r g in ia a{>f>ears n ever to have s e r io u s ly c o n s id e re d a l t e r in g

i t s ccrtTiitm ent to p a te rn a lis m and th e e d u c a tio n o f th e w hole p e rso n ,

in s t i t u t io n a l i z e d in Lhe c o l le g ia t e w ay.

C h ap ter f i v e w i l l t r e a t th e p re s e n t and v e ry recen t p a s t a t th e

C o lle q e o f W il l ia m and M ary . R e s id e n t ia l l i v i n g and th e e x tra c u r r ic u lu m

g e n e r a l ly w i l l be exam ined and d e s c r ib e d . Through documents and

in te r v ie w s a sense o f tl»e i n s t i t u t i o n ' s p h ilo s o p h y and p o l ic ie s re g a rd in g

p re s e n t day c o l le g e l i v i n g w i l l o n erg e .

Errphasis w i l l be p la c e d upon th e r o le o f d in in q anti th e cxm oris

e x p e r ie n c e and how i t i s p e rc e iv e d by th e d i f f e r e n t c o n s t itu e n c ie s w ith in

th e C o lle g e oenniunit.y. A d e s c r ip t io n o f tlw? d in in g f a c i l i t i e s and th e

program o f fe r e d w i l l bo supplranented by p ic tu r e s , b u ild in g s c b a m t ic s ,

f l o o r p la n s , p u b l ic a t io n s , co rresp o n d en ce and c o n tra c ts . O rg a n iz a t io n a l

s t r u c tu r e o f food s e r v ic e w i t h in th e C o lle g e , and th e r o le s o f

a d m in is t r a t io n , s tu d e n ts , and p a re n ts w i l l be exam ined. A f in a n c ia l

a n a ly s is r e v i s i n g g ro w th , p r o f i t a b i l i t y and th e advantages and

d is a d v a n ta g e s o f c o n tra c t, management, v e rs u s s e l l o p e ra t io n w i l l c'onelude

c h a p te r f iv c .

C h a p te r s ix w i l l a t t ts r p t t o p ro v id e seme in s ig h t in t o t h is

t r a d i t i o n and way o f l i v i n g w h ich has p e rs is te d in s e v e ra l d i f f e r e n t

] 1

c o u n tr ie s , s o c ie t ie s , and c e n t u r ie s , d e s p ite s o c ie t a l and e d u c a tio n a l

u p h eava ls as w e ll as s ig n i f ic a n t , and c o n tin u e d o p p o s it io n anti r e s is ta n c e

from w i t h in a l l c o n s t itu e n c ie s w h ich have p a r t ic ip a t e d in h ig h e r

e d u c a tio n .

From a genera l p o in t, o f v i w , c h a p te r s ix w i l l exam in e th e

h is t o r ic a l j ja t tc rn o f o f f i c i a l documented r a t io n a le f o r th e c o l le g ia t e

way o f l i v in g anil ocnpare i t t o th e le g e n d , sag a , and e v id e n c e p ro v id e d

by u n o f f i c i a l sources. S p e c i f i c a l l y , th e same c c n p a r is o n w i l l be made

f o r th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and ffa ry in V i r g in ia d u r in g i t s th r e e hundred

y e a r h is to r y and an in te n s iv e a n a ly s is o f th e c c r rp a ra t iv e d a ta on th e

d in in g component o f th e t r a d i t i o n , o r th e cannons, w i l l b e p ro v id e d ,

lh e C o lle g e , i t s s i m i l a r i t i e s t o and d i f f e r e n c e s f r a n th e g en era l,

p a tte rn s in American h ig h e r e d u c a tio n w i l l be n o te d .

F in a l l y , 1 hope to o f f e r some g e n e r a l iz a t io n s and o b s e rv a tio n s

a tx x it t l ie d in in g component o f Lhe c o l le g ia t e w ay, i t s r o le in Am erican

h ig h e r e d u c a tio n , and i t s c u r r e n t s ta te and s ta tu s .

14

ENDNOTES; Chapiter J

1 F re d e ric k R udolph , The A m erican C o lle g e anti U n iv e r s i t y ; A H is to r y .(N t*j York: V in ta g e Books, 1962) pp. 8 7 -8 8 .

2 I b i d . , p . 4 4 .

loon B urr E iichardson, H is to r y o f D artm outh C o l le g o (H a n o v e r, 1 9 3 2 ), V o l . I I , p . 5 4 6 .

Etudolph, The Am erican C o lle g e and U n iv e r s i t y p . 8 9 .

I b i d . , p . 9 0 .

<• Ib id ,

7 F ra n c is Way 1 a n d , Thoughts on tine P re s e n t c o l l e g i a t e System in th e U .S . (B o s to n , 1 8 4 2 ), p p . 2 8 -3 1 ,

® Rudolph, The Am erican C o lle g e and U n iv e r s i t y pp . 1 0 8 -1 0 9 .

y Ib i t J . , p . 101 .

^ Henry 13. S h e ld o n , S tu d e n t l . j f e and CustomsY o rk : D. A p p le to n and COnpany, 1901 ) pp . 8 2 -1 1 1 .

Edgar W. K n ig h t , c d . , A Docum entary H is to r y o f E d u c a tio n in th e South B e fo re I8 6 0 , v o l . ] ; Hugh Jones on th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M ary (C hapel M i l l : 'ilie U n iv e r s i t y o f N o rth C a r o lin a P re s s ) , p p . 4 8 8 -4 9 6 .

12 'Ihe C atalogue o f H ie C o lle g e o f W illia m and Mary, V o l . 77, N o ,8A ugust 1983, p . 1 .

13 R ichard H o fs ta d te r and W ils o n i in i th , ed . , A m erican H ig h e r E d u c a tio n ; ADocum entary H is t o r y , v o l . l : (C h icag o : The U n iv e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o Press, 1 9 6 1 )p . 33 .

[4 Ib id .

CHAPTER 2

EUROPEAN AND ENGIdSH UNIVERSITIES:

ANTDCEDKWI'S OF I I IE AMERICAN QOriJ-TGIATE TRADITION

Eurcpean U n iv e r s i t ie s

i i ig h e r le a rn in g lias e x is t e d , in seme fo rm , s in c e a t l e a s t as lo n g

ago as th e e a r l y G reeks , [ le rh a p s lo n g e r . As perm anent i n s t i t u t i o n s w i t h

l iu i ld in g s , an a s s o c ia te d g ro u p o f f a c u l t y , and a s e t o f m ores and

r i t u a l s , lio w e v e r, u n iv e r s i t i e s as a g e n ts o f h ig h e r le a rn in g appeared f o r

th e f i r s t , t i n e o n ly in th e m id d le a g e s , 'llie ri, academ ic re q u ire m e n ts ,

r e g a l ia , and c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f work o c n p le te d a l l w ere F e a tu re s o f an

o r g a n iz a t io n arxi o f a phenomenon w h ic h , h a v in g beocirte i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d ,

]md begun t o ta k e on i d e n t i f i a b l e c h a r a c t e r is t i c s and to d e v e lo p

t r a d i t io n s .

d i a r i e s Ikm er lia s k in s o f f e r s t l ie fo l lo w in g d e s c r ip t io n o f th e

European u n iv e r s i t y and e c r p a r is o n t o A m erican h ig h e r e d u c a t io n as ho

p e rc e iv e d i t in th e ly^ O ’ s .

'ITie c o n t r a s t te tw e e n th e s e e a r l i e s t u n iv e r s i t i e s and tlio s e o f to d a y i s o f co u rse b ro a d and s t r i k i n g . Throughout t l ie p e r io d o f i t s o r ig in s th e m e d ia e v a l u n iv e r s i t y liad no l i b r a r i e s , l a b o r a t o r ie s , o r museums, no endowment, o r b u ild in g s o f i t s own; i t co u ld n o t p o s s ib ly have met. t h e re q u ire m e n ts o f th e C a rn e g ie F o u n d a tio n ! As an h i s t o r i c a l te x t -b o o k f r a n one o f th e yo u n g est o f A m erican u n iv e r s i t ie s t e l l s u s , w ith an u n co n sc io u s to u ch o f lo c a l c o lo r , i t had "none o f th e a t t r i b u t e s o f th e m a t e r ia l e x is te n c e w h ic h w ith us a r e so s e l f e v id e n t . " The m e d ie v a l u n iv e r s i t y w as , i n th e f i n e o ld p h rase o f P a s q u ie r , " b u i l t , o f [non" - b a t i e en bonnes* Such a u n iv e r s i t y had no b o ard o f t r u s te e s and p u b lis h e d no c a ta lo g u e ; i t had no s tu d e n t s o c ie t ie s - e x c e p t so f a r as th e u n iv e r s i t y i t s e l f was fu n d a m e n ta lly a s o c ie ty o f s tu d e n ts - no c o l le g e jo u rn a lis m , no d ra m a t ic s , no a t h l e t i c s , none o f those " o u ts id e a c t i v i t i e s " w h ic h a r e th e c h ie f excuse fo r in s id e i n a c t i v i t y in th e a m e ric a n c o l l e g e . *

16

As d i f f e r e n t as th e s e e a r l i e s t u n iv e r s i t ie s w ere f r a n tlio s e w h ich

w ere e s ta b l is h e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s , th ey a r e jn c iis p u h a b ly t l ie

a n c e s to rs o f w e s te rn h ig h e r e d u c a t io n . M a s te rs a f f i l i a t i n g in g u i ld s ,

academ ic ra n k and r e g a l ia , o f f i c i a l c h a r te rs f r tm th e r u l in g a u t h o r i t y ,

r u le s r e g u la t in g l i f e and b e h a v io r in th e academ ic o cm n u n ity , and, o f

c o u rs e , c e r t i f i c a t i o n o r th e award o f s c n e th in g ta n g ib le d e m o n s tra tin g

aco c in p lish m en t a l l began in th e m e d ie v a l u n iv e r s i t y . These c o n tin u e d in

seme form throughout, t h e y e a rs in most w e s te rn in s t i t u t io n s o f h ig h e r

e d u c a tio n and v i r t u a l l y a l l E n g lis h ami A m erican c o lle g e s anti

u n iv e rs i t i e s .

One m a jo r d i f f e r e n c e between th e m e d ie v a l u n iv e r s i t ie s and th o se

E n g lis h and A m erican i n s t i t u t io n s w hich w i l l be examined in t h is

d is s e r t a t io n i s th e a p p a re n t absence o f non-academ ic communal i t y . T h a t

oanponent o f E n g lis h am i Amer ic a n h ig h e r e d u c a tio n w h ich i s term ed th e

c o l l e g ia t e w ay o f l i v i n g appears t o be mis s in g in e a r ly FiUropean

u n iv e rs i t i e s .

No re c o rd s ap p ear to e x is t w h ich c e u jd e s t a b l is h th e p re s e n c e a t

P a r is o r B ologna o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l l y a f f i l i a t e d r e s id e n t ia l c o lle g e s o r

ccrm ons. In p o in t o f f a c t , seme fJurcpean u n iv e r s i t i e s , th e above

in c lu d e d , o p e ra te d as i n s t i t u t io n s o f liig h e r le a r n in g in m u l t ip le and

d i f f e r e n t p la c e s and f a c i l i t i e s o v e r a p e r io d o f ye a rs b e fo r e

e s ta b l is h in g a perrTaneut lo c a t io n o r campus; a requ irem ent. A m ericans

would p ro b a b ly c o n s id e r fundam enta l and e s s e n t ia l to any h ig h e r e d u c a tio n

e n t e r p r is e .

The absence o f an o f f i c i a l re s id e n tia l/c o m m u n a l component

n o tw ith s ta n d in g , m e d ie v a l u n iv e r s i t ie s should n o t be assumed to have had

17

no i n t e r e s t in s tu d e n ts o u ts id e o f th e te a c h in g r e la t io n s h ip * A

s e n s i t i v i t y d id e x is t t o th e need f o r p ro p e r d evelopm ent o f t h e w hole

p e rs o n because one re c o g n ize d fu n c t io n o f th e u n iv e r s i t y was t h e

e d u c a t io n o f in d iv id u a ls in th e o lo g y and t h e i r p re p a ra t io n f o r h o ly

o r d e r s . An em phasis e x is te d , o f c o u rs e , on h e a lth , th e a v o id a n c e o f

m a t e r ia l te m p ta tio n s and constant v ig i la n c e a g a in s t th e in h e re n t weakness

o f th e human c h a r a c te r . The fo l lc w in g e jto e rp ts from th e "R u le s o f H e a lth

o f S a le r n o ” suggest, t h a t , a t th e v e r y le a s t , a d v ic e was o f f e r e d t o th e s e

ends.

R is e e a r ly i n th e morne and s t r a ig h t ra n s n b e r, w i t h w a te r c o ld t o wash your hands and e y e s ,I n g e n t le fa s h io n re tc h in g e v e ry member,And t o r e f re s h yo u r b ra in e when as you r i s e ,In h e a t , in c o ld , i n J u ly arid Decemlx-r.ilo th comb y o u r head and rub y o u r te e th 1 ik e w is e .I f b le d you h ave , keepe c o o le , i f b a th , keepc warm?.I f d in e d , to s tn rv i o r w a lk , w i l l do no harm e.I t i r e e th in g s p re s e rv e th e s ig h t , g ra s s e , g la s s e and fo u n ta in s ,A t e v e 'n s p r in g s , a t morning v i s i t m ounta ins .

I I in your d r in k s you m ing le Rew w ith Sage,A l l poysoti is e x p e le d by power o f th o s e , and i f you would w ith a l l L u s ts h e a t assuage,Add t o thorn tw o th e g e n t le f lo w re o f Rose:W ould not bo s e a -s ic k e when seas do rage S a g e -w a te r d r in k e w ith w ino b e fo r e he goes ,S a l t , G a r l ic k e , P a rs le y , P opper, Sage and WineP'fcike sauces f o r a l l m eates, Ix rth course and f i n e .O f w ashing o f y o u r hands much good does r i s e ,T is wholesome, o lo a n e ly , and r e l i v e s yo u r e y e s .^

la v in g h a b its , b a th in g in s t r u c t io n s , a tfv ic e on th e p re [ .ja ra t ia n o f

food and on avo id an ce o f c a rn a l im p u lses suggest th a t th o se at. th e

U n iv e r s i t y o f S a le rn o who authored th e "Rules o f H e a lth " had seme concern

f o r s tu d e n ts beyond t h e i r in t e l l e c t u a l deve lo p m en t. I t i is same concern

m a n ife s te d i t s e l f in more [.loncrere ways a t o th e r u n iv e r s i t ie s such as

th o s e at. N ap les and a t P a r is .

A re c o g n it io n o f s c h o la rs ' and m a s te rs ' b a s ic human needs d e v e lo p e d

e a r l y . Poor s c h o la rs in I t a l y and F ra n c e , e s p e c ia l l y , b e n e f i te d frc m th e

e a r ly in te r v e n t io n and co n tin u ed o v e r s ig h t o f th e c ro w n . In a d d i t io n t o

d e c re e in g th e s e c u r i t y o f s c h o la r s ' p r o p e r ty , th e s a f e t y o f t h e i r

p e rs o n s , and p la c in g th s a under h is p e rs o n a l p r o t e c t io n , lin p e ro r

F r e d e r ic k I I r u le d t h a t " th e y w i l l b e a c c o m o d a te d in th e b e s t h o s p it iu m

a v a i l a b le in th e c i t y , l o a n s s h a l l b e ™ dc

Having e s ta b l is t ie d h o s p i t ia , o r h a l ls o f re s id e n o e , f o r p o o r

s c h o la rs a t Lhe C o lle g e o f th e S o rlio n n e , Robert o f Sorbon in c lu d e d th e

fo l lo w in g r a th e r e x te n s iv e r e g u la t io n s re g a rd in g d in in g .

Nobody s J ia ll o a t m eat d u r in g A d ven t ( fo u r w eeks b e fo re C h ris tm a s ) n o r on Mom Jay o r Tuesday p ro c e e d in g b e n t and n o t between A s c e n s io n ami P e n te c o s t .

As re g a rd s th e Fe llow s tu d e n ts who e a t in t h e i r cham bers, t i le le f to v e r s s h o u ld be c o l le c t e d so they w ould n o t p e r is h and re tu rn e d to t h e d is p e n s e r who w i l l use them f a r th e oontnon p r o f i t o f p o o r c le r i c s . A ls o . . . t h a t th o s e e a t in g in t h e i r oftartiljers l>e q u ie t and r e f r a i n frc n i n o is e

I f a s tu d e n t i s la t e fo r b r e a k f a s t . , . , i f he cones frcm s c h o o l o r sermon o r frc m business i n th e s e rv ic e o f t h e ccn tnun ity he s h a l l have h is f u l l p o r t io n ; i f frcm b u s in e s s o f h is own he w i l l have b re a d o n ly .A ls o , i f a s tu d e n t e a ts in t h e house f i v e d ays o r le s s h e w i l l be t r e a te d as a g u e s t; i f l ie e a t s in th e tow n he w i l l n o t p ay le s s than i f he was e a t in g i n th e h o u s e ...

No s tu d e n t s h a l l b r in g f r i e n d s , f r e q u e n t l y t o d r in k a t th e expense o f th e o cm n u m ty; i f h e docs he tias t o d e f r a y th e c o s ts a c c o rd in g t o th e e s t im a te o f th e d is p e n s e r .

19

No s tu d e n t s h a l l have th e keys o f th e k itc h e n .

No wcnan o f w h a te v e r s ta tu s s h a l l e a t w ith s tu d e n ts i n t h e i r cham bers. I f anyone does t h is he must pay th e f ix e d p e n a lty , th a t, is s ix d e n a rs ,i f a s tu d e n t a t t a c k s , knocks down o r s e v e re ly b e a ts one o f th e s e rv a n ts he has t o jjay one s e s te r o f w in e t o h is f e l lo w s , ami t h is w in e ought t o be o f a b e t t e r t o best q u a l i t y .

In a l l th e s e and o th e r food oustcms th e d is p e n s e r s h a l l be way and e f f i c i e n t . I f he r e la x e s he s h a l l be fo ro e d t o pay th e p e n a lty o f th e house irtvosed on th e o f fe n d e r s .^

I lo s p i t ia , o r h a l l s , g e n e r a l ly c o n s id e re d to b e th e fo re ru n n e rs o f

c o lle g e s such as those found a t th e E n g lis h u n iv e r s i t ie s a t O xford and

Cambridge and l a t e r in f tn e r ic a , should n o t be o v e r Em phasized in a r c v i w

o f tins developm ent o f th e c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n . These h a l l s w ere

e s ta b l i shed in an a tte m p t to a c h ie v e a l im i t e d p r a c t i c a l o b je c t iv e ; t o

provide* an in e x p e n s iv e p la c e f o r poor s c h o la rs t o lo d g e and b o a rd . U n t i l

as tnuch as th r e e c e n tu r ie s la t e r o n ly a s n a i l m in o r i ty o f s tu d e n ts had

e x p e rie n c e w ith I v i l l s . "H ie m a jo r i t y o f s tu d e n ts p ro b a b ly l iv e d in

houses s u p e rv is e d by f ta s te rs o f th e U n iv e r s i ty ; th e y e n jo y e d a lm o st

u n lim ite d fre e d o m ."^

A lth o u g h P a r is has been c a l le d th e t r u e heme o f th e c o l le g ia t e system , i t d id n o t ocme in t o i t s own u n t i l th e s ix te e n th c e n tu ry , when th e Sorliotine stood f o r th e w h o le u n iv e r s i t y and i t s f ia l l and s ch o o ls held th e p u b l ic d is p u ta t io n s o f th e f a c u l t y . ”6

V.tt

] t a jp e a rs t h a t c o l le g e s a t t l ie U n iv e r s i t y o f P a r is w e re n e t y e t

t r u l y c o lle g e s a s t h e E n g lis h and A m erican s came t o know th e n . >V>St

la c k e d endowment and t lto s e w i t h endowment w ere o f te n o n ly p a r t i a l l y

s e l f - s u p p o r t in g . M em bersh ip changed frc m y e a r to y e a r . L o c a t io n a ls o

e tian g ed , as h a l l s w e re h ir e d m ore o f te n th a n owned. As s u c h , s tu d e n ts

and m a s te rs p r o b a b ly d id n o t f e e l s tro n g i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h p la c e and

w i t h o th e r s , engaged in th e a c a d e m ic e n t e r p r is e , who s h a re d t h e i r

q u a r t e r s and t h e i r t a b l e . I n i t i a l l y a p ro v is io n f o r p o o r s c h o la r s , and

a t P a r i s , u l t im a t e ly a c o n v e n ie n t method to o b ta in lo d g in g a n d b o a rd , t h e

husp i t i a - t i a l I s - c o l le g e s la c k e d t h e s e n s e , as w e l l as th e a c t u a l i t y , o f

p e n nan cnce and c o n t i n u i t y w h ic h m ig h t have g e n e ra te d p e rs o n a l

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h and l o y a l t y t o a c o l le g e .

C h a r le s H tm e r H a s k in s , i n The R is e o f U n iv e r s i t i e s , a w a rd s th e

U n iv e r s i t y o f P a r is a m ore s i g n i f i c a n t p la c e in th e h is t o r y o f th e

c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n s u g g e s t in g t h a t seme P a r is c o l le g e s "becam e norm al

c e n t r e s o f l i f e anti te a c h in g and t l ia t . th e r e w ere s i x t y e i g h t c o l le g e s

a t P a r is by th e s ix t e e n t h c e n t u r y , flask in s co n ced es , h o w e v e r, th a t th e

c o i le g e system a t P a r is d id n o t s u r v iv e th e r e v o lu t io n and t h a t

th e u l t im a t e heme of t h e c o l le g e was O x fo rd and C a m b rid g e , w here i t came t o bo th e m ost c h a r a c t e r is t ic f e a t u r e o f u n iv e r s i t y l i f e , a r r o g a t in g t o i t s e l f p r a c t i c a l l y a l l te a c h in g as w e l l a s d i r e c t i o n o f s o c ia l l i f e , u n t i l th e u n i v e r s i t y became m e re ly on e x a m in in g and d eg ree c o n fe r r in g b o d y .®

I ]

O xb rid g e

CcmnunaJ l i v in g and d in in g a t th e lih g lis h u n iv e r s i t i e s to o k as i t s

f i r s t form h o s te ls and h ir e d tiaJJs. S im ila r in m ost ways t o th o se a t

P a r is , th e s e h a l ls wore re n te d , c o n s e q u e n tly irrperm anent, and th e

membership o f te n changed o c irp le tc ly frcm year t o y e a r . T^e h a l ls w ere

not endowed anti as a r e s u l t depended f o r t h e i r e x is te n c e e n t i r e l y Upon

fe e paying s c a l a r s s u p e rv is e d most o f te n by a m a s te r .

H ire d h a l l s fo r lo d g in g and d in in g a t O xfo rd and Cam bridge liad

emerged in r e a c t io n t o th e d i f f i c u l t o o rx lit io n s under w h ich s c h o la rs

l iv e d and w orked in th e t h i r t e e n t h c e n tu ry . The te n s io n produced by th e

a d v e rs a r ia l r e la t io n s h ip between s c h o la rs and m asters on one hand and

town d w e lle rs and m erchants on th e o th e r re s u lte d in c o n s ta n t b ic k e r in g ,

ami even v io le n c e , o ve r th e c o s t , q u a l i t y , and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f lo d g in g

ami f o a l .

As in th e cases o f many European u n iv e r s i t ie s , th e crown p la c e d

u n iv e r s i t ie s , s c h o la rs , and n a s te rs u nder i t s p r o te c t io n and g ra n te d

r ig h ts and p r iv i le g e s t o s c h o la rs and m asters as a g ro u p , as in d iv id u a ls ,

and s p e c i f i c a l l y to th o s e , such as th e c h a n c e llo r , who h e ld u n iv e r s i t y

o f f i c e . Satie ro ya l d ecrees addressed th e p r ic in g anti d i s t r ib u t io n o f

fo o d .

No r e g r a te r s h a l l buy up v ic t u a ls in o u r town o f O xfo rd o u ts id e and on th e way o f b e in g iit(Jorted in t o th e c i t y n o r should he buy up any c trm o d ity and then r e s a le i t b e fo re th e n in th hour and i f he does he w i l l be f in e d and lo s e th e proceeds o f h is s a le .

S.2

rJhe b a k e rs and b rew ers o f O x fo rd w i l l n o t be p un ished fo r th e f i r s t o f fe n c e , bu t f o r th e second th e y w i l l lo o se t h e i r b read and f o r th e t h i r d th e y w i l l be sentenced t o th e p i l l o r y . E very b a k e r sh o u ld have h is ( t r a d e ) s ig n and mark h is b read w ith i t so t h a t i t can b e re c o g n iz e d . The townsman who brews fo r s a le shou ld expose h is t r a d e s ig n ; o th e rw is e he lo s e s h is b e e r .W ine w i l l be s o ld a t O x fo rd in p u b l ic and in d is c r im in a t e ly t o c le r g y and laym an a l i k e a f t e r i t had been tapped f o r r e t a i l .

Thy a s s a y o f b read s h a l l ta k e p la c e tw ic e a y e a r tw o weeksa f t e r S t . M id ia e l (S ep tem ber 2 9 ) and in March around th e f e a s t o f S t . M ary (M arch 2 5 ) and th e a s s is e o f b e e r s h a l l ta k e p la c e on th e same days a c c o rd in g t o th e p r ic e (v a lo re m ) f o r b a r le y and m a l t ; w henever th e assay o f broad and b e e r ta k e s p la c e th e C h a n c e llo r o f th e U n iv e r s i t y o r h is d e p u tie s s h a l l be p re s e n t i f th e y a re asked and w an t to ; i f no t p re s e n t o r n o t asked t obe th e assay w i l l n o t be v a l i d . ^

O th e r d e c re e s aw arded s c h o la rs th e p r i v i l e g e o f ccming to t r i a l f o r

c r im in a l o f fe n s e s b e fo r e th e c ) in n c e llo r o f th e u n iv e r s i t y r a th e r tlia n th e

m u n ic ip a l a u t h o r i t y .

I f a c le r k i n f l i c t s a s e r io u s wound on a la y r t in he shou ld be im p riso n ed in th e a fo re m e n tio n e d (k in g ’ s c a s t le a t O x fo rd ) c a s t le u n t i l th e C h a n c e llo r o f th e m entioned U n iv e r s i ty w i l l have asked f o r h is s u r re n d e r ; i f th e in ju r y was a m in o r one ho shou ld b e im p riso n ed in th e town j a i l u n t i l h is l ib e r a t io n by th e C h a n c e llo r .

E a r l i e r , in 1227 , H enry I I I had in te rv e n e d d i r e c t l y in t o u n iv e r s i t y

v e rs u s c tn m u n ity d is p u te s o v e r lo d g in g . At th a t t im e henry e s ta b lis h e d a

form o f r e n t c o n tro l s e t t in g base re n ts and l im i t in g th e s iz e of' fu tu r e

in c re a s e s .

Ftoyal o rd in a n c e s and d e c re e s wore issued on a r e g u la r b a s is in

response t.o p e t i t i o n s frc m s c h o la rs tx u p la in in q ab o u t e x t o r t io n a t e p r ic e s

and u n f a i r t r a d e p r a c t ic e s . E v id e n t i s a f a m i l i a r and o f t re p e a te d c y c le

2 1

o f government at-tun^rt-ing to c o n t r o l b u s in e s s p r a c t ic e s . Even m e d ie v a l

governm ents, w ith a u t h o r i t a r ia n m ethods and la c k o f l i m i t s on r o y a l

d is c r e t io n , w ere no m ore a b le t o b re a k th e c y c le th a n w e re l a t e r ones.

h second ami s im i la r reaso n f o r th e em ergence o f cctim unal l i v i n g

and d in in g , in th e fo rm o f h ir e d h a l l s , was th e b e l l i c o s e n a tu re o f th e

stu d en ts th em se lves , U n su p erv ised and o f t e n i d l e , i t . apt>ears t h a t a

g re a t many m ed ieva l s c h o la rs c o u n ted f ig h t in g among th e m s e lv e s and

v a n d a lis in g each o t h e r ’ s p ro p e r ty among t h e i r f a v o r i t e and most r e g u la r ly

pursued p a s tim e s .

d i f f i c u l t y was c re a te d f o r th e u n iv e r s i t y b y u n r u ly u n s u p e rv is e d

sc h o la rs and th e r e g u la r d is r u p t io n s t o acad em ic l i f e and r o u t in e caused

by th e co n s ta n t s t r u g g le s w ith lo c a l m e rc h a n ts , a u t l io r i t i e s and

c i t i z e n s . T h is e x p e r ie n c e p ro v id e d a r e a l and p o w e rfu l in c e n t iv e to

d eve lo p an a l t e r n a t i v e to th e e a c h - f o r - h im s e l f lo d g in g and b o a rd in g

arrangem ents p r e v a le n t u n t i l th e l a t e t h i r t e e n t h c e n tu ry a t O xfo rd and

Cam bridge.

Henry 111, in 1231 , q ra n te d t o u n iv e r s i t y m a s te rs th e

r e s p o n s ib i l i t y and a u t h o r i t y to d i s c i p l i n e s c h o la rs . P r e d ic t a b ly ,

Jiowever, i t "d id n o t p ro ve e f f e c t i v e because i t d id n o t e x te n d t c th e

a re a s o f a s tu d e n t 's l i f e where t r o u b le was most l i k e l y t o a r is e . I t was

th e h a l ls th a t w e re t o p ro v id e t h e d is c ip l in e " - * *

H a l ls w ere i n i t i a l l y e s ta b l is h o d , t h e r e f o r e , as a form o f g roup

p ro te c t io n fo r s c h o la rs and f o r t h e b e n e f i t s , in p a r t , w h ic h a c c ru e frejn

th e power o f numbers and volum e p u rc h a s in g o f food s t u f f s and s u p p lie s .

E q u a lly im p o rta n t and v a lu a b le t o th e u n iv e r s i t y was th e p re s e n c e o f a

s u p e rv is in g m aster w ho, having been g ra n te d by th e crown a u t h o r i t y to

d is c ip l in e s c h o la rs , c o u ld , o s te n s ib ly a t le a s t , p ro v id e a b e n e f ic ia l

in f lu e n c e on th e se lijo la rs h a b its and m o ra ls .

V 4

♦ . . i n th e e n g l is h c o lle g e s in s t r u c to r s u s u a l ly a te w ith t h e i r s tu d e n ts and th e c o l l e g ia t e a r c h i t e c t u r e p ro v id e d c c r p le t e q u ad ran g les w i t h s in g le e t t i t s , w h ich c o u ld be e f f e c t i v e l y guarded by a p o r t e r . 12

H ie above passage r e f e r s to in s t r u c t o r s . By th e fo u r te e n th c e n tu ry

h a l l s w ere n o t o n ly s u p e rv is e d by l i v e - i n m a s te rs , bu t used fo r

in s t r u c t io n . "Between a b o u t 1140 and 1410 in Eng 1 arv1 ,, .C o lle g e s emerqed

as tJie p r im a ry a d n iin is t r a t i v e , p h y s ic a l , s o c ia l , and e d u c a tio n a l focus a t

th e expense o f th e o ld e r h a l l s , hl 3 .

A t f i r s t , th e d i f f e r e n c e s betw een h a l ls and c o lle g e s w ere s l i g h t ,

in t im e , h ow ever, th e te rm c o l le g e came to s ig n i f y a h a l l w h ich most

l i k e l y was owned, housing a s e l f s e le c t in g , s e l f g o vern in g body o f

m asters and, i n i t i a l l y , g ra d u a te s . The c o l le g e was o f te n endowed by

generous p a tro n s and, h a v in g an in e tm c, was n o t as dependent on fe e s o r

a s su b jec t, t o th e whims and fo r tu n e s o f i in d iv id u a ls . Poor s c h o la rs co u ld

in seme cases be a d m itte d w ith o u t re g a rd to f in a n c e s .

As numbers o f s tu d e n ts d e c lin e d in th e l a t e fo u r te e n th c e n tu ry ,

c o lle g e s began to a c t iv e ly r e c r u i t members, even u n d e rg ra d u a te s . H ie

o ld e r form o f ccmmmal l i f e , th e h ire d h a l l , co u ld n o t o a ip e te f o r n e ;

s c h o la rs a g a in s t c o lle g e s w h ic h , e n jo y in g income o f t l ie i r own, c o u ld

s u b s id iz e th e s c h o la rs th e y w ished to a d m it.

W ea lth y c o lle g e s began t o a c q u ir e a d d i t io n a l p ro p e r ty and o f te n

annexed o r g a in ed c o n tro l o v e r nearby h a l l s . T y p ic a l ly a c o lle g e would

i n s t a l l one o f i t s fe l lo w s as p r in c ip a l o r head o f th e n w a o q u is i t io n

anti i t m igh t U ien be used t.o house a n d /o r fe e d g u e s ts o r th e lo w est o rd e r

o f th e c o l le g e ’ s m em bership, th e u n d e rg ra d u a te .

2 5

rlh e em ergence o f s tro n g c o l le g e s in th e E n g lis h u n iv e r s i t ie s

changed th e c lo s e r e la t io n s h ip b e tw een th e crown and th e u n iv e r s i t i e s ,

As c o l le g e s became s e l f s u p p o r t in g , anti hence more independent, th e y a ls o

began t o assume m ore and m ore o f t l ie fu n c t io n s perform ed h e r e to fo r e by

th e u n i v e r s i t y .

■ ■ , o o l ie g e men came t o dom inate th e in p o r ta n t u n iv e r s i ty jo b s , e s p e c ia l l y th o s e o f p r o c to r and s c r ib e . M oreover, as e a r ly as 1 4 1 0 , th e heads o f th e o o lle g e s w ere being surnnoned, a lo n g w i t h e x p e r ts fro m th e f a c u l t i e s , t o make an im p o rta n t d e c i s i o n . , ,

The C o lle g e s b ro u g h t a c e r t a in amount o f order to th e a d m in is t r a t io n , f in a n c in g , d i s c i p l i n e , and even s tu d ie s o f t h a t u n r u ly g a th e r in g w h ic h was th e m e d ie v a l u n iv e r s i t y .^

StJTie c o l le g e s w ere e s ta b l is h e d by m o n as tic o rd e rs w ith re q u ire m e n ts

and r e s t r i c t i o n s a p p r o p r ia te to t h e o rd e r . O th e rs were e s ta b lis h e d

th ro u g h th e g e n e r o s ity o f b e n e fa c to r s o r p a tro n s . O ften these

b e n e fa c to r s pdaoed c o n d it io n s on th e m anbersh ip , s u b je c t o f s tu d y , o r

s t y l e o f l i f e t o b e l i v e d a t t h e c o l le g e .

M e rto n C o lle g e a t O x fo rd U n iv e r s i t y was founded in 1264 by W a lte r

fie M e rto n f o r th e e x p ress ed p u rp o s e o f " p ro v id in g fo r cloven b a c h e lo rs

p r e p a r in g t o beoane m a s te rs o f a r t . s , ' 1 M orton had donated an e s t a t e in

S u rre y as an endowm ent, th e incom e f r a r w h ic h c o u ld be spent to s u p p o rt

th e c o l le g e and t h e s c h o la rs t h e r e in . M erton d id n o t, as d id some o th e r

p a t r o n s , r e q u ir e t h a t h is f a m i ly b e g iv e n p r i o r i t y c o n s id e ra tio n fo r

a d m is s io n , b u t he d id r e q u ir e t h a t " . . . s c h o la r s w ere to l i v e in th e same

l i a l l and lia v e a u n i f o r m ." ^

The s c h o la rs and m a s te rs , o n c e a d m itte d t o th e c o lle g e , became

2fi

members o f th e landow ning b o d y , re c e iv in g inecrne I r o n th e re n ts anti

r e c e ip ts frc m th e e s ta te in t h e i r own r ig h ts r a t h e r than p a y in g fe e s bo

su p p o rt t h e c o l le g e u s in g fu n d s g a rn ered frcm f a m i ly , s a v in g s , o r p e n s io n

frcm o th e r s .

M e rto n ap p ears t o liave been ty p ic a l i n i t s en p h a s is on CCfrtnunal

l i v in g and e a t in g , and upon c lo s e and co n s ta n t d a i l y c o n ta c t w i t h and

s u p e rv is io n b y m a s te rs - D in in g to g e th e r as a c o l le g e and d in in g w e l l

appears t o lia v e tioen a h ig h p r i o r i t y to c o lle g e members frcm th e e a r l ie s t ,

y e a rs .

. . . { s t u d e n t s ) sp en t m oat can food and d r i n k . . . The c e n t r a l im p o rta n c e o f d in in g r a is e d in to prom inence a l l th e p u rv e y o rs o f fo o d , frc m fa n c y p a s t r y c h e fs and o th e r b an q u et s p e c ia l is t s in t h e towns t o t h e i r c o u n te rp a r ts in th e c o l le g l a t e soci e t i e s , ^

C a te r in g was in th e hands o f th e n a n c ip le s , on whose h o n esty th e w e l l b e in g o f th e members depended. Fach m arber p a id a w e e k ly sum f o r t h e . . .c a n n o n s ,. . . th e s e rv a n ts w ere t o ta k e an o a th a t th e b e g in n in g o f e v e ry term to s e rv o th e m a s te rs anil s c h o la r s f a i t h f u l l y , ami n o t t o buy food to s e l l o r f o r th e use o f re q r a t e r s but. o n ly f o r t i e needs o f n*nnl>ers o f th e h a l l . 18

As w e a l t h y , s e l f s e le c t in g , s e l f g o v e rn in g , and s e l f p e rp e tu a t in g

b o d ie s , i t i s u n s u rp r is in g th a t seme col le g e s , a t le a s t , lost, t h e i r fo c u s

on th e i n t e l l e c t , anti on academ ic r ig o r and evo lved in to a ty p e o f

g e n tle m a n 's c lu b . Such c o l le g e s p laced h ig h e r p r i o r i t y upon good food

and d r in k , a p le a s a n t and c o m fo r ta b le l i f e s t y l e , and th e deve lopm ent o f

good m anners and t a s t e , n o t t o m en tio n p o l i t i c a l and o th e r u s e fu l

c o n ta c ts , th an was p la c e d upon academ ic p u r s u its * The E a r l o f Chatham

w ro te t o h is nepho?, ‘ihcmaE P i t t , t h a t

You a r e t o be a g en tlem an o f such le a r n in g am i q u a l i f i c a t i o n s as may d is t in g u is h you in th e s e r v ic e o f yo u r c o u n try h e r e a f t e r ; no t a p e d a n t , who reads o n ly to be c a l le d le a r n e d , in s te a d o f c o n s id e r in g le a rn in g as an in s tru m e n t o n ly f o r a c t io n . - ^

By th e e a r ly n in e te e n th c e n tu r y , c o lle g e s w e re o f te n p e rc e iv e d as

a n t . i - i n t e l l e c t u a l , "They seem t o h ave l i t t l e to do w i th c a re e r

p r e p a r a t io n , s c h o la rs h ip , o r a v o c a tio n s ami w ere l i k e l y to have been

form ed f o r p le a s u re - t h e i r p r in c ip a l a c t i v i t i e s w o re e a t in g and d r in k in g

- r a t h e r th a n e d i f i c a t i o n , , , ,

John T h e l in , in H ig h e r E d u c a tio n and i t s U s e fu l P a s t , r e f e r s to

t h is period as one o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l s ta g n a tio n and states t h a t "The

period a f t e r 1660, s t r e tc h in g w e l l i n t o th e n in e te e n th century, has th e

d u b io u s and u n c o n te s te d re p u ta t io n as th e lo n g e s t, lo w e s t e ra in th e

academ ic and e d u c a t io n a l l i f e o f th e u n i v e r s i t i e s , " ^ He a ls o n o te s t h a t

t h is p e r io d , when th e s p o rt in g l i f e r a th e r th a n th e academ ic l i f e was

p re d o m in a n t, happened t o be th e t im e when much o f t h e s p le n d id u n iv e r s i t y

a c h i t e c t u r e a p p e a re d , c r e a t in g th e image anti id e a l o f a u n iv e r s i t y w hich

persists to d a y ,

BY th e s e v e n te e n th c e n tu ry , when th e f i r s t A m erican c o lle g e s w ere

e s ta b l is h e d , c o lle g e s at. F h g lis h u n iv e r s i t ie s and t h e c o l le g ia t e way o f

20

l i v i n g w ere w e l l a rt! f i r m ly e s ta b lis h e d i n s t i t u t i o n s . A lth o u g h founded

i n r e a c t io n t o problem s o f lo d g in g , b oard , and r e la t io n s h ip s w ith lo c a l

c o t in u n it ie s , c o lle g e s had a c q u ire d over t im e a p u b l ic acc e p ta n c e o f t h e i r

a p p ro p r ia te n e s s , t h e i r w o rth , and t h e i r p la c e in e n g l is h s o c ie ty .

The o b je c t iv e was e d u c a t io n , bu t n o t s i i tp ly academ ic e d u c a tio n . I t

was academ ic , m o ra l, s o c ia l , p o l i t i c a l , and c u l t u r a l e d u c a tio n . The

p ro c e s s f o r a c h ie v in g th e o b je c t iv e was h ig h ly s t r u c tu r e d , h ig h ly

s u p e rv is e d , and i f p ro p e r ly d o n e , h ig h ly c o n s is te n t* The p ro d u c t, in

t h i s case th e c o l le g e g ra d u a te , was to sh are a ocmtioii e x p e r ie n c e w ith h is

f e l lo w s as w e l l as ecntiion ntanners, b e l ie f s , a t t i t u d e s , in t e r e s t s , and

perfiapS kn o w led g e . By th e s e v e n te e n th c e n tu ry , i t was a c tum on ly h e ld

n a t io n t h a t l i v i n g o o l l e g ia t e ly , th a t is l i v i n g , d in in g , w o rs h ip in g , and

r e c r e a t in g c c u iriu n a lly , was th e p re s c r ib e d and p r e fe r r e d avenue t o tjio s e

en d s .

ay

Endnotes i Chapter 2

1 C h a r le s f t H ask in s , The R is e o f U n iv e r s i t ie s( I t l ia c a : C o r n e l l U n iv e r s i t y P re s s , 1 9 5 7 ) p . 2 .

2 H e le n e W ieruszowski, e d * , i t ie M e d iev a l U n iv e r s i t y , R u les o fH e a lth o f S a le rn o (1 2 5 0 ) E n g lis h v e r s io n b y John H a rr in g to n {New Y o rk : F .R , P a c k a rd , 1920) p p . 1 7 4 -7 5 .

I I b i d * , F o u n d atio n C h a r te r o f E ftperor F r e d e r ic k I I f o rth e U n iv e r s i t y o f N ap les (1 2 2 4 ) , p . 1 8 3 ,

4 I b i d . , C h a r te r o f th e U n iv e r s i t y o f P a r is (1 2 2 4 ) p p .1 9 2 -9 3 *

5 A .r „ G a b r ie l , S tu d en t L i f e in Ave M a r ia C o lle g e {S o u th Uend, I n d . : N o tre Hame U n iv e r s i t y P re s s , 1 9 5 5 ) , p . 2 6 .

6 Gordon L e f f , P a r is and O x fo rd U n iv e r s i t ie s in th e 1 3 thand 1 4 th C e n tu r ie s , {Sydney: John W i l l e y and Sons, 1 9 6 8 ), p . 144 .

7 f la s k in s , U n iv e r s i t i e s , p . 18.

8 I b i d . , p . 19.

9 W ie ru s z c w s k i, K ing H en ry o f Eng land c o n firm s p r i v i le g o son s c h o la rs {1 2 5 5 ) p . 157 .

10 I b i d . , p . 158.

I I L e f f , P a r is and O x fo rd , p . 108 .

12 liiw re n o e A. C ra n in , A m erican E d u c a tio n , (N ^ f Y o rk : H a rp e rand ROW, 1964 ) , p . 198.

13 Ijaw renee S to n e , e d . , ‘ITio U n iv e r s i t y in S o c ie ty , (P r in c e to nU n iv e r s ity P re s s , 1 9 7 4 ) , p *1 1 3 .

14 I b i d . , p p .3 3 5 -3 9 .

15 l e f f , P a r is and O x fo rd , p . 113 .

16 I b id ,

17 S to n e , The U n iv e r s i ty i n S o c ie ty , p . 2 7 4 ,

18 L e f f , P a r is and O x fo rd , p . 109 .

30

19 Ib id . i p. 13.

20 S to n e , H ie U n iv e r s i t y in S o c ie ty , p . 2 5 3 .

21 John R. T h e l in , H ig h e r E d u c a tio n anti i t s U s e fu l P a s t,(C am bridge, Mass; Schenk man P u b lis h in g Co. I n c . , 1902 J , P . 5 3 ,

31

CHAPTER 3

EARLY AMERICAN OOdJIDGES

E s ta b lis h in g C o lle g e s :

C o lle g ia te D e s ig n , S u p p o rt, and Purposes

!*y th e end o f th e e ig h te e n th c e n tu r y , th e frlnglish New W o rld

c o lo n ie s w ere h o s t, arid, in sane fa s h io n , s u p p o rte rs o f s e v e ra l

c o lle g e s . These in s t i t u t io n s o f le a rn in g w ere d is t r ib u t e d ro u g h ly one

f o r each c o lo n y and were v a r ia b ly modeled on th e E n g lis h u n iv e r s i t i e s a t

O xford and Cam bridge, a lth o u g h each lo c a t io n had added re f in e m e n ts

acco rd in g t o lo c a l needs and ta s te s .

ih e p resen ce o f c o lle g e s th ro u g h o u t th e Nav W orld was n o t an

a c c id e n t o f h is t o r y , bu t r a t h e r a r e f le c t io n o f p r i o r i t i e s h e ld by

E n g lis h c o lo n is t s . In th e pam ph le t Mew E n g lan d *s F i r s t F r u i t s i t is

no ted th a t a f t e r th e c o n s tru c t io n o f housii>g, a p la c e o f w o rs h ip , and a

gcjve_rnmenta 1 s t r u c tu r e hav ing l>oen e s ta b l is h e d , "One o f th e n e x t th in g s

we longed f o r , and looked a f t e r , was to advance L e a rn in g am i p e rp e tu a te

i t to P o s t e r i t y ■ * ." 1

S ig n i f ic a n t numbers o f O xfo rd and Cam bridge men came t o th e

c o lo n ie s am i some p a r t ic ip a te d in th e fou n d in g o f h a rv a rd C o lle g e .

P a r t i a l l y a r e a c t io n to th e d is s o lu te ami p r o f l i g a t e r m u t a t io n t h a t

E n g lis h u n iv e r s i t ie s were a c q u ir in g , H arvard was founded because

. . . t h e y in te n d e d to r e - c r e a te a l i t t l e b i t o f o ld England inA m erica , They d id w hat p e o p le a long way from hone o f te n d o , and c e r t a in ly what Englishm en have o f te n done. I t was th e

y?

most n a t u r a l th in g i n t h e w o r ld f o r an o f f i c e r o f th e o o lo n ia l s e r v ic e i n t h e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry t o d re s s f o r d in n e r in th e ju n g le as i f h e w ere d in in g a t h is c lu b i n London, i t was no le s s n a t u r a l f o r th e E n g lis h m e n o f e a r l y M a s s a c h u s e tts t o found th a n s e lv e s a c o l le g e , an E n g lis h c o l le g e such as th o s e t l ie y had known a t O x fo rd b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y a t C am bridge w h ere P u r i t a n th e o lo g y and P u r i t a n a s p i r a t io n hat] been e s p e c ia l ly n u r tu r e d .^

Frcm t h e f i r s t , t h i s d e s i r e f o r a c o l le g e in c lu d e d t l io n o t io n o f

l i v i n g c o l l e g i a t e l y . lToIw W in th ro p , G o v e rn o r o f M a s s a c h u s e tts hay

C o lo n y , w is h e d t o " . . .m a k e o t h e r s C o n d ic io n s o u r ownne, r e jo y c c

t o g e t h e r , m currie t o g e t h e r , la b o u r and s u f f e r to g e th e r , a l l wayes h a v in g

b e fo r e o u r eyes o u r C c irm iss ion and C anm unity i n th e w o rk e , o u r Ccmnjunity

as members o f th e same body."-^

C o tto n M a th e r , son o f a H a rv a rd p r e s id e n t , w ro te a h is t o r y o f

H a rv a rd C o lle g e in 17 0 2 . In t h a t w ork l a t h e r n o te d t h a t l i v i n g

o o l l c g i a t e l y and d in in g o a n n u n a lly w as , f r t m th e f i r s t , a p r i o r i t y f o r

th e new c o l le g e .

T is t r u e , t h e U n iv e r s i t y o f U p s a l ( s ic l in S u e d e r d s ic l , h a th o r d i n a r i l y a b o u t seven o r e ig h t hundred s tu d e n ts b e lo n g in g to i t , w h ic h do none o f them l i v e o o l l e g i a t e l y , b u t b o ard a l l o f them h e re and th e r e a t p r i v a t e houses? N e v e r th e le s s , t h e governm ent o f New Ih g la n d , was f o r h a v in g t h e i r s tu d e n ts b ro u g h t up in a m ore c o l l e g i a t e way o f l i v i n g . 1

M a th e r a ls o n o te s th e d e t a i l w ith w h ic h s tu d e n t l i f e was p la n n e d

and o rd e re d by th e C o l le g e 's f i r s t o v e rs e e rs in th e fo l lo w in g e x c e r p t

frc jri th e S t a t u t e s , Iaiws and P r i v i l e g e s . . . o f H a rv a rd C o l le g e .

A l l p e rs o n s a d m it te d t o t h e C o lle g e m ust b o a rd a t th e carm ans, am i m ust p ay th r e e pounds t o th e s ta * ja rd on t h e i r e n t r a n c e , am i must d is c h a r g e I a r r e a r s a t th e end o f e v e ry th r e e months? n o r s l ia l l any u n d e rg ra d u a te o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n be a llo w e d t o b o a rd out. o f t h e C o l le g e , u n le s s by s p e c ia l [>ermi s s to n o f th e P r e s i d e n t , , , , ^

3 . 3

'["he e irp lia s is on l i v i n g o o l le g ia t e ly w asj in la r g e p a r t , a

r e f le c t io n o f E i i r i t a n th o u g h t and p r i o r i t i e s . B e l ie v in g E n g lis h

u n iv e r s i t ie s t o have a b d ic a te d t h e i r r e s p o n s ib i l i t y f o r th e r e l ig io u s and

m oral w e lfa r e o f s tu d e n ts , t h e Hew W orld e l i t e s e t ab o u t e s t a b l is h in g

in s t i tu t io n s th a t , would p r o v id e s a fe h aven s f o r t h e i r sons as th e y

prepared f o r p o s it io n s ol le a d e rs h ip in A m erican s o c ie t y .

W h ile re m a in in g an in t e g r a l p a r t o f a c o l le g e e d u c a t io n ,

th e o lo g ic a l t r a i n i n g , in A m erican c o l le g e s , was r a r e l y th e s o le

o b je c t iv e . Many e a r ly c o l le g e s , H a rv a rd , W il l ia m and f-Vary, and Y a le among

them, were e s ta b l is h e d w ith th e expressed in te n t, o f p r e p a r in g , th ro u g h

p ro fe s s io n a l e d u c a tio n , th e le a d e rs o f t h e i r c o lo n ie s . A lth o u g h

e s ta b lis h e d t o s e rv e th e c h u rc h , A m erican c o lle g e s in a d d it io n w ere

expected to f o o l an o b l ig a t io n to th e s t a t e and t o th e oenrmumty in w h ich

th e y were lo c a te d .

S ta te s u p p o r t , in th e fo rm o f th e C h a rle s to w n f e r r y r e n ts awarded

to Harvard o r th e assignm ent o f revenues frcm e x p o r t ta x e s on s k in s ,

fu r s , and to tia c c o to W il l ia m and M ary, was r e f l e c t i v e o f th e r o le o f

c o lle g e s in t h e eyes o f lo c a l government, and o c m n u n it ie s . T h is su p p o rt

and e x p e c ta t io n was rew arded i n th e t r a i i i i n g o f m in is t e r s , te a c h e rs ,

la w y e rs , s u rv e y o rs , and c i v i l s e rv a n ts .

C o lle g e s in America w e re n o t, d e s p i t e g row ing o p in io n s re g a rd in g

s o c ia l e q u a l i t y and c la s s le s s n e s s , p o p u la r i n s t i t u t i o n s . They d id not

s e rv e , nor w e re th e y a v a i la b le to , th e g e n e r a l p u b l ic . In d e s c r ib in g

stu d en ts d u r in g H a rv a rd ’ s f i r s t c e n tu ry , James A x t e l l s ta te s th a t

14

. . . t h e m a jo r ity o f s tu d e n ts came frcm f a m i l ie s t h a t enjoyed h ig h s o c ia l s ta tu s and th e b e n e f i t s o f m a te r ia J w e a lth . They w ere th e sons o f m in is te rs # m a g is tra te s # p h y s ic ia n s # m e rc h a n ts , and p ro s p e ro u s fa rm e rs , many o f whan had a tte n d e d H a rv a rd b e fo re t h e i r sons. By v i r t u e o f h e r e d i t y , th ey w ere h a lfw a y members o f a s e l f p e rp e tu a t in g e l i t e , A H arvard d e g re e secured them f u l l a d m is s io n and c o n firm e d t h e i r b i r t h r i g h t o f s o c ia l le a d e r s h ip . . .

He f u r t h e r s ta te s th a t ..

The fu n c t io n o f e d u c a tio n was le s s to moke th e s e young men e l i g i b l e f o r m onbersh ip in th e e l i t e than t o c a ip le t e anti c o n firm t h e i r q u a l i f i c a t i o n , r i g h t , and o b l ig a t io n to govern t h a t a lre a d y e x i s t e d . . .

Anti,

The correspondence o f s o c ia l p rom inence and p o l i t i c a l a u t h o r i t y cou ld h a r d ly have been made c le a r e r , and a c o lle g e e d u c a tio n was th e crow n o f th e w h o le p ro c e s s .^

A x t c l l e x p la in s t h a t th e p o l i t i c a l v a lu e o f s o c ia l prom inence was

enhanced y e t f u r t h e r by th e f a c t t h a t c la s s ra n k in g appeared to c o r r e la t e

d i r e c t l y w i t h fu tu r e p ro m in en ce , and t h a t rank was based upon th e s o c ia l

p o s it io n in th e cxnm unity h e ld by th e fa m ily frc m w h ich th e young man

came. In f a c t , upon m a t r ic u la t io n , H a rv a rd freshm en w ere assigned a

p ro v is io n a l p la c e in th e c la s s . Based upon t h a t p lacem en t "a s tu d e n t

would r e c i t e b e fo re th e f a c u l t y , s e a t and s e rv e h im s e lf a t n e a ls , s j t in

cliaf>el, m arch in academ ic p ro c e s s io n . . .and th e y oattnon ly had th e lie s t

chambers in th e C o lle g e a s s ig n e d to th e m .11

15

The M a tu re o f C o l le g ia l L iv in g i

T r a d i t io n Uncnajm bered by Progress

Many c o l le g e s w ere e s ta b l is h e d in is o la t e d r u r a l lo c a t io n s . Many

Am eri cans a p p e a r t o have b e l ie v e d t h a t hunan grow th and developm ent cou ld

p ro ceed in a m i] le u t-hat. was m ore m o ra l, m ore sound, and cap ab le o f b e t t e r

c h a r a c te r t t e i ld in g when i t was done at. sane d is ta n c e frcm th ro n g s o f

p e o p le , and t h e v ic e s and te m p ta t io n s o f tow n and c i t y . Thanas J e ffe rs o n

ra is e d t h i s a g r a r ia n n o t io n o f la n d as a s o u rce o f v i r t u e and a g ro a t

m oving f o r c e in h is t o r y t o a l e v e l o f p o p u la r p o l i t i c a l th e o ry .

Col le g e s , lia v in g been e s ta b lis h e d i n such a c o n te x t , re q u ire d

h o u s in g and d in in g q u a r te r s o f n e c e s s ity w h e th er o r no t t h e i r fo u n d ers

b e lie v e d c o l l e g i a t e l i v i n g t o be i n t r i n s i c a l l y good. Once e s ta b lis h e d

and a c c e p te d , d o rm ito ry l i v i n g and ocmcm d in in g became p a r t o f th e

A m erican c o l le g e t r a d i t i o n e ven when urban c o l le g e s , such as K in g 's

(C o lu m b ia ) o r W i l l ia m am i M ary w ere founded , o r when towns and c i t i e s

grew up a ro u n d a c o l le g e w h ic h once had e n jo y e d a q u ie t r u r a l s e t t in g

D o rm ito ry l i f e made p o s s ib le th e s i r r i n g o f cannon e x p e r ie n c e s ,

academ ic and o th e r w is e , as w e l l as c o n s ta n t s u p e rv is io n , c h a ra c te r iz e d as

p a r e n ta l c o n c e rn , by th e f a c u l t y (m a s te rs ) . The goal was to d e v e lo p ,

th ro u g h s t r u c t u r e d s u jie rv is e d e x p e r ie n c e , good manners, good h a b its ,

re s p e c t f o r o t h e r s , and m a x im iz a t io n o f opport.un i t ie s f o r le a r n in g w h ile

a v o id in g t a ip t - a t io n s anti id le n e s s .

36

O fte n th e r e a l i t y o f d o rm ito ry l i f e in e a r ly A m erican c o l le g e s was

n o t so b e n e f ic ia l arid p o s i t i v e in i t s in f lu e n c e an s tu d e n t l i f e .

F r e d e r ic k Rudolph n o te d t h a t th e d o rm ito ry p la c e d s tu d e n ts i n c lo s e

q u a r t e r s , u n d er u n c o m fo rta b le c o n d it io n s anti d id n o t p ro v id e enough

i n t e l l e c t u a l dguards on th a n , enough s t r u c tu r e on t h e i r t im e , o r ad eq u a te

o p p o r tu n i t ie s f o r r e la x a t io n , p r iv a c y , and r e c r e a t io n . D uels w e re n o t

ra re ? v io le n c e anil a rgum ent ccnmon.

The in t e n s i t y am i th e h arsh n ess w h ich c h a r a c te r iz e d d o rm ito ry

l i v i n g a t acme c o l le g e s r e s u l t e d in cpen r e b e l l io n a g a in s t w h a t was

d e s c r ib e d by P re s id e n t A shbel G reen o f P r in c e to n as " . . . t h e w h o le system

e s ta b l is h e d in t h is c o l l e g e . . . a s y s to n o f d i l i g e n t S tu d y , o f g u ard ed

m o ra l co n d u ct and o f re a s o n a b le a t t e n t io n t o r e l ig io u s d u t y , . . " ^

R e s id e n t ia l l i v i n g had i t s c r i t i c s , among th a n F ra n c is W ay]and Of

brown and F r e d e r i c H a rn a td o f C o lum bia who n o ted t h a t d o rm ito ry l i f e Was

u n n a tu ra l and t h a t i t was in a p p r o p r ia te t o s u b je c t s tu d e n ts o f a l l ages

to th e same r u le s and r e g u la t io n s . P r a c t ic a l o p p o s it io n based on p o o r

f in a n c e s and th e u n w il l in g n e s s to ta k e o r p a re n ta l r e s p o n s ib i l i t i e s w ere

a ls o e x p re s s e d .

The t r a d i t i o n was e s ta b l is h e d how ever and d o rm ito ry l i v i n g as a

p a r t o f t h e c o lle g e c jg io r ie n o e was s e c u re . Jesse R osenberger o f f e r s an

e x c e rp t frc m an e d i t o r i a l in t l ie U n iv e r s i t y o f R o c h e s te r s tu d e n t

tio ffip ap er as e v id e n c e o f th e g ro u n d s w e ll o f su p p o rt f o r b u i ld in g

a d d i t io n a l d o r m ito r ie s a t /tfn e ric a n c o lle g e s in th e l a t e n in e te e n th

c e n tu r y .

I t seems to us t h a t th e g r e a te s t need o f o u r U n iv e r s i t y i s th a t, o f d o r m ito r ie s , s in c e w ith o u t them we can n ever e n jo y a d e c e n t su p p ly o f tJ ia t d e l i g h t f u l a r t i c l e , v a g u e ly c a l le d c o l le g e s p i r i t . . .T h e absence o f d o r m i t o r ie s . . .d e p r iv e s us

17

o f a l l th o se d e l ig h t f u l a s s o c ia t io n s anti th o s e l i f e lo n g f r ie n d s h ip s w h ich add so much to th e g lo r y o f c o l le g e d a y s , end which# a f t e r a l l # a r e th e o n ly th in g s to w h ich s tu d e n ts lo v e to r e v e r t in a f t e r y e a r s .9

A lm ost in s e p a ra b le f r a n oannunal l i v i n g was th e carmens o r d in in g

c tfip o n e n t o f Lhe c o l le g ia t e way o f l i v i n g . Seen as p a r t and p a rc e l o f

th e w hole# group d iru n g (as w i th a l l aspect, o f c o l l e g ia t e l i f e # w e l l

s u p e rv is e d ) was in t e g r a l to th e goal o f t o t a l e d u c a t io n . R a r ly on,

H arvard C o lle g e p r o h ib i te d i t s s tu d e n ts f r c r i l i v i n g o r b o a rd in g w i t h any

f a m ily o r person in Cam bridge w ith o u t p e rm is s io n o f th e P re s id e n t .

A x te l l# in lh e Softool Upon a H i l l # re p o r ts t h a t a t H a rv a rd C o lle g e " a l l

s tu d e n ts anti f a c u l t y who l iv e d in th e c o l le g e w ere r e q u ir e d to d in e in

th e fe l lo w s h ip o f Cannons to a v o id th e g r e a t d is o r d e r s o f th o se l i v i n g

o u t . "10

IB

C a im u n a l D in in g

C oununal d in in g w as p rc fcab ly t h e l e a s t s u c c e s s fu l ccnponent o f th e

c o l l e g i a t e way o f l i v i n g . The c c n n iitm e n t t o an d em pfiasis on r u r a l

i s o l a t i o n o b l ig a te d c o l le g e s to p r o v id e m eals and s e v e r e ly l im i t e d th e

a v a i l a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s . A m erican c o l l e g i a t e h i s t o r y i s r e p le t e w ith

e x a m p le s o f p o o r cannons and w ith e p is o d e s o f p r o t e s t and even rek>el l i o n

o v e r had b o a rd .

A lth o u g h f r e q u e n t a n ti, on o c c a s io n , v i o l e n t , th e p r o te s ts and

r e b e l l io n s o v e r in a d e q u a te d in in g a rra n g e m e n ts o n ly o c c a s io n a l ly had an y

im p a c t on a c o l le g e 's d e te r m in a t io n t o c o n t in u e r e q u i r in g conm m al d in in g

and seltJcm on Lhe q u a l i t y o f th e fo o d i t s e l f . rrh e p r e s id e n t a t South

C a r o l in a re p o r te d t h a t , " th e C o lle g e i s in y e a r l y je o p a rd y o f Ije in g

d e s tro y e d by th e d is p u te s a b o u t e a t i n g , " 11

Seme c o lle g e s g a v e u p . In t h e y e a rs f o l lo w in g th e C i v i l War,

W il l ia m s , Y a le , H a rv a rd and W il l ia m an d ffeury a l l opened d in in g h a l ls

w liic h hat5 b een g iv e n up d u r in g th e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e n in e te e n th c e n tu r y .

Some c o l le g e s a t te m p t ed more a m b it io u s fo rm s o f ocnnunal d in in g .

P r e s id e n t G reen a t P r in c e to n , anti o n e e a r ly p r e s id e n t a t The C o lle g e o f

W il l ia m and M a ry , in v i t e d a few s tu d e n ts a t e a c h m eal to d in e w ith them

i n t h e i r h o n es , i n n e i t h e r case d id i t p ro v e e f f e c t i v e in fu r t h e r in g t h e

deve lo p m en t o f g e n tle m a n ly m anners o r i n p ro d u c in g an e n jo y a b le d in in g

e x p e r ie n c e f o r th e p r e s id e n ts . P re s id e n t- G reen r e p o r te d t h a t h e "found

t h a t i t had but l i t t l e e f f e c t i n r e c la im in g th e v i c i o u s f J s^qc

W eld , in h is t r a v e l jo u r n a l , d e s c r ib in g s tu d e n t b e h a v io r a t t h e

p r e s id e n t 's t a b le a t th e C o l le g e o f W i l l ia m and M ary i n 1796 s t a t e d ,

"Some a r e w ith o u t slioes o r s to c k in g s , o th e r s w ith o u t, c o a ts . D u rin g

d in n e r th e y c o n s ta n t ly ro s e t o h e lp th e m s e lv e s a t th e s id e l> o a rd .’hl3

'Ihe a iw vo re p o rt, is o f i r o n i c in t e r e s t in l i g h t o f th e fo l lo w in g

e x c e rp t fro m th e S ta tu te s o f th e U n iv e r s i t y o f W i l l ia m and M a ry , 1792,

t i t l e d "011 th e S u b je c t o f Good O rd e r and Decorum : . . .N o p e rs o n s h a l l s i t

down t o , o r r e t i r e f r a n th e t a b l e , u n t i l G race be s a i d . . . a t t a b le a l l

p e rs o n s s h a l l be unco vered , s h a l l observe th e s t r i c t e s t o r d e r and

d ecorum "-^

As d i f f i c u l t as th e i r r p o s i t ia n an ti m a in te n a n c e o f a p a te r n a l

l i v i n g , w o rs h ip in g and s tu d y in g a rra n g a n e n t w as , i t p a le d b e fo r e th e

d i f f i c u l t i e s o f a t t o r p t in g t o r e p la c e th e m a te rn a l d om ain o f th e k itc h e n

am i d in in g rocm. S e v e ra l c o l le g e s Ijegan le a s in g th e k i t c h e n and d in in g

h a l l s t o lo c a l e n tre p re n e u rs w i l l i n g and co u rag eo u s enough t o a t t a i p t t o

s a t i s f y th e s tu d e n ts . O th e rs , a s m e n tio n e d p r e v io u s ly , when lo e a te c ) i n

a re a s w i t h o th e r d in in g o p t io n s , b r i e f l y ceased h a v in g cautions

a l t o g e t h e r . Even th o s e , h o w e v e r, u l t im a t e ly r e in s t a t e d c c m o n s in sort:

form (o f te n at. th e re q u e s t o f i t s s e v e re s t c r i t i c s , th e s tu d e n ts ) .

In a l e t t e r to th e B oard o f V i s i t o r s o f th e Col le g e o f W i l l ia m and

f t i r y , w r i t t e n in 1796, s tu d e n ts d e c r ie d t i le c e s s a t io n o f a b o a rd in g

program th e p re v io u s y e a r anti re q u e s te d r e e s ta b l is h m e n t .

The re g u la t io n s adopted f o r th e governm ent o f d i f f e r e n t s o n in a r ie s have been as v a r io u s as th e s e m in a r ie s have been num erous. One, however, seans t o have p e rv a d e d th e w h o le , a g e n e ra l p e rm is s io n to th e s tu d e n ts to r e s id e i n th e w a l ls o f th e s s iu n a ry . . . . I t has been s a id , t h a t c o lle d g e can n o t a f f o r d to s u p p o rt a t a b le , t h is o b je c t io n i s to o ab surd t o m e r i t a c o n fu ta t io n ,

4 I

Why Live Collegiately?

The e a r ly ftn c rie a n c o lle g e s borrow ed much fre in th e O x fo rd -

Cam bridge mcxieJ o f u n iv e r s i t ie s and c o l le g e s . The A m erican i n s t i t u t i o n s

w ere ad ap ted t o s u i t t lie un ique needs and re q u ire m e n ts o f lo c a l

c irc u m s ta n c e s , b u t d ie in te n t, was t.o be s im i la r and th e p e rc e p t io n was

th a t A m erican o o lle g e s w ere s im i la r t o F h g lis h c o l le g e s .

The p h ilo s o p h y which u n d e rg ird e d th e c u r r ic u lu m in some A m erican

c o lle g e s d e v ia te d frcm t h e i r E n g lis h c o u n te rp a r ts in t h a t □ g r e a te r

em phasis was p la c e d upon p ro fe s s io n a l e d u c a tio n . An a t te m p t was made t o

go beyond p ro v id in g a l ib e r a ] e d u c a tio n t o th e sons o f th e e l i t e ,

p r e -s e le c te d and p red e te rm in ed to be s o c ie ty 's lo a d e r s , A m erican

c o lle g e s w en t l>eyond l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n to p re p a re young men f o r

p ro fe s s io n s as la w y e rs , te a c h e rs , s u rv e y o rs , c i v i l s e rv a n ts , o r in

ccm nerce.

What d id n o t v a ry s ig n i f i c a n t l y in ap p ro ach , i f o c c a s io n a l ly in

im p le m e n ta t io n , was t l ie c o l le g ia t e way o f l i v i n g and i t s ro q u i red

ectiponent p a r ts such as ccmnunal d in in g . P re p a ra t io n f o r s o c ia l ,

c l e r i c a l , and governm enta l le a d e rs h ip re q u ire d , i n th e eyes o f c o l le g e

fo u n d ers and s u p p o r te rs , a c a re fu l n u r tu r in g o f th e in d iv id u a l ; s te rn

A2

d is c ip l in e , c o n s ta n t s u p e rv is io n , p h y s ic a l re n o v a l f r a n t o T p t a t ic n , anti

u n ceas in g v ig i la n c e a g a in s t v/eakness o f th e f le s h .

f^ en s tu d e n ts , w h ile r a i l i n g a t th e c o n fin a n e n t and th e

r e s t r i c t io n s , such as " th e absurd r u le fo rb id d in g a s tu d e n t t o ta k e h is

m eals a t a p u b l ic h o u s e , r e c o g n i z e d th e e f f e c t o f th e c o l l e g ia t e

l i f e package.

I f , as I im a g in e , th e c h ie f v a lu e o f a c o lle g e co u rse l i e s not in th e s c h o la rs h ip o r a b s o lu te know ledge w ith w h ich i t s u p p lie s a n a n , b u t r a th e r in th a t in t a n g ib le th in g r o l le d c u l tu r e , o r d is c ip l in e , o r m enta l b a la n c e , w h ich o n ly i t s possessor can a p p r e c ia te , and w hich he cannot d e s c r ib e , - c e r t a in ly no one can say t h a t th e p e c u l ia r l i f e and customs w hich th e s tu d e n ts tliem se lve s adopt fo rm an im p o r ta n t , even though i t be an u n re c o g n ize d , part, o f th a t c o u r s e . . . t h e o b je c t o f any scheme o f e d u c a tio n w o rth y o f th e name is n o t th e making o f good s c h o la rs , o r good la w y e rs , o r good d o c to r s , o r good s p e c ia l is t s o f any s o r t ; i t i s r a th e r th e m aking o f good men, 7

The a d h e re n ts o f th e c o l le g ia t e way c e r t a in ly b e l ie v e d t h a t t h e i r s

was th e b e s t way to a c h ie v e th e nraking o f good men. The weakness

in h e re n t in th e c o l le g ia t e way was th e i n a b i l i t y o r d is in c l in a t io n o f i t s

ad h eren ts and i t s p r a c t i t io n e r s t o r e f in e i t and a d ju s t to s u c c e s s iv e and

changing s tu d e n t p jc p u la tic n s who had d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , need s ,

and tv g je c ta t io n s .

D e s p ite p r o te s t and r e b e l l io n a t many c o lle g e s th ro u g h o u t th e

n in e te e n th c e n tu ry s ig n i f ic a n t change had t o w a it f o r th e m id d le o f th e

n e x t c e n tu ry . O ld e r s tu d e n ts c o n tin u e d to k>e t r e a te d l i k e c h i ld r e n .

I n d ig n i t i e s , h u m i l ia t io n , and c o rp o ra l punishm ent w ere m eted o u t to

m a tu re men who, u n s u r p r is in g ly , r e s is te d on o c c a s io n . P e r io d s o f s o c ia l

41

u n r e s t and g r e a t n a t io n a l change sw ept f a s t a l t e r i n g s o c ie ty f o r e v e r , b u t

h iv in g l i t t l e in p a c t on c o l le g e s and t h e i r chosen ro u n d o f l i f e , Nbv

i n s t i t u t i o n s w e re s t a r t e d , o f t e n in an e f f o r t t o a c o c rrp lis h s c m e th in g ,

such a s e d u c a t io n o f women, e d u c a t io n o f b la c k s , o r th e im p le m e n ta t io n o f

a c u r r i c u l a r e x p e r im e n t , b u t th e e s t a b l is h e d , e l i t e , e a r l y A m erican

c o l le g e s w e re s le w t o c lla n g c -

One s tu d e n t , a t l e a s t , w ondered i f th e fo o d w e re as a n t iq u a te d as

th e s u b je c t m a t te r he was r e q u ir e d to s tu d y and th e m anner in w h ic h he

was fo rc e d t o J iv e . A u g u stu s T o r r e y w ro te i n h is d i a r y in 1H 22, "Goose

f o r d in n e r . S a id t o liave m ig ra te d t o t h i s o o u n try w i t h our a n c e s to rs ,

A t l e a s t u n t i l th e l a t e 1 8 3 0 's , / jn c r .ic a n ooJ le g e s a llo w e d l i t t l e in

th e way o f e x t r a c u r r ic u lu m . As h a rs h and u n p le a s a n t as c o l le g e l i f e

a p p e a rs som etim es t o h ave b e e n , d o r m ito r ie s and d in in g h a l ls w e re th e

o n ly a v a i l a b l e v e h ic le s f o r n o n -a c a d e m ic i n t e r a c t i o n among members o f th e

c o l l e g i a t e o c m iu n ity .

i n th e f o l lo w in g c h a p t e r , s tu d e n t c r e a t i v i t y i n u t i l i z i n g th e s e

s e t t in g s f o r u n in te n d e d p u rp o s e s , a t th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and f fa ry ,

w i l l b e re v ie w e d to g e th e r w i t h th e c o rre s p o n d in g r e a c t io n on th e p a r t o f

th e P r e s id e n t o f th e C o l le g e , th e m a s te rs , and th e B o ard o f V i s i t o r s .

44

E n d n o te s : C h a p te r 3

1 A non ., N a j E n g la n d 's F i r s t F r u i t s ( T e n d o n :1641) p . 12*

2 R udolph , The A m erican C o lle g e and U n iv e r s i t y p . 4 .

3 John W in th rc p , A Model o f C h r is t ia n C h a r i ty e d . , Edmund Morgan,The C o lo n y o f M assach u se tts ( In d ia n a p o l is : 1 9 6 4 ) p . 21)3.

4 C o tto n M a th e r , M a g n a lia C h r is t i A m erican a reproduced f r c n 1H52e d i t io n by R u s s e ll and R u s s e ll 1967 . Book 4 , p . 126 ,

9 I b i d . , p . 2 4 .

6 James A x t e l l , The S choo l Upon a H i l l (New Haven: Y a le U n iv e r s i tyP re s s , 1974) p p 207-2Q 9.

7 I b i d . , p . 219 .

8 Themes J , W ert.enhacker, P r in c e to n 1 7 4 6 -1 8 9 6 (P r in c e to n : 1 9 4 6 ).

9 Jesse H o sen b erg er, R o c h e s te r , th e t fa k in q o f a U n iv e r s i t y(R o c h e s te r: 1 9 2 7 ) , p p . 18B-1B9.

10 A x t e l l , The School p ,2 3 3 ,

11 A l f r e d J - M o rr is o n , ed . , The C o l le g o o f Hanpden Sydney, C a le n d a ro f Hoard M in u te s ~ 1 7 7 6 -1 8 7 6 , {R ic h a rs o n , 1912) p . 2 5 ,

12 R udolph, 'Ihe A m erican C o lle g e and U n iv e r s i t y p . 1 0 4 ,

13 A r t i c l e in S c r ib n e r 's M o n th ly , The T r a v e ls o f Is s a c W eld , J r .v . l l , N o .1 , November 1&75, p . 1 5 .

14 tta ry Goodwin, Indexed e x c e rp ts frcm many p r in e r y docum entsr e la t e d to t l ie C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M ary - The S ta tu te s o f th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M ary 1792 .

15 " L e t te r t o W il l ia m and M ary V is i t o r s f r a n S tu d e n ts " , August 9 ,1796. W i l l ia m and M ir y Q u a r t e r ly , S e r ie s 2 , v . 1 5 . p , 199 .

16 Lyman Bagg, Four Y ears a t Y a le (N w H aven: C h a r le s C, C h e f f ie ldand C drpany , 1 8 7 1 ) , p . 13,

45

17 I b i d . , pp . 7 0 2 -7 0 3 .

1H C la re n c e P. Shedti, TVro C e n tu r ie s o f S tu d e n t C h r is t ia n Movtanents: T h e ir o r ig in anti I n t e r c o l l e g i a t e L i f e (New Y o rk , 1 9 3 4 ) , p . 3 5 .

40

□ ia p te k 4

THEIR MAJESTY'S ROYAIJ, CGI JUDGE

Itie College of William and Mary in Virginia:The K arl y Y e a rs

F o llo w in g two e a r l i e r a b o r t iv e a t te m p ts a t e s t a b l is h in g c o lle g e s i n

V i r g i n i a , W i l l ia m anti M ary o f England e s ta b l is h e d , by r o y a l c h a r te r in

] 6 9 3 , t h e i r M a je s ty 's R o y a ll C o lle d g e l a t e r known as The C o lle g e o f

W il l ia m and Ntery in V i r g i n i a . Tire C o lle g e was endowed w i t h a r o y a l g r a n t

o f sane one thousand a c re s o f la n d , and w i t h revenues f r o n th e f u r anti

to b a c c o t r a d e s . The c h a r te r c a l le d fo r a " P re s id e n t , s ix m a s te rs o r

P ro fe s s o rs w ith a hundred scholarsp m ore o r l e s s . " 1

The c h a r t e r is e x p l i c i t in s t a t in g th e ro y a l e x p e c ta t io n s as to t h e

n a tu r e o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n b e in g founded anti what- i t s g o a ls w e re to be .

. . . b e i n g d e s iro u s , t h a t fo re v e r h e r e a f t e r , th e r e s h o u ld be one such c o l le g e . , .o f th e m a s t e r s , s c h o l a r s , and a l l o th e rs in h a b i t in g o r r e s id in g t h e r e i n . , . t h a t th e Youth may lie p io u s ly e d u c a te d in good b e t t e r s and f t a n n e r s . , ,2

Sane o f th e e a r l i e s t documents and c o rre s jx in d e n e e s t i l l in

e x is te n c e t r e a t c o l l e g i a l l i v in g in v e ry s p e c i f i c te rm s , and a t sane

le n g th . S ig n i f ic a n t t im e , a t t e n t io n , and en erg y were d i r e c t e d to

e n s u r in g th e es t-ab Iish m en t. o f what was p e rc e iv e d to b e a c o rre c t,

c o l l e g i a ) e n v iro n m e n t. G overnor N ic h o ls o n , w r i t in g i n 1705 to th e

A rc h b is h o p o f C a n te rb u ry , s ta te d th a t

4 1

P re s id e n t James B l a i r ( i s ) to go l i v e in th e C o lle g e and as rrany m asters and s c h o la rs as a r e w i l l i n g t o board th e r e ; and Mr P re s id e n t B la i r h a th u n d ertaken f o r th e f i r s t y e a r to p ro v id e f o r t h e i r acocrrm odatiom .. .k i tc h e n and pantry., ,3

More s p e c i f i c a l ly put- in anonymous correspondence in th e same y e a r ,

"The b u i ld in g in (c o l le g e ) i s t o c o n s is t o f a Q u a d ra n g le , tw o s id e s o f

w h ic h , a r c y e t o n ly c a rry e d u p . In t h is p a r t a r e a lre a d y f in is h e d a l l

co n ven ien ces o f C ooking, B rew in g , B a k in g , e t c . and c o n v e n ie n t Rocms fo r

th e R e c e p tio n o f th e P re s id e n t , and M a s te rs , w i th neny more S c h o la rs th a n

□ re as y e t ccire to i t ; in t h is p a r t a re a ls o th e H a ll and School - Etocm.

In th e S ta tu te s o f W il l ia m anti M ary , w r i t t e n in 1 7 2 7 , th e

o b je c t iv e s o f a c o l le g e e d u c a tio n a re s ta te d c le a r l y anti fo llc w e d

im re x lia te !y by an expressed in t e n t io n th a t a l l members o f th e c o lle g e

l i v e c a l l e g la t e ly .

In th e e le c t io n o f a p r e s id e n t o r m a s te rs , l e t th a n (The Board o f V i s i t o r s ) have a p r in c ip le re g a rd to t h e i r L e a rn in g , P ie ty , S o b r ie ty , P rudence, Good M o ra ls , O r d e r l in e s s , and O bservance o f D is c ip l in e , and th a t th e y be o f q u ie t and p e a c e a b le s p i r i t , . .

T h e re a r e T h ree T h in g s , w h ich th e Founders o f t h is C o lle g e pro p o se to th o n s e lv e s , t o w h ich a l l i t s S ta tu te s sh o u ld be d i r e c t e d . The F i r s t i s , th a t th e Youth o f V i r g in ia s lio u ld lie w e ll-e d u c a te d t o le a r n in g and Good M o r a ls . . .

I f any (p a re n ts and g u a rd ia n s ) have t h e i r house so n e a r th e C o lle g e , th a t frcm th en ce th e C o lle g e B e l ls can be h eard and P u b lic k Hours o f S tudy be d u ly o b served , we would n o t by th ese S ta tu te s h in d e r t h e m , f r c m lo d g in g th a n a t t h e i r own houses. N e v e r th e le s s we th a t, a l l T h ings r e l a t i n g to th e T a b le o rLodg ing w i l l be so w e l l s u p p lie d w i th in th e C o lle g e , t h a t th e y can be no w here cheaper o r b e t te r acccninodated .^

4H

Any q u estio n re g a rd in g th e model f o r th e new o o lle g e in V i r g in ia i s

put. r a th e r f ir m ly to r e s t b y P ro fe s s o r Hugh Jones , who in 1724 n o te d th a t

"The N a tu re o f the C o u n try scarce y e t a d m its o f t h e P o s s ib i l i t y o f

red u c in g th e C o lleg ian s t o th e n ic e M ethods o f L i f e and Study o bserved in

O xford and Cambridge; t h o 1 by Degrees th e y may co p y frcm thence many

u s e fu l O ustans and C o n s t i tu t io n s , P ro fe s s o r Jones fu r th e r s ta te s a;x3

em phasizes th a t s p e c if ic s o f d re s s , lo d g in g and d in in g should o o rfo rm to

th e Gotbrit3ge model.

. . . t h e P re s id e n t and M a s te r s . . .shou ld b e o b lig e d to w ear gowns, and be s u b je c t to th e same S ta tu te s and Rules as th e S c h o la r s . . .a s . . . i n O x fo rd . These should m a in ta in them selves ,and h ave a p a r t ic u la r T a b le and Chambers fo r t h e i r aoccm nodati on.

For to w a it a t th e fo u r h ig h ta b le s , h e r e a f t e r m en tio n ed , t h e r e should be e le c t e d by th e P re s id e n t and M as te rs fo u r S e r v i t o r s , who s h o u ld have t h e i r E d u c a tio n , and such A llo w an ces , as th e S e r v i to r s i n O x fo rd .^

Jones fu r th e r and m ore d ir e c t . ly addresses t h e l iv in g and d in in g

a rra n g e n e n ts fo r the s c h o la r s .

J e t tlwan Jjo Jxiarded and lo d g ed in tho D o rm ito ry , as th e y a r e a t present; o r upon such te rm s as may frc m Time to Time soon most proper t o th e P re s id e n t and M a s te rs , . .

(The V is i t o r s ) a p p o in t a p e rs o n , to whan th e y g ran t s e v e ra l P r iv i le g e s and A llow ances t o board and lodge th e M a s te rs and S c h o la rs a t an e x t r a o r d in a r y ch eap fia te .

T h is o f f ic e i s a t p re s e n t p erfo rm ed i n t h e n e a te s t and m ost re g u la r and p l e n t i f u l M anner, b y M rs, Pkiry S t.ith , a Gentlewoman o f g r e a t W orth and D is c r e t io n , i n good fa v o u r w i t h th e G e n try , ami g r e a t Esteem and R espect w i t h th e ccfmon P o c p le .^

The iirportanoe p la c e d upon c o l l e g i a l l i v in g b y th e crown, th e

V i s i t o r s , th e P res iden t and th e m asters i s d s n o n s tra te d by th e p resen ce

4y

o f th e above m entioned M rs , S t i t h , d e s c r ib e d a s a g en tlew o m an ; c l e a r l y

n o t a s e r v a n t , A gentlew om an, b ro u g h t t o th e C o lle g e t o e n s u re a p ro p e r

s t y le o f l i v i n g and d in in g , s u g g e s ts t h a t th e s e com ponents o f c o l le g e

l i f e a t W i l l ia m and M ary w ere n o t m e re ly n e c e s s i t ie s p re s id e d o n ly due ho

la c k o f a l t e r n a t iv e s .

M rs . S t i t h was n o t th e f i r s t h o u sekeep er o r s t w a r d e s s at. th e

C o lle g e . A f t e r s e v e ra l u n s u c c e s s fu l e x p e r im e n ts , □ c e r t a in M rs , Jackson

d e c lin e d , in 1716, th e d u b io u s ho n o r and p r i v i l e g e o f s e r v in g as c o l le g e

s te w a rd e s s . Such d i f f i c u l t i e s in o b t a in in g t h a t s e r v ic e w h ic h was desaned

o f such g r e a t in p o rt le d th e b o a rd o f V i s i t o r s , a t t h e i r m e e tin g o f M arch

2 6 , 1716 , t o ask th e p r e s id e n t t o " S o l i c i t p e rso n s in t e r e s t e d in k e e p in g

th e c o lle d g e t a b l e .

H aving no lu c k , t h e B oard o f V i s i t o r s , a t t h e i r m e e tin g in June o f

t l ia t same y e a r , asked th e p r e s id e n t t o "A p p o in t a c c trm itte o t o f in d

anyone t o k e e p th e c o l le d g e t a b le upon t h e b e s t te rm s th e y c a n ., ." - '-^

F i n a l l y , a t th e O c to b e r , 1 7 1 6 , m e e tin g , th e V i s i t o r s r e ta in e d "M rs .

M ary B a r r e t t t o keep c o l le d g e t a b le a t 11 pounds p e r y e a r . 11 ^ M rs .

B a r r e t t was fu rn is h e d w i t h a s e rv a n t in a d d i t io n t o th e e le v e n pounds p e r

y e a r com p en satio n . In c e le b r a t io n , th e B oard o f V i s i t o r s asked th e

p re s id e n t t.o "Send to E n g lan d f o r s ta n d in g f u r n i t u r e f o r t h e U o lle d g c

k itc h e n , Brew houser and la u n d r y , a n d . . . a b e l l . . . " ^

fine i s moved to ask why c o l l e g i a t e l i v i n g was e s ta b l is h e d as a

p r i o r i t y in th e minds o f th o s e who founded and a d m in is te re d th e C o lle g e

o f W il l ia m and Mary. D o c u m e n ta tio n re v ie w e d and e v id e n c e p re s e n te d th u s

f a r suggest t h a t th e p r im a ry c o n s id e r a t io n , a t l e a s t th a t

50

w hich was o f f i c i a l l y s ta te d # was th e p ro p e r anti m ora l u p b rin g in g o f th e

young men o f th e c o lo n y . M en tioned o c c a s io n a l ly in o f f i c i a l docum ents,

and su g g ested more o f te n by h is t o r ia n s , i s th e s im p le absence o f

a l t e r n a t iv e s and th e n a tu r a l i n c l in a t io n t o re p ro d u c e th e f a m i l i a r .

J .E , M orpurgo ap p ears to s u p p o rt th e above in t e r p r e t a t io n s ta t in g

t i ia t " W il l ia m and M ary took o v e r f r a u th e sch o o ls o f B r i t a in ; a concern

Tor th e s p i r i t u a l anti m o ra l w e l f a r e and f o r th e s o c ia l l ie h a v io r o f i t s

p u p i l s . . . . " * - * He f u r t h e r s ta t e s t h a t , '"The e a r ly V i r g in ia n s who w ere

f a ju i l i a r w i th th e B r i t i s h U n iv e r s i t y t r a d i t io n s , . . (s a w t o i t ) th a t th e

m ethodology s c h o la rs h ip , e t c . o f 1 7 th c e n tu ry B r i t i s h U n iv e r s i t ie s was

th e same as t h a t o f e v e ry member o f th e e a r ly W il l ia m and M ary f a c u l t y .

An o f f i c i a l h is t o r y p u b lis h e d by th e F e d e ra l Bureau o f E d u catio n in

1087 a g re e s w ith M orpurgo b u t q u e s tio n s th e s in c e r i t y o f th e o c c a s io n a lly

s ta te d g o a l and d e s ir e t o spread C h r i s t i a n i t y .

The m o tiv e s o f t l te E n g lis h , w h e th e r in V i r g in ia o r New E n g la n d , in p r o v id in g f o r th e p io u s e d u c a tio n o f t h e i r sons in good l e t t e r s and good m anners, w ere b u t c o lo n ia l o u tc ro p p in g s o f th e same p u b l ic s p i r i t w h ich found th e v a r io u s c o lle g e s w h ic h now make up th e u n iv e r s i t i e s o f O xfo rd anti C am bridge,I t ie p ro p a g a tio n o f th e C h r is t ia n f a i t h . . . was . . . s e c o n d a ry .1^

Perhaps th e in t e n t io n s fo r fo u n d in g a c o l le g e in th e B r i t i s h

c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n w ere a l t r u i s t i c w here c o n s c io u s , and a t le a s t

n e u tra l w h ere th e y w ere th e r e s u l t of h a b it . A s u g g e s tio n o f a more

p r a c t ic a l re a s o n s u r fa c e s , h ow ever, in Ifugh Jones d e s c r ip t io n o f th e

C o lle g e (3 7 2 4 ) ,

h)

— because i f any but th e P re s id e n t d ie te d th m s e lv e s , i t w o u ld c r e a te C onfusion; and i f a n y b e lo n g in g to t h e C o lle g e b u t such M a s te rs as have F a m il ie s w ere p e rm it te d t o e a t e ls w h e r e ; i t would not be w o rth an yb o d y 's while t o la y in P ro v is io n , when they cou ld no t t e l l What Numijer th e y must p ro v id e fo r .* -®

Affparently there was a recognition Of the financial advantages oT

ocimunal bearding as we]] as the educational anti moral advantages

believed to be inherent in that milieu.

A lth o u g h a q u ad ran g le was n ever c o rp le to d , th e C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m

ami fto ry d id succeed in p ro v id in g te a c h in g , w o rs h ip , lo d g in g , and

ix x trd in g f o r th e e n t i r e c o lle g e community under one r o o f . By th e l a t t e r

p o r t o f th e e ig h te e n th c e n tu ry , th e s e a s p e c ts o f l i f e w e re f i r m ly f ix e d

in th e r o u t in e o f c o lle g e a f f a i r s , P e r io d ic a l ly th e r e g u la t io n s

re g a rd in g th e round o f l i f e were r e f in e d o r m o d if ied .

T h e Board o f V is i t o r s , a t t h e i r m ee tin g o f August 2 9 , 1 7 ^ 4 ,

d e c re e d , "That th e bays r e g u la r ly a t te n d D in n er and Supper in t h e h a l l ,

a n d .. . n o t . , .a l lo w any V ic tu a ls . . . s e n t in t o P r iv a te R o a n s . . , " ! 7 . The

p re s id e n t and m a s te rs , a t t h e i r March 11 , 1766, m e e tin g , c o n c lu d ed t h a t

mere r e g u la r i t y o f a tten d an ce was in a d e q u a te and re s o lv e d , "T lia t th e

S c h o la rs b o a rd in g in th e C o lle g e b e o rd e re d t o a t te n d in th e Ccrnnan-Kocni

ev e ry E v e n in g , a t n in e o ’C lo c . . , . ^

S p e c ia l c o n s id e ra t io n was g ra n te d to p ro fe s s o rs b y t l ia n s e lv e s a t a

f a c u l t y m ee tin g in 1770 . "Resolved t h a t those p ro fe s s o rs , who fo re g o th e

use o f t h e c o lle g e t a b le , be a llo w e d , in c o n s id e r a t io n . . .o n e o r m ore

jo in t s o f m eat, th e w hole not exceeded 14 pounds i f f r e s h , i f s a l t 10

p o u n d s ."19

D e s p ite m in o r r e f in a n e n ts , th e o f f i c i a l l y s ta te d o b je c t iv e o f

c o l le g ia t e l i v i n g was o f te n r e in fo r c e d . Even when a s k in g f o r p e rm is s io n

t o e s ta b l is h one r a t e f o r "Board# lo d g in g , and Roans a t th e C o lle g e : The

P res id en t, a s s u re d th e Board o f V is i t o r s t h a t th e re q u e s t was not

m o tiv a te d by a d e s ir e f o r "Cheapness of h iv in g " b u t r a th e r a d e s ir e t o

d eve lo p "ccn^ieten t s c h o la rs and w e ll-b e h a v e d g e n tle m e n . "20

J . E, M orpurgo suggests t h a t , f o r a t im e a t l e a s t , b o a rd in g a t th o

C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and M ary may have been a re a s o n a b ly p le a s a n t

experience*. S e v e ra l c o n s e c u tiv e c o lle g e h o u sekeep ers , M rs , C la y to n , M iss

Dawson, M rs. Owen, ant] M artha B ry a n , were re p o rte d t o have "Kept a good

t a b l e . . .m a in ta in o d the t r a d i t i o n o f o r d e r l in e s s , q u ie t , e f f i c i e n c y , anti

adequate f o o d . . , . "21 Even a r a r e exam ple o f s tu d e n t s a t is f a c t io n w ith

c o lle g e d in in g lias s u rv iv e d . John Brown w ro te h is fa m ily in 1779 t h a t ,

" I have e n jo y e d a good s t a t e o f h e a lth d u r in g my re s id e n c e h e re , I board

in c o l le g e , a t w h at r a te i t is a t p re s e n t u n c e r t a in ,"22

The s p e c i f i c food item s w h ich may have been served a t a t y p ic a l

c o lle g e meal d u r in g th is p e r io d is d i f f i c u l t to d e te rm in e . O n ly a f& r

o b liq u e re fe re n c e s to s p e c i f ic foods appear in th e re c o rd s o f th e e a r ly

y e a rs a t W i l l ia m and M ary. Two th in g s a r e known. One i s t h a t th e r a t e

f o r board ing and lod g in g rem ained unchanged frcm 1770 t o 1810 s u g g e s tin g

a la c k o f i n f l a t i o n , a d e c l in in g q u a l i t y l e v e l , e x c e lle n t , management., o r

p o s s ib ly s u b s id ie s o f sane k in d . The o th e r is th a t w here food is

m entioned# th e re i s a p o s i t iv e cn p lia s is on n e a t and a n e g a t iv e one on

le s s i d e n t i f i a b l e anti le s s s o l id d is h e s such as g ru e l o r p o r r id g e .

The C o l le g e 's s tew ardess p ro b a b ly had access to th e same k in d s o f

d is h e s anti item s a v a i la b le t o lo c a l m erchan ts , fa rm e rs , g e n t r y , and even

s la v e s . S c lio la rs and m a s te rs a t t h e C o lle g e p ro b a b ly d ra n k te a am i

w a te re d w in e , and t h e i r t a b le may have in c lu d e d p o u l t r y and f i s h , seme

b e e f and p o rk , f r e s h v e g e ta b le s i n season and d i f f e r e n t b read s and

m u f f in s . P re s u m a b ly , even o y s te r s , c la m s , and mere e x p e n s iv e foods w ere

a v a i l a b le a lth o u g h i t i s u n l i k e ly t h a t th e s e w ere r e g u la r f a r e .

O f f season d in in g , as e v e ry w h e re e ls e , was le s s a p p e t iz in g due to

p o o r p r e s e r v a t io n p ro c e d u re s . C o m c a k e s , d r ie d and s a l t e d meat and

f i s h , e g g s , and h a rd b is c u i t s w ere p ro b a b ly s t a p le s .

ih e good management and a p p a r e n t ly p le a s a n t d in in g e n jo y e d by th o s e

p r e s e n t a t th e C o l le g e o f W i l l ia m and M ary d u r in g th e second h a l f o f th e

e ig h te e n th c e n tu r y , u n f o r t u n a t e ly , was n o t t o l a s t . F o llo w in g th e

r e s ig n a t io n o f t h e much p r a is e d M a rth a Bryan i n 1761 , a weman named

I s a b e l la Cocke was r e t a in e d as h o u s e k e e p e r. I n th e w o rd s o f M orpurgo

D is a s t e r e n t e r e d . . .M rs . Cocke d id n o t ch eck th e .la u n d ry , v i s i t t h e s ic k , and d id n o t c o n tr o l t h e s e r v a n ts , and showed f a v o r i t i s m . W o rs t o f fe n s e o f a l l in t h e eyes o f t h e young, t h e m ea ls s h e s e rv e d w e re p o o r ly p la n n e d , b a d ly c o o ked , ami s e rv e d in a s lo v e n ly m anner. T h a t t h i s c c r rp la in t was more th a n th e t im e le s s g ro u s e a g a in s t c c rim in a l c a te r in g i s borne o u t b y th e o f f i c i a l comment t h a t th e h o u sekeep ers c u l in a r y s h o rc o n in g s w e re w e ll-k n o w n t o th e V i s i t o r s and o th e r g e n tle m e n th ro u g h o u t t h e w h o le c o lo n y ."23

As a r e s u l t o f th e g r e a t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith M rs , C o c k e 's g ro s s

m ism anagem ent, t h e p r e s id e n t and m a s te rs o f t h e C o lle g e is s u e d to h e r th e

f o l lo w in g s p e c i f i c in s t r u c t io n s .

Madam:1 s t 'D ia t You n e v e r c o n c e rn Y o u r s e lf w i t h any o f th e Boys o n ly when you h a v e a C c n p la in t a g a in s t any o f th a n , and th e n t l ia t You make i t bo h is o r t lv e ir p ro p e r M a s te r .

54

2 d ly T h a t th e r e b e a lw a y s b o th f r e s h , and s a l t M ea t fo r D in n e r ; and tw ic e i n th e Week, as w e l l a s on Sunday in p a r t i c u l a r , t h a t th e r e b e e i t h e r P udd ings o r P ie s b e s id e ; - t h a t th e r e be a lw a y s P le n ty o f V ic t u a ls ; - t h a t B re a k fa s t , D in n e r , and S u p p e r, b e s e r v 'd up i n t h e c le a n e s t , and n e a te s t. M anner p a s s ib le ; and f o r t i n s Reason t h e S o c ie ty n o t o n ly a l lo w , b u t d e s ir e You t o g e t a Cock; - t h a t th e boys Suppers bo n o t as u s u a l trade up o f d i f f e r e n t S c ra p s , b u t t h a t th e r e be at. e ach T a b le th e same S o r t : and when t h e r e i s c o ld fre s hM eat enough, t h a t i t be o f te n h a s h 'd f o r them ; - t h a t when th e y a r e s ic k . You Y o u r s e lf see t h e i r V ic t u a ls b e fo r e i t be c a r ry e d t o th a n ; t h a t i t be c le a n , d e c e n t , and f i t fo r th a n ; - and g iv e t h e i r m e d ic in e s r e g u la r ly . The g e n e ra l G c n p la in ts o f th e V i s i t o r s , and o th e r G entlem en th ro u g h o u t t h e w ho le Colony p l a i n l y shew th e N e c e s s ity o f a s t r i c t , and r e g u la r o c ttp lia n o e w it h th e above D ir e c t io n s .

i d l y T lia t Phocfoe D w it b e k e p t i n t i r e l y t o h e r p ro p e r O f f ic e o f a t te n d in g th e s ic k , and when none a r e s ic k , t o m aking th e N o g ro e 's C lo th e s , and s e e in g th e D o r m ito r ie s , and o th e r A p a rtm e n ts k e p t th o ro u g h ly c le a n ; anti t h a t she goes round to th a n a l l tw o , o r t h r e e T im es a Day; - t h a t she h ave N o th in g to do w ith th e K eys, B r e a k fa s ts , D in n e rs , and Suppers any m ore.

4 t h ly T h at a p ro p e r S to c k in g -M e n d e r b e p r o c u r 'd t o l i v e in , o r n e a r th e C o l le g e ___

5 t h ly T lia t th e N egroes b e t r u s te d w i t h no Keys; - th a t a B u tc h e r b e ag reed w ith t o s u p p ly th e c o l le g e r e g u la r ly , and t h a t h is M eat be ta k e n p r e f e r a b le t o a n y o th e r p ro v id e d i t be good; t h a t f re s h B u t te r be lo o k 'd o u t f o r in T im e , th a t th e boys may n o t be fo rc e d t o e a t s a l t i n Sum ner.

b t h ly As we a l l know t h a t N egroes w i l l n o t p e rfo rm t h e i r D u t ie s w ith o u t th e M is t r e s s 's c o n s ta n t Eye e s p e c ia l ly in so l a r g e a F a m ily as th e C o l le g e , and as we a l l o b s e rv e You go in g a B read more f r e q u e n t ly th a n even th e M is t r e s s o f a p r iv a t e F a m ily can d o . . .We p a r t i c u l a r l y re q u e s t i t o f You, t h a t Your V i s i t s Tor th e f u t u r e i n T tw n , o r C o u n try may not. be so f r e q u e n t , . .

. , .T h e iJbu.sekeeper is t o bo s u p p ly 'd w i t h Wood and C an d les , and w ith "Daa and S ugar f o r B re a k fa s t ONLY; th a t th e re s t o f th e Tea and Sugar i s t o b e used f o r th e S ic k ; - t h a t th e W ine is in te n d e d w h o le ly and s o le ly f o r th e s i c k . . . t h a t th e Plumbs, C u rra n ts a r e o n ly to b e u s ’ d a t th e Conmnon-Tables, o r f o r th e s ic k ; - t l i a t r ic h C akes, P re s e rv e s must b e at. Y our cwn Enpence; - t h a t i f any M a s te r sh o u ld ch an ce to m iss a t te n d in g th e I f a l l , o r Cannon-Roan h e may send f o r w h a t V ic t u a ls he p le a s e s i s l e f t . . . 24

^5

E v id e n t ly th o in s t r u c t io n was t o no a v a i l , as a mere f i v e m onths

l a t e r th e p re s id e n t and m a s te rs re s o lv e d t o re p la c e M rs . Cocke.

R e s o l,T h a t th e m a jo r i t y o f t h is S o c ie ty a r e o f O p in io n t h a t M rs. I s a b e l la Cocke has behaved much am iss in h e r O f f ic e o f H ousekeeper, n o t o n ly i n co n te trp t - o f th e unanimous R eso lves o f t h is S o c ie ty d a te d F e b ru a ry 7 th 1763 {see a b o v e ), but l ik e w is e in o th e r R esp ec ts ; t h e r e f o r e th ey th in k p ro p e r to d e s ir e h e r t o f i n i s h h e r Y e a r , and to p ro v id e h e r s e l f w ith sane o th e r P la c e .

R e s o l,T h a t an A d v e rtis e m e n t bo in s e r te d in th e G a z e tte to d e s ir e a Man c a p a b le o f m anaging th e H o u sekeep er's bus iness in th e C o lle g e , to a p p ly t o th e P re s id e n t and M a s te rs . ^

In th e words o f M orpurgo , " A ll o th e r in s t r u c t io n g iv e n t o h e r , M rs .

Cocke ig n o re d o o n t tn p tu o u s ly . C o n s e q u e n tly , when th e f a c u l t y d e c id e d to

f i r e h e r and t o r e p la c e h e r by a man c a p a b le o f managing th e

h o u s e k e e p e r's b u s in e s s , t h e r e was f o r once no d is c o rd Ijetw een f a c u l t y and

v i s i t o r s , and th e s tu d e n ts re g a rd e d i t as a triu m p h as m a g n if ic e n t as th e

c a p tu re o f Quebec.

As m en tio n ed in an e a r l i e r c h a p te r , th e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e

e ig h te e n th c e n tu ry was a t im e o f g r e a t c liange , q u e s tio n in g o f t r a d i t i o n ,

and o f fo rie n t a g a in s t b r i t a i n , and many t il in g s B r i t i s h , A d d i t io n a l ly ,

s tu d e n ts had changed, by th e l a t e 1 7 0 0 's a c o lle g e e d u c a tio n had carte to

s ig n i f y a c o n f i m a t io n o f th e p la c e in l i f e to w hich a young man may have

lieen e n t . i t le d by b i r t h . Seen as an irc p o rta n t s o c ia l b e n e f i t to a m an 's

f u t u r e , e o lle g e s a t t r a c t e d m ore s tu d e n ts who w ere o ld e r , more m a tu re and

s e l f r e l i a n t . They w ore n o t , p e rh a p s , as much in need o f th e

p a t e r n a l i s t i c , r e s t r i c t i v e way o f l i f e to w h ich th e y w ere s u b je c te d a t

56

c o l le g e . C e r t a in ly , t h e s tu d e n ts were n o t a p p re c ia t iv e o f th e l i f e s t y l e ,

and t h e p e r i ex] saw an in c re a s e i n s tu d e n t re s is ta n c e to a u th o r i t y and in

misbehavior. An ainnendment t o th e C o lle g e 's s ta tu te s i n 1758 appears t o

r e a c t t o something o f th e s o r t : " V I1 . That Otto o f the m a s te r s . . .b e

a lw a y s p re s e n t w i t h th e hoys a t l ir e a k fa s t and Supper- Morpurgo

r e p o r t s t lia t- P re s id e n t Stith "was o ffen d ed by the s ig h t o f boys ta k in g

m ea ls in thei r ro«iV5.,,to p r o te c t his b eloved kitchen,,.."^

'ITie C o l le g e 's p r e s id e n ts and m asters appear no t t o have w avered

fro n t t h e i r c o n v ic t io n s ai*3 t h e i r ocrmdtment to th e c o l le g ia t e way o f

l i v i n g b e l ie v in g t h a t " . . . t h e e s s e n t ia l q u a l i t y o f a W il l ia m anti M ary

e d u c a t io n was n o t c r e a te d by academ ic s tu d ie s a lo n e . T im e and a g a in in

th e d ays b e fo r e th e r e v o lu t io n , th e m entors o f the C o lle g e had in s is te d

th a t, i t was in te n d e d f o r th e 'r e a r in g o f g en tlem en '.

One c e le b r a te d and n(Uch t o ld ep isode o f s tu d en t u n re s t in v o lv e d th e

c o l le g e Ira u s e k e e p e r. I n 1775 , s ix s tu d e n ts , among them fu t u r e P re s id e n t

James M onroe, b ro u g h t th e housekeeper, one fta r ia D ig g es , up on ch arg es

b e f o r e th e f a c u l t y . The ch arg es w ere p u rp o rted to in v o lv e d in in g and

k i t c h e n m a t t e r s , b u t sane e v id e n c e su g g ests , and J . t . M orpurgo b e l ie v e s ,

t h a t th e s c a n d a l was p o l i t i c a l l y m o tiv a te d .

M a r ia D ig g e s was a l o y a l i s t ajx] rnost her fr ie n d s w ere T o r ie s , rainy

s tu d e n ts o f th e 1 7 7 0 's w ere o p e n ly d e f ia n t o f B r it is h a u t h o r i t y and t h e i r

a c t io n a g a in s t M rs . D igges c o in c id e d w ith a c ts o f v a n d a lis m , p a t r i o t i c

g r a f f i t i , p r o t e s t s , and v io le n c e . I t appears l ik e ly t h a t f ta r ia D igges

arxi t h e fo o d s e r v ic e w e re c o n v e n ie n t ta r g e ts and th a t th e s ta te d ch arg es

d id n o t r e f l e c t a c c u r a te ly th e o b je c t io n s th e students had tow ards h e r ,

57

In any e v e n t , th e f a c u l t y , a f t e r th o ro u g h re v ie w , found th e c h a rg e s

u n f a i r and r e je c te d them as b e in g g ro u n d le s s . <E x c e rp ts frcm th e D ig g es

h e a r in g a t th e May 1775 m e e tin g o f th e p re s id e n t arid m a s te rs a r e

r e p r in te d in th e M arch 31 , 1934 , A lutrnii G a z e tte and rep ro d u ced i n th e

A p p e n d ix ) ,

William and Mary: the nineteenth Century

'Ihe C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M ary and th e C i ty o f W illia m s b u rg had

l i t t l e o f w h ich to he proud d u r in g most o f th e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry .

W illia m s b u rg , th e c o lo n ia l c a p i t a l , l o s t i t s p o s it io n t o Richmond and

s u f fe r e d as a r e s u l t , lo s in g p o p u la t io n , b u s in e s s , and p r e s t ig e . T lie

c o l le g e 's lo s s e s w ere in s tu d e n ts , f a c u l t y , and f in a n c ia l s u p p o rt.

The C o lle g e was not. exempt frcm a g e n e ra l d e p re s s io n w h ich s e t t l e d

o v e r most oT Am erican h ig h e r e d u c a tio n i n th e e a r ly n in e te e n th c e n tu ry .

J a c k s o n ia n id e a ls o f in dependence , in d iv id u a l s e l f r e l ia n c e , manual

la l> o r, and g l o r i f i c a t i o n o f th e cannon (u n ed u ca ted ) man c o n s p ire d w ith

c o lle g e s ' u n w illin g n e s s t o a d ju s t o r respond to n& j n e e d s , d e s ir e s , and

c o n d it io n s , H ie co m b in a tio n produced a n a t io n a l im p re s s io n o f c o lle g e s

as som ething le s s f in e and n o b le than e a r l i e r had been th e c a s e , Ih e

atm osphere a t many e s ta b lis h e d c o lle g e s ap p ears to have been c o n s e rv a t iv e

t o an e x tre m e , and th e f a c u l t i e s unbending in t h e i r r e s is ta n c e t o

c u r r ic u la r o r e x t r a c u r r ic u la r re fo rm .

Sane o f th o se s tu d e n ts fo rc e d t o a t te n d W il l ia m and Mary became

unhappy enough bo produce a d v e r s a r ia l r e la t io n s h ip s w i th f a c u l t y , and th e

r e s u l t was re p e a te d and p r o t r a c te d d is c u s s io n s in f a c u l t y m eetings o f

s tu d e n t m is b e h a v io r . A f a c u l t y r e p o r t , s u lm it te d to th e Hoard o f

V is i t o r s in 1&35 re p o rte d "Loud and r io to u s n o is e s in anti about th e

C o lle g e , acccnpanied g e n e r a l ly w ith much p ro fan en ess and o c c a s io n a lly

re p o r ts o f p i s t o l s . . . s tu d e n ts . , .h a v in g fre q u e n t sm all supper

[ j a r t i e s , . , ( w i t h ) l iq u o r form s a [m r t o f th e s e e n te r ta in m e n ts .

59

Such d e s c r ip t io n s o f s tu d e n t b e h a v io r a p p e a r f r e q u e n t ly i n f a c u l t y

and B oard o f V i s i t o r s m e e tin g m in u te s d u r in g t h e f i r s t h a l f o f th e

n in e te e n th c e n tu ry .

The C o lle g e rs m is fo r tu n e s s e a re d t o e x te n d t o th e ccrnnonE a s w e l 1 -

James M adison, P r e s id e n t o f th e c o l le g e in 1 8 0 6 , a t te n p te d t o b e g in th e

c e n tu ry on a p o s i t i v e n o te p u b l is h in g th e f o l lo w in g .

I t i s h e reb y known to th e p u b l ic t h a t t h e r e w i l l be e s ta b lis h e d in c o l le g e a p l a i n r b u t d e c e n t t a b le , upon t h e lo w e s t te rm s , . . a l l ju n io r s tu d e n ts w i l l be c o r p e l le d t o lo d g e in c o l le g e , t o Ix ia rd a t th e p u b l ic t a b l e , , , The o b je c t o f th e s earran g em en ts i s to g u a r d . . .a g a in s t d is s ip a t io n antiid le n e s s .

P re s id e n t M a d is o n 's e f f o r t s w e re l a r g e l y u n s u c c e s s fu l in a t t r a c t i n g

s tu d e n ts and e s t a b l is i r in g a t h r i v i n g c o l le g e t a b l e . In 1825 tlx? B oard o f

V i s i t o r s re s o lv e d t h e " e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a b o a rd in g house fo r t h e s tu d e n ts

st? as to reduce th e n e c e s s a ry e x jie n s e s o f a s t u d e n t —

Ih e b o a rd in g h o u s e 's success a p p e a rs t o have been l im i t e d as

re p o r te d in to rc h o f 1827 m in u te s o f a m o o tin g o f th e S o c ie ty o f W i l l ia m

and Mary ( th e f a c u l t y and p r e s id e n t ) " S tu d e n ts g a v e Unto th e S o c ie t y a

rem o n stran ce a g a in s t th e S tew ard c c n p la in in g o f t h e i r f o o d . . . " 3 3 .

On March 4 , 1B 48, th e m in u te s o f th e f a c u l t y m eetin g r e p o r t th e

q u e s t io n , "w hether a d in in g rocm can ^ p ro v id e d in th e c o lle g e ? " 34

T h a t q u e s tio n was answ ered th e f o l lo w in g y e a r by an amnendmenL to

th e law s and R e g u la t io n s o f th e C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and Mary in V i r g i n i a

w h ich s ta te d th a t t h e " f a c u l t y may e l e c t a S te w a rd , to fu r n is h m e a ls

t o . . . u n d e rg ra d u a te s . . . i n th e B r a f f e r t o n H o u s e . . . lie s h a l l p re s e rv e o r d e r

and decorum ajiiong h is lo a r d e r s w h i le a t h is t a b l e . " 35

60

The C o l le g e 's lu ck was t o w orsen* T h e i n a b i l i t y t o a d ju s t t o th e

t im e s and t o p ro v id e good b o a rd was overshadow ed b y t h e lo s s , by f i r e , o f

t h e Wren B u ild in g d u r in g t h e C i v i l War and t h e c lo s in g , f o r seven y e a r s ,

o f t h e C o lle g e d u r in g th e in in e d ia te p o s t w a r p e r io d .

A f te r c o n s id e r in g and r e j e c t i n g th e n o t io n o f r e lo c a t in g th e

C o lle g e to A le x a n d r ia w l*ere i t . m ig h t have b e n e f i t t e d b y a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h

th e E p is c o p a l S s iiin a ry lo c a te d t h e r e , o r t o Richmond V i r g i n i a , th e B oard

o f V is i t o r s opened th e C o lle g e i n th e l a t e lH 7 0 's w i t h t h e a s s u ra n c e o f

an an n u a l g r a n t o f 5 1 0 ,0 0 0 frc m th e G e n e ra l A ssem bly o f V i r g i n i a t o

s u p p o rt th e t r a in in g o f te a c h e r s .

01

WI 11,1AM AND MARY AND J .A .C - CHANDLER:

1919 - 1934

In th e e a r ly y e a rs o f th e tw e n t ie th c e n tu r y ( th e C o lle g e o f f i c i a l l y

Ixjcame a s t a t e su p p o rte d and a f f i l i a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n . S h o r t ly

t h e r e a f t e r , i t began t o accep t w anen. B o ls te re d by s ta te su p p o rt anti

gro w in g e n ro llm e n t , th e C o lle g e e n jo y e d im p ro v in g h e a lth and slow b u t

s te a d y g ro w th , and in p ra v a n e n t in i t s f a c u l t y , i t s program s, and i t s

p h y s ic a l p la n t .

Tn 1914 an e x p r o p r ia t io n fro m th e G en era l A s s a ifc ly in th e amount of

$ 1 4 ,7 0 0 was re q u e s te d anil rc c e iv e d b y The C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and ffe ry fo r

th e purpose o f c o n s tru c t in g a f r e e s ta n d in g b u i ld in g d e d ic a te d e n t i r e l y to

d in in g ; th e f i r s t Lim e th a t d in in g f a c i l i t i e s a t. W il l ia m and Mary had

not been a p a r t o f a d o m ito r y o r o th e r b u i ld in g . ^ B e fo re th e ne?

f a c i l i t y was c o n s tru c te d , s tu d e n ts had d ined c a rm u n a lly and under

s u p e rv is io n , b u t u s u a l ly in anal 1 g roups in th e d o rm ito ry w here th e y

r e s id e d .

As in o th e r t im e s and c irc u m s ta n c e s , food was a to p ic o f

c o n s id e ra b le in t e r e s t to s tu d e n ts . W ith a s tu d e n t newspaper { Ih e F l a t

H a t ) a t t h e i r d is p o s a l , s tu d e n t e d i t o r s o fte n w o u ld re p o r t on any a s p e c t

o f th e carmans w h ich p le a s e d o r d is p le a s e d them as w e ll as make

s u g g e s tio n s f o r im provem ent. In th e Jan u ary 9 , 1 9 1 7 , e d i t io n an a r t i c l e

a p p eared s u p p o rtin g a m id -y e a r r a t e in c re a s e in response to ra p id

i n f l a t i o n in c t r r n o i i t y p r ic e s . "iTit? aim o f th e b o a rd in g system shou ld be

62

s a t is f a c t io n t o th e la rg es t, number, and not b o a rd a t th e lo w e s t r a t e . " - ^

The a r t i c l e f u r t h e r recarm ended t h a t th e m anager o r s te w a rd be p la c e d on

s a la r y r a t h e r th a n make h is l i v in g fro m p r o f i t s , and t h a t o th e rs i n th e

a d m in is t r a t io n h e lp s u p e rv is e e x p e n d itu re s ,

iV e n th e n w d in in g h a l l (p ic tu r e d in th e a p p e n d ix ) was soon

outgrow n, Hy 19 )9 when J u l ia n A lv in C a r r o l l C h a rs lle r became P re s id e n t o f

th e C o lle g e more o f alm ost e v e ry th in g was needed a t W i l l i atm a id f ia r y .

U nder C h a n d le r 's le a d e rs h ip , th e C o lle g e managed t o a c q u ir e tnuch

la n d and needed b u ild in g s . One o f th e most s ig n i f i c a n t was th e P enn inan

B u ild in g , bought f t a n th e m i l i t a r y and moved t o th e canfxis s i t e o f

p re s e n t day l y l e r H a l l , th e Penn in tin B u ild in g w as used as a one hundred

f i f t y s e a t d in in g h a l l and a d o rm ito ry from 192} u n t i l 1925 when i t

b u r n e d ,^ A nother im p o rta n t b u i ld in g , in use to d a y , was an e n la rg e d

d in in g h a l l c o n s tru c te d in 1926 on th e s i t e o f and en ocnpass ing th e 1914

d in in g h a l l , I t ie expansion and new c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t $ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 , and was

named f o r th e fo rm er G overnor E. Lee T r in k le (p h o to g rap h o f T r in k le H a ll

in A fip e n d ix } .

O th e r b u ild in g s were b u i l t , ra z e d , o r ijTp roved d u r in g the*

p re s id e n c y o f J ,A .C , C h a n d le r, b u t p erh ap s h is g r e a te s t c o n t r ib u t io n s to

th e C o lle g e ant) th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s f o r w h ich he is b e s t ra n tm b e re d w ere

h is v is io n o f grow th and improvement fo r th e C o lle g e and h is e n e rg y in

p u rsu in g t h a t end.

As d i f f i c u l t as i t i s t o id e n t i f y e x a c t ly w hat C h a n d le r i n i t i a t e d

f o r th e f i r s t tim e and what he m e re ly recsrp h as ized , th e r e s u l t s w ere

d ra m a tic and mem orable. C h a n d le r was a w idow er w i t h grown c h i ld r e n when

tie came t o W il l ia m and M ary, ajid h is re s id e n c e in th e P r e s id e n t 's House

61

ke p t him w e l l a b re a s t o f th e round o f l i f e a t th e C o lle g e . Q m i p r e s e n t ,

he to o k a deep in t e r e s t in s tu d e n t l i f e and in v o lv e d h im s e lf p a r t i c u l a r l y

in th e d in in g component o f th a t l i f e a t W i l l ia m and K a r y ■

C h an d ler took v i r t u a l l y a l l o f h is m e a ls , when in W ill ia m s b u rg , a t

th e d in in g h a l l . He saw to i t th a t T r in k le H a l l was c o n s tru c te d w i th a

p r iv a t e d in in g room w here he co u ld e n t e r t a in g u es ts and f r ie n d s o f th e

C o lle g e such as Jolin D. R o c k e fe l le r , la d y A s to r , and C a lv in C o o lid g e .^ 9

When n o t e n t e r t a in in g , C hand ler o f te n a t e w ith th e students, in

C h a n d le r 's T r in k le H a l l s tu d e n ts took tu rn s s a y in g g ra c e b e fo re th e m e a l.

The ta b le s w ere s e t to have th e m eals se rved fa m ily s t y le f a l l one co u ld

e a t ) . A l l s tu d e n ts d ressed f o r d in n e r , men w e a rin g coats.

L a te r P re s id e n t o f W il l ia m and M ary , b u t th e n d in in g h a l l head

w a ite r under C h a n d le r, D a v is Y , P a s c h a ll r e c a l l s t h a t th e "fo o d was

c a r e f u l ly chosen and s u p e rb ly p re p a re d . C a r e f u l ly chosen in d eed - i t

was o f te n p lan n ed by C h a n d le r h im s e lf , th e menu f o r A ugust 2 3 , 1926 was

hand w r i t t e n by C hand ler and s e n t to W.p, C ooke, th e C o lle g e S te w a rd , fo r

iiTpl cmcnta t i o n .

B re a k fa s t: O range, c o rn f la k e s , ch ipped b e e f in cream , f r i e d eggs,w heat m u ff in s , b u t t e r , o o f fe e .

D in n e r: Hamburger s te a k , baker! p o ta to e s , c o m s a u te e , stewedtc n ttto e s , c h o c o la te pudding , b re a d , b u t t e r , ic e d t e a .

Supper: S tu f fe d g reen p e p p e rs , s t r in g b e a n s , f r i e d g re e nta n a to e s , s l ic e d cucumbers, a p p le p ie , h o t r o l l s , b u t t e r , c o f fe o .^ 3

C a r e f u l ly chosen as w e l l w ere th e d in in g h a l l w a i t e r s . C h a n d le r

used w a ite r jo b s as f in a n c ia l a id as w e ll as a rew ard and punishment,

system , lie , p e rs o n a lly , made a ) l w a ite r s e le c t io n s and c o n ta c te d each

64

s tu d e n t i n d i v i d u a l l y (&ee a form l e t t e r t o s tu d e n ts and a l i s t o f s tu d en t

w a i t e r s i n th e A p p e n d ix )*

C a r e fu ] i s an a p t te rm t o d e s c r ib e C h a n d le r 's o v e r s ig h t o f th e

d in in g h a l l f in a n c e s as w e l l . So c o n cern ed was C h a n d le r t h a t he d e ta ile d

h is p e rs o n a l a s s is t a n t , iV ix D l i t z e r , t o w a tch over a rd r e p o r t r e g u la r ly

o n th e c o s t o f raw fo o d , p e r m eal c o s t , and t o e x p la in d e v ia t io n s {see

l e t t e r s f r o n B l i t z e r t o C h a n d le r i n th e A p p e n d ix ).

A lth o u g h a copy o f th e r e p o r t i s n o t a v a i la b le , P re s id e n t

C h a n d le r 's f i l e s in d ic a t e t h a t he s o l i c i t e d a re p o r t on th e W il l ia m and

M ary d in in g o p e r a t io n frc tii M r . R a lp h B l a i k i e , a food s e r v ic e s p e c ia l is t

frc m ttatf Y o rk C i t y . The r e p o r t was c h a r a c te r iz e d as p o s i t i v e .

Sane o f C h a n d le r 's m ore p r o g r e s s iv e and in n o v a t iv e food s e rv ic e

a c c c u rp jis h m e n ts w e re in t h e a re a o f p ro c u re m e n t o f raw fo o d s . In an

a r t i c l e , p u b lis h e d i n H ie A lu m n i G a z e t te in M arch o f 1 9 3 4 , re v ie w in g food

s e r v ic e a t W i l l ia m and M a ry , m e n tio n i s made o f p u rc h a s in g s ta p le s in a

g ro u p p u rc h a s in g a r ra n g o n e n t th ro u g h th e good o f f ic e s o f th e s t a t e .

S e v e ra l lo n g te rm W i l l ia m and M ary e n p lo y e e s and a lu m n i worked as

w a i t e r s i n th e d in in g h a l l . JVnong them w e re Y .O . K ent ( a f f i l i a t e d w ith

t h e C o lle g e f o r f o r t y tw o y e a r s , and S tew ard from 1932 t o 1 9 4 8 ) , D avis V.

P a s c h a ll (C la s s o f 1932 arvl P re s id e n t o f w i l l i a m anti M ary frcm I960 to

1 9 7 1 ) , V e rn o n Nunn (C la s s o f 1925 and T r e a s u r e r from 1929 t o 1 9 6 9 ) , anil

J .W . L am b ert [C la s s o f 1927 and C h ie f S tu d e n t A f f a i r s O f f i c e r f r a n 1935

t o 1 9 7 3 ) .

A l l rem em bered , and P a s c h a ll w orked a t , th e o ld C o lle g e Farm.

L o c a te d on s i x t y f i v e a c re s n e a r th e c u r r e n t s i t e o f P h i B eta Kappa H a l l ,

t h e C o lle g e Farm , a c c o rd in g t o P a s c h a l l , Was S U p e rv is e d , p e r s o n a lly , by

66

C h a n d le r. A fa rm e r named Mason w orked th e fa rm w ith s tu d e n t h e lp a r*i

produced so much c o m # p o ta to e s , and s t r a w b e r r ie s t h a t Y . 0 , K ent r e c a l ls

P re s id e n t C h a n d le r o rd e r in g ftason t o s e l l i t e ls e w h e re .44 P a s c h a ll

r e c a l ls t l i a t th e C o lle g e ra is e d c a t t l e f o r tueat, b u t he does not

e la b o r a te . T h is is n o t c o n firm e d e ls w h e r e . 45

Food was p l e n t i f u l and, a c c o rd in g t o most a v a i la b le re p o r ts , good,

R eco g n iz in g th a t th e m em ories o f th e g en tlem en in te rv ie w e d a r e colored by

n o s ta lg ia , by lo n q y e a rs o f s e r v ic e , and lo v e anti l o y a l t y t o th e

C o lle g e , th e y rem ain c o n s is te n t ly and iu p r e s s jv e ly [Io s if, iv e ,

Y .O . K ent r e c a l le d a German b a k e r named R e in eckc who worked in th e

C o lle g e d in in g h a l l in th e 1 9 3 0 's , and s ta te d th a t "he c o u ld make th e

b e s t b re a d , th e t e s t b is c u i t s , th e b e s t r o l l s , th e b e s t d e s e r ts you e v e r

saw.

A p p a re n t ly a lo v e o f th e fo o d d id n o t ex ten d to a l l o f those

in d iv id u a ls who served i t . J , W, Ia m b e rt r e c a l l s a head w a i t e r , named

Red K in g , who was so u n iv e r s a l ly d e te s te d t h a t in 1912 he was a s s a u lte d

by seme s tu d e n ts and throw n in t o □ f i s h pond. No m inor o f fe n s e

e v id e n t ly , as th r e e men were e x p e l le d fo l lo w in g th e in c id e n t . Ore can

sense T a m b e rt's amusement, even f i f t y y e a rs l a t e r and even th rough a

typ ed t r a n s c r ip t , as he r e c a l ls how P re s id e n t C h an d ler (p e rh a p s s ee in g

seme m e r it in th e a c t ) s u b s e q u e n tly r e in s t a te d th e men,

J u l ia n A lv in C a r r o l l C lia m ile r 's p re s id e n c y la s te d frc m 1919 t o h is

d e a th in 193J . D u rin g t h is p e r io d W il l ia m and Mary began t o r e e s ta b l is h

i t s e l f as a p r e s t ig io u s , h ig h q u a l i t y , l i b e r a l a r ts c o l le g e . C h a n d le r 's

energy and a t t e n t io n t o a l l a s p e c ts o f c o l le g e program s and s tu d e n t l i f e

w ere in no s m a ll j i a r t re s p o n s ib le fo r t h is p ro g re s s .

67

What o f th e c o l l e g ia t e way o f l iv in g ? What o f ocm runal d in in g ,

p a te rn a lis m , and e d u c a tio n o f th e w h o le person?

A t th e c lo s e o f C h a n d le r 's p re s id e n c y , th e r u le s g o v e rn in g , and

a t t i t u d e s a f f e c t i n g s tu d e n t l i f e a t th e C o lle g e had changed v e ry l i t t l e

f r a t i e a r l i e r e r a s . A t W il l ia m and M ary in th e 1 9 3 0 's most s tu d e n ts , and

a l l women, w e re re q u ire d t o l i v e in d o rm ito r ie s in s u p e rv is e d , h ig h ly

re g u la te d fa & J iio n . C u t t in g c la s s e s was p r o h ib ite d , and a d ress code was

e n fo rc e d . A l l r e s id e n t s tu d e n ts w ere re q u ire d to d in e txm nunal 1 y and th e

P r e s id e n t 's worn] was la w .

C h a n d le r 's t im e was a tim e o f g row th and a tim e o f p ro g re s s , b u t

n o t a t im e o f much change in th e c o l le g ia t e way o f l i v i n g . Somehow th e

C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and M ary m issed a s o r t o f f iig h e r e d u c a tio n r e v o lu t io n

d u r in g th e l a t e n in e te e n th c e n tu ry in th e U n ite d S ta te s , when c o lle g e s

w e re becoming u n i v e r s i t i e s , and g ra d u a te s tu d y and re s e a rc h w ere b e in g

tu tp h a s ize d . The e le c t iv e p r in c ip le , s p e c ia l iz a t io n , and academ ic fre o d a n

w ere is s u e s o f th e d a y . C o lle g e s w ore b e in g b u i l t w ith o u t d o rm ito r ie s

and d in in g h a l I s , and s tu d e n ts , even p a r t tim e and o ld e r s tu d e n ts , w e re

ccn m u tin g , and t r a n s f e r r in g betw een and among i n s t i t u t i o n s ,

W i l l ia m am] Mary managed to a v o id most o f th e in f lu e n c e o f

sentim ent, f o r change, and so when a p o s t W orld War T r e a c t io n fa v o r in g a

r e tu r n to th e c o l l e g ia t e way and th e t r a in in g o f g e n tle m e n ap p eared ,

W il l ia m a rt] M ir y was once a g a in in s te p .

The c o l l e g i a t e id e a ls a t W i l l ia m and Mary w ere n ever s e r io u s ly

c h a lle n g e d b e fo r e o r d u r in g th e C h an d ler p e r io d . The C o lle g e emerged

frc m t h a t p e r io d s tro n g e r am i h e a l t h ie r as a r e s u l t o f g ro w th ,

developm ent and change in o th e r a re a s , b u t a ls o w i t h an u n fla g g in g

eonnutm ent to ccfimunal l i v i n g and d in in g , and to th e e d u c a tio n o f th e

w h o le p e rs o n .

&H

E n d n o tes ; C hap ter A

1 H o fs ta d te r and S m ith , American H ig h e r E d u ca tio n v o l . ] . TheC h a r te r o f W il l ia m and M ary, 1 6 9 3 , p . 33 .

2 I b i d ,

3 G o v e rn o r N ic h o ls o n , " l e t t e r to A rch b ish o p o f C a n te rb u ry ,1 7 0 5 ," W ill ia m and Mary Q u a r te r ly S e rie s 2, V o l . 0 , p ,2 2 6 .

4 L o u is W r ig h t , e d . , H is to r y and P re s e n t S ta te o f V i r g i n i a ,( lo n d o n : 1705) Bock IV , p .32 , { R e p r in t ; C hapel H i l l , 1 9 4 7 ) . p , 266.

5 H o f t s d t e r ami S n ith , Am erican H ig h e r E d u c a tio n , S ta tu te s o fThe C o lle g e o f W il l ia m ard M a ry , J une 24 , 1 7 2 7 , p p . 3 9 -4 9 ,

6 K n ig h t, A Docum entary, p . 489,

7 I b i d - , p . 491 ,

8 I b i d . , p p . 4 8 9 -9 1 .

9 M in u te s o f th e to r c h 2b, 1716 m e e tin g o f th e W i l l ia m andM ary board o f V i s i t o r s , " V ir g in ia H is t o r ic a l M a g a z in e " , S e r ie s 1 , V o l. 4 . p . 1 6 ] ,

ID I b i d . , p . 170.

11 I b i d . , p . 174.

12 I b i d . , V o l . 8 , p . 2 3 5 .

13 J .E . M orpurgo , T h e ir M a je s ty ^ R o y a l l C o lle d g O h [TheEndowment A s s o c ia t io n o f th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m am) t o r y , I n c . , 1976) p . 1 7 .

14 I b i d . , p . 118.

15 Adams, C o n tr ib u t io n s t o American E d u c a tio n a l H is t o r y ,C i r c u l a r o f th e U .S . Bureau o f E d u c a tio n 1 . N o . l ,18 S 7 , p . 17,

16 Knight, A Docum entary, p. 496.

17 M in u te s o f th e August 29 , 1754 m e e tin g o f th e W i l l ia mand M a ry Board o f V is i t o r s , H*W ilJiarn and M ary Q u a r te r ly " S e r ie s 1 , V o l. 8 .

09

10 M in u te s o f th e to r c h 1 1 , 1766 m e e tin g o f th e P r e s id e n t and M a s te rs o f W il l ia m and M a ry , "M ary G oodw in’ s N o te s " ,

19 M in u te s o f th e December 2 4 , 1770 m e e tin g o f th e P re s id e n tand M a s te rs o f W i l l ia m and M ary , " W il l ia m and M ary Q u a r t e r ly " , S e r ie s 2 , V o l. B. p , 2 4 5 ,

20 M in u te s o f th e to y 4 , 17B4 m ee tin g o f th e P r e s id e n t andM a s te rs o f W il l ia m and t o r y , " t o r y G oodw in 's M o te s " .

21 M o rp u rg o , B o y a ll C o llo d g o , p . 112 .

22 L e t t e r b y John Brown, s tu d e n t , O c to b e r 2 0 , 1779 ," W il l ia m and to r y Q u a r te r ly " , S e r ie s 2, V o l . 6 , p . 2 4 5 .

22 M orpurgo , R o y a ll C o l le d g e , p , 132 .

24 M in u te s o f th e F e b ru a ry 9, 1763 m e e tin g o f tJre P re s id e n tanti M a s te rs o f W i l l ia m and M ary , "M ary G oodw in 's N o te s " , p p . J0 9 -1 1 1 .

25 M in u te s o f th e J u ly 2 3 , 1761 m e e tin g o f th e P re s id e n t andM a s te rs o f W il l ia m and M a ry , " t o r y Goodwin’ s N o te s " .

26 M orpurgo , R o y a l! C b lle d g e ,p .1 1 1 .

27 E x c e rp t f r t n S ta tu te s o f W il l ia m anti M ary C o l le g e , ]7 5 H ,"M ary Goodwin’ s M o te s " ,

29 M o rp u rg o , R o y a ll t o l l e d g e , p . 118 .

29 I b i d . , p . 2 2 0 .

30 M in u te s o f th e F e b ru a ry 17 , 1835 m e e tin g o f t i l e W il l ia mand t o r y Board o f V i s i t o r s , "M ary Goodwin’ s M o te s " .

31 l e t t e r f rc w James M adison t o th e Richmond E n q u ir e r ,A u g u s t 19 , 1B0G, " W il l ia m and M a ry Q u a r te r ly "S e r ie s 2 , V o l, 3 . p . 294 .

32 M in u te s , Board o f V i s i t o r s , Nov. 1 8 2 5 , "M ary G o o d w in 'sN o te s " .

33 I b i d . , M arch 1827,

34 M in u te s , P re s id e n t and M a s te rs , M arch H, 1B4B." W il l ia m and t o r y Q u a r te r ly " , S e r ie s 1, V o l . 8 p . 2 6 1 .

35 iix c e rp t. frc m "law s and R e g u la t io n s o f th e C o lle g e o fW i l l ia m and to r y in V i r g in ia " , " t o r y G oodw in 's N o te s " .

70

36 I b i d . , 9 Jan u ary 1917.

38 Ibid., 8 January 192],

39 In t e r v ie v s /O r a l H is to r y ( i n t r a n s c r i p t ) , W il l ia m andMary A rc h iv e s . D a v is Y . P a s c h a ll , Y e lv e r to n 0 . K e n t, J.W . la m b e r t , and V ern o n Nunn. 1975 .

40 I b i d . , K e n t.

41 I b i d . , Nunn.

42 I b i d . , P a s c h a ll.

43 Menu, W il l ia m and fta ry D in in g H a l l . A ugust 23 , 1926.[see A p p en d ix ) .

44 O ra l H is to r y , K e n t.

45 I b i d . , P a s c h a ll.

46 I b i d . , K e n t.

71

CHAPTER 5

HIK COlli-lTE OF WJf JuLAM AND MARY

1975 - 1985

Old Notions - New Words

Ih e most re c e n t f 1 9 7 4 ) a c c r e d i t a t io n s e l f - s t u d y conducted b y th e

f a c u l t y , s t a f f , and s tu d e n ts at. th e C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and M ary p ro d u ced

a u a ip re h e n s iv e p u b l ic a t io n w h ich makes an e f f o r t t o d e s c r ib e th e

m is s io n , g o a ls , and o b je c t iv e s o f th e C o l le g e . Ih e s e l f s tu d y d e s c r ib e s

th e s te p s w h ich w e re b e in g ta k e n t o th o s e e n d s , and makes re c c frm e n d a tio n s

on c o r r e c t in g d e f ic ie n c ie s o r a d d in g enhancem ents t o th e F a c u l ty , s t a f f ,

e d u c a t io n a l program s, anti th e p h y s ic a l p l a n t . F a m i l ia r la n g u a g e a p p e a rs

in th e "S ta te m e n t o f P urpose and Aim s" (s e e a p p e n d ix f o r e x c e rp ts on

"Purpose and Aim s'1 and on " B o a rd in g " ) r e g a r d in g e d u c a t io n o f th e w h o le

perso n ; new term ed l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n .

Amid g e n e ra l la n g u a g e i n th e "S ta te m e n t o f Purpose and A im s" i s a

s u c c in c t p a ra g ra p h re g a rd in g th e c o l l e g i a t e way o f l i f e ( r e s i d e n t i a l

l i v i n g i .

In i t s en d eavo r t o d e v e lo p in d iv id u a l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s , W i l l ia m and M ary p u rsu es th e g o a l o f e x c e l le n c e . I t c o n c e n tra te s i t s re s o u rc e s in c c ir p a t ib le a re a s , a d v o c a te s f u l l - t i m e , r e s id e n t ia l s tu d y i n u n d e rg ra d u a te p rogram s t h a t re m a in a t a m oderate s i z e , seeks s tu d e n ts who b r in g a p e rs o n a l i n i t i a t i v e to t h e i r p u r s u its , and prom otes t h e g ro w th o f te a c h e r and s tu d e n t a l i k e , Tn a l l program s and a c t i v i t i e s i t s t r i v e s t o use th e most p ro m is in g means o f te a c h in g and le a r n in g . I n a l l r e la t io n s h ip s i t se e k s a sense o f c c m n u n ity * I t enco u rag es an a s s o c ia t io n o f th e p e rs o n a l and a c a d a n ic l i v e s o f i t s m a rk e rs and p ro v id e s th e o p p o r tu n ity f o r e a c h t o p a r t i c i p a t e in th e g overn an ce o f th e in s t i t u t io n . - ^

72

I t ie p r i o r s e l f s tu d y [1 9 6 4 ) was even m ore d i r e c t on th e s u b je c t o f

s tu d e n t l i f e when i t . q u o te s th e th e n c u r r e n t [1 9 6 3 -6 4 ) u n d erg rad u a te

c a ta lo g u e .

As th e C o lle g e i s c h i e f l y a r e s id e n t c o l le g e , s tu d e n ts and f a c u l t y o a ip r is e a c lo s e ly k n i t community in w hich e x t r a c u r r ic u la r and s o c ia l a c t i v i t i e s p la y a c o n s id e ra b le r o le in th e c u l t u r a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l developm ent o f th e i n d iv id u a l . 'ITie in fo rm a l r e la t io n s h ip betw een te a c h e r and s tu d e n t se rves t o encourage th e p ro cess o f l i v i n g and le a rn in g to g e th e r * The C o lle g e b e l ie v e s t h a t one o f i t s m a jo r purposes sh o u ld be to in c u lc a te by moans o f th e s e v e ra l phases o f c o l le g e l i f e th e id e a ls o f s o l f - r e s p o n s ih i 1 1 t y and good cairpus c i t i fconship.2

The C o l le g e 's chosen way o f l i f e f o r i t s s tu d e n ts appears to r e t a in

much o f th e s p i r i t and many e le m e n ts o f th e o r ig in a l c h a r t e r and

s t a t u t e s , and to have m a in ta in e d them , w i th fsrf b re a k s , t o th e p re s e n t.

A lth o u g h th e 19R4 s e l f s tu d y was n o t a v a i la b le at. th e tim e o f th is

w r i t in g , th e u n d e rg ra d u a te c a ta lo g u e f o r 1 9 B 3 -8 4 , quoted i n ch a p te r o n e ,

speaks o f th e cornu, tnnent to l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n and to th e e d u c a tio n o f th e

w lio le p e rs o n w it h in and w ith o u t th e academ ic p rocess -

In an e f f o r t to t e s t th e r e a l i t y b eh in d th e o f f i c i a l documents,

in te r v ie w s w ore conducted w ith seme key a d m in is t ra to rs s e rv in g W ill ia m

and M ary in th e g e n e ra l a re a o f s tu d e n t l i f e and th e e x tra c u r r ic u lu m .

What fo l lo w s i s an a tt .e n p t t o p a ra p h ra s e anti s u m ra r iz e , frc m in te r v ie w

n o te s , th e o p in io n s , a t t i t u d e s , and b e l i e f s , re g a rd in g s tu d e n t l i f e a t

W ill ia m and M ary , o f th e s e a d m in is t r a to r s .

W. Samuel S a d le r i s c u r r e n t ly Dean o f S tu d e n t A f f a i r s . An alumnus

(1 9 6 4 ) o f th e C o lle g e , Dean S a d le r has been a s s o c ia te d , e x c e p t For s h o rt

i n t e r v a l s , w i t h t i le C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and fto ry f o r tw en ty f i v e y e a rs .

He b e l ie v e s s tro n g ly in t h e Is e n c fits o f r e s id e n t ia l l i v i n g , d in in g ,

r e c r e a t io n and e n c u ltu ra t ita n , anti f e e ls t h a t fo u r m a jo r p o t e n t ia l

a c c a ip lis h m e n ts a re a v a i la b le t o young men and women w h i le l i v i n g

c o l l e g i a t e l y .

F i r s t , is th e o p p o r tu n ity to e x te n d e x is t in g , and t o d e v e lo p new,

s o c ia l s k i l l s . Second, i s th e p o t e n t ia l t o le a r n t o le r a n c e o f o th e r s

th ro u g h e x p o s u re to d i f f e r e n t ideas and p e o p le . T h i r d , a p r o t e c t iv e

en v iro n m en t encourages s tu d e n ts to e x p e r im e n t and ta k e r is k s w i t h sane

c o n fid e n c e t h a t t h e i r m is ta k e s w i l l not- have u ndu ly d i r e consequences.

F o u rth , is th e c o n fid en ce w h ic h may b e b u i l t , and t h e p o is e and s k i l l s

d eve lo p ed c u n m ila t iv e ly frc tn a l l th e p ro c e e d in g , w h ic h t e t t e r p re p a re men

and wcrnen t o e n te r an a d u l t w o r ld .

S a d le r speaks o f t h e r e la t io n a l fu n c t io n p e rfo rm e d by r e s id e n t ia l

l i v i n g anti ccrm unal d in in g . The in fo rm a l im p o r tu n it ie s t o exchange id e a s

and a t t i t u d e s a r e seen as a n e x te n s io n o f th e c la s s ro o m , C cnm ina l d in in g

i s p e rc e iv e d t o be a p r im e o p p o r tu n ity f o r t h is ty p e o f in t e r a c t io n s in c e

i t p ro v id e s th e cppor t r in i t y f o r c o n ta c t beyond a s tu d e n t ’ s iim to d ia te

r e s id e n t ia l neighbors d u r in g th e r i t u a l i s t i c s h a r in g o f n o u ris h m e n t,

w h ic h in w e s te rn s o c ie ty i s t y p ic a l l y p e rc e iv e d t o b e a s o c ia l o c c a s io n .

Dean S a d le r a n a ly ze s th e e v o lu t io n o f th e c o l l e g i a t e way and th e

c o n tin u e d u cn m tm en t to i t a t th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m anti Mary as a

p ro cess o f itiovanent. fnem a n o tio n th a t s tu d e n ts r e q u ir e d p r o te c t io n and

n u r tu r in g , and th a t a c o l le g e should a c t as p a re n t and home ( in lo c o

p a r e n t is ) t o a n o tion w h ic h reco g n ized g r e a t e r s tu d e n t m a tu r i ty and

e lian g in g n e e d s . H u s r e c o g n it io n r e s u l t e d in a v is io n o f l i v in g

c o l l e g i a t e l y as an o p p o r tu n ity to enJiance th e c u r r ic u lu m and a s tu d e n t 's

7 A

e x p e r ie n c e d u rin g c o l le g e y e a rs . R a th e r th a n p r o te c t in g s tu d e n ts from

c o r r u p t in g in f lu e n c e s and h e lp in g th a n , th ro u g h s u p e rv is io n arid

d is c ip l in e , t o a v o id te m p ta t io n , c o lle g e s began to use th e e n v iro n m e n t(

which had been c re a te d by th e c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n , to expose s tu d e n ts to

new, a d d i t io n a l , and p o s s ib ly b e n e f ic ia l id e a s , e x p e r ie n c e s and a t t i t u d e s .

P r o fe s s io n a l ly t r a in e d c o u n s e lo r -a d v is o rs to o k th e p la c e o f l i v e - i n

m asters and t h e i r h is t o r i c a l su c c e s s o r, th e h o u sem o th er. rIh e new

c h je c t iv e was to he p r o a c t iv e , no t r e a c t iv e , and to a s s is t s tu d e n ts 1

grow th and develcpm ent in a m i l ie u s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s ig n e d f o r t h a t

p u rp o se . -

K enneth K, S m ith , A s s o c ia te Dean f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s , has

r e s p o n s ib i l i t y f o r s tu d e n t o rg a n iz a t io n s and a c t i v i t i e s , anti c h a ir s th e

C o lle g e 's food s e r v ic e c a im it .te e . He sees cam uinal d in in g , p a r t i c u l a r l y

in th e f r e s h e n y e a r , as a v e h ic le f o r s o c ia l i z a t io n . Sm ith b e l ie v e s

th a t borv iing w ith c la s s m a te s , and w ith th e i n s t i t u t i o n , i s f a c i l i t a t e d

th rough cannon e x p e rie n c e s beyond th e re s id e n c e h a l l . R e g u la r

o p p o r tu n it ie s t o came to g e th e r , r i t u a l l y , in a s o c ia l s e t t in g , a re

p e rc e iv e d by S n ith to be an in t e g r a l p a r t o f th e p ro c e s s o f a d ju s t in q to

l i f e at. c o l le g e , away fre in heme and fa m i ly . Sm ith f e e ls t h a t th e

g u a ra n te e o f adequate n u t r i t io n and c o m fo r ta b le lo d g in g , r e l i e v in g

s tu d e n ts o f th e lo g i s t i c a l demands o f o b ta in in g and m a in ta in in g same w ere

th ey n o t p ro v id e d , a llo w s s tu d e n ts to c o n c e n tra te t h e i r e n e rg ie s upon

acad^jn ic , s o c ia l , r e c r e a t io n a l , and c u l t u r a l p u r s u i ts .^

S a d le r and Sm ith b o th n o te d th e o f t re p e a te d fo n d memories

expressed by a lum ni o f t h e i r e x p e rie n c e s a t W il l ia m and M ary . B oth men

sense t h a t many, i f n o t most, of t iio s e n o s ta lg ic r e c o l le c t io n s te n d to be

75

o f th e e x t r a c u r r ic u lu m , d o rm ito ry o r d in in g h a l l p ra n k s , s o c ia l

o c c a s io n s , o r a t h l e t i c e v e n ts . The m anor ie s seem not t o be o f th e

f u n c t io n a l p u rp o s e o f th e a c t i v i t y , lo d g in g o r d in in g f o r e x a n p le , b u t o f

t h e r e l a t i o n a l r e c o l l e c t io n o f w h a t happened w h i le in th e environm ent

p ro v id e d ju s t f o r th o s e k in d s o f e x p e r ie n c e s .^

One s p e c i f i c r e c o l le c t io n was t h e speech g iv e n by a member o f th e

board o f V i s i t o r s a t t h e d e d ic a t io n o f th e re n o v a te d d in in g f a c i l i t y ,

T r i n k l e E la l l , w h ic h , a lth o u g h used in h is s tu d e n t d a y s , had been c losed

f o r seme y e a r s . M r. C o l in R. D a v is ( 1 9 5 0 ) , s p e n t much o f h is t a l k in

r e c o l l e c t in g p ra n k s , fo o d f i g h t s , th e i n i t i a l m e e tin g w ith h is w ife to

b e , and h is y e a rs as a d in in g l i a l l w a i t e r . ^

S n ith and S a d le r c o n c u r t h a t th e fu tu r e a t th e C o lle g e o f W illia m

anti M ary does n o t a p p e a r , to them a t l e a s t , t o h o ld th e l ik e l ih o o d o f

change i n an em phasis on connunal l i v i n g and d in in g . They b e l ie v e th a t

s tu d e n ts w i l l c o n t in u e t o demand h ig h e r q u a l i t y am i more o p tio n s in

l i v i n g and d in in g , but. t h a t th e e s s e n t ia l shape o f c o l le g ia t e l iv in g w i l l

r a r a in u n a l t e r e d .

As an a f t e r t h o u g h t , H r . S a d le r n o te d th e p e rc e p t io n o f irany

s tu d e n ts and t h e i r f a m i l i e s t h a t th e s e le c t io n o f th e r ig h t c o lle g e is o f

p r im a ry im p o rta n c e t o o n e ’ s f u t u r e . T h e r i g h t c o l le g e is seen to

m a x im iz e a s t u d e n t 's chances o f p e rs o n a l and p ro fe s s io n a l success , not

o n ly by v i r t u e o f a good e d u c a t io n , b u t th ro u g h m ee tin g th e r ig h t p e c p le ;

p r o v id in g good m a r r ia g e c p p o r tu n it i es and u s e fu l fu t u r e p ro fe s s io n a l

c o n ta c ts . The c o l l e g i a t e w ay o f l i v i n g i s p e rc e iv e d hy S a d le r to p ro v id e

an optim um s o t t in g For th e d eve lo p m en t o f such r e la t io n s h ip s as w e ll as

f o r th e a c q u is i t io n o f know ledge and s k i l l s . 7

76

Deans S a d le r and & m ith a r e e n t h u s ia s t ic and p e rs u a s iv e in t h e i r

d is c u s s io n and s u p p o rt o f c o l l e g i a t e re s id e n t!a l-c c r r tn u n a l l i v i n g and o f

i t s p e rc e iv e d b e n e f i t s f o r th o se young p e o p le who, as s tu d e n ts , a r e

fo r tu n a te enough t o spend scnie in p o r t a n t fo r m a t iv e y e a rs i n th a t m i l ie u .

I t i s a p p r o p r ia te , how ever, in s t r i v i n g t o p re s e n t an o b je c t iv e p ic t u r e ,

to n o te t h a t b o th S a d le r and S m ith w ere r a is e d in s o u th e rn V i r g in ia , a r e

from e d u c a te d fam i 1 ie s , am i a re p ro d u c ts o f a re s id e n t ia l-c c m n u n a l

c o l l e g ia t e l i v in g e x p e r ie n c e . F u r t h e r , b o th a r e a lu m n i o f th e C o lle g e o f

W il l ia m and Mary ( f r t m an e ra p r i o r to much o f th e r e la x a t io n o f

t r a d i t i o n a l c o l le g ia t e l i f e s t y l e r e s t r i c t i o n s and re q u ire m e n ts ) who g iv e

t i ie ap p earan ce o f h av in g c a r m it te d th e m s e lv e s to th e s e r v ic e o f th e

C o lle g e and to a p r o fe s s io n w h ich w ould not e x is t i n i t s p re s e n t form

w ere i t no t an o u tg ro w th o f th e c o l l e g i a t e way o f l i v in g g e n c r a l ly j and

s p e c i f i c a l l y a t th e C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and M ary .

S in c e r i t y , f irm n e s s o f c o n v ic t io n , e n th u s ia s m , and even p e rs u a s iv e

lo g ic make S n ith and S a d le r e x c e l le n t em bassadors f o r th e c u r r e n t v e rs io n

o f th e c o l l e g ia t e t r a d i t i o n as i t i s p r a c t ic e d a t th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m

and M ary to d a y . G iven t h e i r backgrounds anti p e rs o n a l h is t o r ie s , i t Would

b e re m a rk a b le indeed w ere th e y o f an y o th e r m ind .

P ro fe s s io n s , o f e v e ry k in d , s t r i v e f o r s ta tu s and le g it im a c y in th e

p u b l ic eye and , f o r th a t reaso n , c an be o c c a s io n a l ly s e l f s e rv in g in

t h e i r d e s c r ip t io n s and a n a ly s e s o f th e m s e lv e s . S tu d en t a f f a i r s , as a

p r o fe s s io n , has r e l i e d h e a v i ly on t h e fo u n d a t io n p ro v id e d b y th e

t r a d i t i o n o f r e s id e n t ja l-c c m m m a ] l i v in g f o r i t s reason f o r b e in g .

C c n p e te n t, com m itted s tu d e n t a f f a i r s p r o fe s s io n a ls w ould b e u n l ik e ly to

77

q u e s tio n o r c h a lle n g e th e v a lu e o f what, th e y h e lp t o p ro v id e f o r

s tu d e n ts . Those t h a t m ig h t , i n a l l l ik e l ih o o d , have l e f t th e p ro fe s s io n .

P ro fe s s io n a l a p o lo g y a ix l c r i t i c a l p rob ing a s id e , th e C o lle g e o f

W il l ia m and M ary p ro v id e s an e x a n p le o f th e c o n tin u e d p rom inence o f

c o l l e g ia l l i v i n g and d in in g in th e l i v e s o f s tu d e n ts , and i t s ir^ X jr ta n c e

to them.

78

D in in g - Does Anyone N o tic e ?

One m easure o f th e im portance o f th e d in in g o a ip o n e n t o f s tu d e n t

l i f e a t W i l l ia m and ftu ry i s th e c re a t io n , in 1 9 7 2 , o f an a s s o c ia t io n o f

W il l ia m and M ary a lu m n i who worked as w a ite rs and w a itre s s e s i n th e

c o l le g e d in in g h a l l o r in lo c a l re s ta u ra n ts in o rd e r t o c o n t r ib u te to th e

c o s t o f t h e i r e d u c a t io n s . The O rder o f the W h ite J a c k e t in c lu d e s many

p rc m in u n t a livnn i , in c lu d in g one fo rm er W illia m and Mary p r e s id e n t and

s e v e r a l em in e n t lio n o ra ry members. The Order o f th e W h ite J a c k e t s e rv e s a

p u b l ic r e la t io n s fu n c t io n f o r th e C o lleg e and r a is e s funds f o r s p e c i f ic

fo o d s e r v ic e r e la t e d p r o je c ts and f o r s c h o la rs h ip s . The g ro u p m eets

a n n u a l ly t o c o r t iu c t i t s b u s in esss and to re g a le i t s m em bership w ith

n o s t a lg ic an ecd o tes o f c o lle g e l i f e during p a s t e r a s , n a t u r a l l y w ith an

a p h a s is on d in in g .

G o n s id e r th e s ta te m e n t o f "O b jec tiv es and Purposes" o f t h e O rder o f

th e W h ite J a c k e t; w hat i t - says about c o l le g ia te l i v i n g a t W i l l ia m and

H a ry and w hat i t s u g g e s ts is memorable about t-he e x p e r ie n c e . The

o b je c t iv e s and purposes a re :

l b form a la s t in g f r a t e r n a l l in k between fo rm e r s tu d e n ts who w orked as w a i t e r s o r w a itre s s e s a t th e C o lle g e o r in foot.] s e r v ic e s o f W illia m s b u rg e s ta b lis lm e n ts .

IP e n p h a s iz e and g iv e p rcm in erce to th e honor and d ig n i t y o f a s tu d e n t p e r fo rm in g m en ia l work as a means o f h e lp in g t o f in a n c e a c o l le g e e d u c a tio n .

79

ho s e rv e as an instrum ent, o f u s e fu ln e s s t o t h e C o lle g e by p ro v id in g g r a n ts and f i n a n c i a l a s s is ta n c e t o d e s e rv in g s tu d e n ts , in c lu d in g s c h o la rs h ip s aw arded on t h e b a s is o f need .

To bestow a w a rd s , honors and o th e r r e c o g n it io n bo an a lum nus, s tu d e n t , f a c u l t y manber o r m anber o f th e c o l le g e s t a f f who w a rra n ts s p e c ia l c c rrrc n d a tio n f o r unusual a c c c n rp lis h n e n ts r e f l e c t i n g c r e d i t t o th e w o rk e t h ic in o b ta in in g an e d u c a t io n .®

JIh a t food s e r v ic e is b e l ie v e d t o b e in p o r ta n t b y s tu d e n t l i f e

p r o fe s s io n a ls seans c le a r . That, d in in g h a l ls and d in in g r e la t e d

e x p e r ie n c e s occupy a p la c e in th e memory o f fo rm er s tu d e n ts a ls o seems

c l e a r . W hat, h o w e v e r, a r e th e o p in io n s o f th o s e in v o lv e d in and

a f f e c t e d by tlw? C o l le g e ’ s d in in g re q u ire m e n ts and p rogram d u r in g th e

p e r io d o f t h a t invo lvem ent.?

In t e r e s t e d anti in v o lv e d p a r t i e s a re num erous. S tu d e n ts , p a r e n ts ,

a d m in is t r a to r s , a lu m n i, f a c u l t y , h o ard m a rk e rs , m a rk e rs o f th e lo c a l

c tm n u m ty , m u n ic ip a l r e g u la t in g a u t h o r i t i e s a l l h ave e x p ress ed

r e p e a te d ly , in th e form o f c o rre s p o n d e n c e , docum ents, and c o n t r a c t s ,

t h e i r in te n s e in t e r e s t in anti c o n c e rn f o r th e shape and q u a l i t y o f th e

d in in g oenponent o f s tu d e n t l i f e .

Many exam ples o f th e e x p re s s e d in t e r e s t o f th e named c o n s t i tu e n c ie s

a r e in c lu d e d in t h e a p p e n d ix . One threat.] w h ich c o n n e c ts a l l o f th e

docum ents i s th e i irp o r ta n c e , to th e in v o lv e d c o n s t i t u e n t , o f fo o d s e r v ic e

(o r seme component th e r e o f ) to them p e r s o n a l ly , t h e i r a c t i v i t y o r e v e n t .

m

A re v ie w o f t l i a t r e p r e s e n ta t iv e , b u t by no means e x h a u s t iv e , sajTple

suggests a p o s it io n o ccu p ied by food s e rv ic e and fo o d - r e la te d e v e n ts

w hich i s v e ry c lo s e t o th e c e n t r a l m is s io n o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n - e d u c a tio n

o f th e w ho le p e rso n .

Food s e r v ic e is t r e a t e d b r i e f l y an d , in a s u p e r f i c i a l l y p o s i t iv e

m anner, in o f f i c i a l W il l ia m and fteiry p u b l ic a t io n s . S tu d e n t new spapers,

c o rresp o n d en ce , m in u tes o f v a r io u s m e e tin g s , e t c . , d e m o n s tra te t h a t th e

p o s it io n o ccu p ied by s tu d e n ts ' d in in g a rran g em en ts occupy, Ln a c t u a l i t y ,

a la r g e r p o r t io n o f t im e and en erg y t lm n w ould b e suggested by th e

o f f i c i a l re c o rd . The gap betw een o f f i c i a l tre a tm e n t and a c t u a l i t y cartes

as no s u r p r is e . As e a r l i e r c h a p te rs have i r r i ic a t e d t h a t th e v e ry same

gap has e x is te d , more on th a n o f f , f o r s e v e ra l c e n tu r ie s in Ft:rope

E ngland and A m erica ,

In th e p o s t W orld W ar I I p e r io d , th e C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and Mary

grew frctu an u n d e rg ra d u a te s tu d e n t body o f a p p ro x im a te ly tw e lv e hundred

t o one in excess o f fo u r thousand b y th e I9 f i0 's , Much o f th e a d d it io n a l

c o n s tru c t io n p erfo rm ed d u r in g t h is p e r io d was r e q u ir e d to acocrrmofiate th e

lo d g in g and d in in g needs o f in c re a s in g numbers o f s tu d e n ts . Nt*f

R esid en ce h a l l s w ere opened in 1 9 5 4 , 1 9 6 3 , 1 9 6 7 , 1 9 7 2 , and 19B0. An

e ig h t hundred s e a t d in in g f a c i l i t y , a p t ly named The Gannons, was opened

in 1967 t o su p p lo n en t o ld T r in k le l l a l l w h ich had been in c o n s ta n t use

s in c e 1926. By th e e a r ly 1 9 H fl's , th e C o lle g e c o n s is t e n t ly housed o ver

e ig h ty p e rc e n t o f i t s u n d e rg ra d u a te s , and in 19B2 was fe e d in g

a p p ro x im a te ly s e v e n ty p e rc e n t o f t h a t g roup .

HI

H ie t u r b u le n t y e a rs p r o c e e d in g w h a t lias been r e f e r r e d t o a s th e

c u rre n t p e r io d (1 9 7 5 -1 9 0 5 ) r e s u l t e d in much d is c u s s io n and e x a m in a t io n o f

c o l ie g e w ays* The c o l l e g i a t e w ay o f l i v i n g , seen by sane a s o v e r ly

p a te rn a l 1 s t.i c and in a p p r o p r ia t e f o r th e ag e , came under c r i t i c ! a n .

U lt im a t e ly , u n d e r a now p r e s id e n t (D r . Thtm as A . G ra v e s ), a c a d a n ic ,

s o c ia l , d r e s s , and l i v i n g - d i n i n g r e g u la t io n s w e re re v is e d d u r in g th e

e a r ly 3 9 7 ^ * 5 . The C o l le g e 's u a n rd tm e n t to l i v i n g c o l l e g i a l l y , h o w e v e r,

d id not w a v e r .

A r e c o g n i t io n o f g r e a t e r s tu d e n t m a t u r i t y and a c a m it m e n t t o seme

le v e l o f s tu d e n t s e I f - d e t e m i n a t i o n em erged* N ever once q u e s t io n in g th e

v a lu e and d e s i r a b i l i t y o f l i v i n g c o l l e g i a t e l y , tl>e College o f W i l l ia m and

M ary Board o f V i s i t o r s d e c id e d t o oease r e q u i r in g i t o f t h e m a jo r i t y o f

s tu d e n ts . "The l i n e was d ra w n , h o w ever, a t fre s h m e n . Freshm en w o u ld

c o n tin u e t o be r e q u ir e d to l i v e and d in e ce ru m in a lly fo r t h e same

expressed re a s o n s a s had b een p r o v id e d f o r many g e n e ra tio n s o f t h e i r

p re d e c e s s o rs .

The r e l a x a t i o n o f t l ie r e q u ire m e n t t o l i v e c o l l e g i a l l y d i d n o t have

s ig n i f ic a n t im p a c t on w i l l i a m and ^ tu ry 's r e s id e n t ia l c h a r a c t e r . S tu d e n t

demand f o r sp ace i n r e s id e n c e h a l l s c o n s is t e n t ly exceeded s u p p ly . The

c o lle g e opened s i x n a i r e s id e n c e f ia l l s in 1 9 8 0 , and le a s e d a n a p a rtm e n t

o o rp le x in 1984 i n an a t t e n p t t o p ro v id e h o u s in g fo r a l l wl>o w is h e d i t

e i t h e r on, o r a t l e a s t n e a r , t h e m a in campus*

The c a p a c i t y o f th e d i n i i i g s e r v ic e a ls o was s t r a in e d . In 1 9 7 7 , a

new, c r e a t iv e , a g g re s s iv e fo o d s e r v ic e m anagsnent company, Sham rock Food

S e rv ic e s I n c . , began o p e r a t in g W i l l ia m and M a ry 's d in in g a m i c a t e r in g

H2

s e rv ic e and w ith in f i v e y e a rE had t r i p l e d v o lu n ta ry s tu d e n t

p a r t ic ip a t io n . In 1982 th e C o lle g e 's a d m in is t r a t io n fe a r e d th a t m eal

t ic k e t s a le s m ight have t o b e l im ite d o r s to p p ed .

1982 a ls o saw a d e c is io n to re n o v a te arxl reopen o ld T r in k le H a l l

(closed s in c e 1974) as a p o r t o f a la r g e r p r o je c t to im p ro ve and e n la rg e

th e C o lle g e ’ s Carpus C e n te r , C o lle g e a d m in is t ra to rs hoped t h a t th e

a iid it io n a l f a c i l i t y m ig h t accommodate, n o t o n ly seme o f th e s tu d e n ts

s tr a in in g th e c a p a c ity o f th e Ccnmuns, h u t p o s s ib ly even more v o lu n ta ry

b oarders .

H ie co n tin u ed h igh l e v e l o f v o lu n ta ry use o f re s id e n c e h a l ls anti

th e d ra m a tic grow th in demand f o r on campus d in in g is a l l th e more

in te r e s t in g when seen in th e c o n te x t o f lo c a l developm ents o c c u rin g

d u rin g th e same y e a rs . W illia m s b u rg , d u r in g th e 1 9 7 0 's , exp e rie n c e d much

grow th. I t s t o u r is t in d u s tr y was h e a lth y and in d u s t r ie s and b u s in esses

moved in t o th e a re a . Of p a r t i c u la r s ig n i f ic a n c e t o th e C o lle g e , ho w ever,

was th e c o n s tru c tio n o f many ap artm en t c c n p le x e s and many c o n v e n ie n t

crm nerciaJ d in in g a l t e r n a t iv e s . At a t im e when W il l ia m and Mary s tu d e n ts

had more freedom to choose and more o p t io n s to choose frc m than e v e r

b e fo re , more chose octimunal l i v in g and d in in g than c o l le g e f a c i l i t i e s

could c o m fo rta b ly acocnnodate-

P a r t ly , t h is phenomenon is a t t r ib u t a b le t o q u a l i t y fa c to r s . A new

a d m in is t r a t io n , a r r iv in g d u r in q th e e a r ly 1 9 7 0 ’ s , com m itted i t s e l f and

th e C o lle g e to im proving th e q u a l i t y o f s tu d e n t l i f e . As m entioned ,

a d d it io n a l r e s id e n t ia l space was c o n s tru c te d o r le a s e d . In 1972 th e

C o lle g e borrowed s e v e ra l m i l l i o n d o l la r s s p e c i f i c a l l y to re n o v a te o ld e r

83

d o r m ito r ie s - iTte s tu d e n t l i f e b ran ch o f th e a d m in is t r a t io n was

re o rg a n iz e d and r e o r ie n te d in i t s th in k in g t o th e concept o f s tu d e n t l i f e

e a r l i e r d iscu ssed by Deans S a d le r and S m ith .

The c r i t i c a l change in d in in g came in 1977 when th e C o lle g e , a f t e r

a f u l l y e a r o f s tu d y and h a v in g d e te rm in e d p r e c is e ly what was d e s ire d ,

u n d erto o k a thorough and d e l ib e r a t e c o n p e t i t iv e p ro o e s s f o r s e le c t in g a

new p ro fe s s io n a l food s e r v ic e management ccnpany t o o p e ra te th e food

s e r v ic e program (u n d er c o n t r a c t } - The p r io r c o n tra c tu a l r e la t io n s h ip had

endured tw e n ty e ig h t y e a r s , and had in c r e a s in g ly becane u n s a t is fa c to r y ,

The c c m b in a tio n o f p r o fe s s io n a l , c r e a t iv e , a g g re s s iv e managanent and th e

c o lle g e a d m in is t r a t io n ’s f in a n c ia l c c rtid tm en t t o q u a l i t y program s and

f a c i l i t i e s produced th e d ra m a tic v o lu n ta r y p a r t ic ip a t io n d iscu ssed

e a r ] io r -

rJhe in p a c t o f th e re n o v a t io n and op en in g o f T r in k le H a l l , now

p h y s ic a l ly in c o rp o ra te d in t o th e Campus C e n te r , has y e t to be seen- I t

d o e s , how ever, have th e p o t e n t ia l t o enhance c o l le g ia t e l i v in g a t th e

C o lle g e th ro u g h i t s b le n d in g and m ix in g o f food s e r v ic e w ith le is u r e

p u r s u i ts , s tu d e n t o r g a n iz a t io n s ' o f f i c e s , and canpus e v e n ts - A t l e a s t a t

' I t i n k l e H a l l , food s e r v ic e may beccme in e x t r ic a b ly in te rw o v e n in t o th e

f a b r ic o f d a i l y s tu d e n t l i f e much th e way i t must have been in e a r l i e r

y e a rs when d in in g was p ro v id e d in th e d o rm ito r ie s th em se lves r a t t ie r t lia n

in s e p a ra te d in in g f a c i l i t i e s .

The C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and P ta ry 's su p p o rt o f and ean n itm en t to

c o l l e g ia t e l i v i n g ap p ears t o have s u rv iv e d t o th e p re s e n t in re c o g n iz a b le

fo rm . A lth o u g h n o t u n iv e r s a l ly re q u ire d o f i t s s tu d e n ts , th e t r a d i t io n

U4

ap p ears t o have an a t t r a c t io n f o r s tu d e n ts beyond th e c o n v e n ie n t

p r o v is io n o f fu n c t io n a l needs. Perhaps th e pendulum w i l l sw ing a g a in and

s tu d e n ts w i l l r e je c t , as i s new t h e i r o p t io n , re s id e n c e h a l l s and

can n u n al d in in g . For th e p re s e n t , h ow ever, s tu d e n ts a p p e a r to f i n d in

c o l l e g i a l l iv in g th a t w h ich in t e r e s t s and p le a s e s them .

I n th e append ix a r e in c lu d e d docum ents o f some in t e r e s t re g a r d in g

th e c u r r e n t s ta te o f foo<? s e r v ic e and th e nH naganent and o v e rs ig h t ,

th e r e o f a t th e C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M a ry . S e v e ra l y e a r s ' f i n a n c i a l

s ta te m e n ts a llo w t r a c k in g o f th e g ro w th o f d in in g program s th ro u g h

reven u e and e x p e n d itu re p a t te r n s . C o n s u lta n t r e p o r t s , c c rm d tte e and

a d m in is t r a t iv e re p o r ts , and o c u p re h e n s iv e d e t a i le d c o n t r a c ts d e m o n s tra te

th e t im e and e f f o r t expended to in s u r e th e h ig h e s t q u a l i t y food s e r v ic e

a c h ie v a b le .

C orrespondence, in t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l , in v o lv in g s tu d e n ts , p a r e n ts ,

a d m in is t r a to r s , f a c u l t y , and o th e rs show th e b re a d th o f in p u t i n t o th e

p ro cess o f p ro v id in g d in in g s e rv ic e s f o r s tu d e n ts and i n t o th e p la n n in g

and im p le m e n ta tio n o f c a te re d food s e r v ic e a t key m a jo r c o l le g e e v e n ts .

The co rresp o n d en ce a ls o suggests th a t fo o d is an e s s e n t ia l ccn p u n en t o f

many o f th e m ajor e v e n ts ami t l i a t th e success o f tlio & e e v e n ts , o r la c k

t h e r e o f , i s in p a r t a t t r ib u t a b le t o th e success o f th e fo c d o a rp o n e n t o f

th a t e v e n t .

O r g a n iz a t io n a l ly , food s e r v ic e a t W il l ia m and M ary i s o v e rs e e n

c o n t r a c t u a l ly by th e V ic e P re s id e n t f o r B usiness A f f a i r s o r h is d e s ig n e e

( c u r r e n t ly th e D ir e c to r o f A u x i l ia r y E n te r p r is e s ) . 'Jhe fo o d s e r v ic e

c c u m it te e , w ith g re a t p ro g ra n rn a tie in f lu e n c e , i s d ia i r e d by th e A s s o c ia te

85

Doan f o r S tu d e n t A f f a i r s . The c a n n it te e is irade up o f s tu d e n ts , f a c u l t y ,

t lie food s e r v ic e m anager, th e A s s o c ia te D ean, th e D ir e c t o r o f A u x i l ia r y

E n te rp r is e s , and th e C h ie f P h y s ic ia n o f th e S tu d e n t H e a lth C e n te r .

The s lia red o v e rs ig h t o f d in in g s e rv ic e s and th e b road

re p re s e n ta t io n on th e v e ry i n f l u e n t i a l food s e r v ic e c c rrm itte e is

in d ic a t iv e o f an i n s t i t u t i o n a l reoogn i t.io n o f th e le g i t im a t e in t e r e s t o f

many c o n s t itu e n c ie s in what i s p ro v id e d f o r th e c o l le g e oc innunity i n th e

a re a o f food s e rv ic e s and in how w e l l i t i s p ro v id e d .

One reason fo r th e t in e and en erg y expended in o v e r s ig h t o f food

s e rv ic e anti i t s management is th e c o m b in a tio n o f tw o f a c t o r s . F i r s t ,

c o l le g ia t e d in in g a t W il l ia m and Wary has become, as i t has e ls tw h o re , a

h ig h ly com plex, h ig h ly r e g u la te d , m u l t i - m i l l i o n d o l l a r p e r y e a r

b u s in e s s . Second, in r e c o g n it io n o f th e p ro c e e d in g , W i l l ia m and M ary has

chosen t o c o n t r a c t w ith food s e r v ic e management f ir m s who h i r e and t r a i n

e x p e r ts in t h is h ig h ly s p e c ia l iz e d and dynam ic s e r v ic e a r e a .

86

C o n tr a c t Management i

H re n a tu r e o f th e r e la t io n s h ip betw een W il l ia m and M ir y and

Shamrock Food S e rv ic e s In c . ( c o n t r a c t i n a p p e n d ix ) is one i n w hich the

c o n t r a c t o r a g re e s t o pay an am ount f o r use o f c o l le g e f a c i l i t i e s , based

upon s a le s , a t m u tu a l ly ag reed upon r a t e s , a n d , under c o n t r a c tu a l ly

s p e c i f ie d r e q u ir e m e n ts , a t t o i p t s t o e a rn a p r o f i t . The V a s t m a jo r ity o f

a c o n t r a c t o r 1 & e xp en ses a r e i n la b o r and i n fo o d c o s ts . A n yth in g short

o f p r e c is io n i n p la n n in g and e f f i c i e n c y in usage r e s u l t s e i t h e r in lew

p r o f i t o r c n rp rc n d s e s in s e r v ic e o r fo o d q u a l i t y (w h ile a tte m p tin g bo

in s u r e a p r o f i t ) . In i t s s in p le s t c h a r a c t e r i z a t io n , th e r e la t io n s h ip

c o n s is ts o f th e c o n t r a c to r a t te m p t in g t o p ro v id e s a t is f a c t o r y food and

s e r v ic e w i th o u t sp e n d in g a n y m ore th a n n e c e s s a ry , and th e C o lle g e

c h o c k in g c a r e f u l l y t o make s u re t h a t a l l c o n t r a c t s p e c if ic a t io n s and

s t ip u la t io n s f o r f c o l q u a l i t y , v a r i e t y , and s e r v ic e a r e m et o r exceeded.

T h e re i s a c y c le in nenagem ent w h ich a p p e a rs r e g u la r ly in food

s e r v ic e c o n t r a c t m anagem ent. o f t e n a new c o n t r a c to r can upgrade a

c o l l e g e ’ s p ro g ram s i g n i f i c a n t l y and h o ld th e in p ro v o n e n t f o r one or two

y e a r s . I t i e b e s t c c tip a n ie s a r e w e l l aw are t h a t th e c y c le in c lu d e s a

p ro g ra m n a t ic f l a t t e n i n g - o u t r e s u l t in g f ra n m a n a g e r ia l c a ip ln c e n c y and

e x h a u s t io n o f c r e a t i v i t y . C o n s e q u e n tly iranagem ent c tn p a n ie s r o ta te

m anagers r e g u la r l y i n an e f f o r t t o a v o id th e phenomenon. The c y c le

o c c u rs o f t e n enough t o be p r e d ic t a b le , b u t iT H n a g e ria l changes a re fra u g h t

w ith r i s k and c o r r e c t t im in g i s d i f f i c u l t t o d e te rm in e w ith p re c is io n .

87

Upper management o f a c o n t r a c t c a rp a n y m ust w e ig h th e m e r i t s o f r is k in g

com placency and p o t e n t ia l c l i e n t un h ap p in ess a g a in s t th e n o t io n o f

s ta y in g w i t h a good th in g (n o t ro c k in g th e b o a t ) *

As a c o r p le x , s p e c ia l iz e d in d u s t r y w i t h a ra p id m anaganent c y c le o f

c r e a t i v i t y t o com placency, i t i s u n s u r p r is i ng t h a t many c o l le g e s have

o p te d n o t t o o p e ra te t h e i r own d in in g f a c i l i t i e s . B lu n t ly put., c o lle g e

a d m in is t r a to r s o f t e n b e l ie v e t h a t i t i s p r e f e r a b le t o a l lo w e x p e r ts to do

t h i s d i f f i c u l t a n d , e x c e p tin g f i n a n c i a l l y , u s u a l ly u n re w a rd in g jo b .

F u r th e r , th e y re c o g n iz e th a t , i f th e management c y c le p ro d u ces

c tn p la o e n c y , c o n t r a c tu a l changes a r e e a s ie r and le s s p a in f u l to iirp ltan en t

th a n in -h o u s e p e rs o n n e l ch an g es* A d d i t io n a l l y , as c l i e n t s , c o lle g e s have

t h e lu x u ry o f b e in g a b le t o b e h ig h ly d sn an d in g (know ing t h e c o n tra c t

management m a rk e t t o be l u c r a t i v e and c o m p e t it iv e ) as w e l l as a b le t o

channel c r i t i c i s m away fro m th e i n s t i t u t i o n and i t s a d m in is t r a t io n t o an

O u ts id e c o n t r a c to r when c o n v e n ie n t .

C o n tra c t as c o n tra s te d w ith i n s t i t u t i o n a l l y managed d in in g s e rv ic e s

has n o t had s u b s ta n t iv e im p a c t on th e r a t io n a le f o r o r o c im iitm tn t t o th e

c o l le g ia t e way o f l i v in g a t W i l l ia m anti M a ry , b u t i t may h ave had an

u n a n t ic ip a te d b e n e f i t * In th e e f f o r t t o r e l i e v e i t s e l f o f a d i f f i c u l t

c o n t r o v e r s ia l o p e ra t io n , and to have t h a t o p e r a t io n managed w e l l , W il l ia m

and engaged th e s e r v ic e s o f e n t i t i e s w h ic h had no t r a d i t i o n

a f f e c t in g t h e i r th in k in g o t h e r t iia n t l i a t o f a n t ic ip a t in g and id e n t i f y in g

custom ers needs and d e s ire s and a t t a i n t i n g t o m eet them in th e p u rs u it o f

p r o f i t . P e rh ap s th e success and g ro w th o f ecumunal d in in g a t th e C o lle g e

o f w i l l ia m am i rte ry was a c h ie v e d , i n p a r t , b y p e o p le who knew n o th in g o f

H-fcl

th e t r a d i t i o n o f l i v i n g o o l l e g ia t e ly a t W i l l ia m and M ary and whose

s u c c e s s fu l e f f o r t s r e s u lte d from a l to g e th e r d i f f e r e n t m o tiv e s *

19B5 f in d s th e a d m in is t r a t io n anti th e food s e r v ic e o c m n itte e

p re p a r in g f o r a n o th e r p ro c e s s o f c o m p e tit io n among and e v a lu a t io n o f food

s e r v ic e c o n t r a c t management f irm s each o f when w ould l i k e to have th e

o p p o r tu n ity t o o p e ra te th e C o lle g e ’ s d in in g f a c i l i t i e s . The C a m o n w e a lth

o f V i r g i n i a 's 1984 p ro cu rem en t l e g is la t io n re q u ir e s a f o m a l o c r p e t i t i v e

b id p ro c e s s a t th e e x p ir a t io n o f a s e rv ic e c o n tr a c t and so W il l ia m and

Mary must o c n p ly , even i f d is in c l in e d to c o n s id e r a change. I t i s a ls o

p o s s ib le , how ever, t h a t , n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e l e g i s l a t i o n , t h is e f f o r t

would have been made d epend ing on how th e C o lle q e p e rc e iv e d th e c y c l i c a l

fTonagomeint phenomenon,

W i l l ia m and f ta ry , in th e 1 9 8 0 's , appears to h ave s u c c e s s fu lly

r e c o n c ile d i t s h is t o r i c a l ccntriitm cnt t o th e c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n w i th th e

needs and d e s ire s o f a c u r r e n t s tu d e n t p o p u la t io n and w it h p re s e n t s o c ia l

and econom ic o o r r i i l io n s . R e fin e m e n ts , r e v is io n s , and perhaps even

ccnprcn iisee l^ave been made in th e p r o v is io n f o r s tu d e n ts o f an

e n v iro n m en t d es ig n ed to m in im iz e r i s k o f f a i l u r e and m axim ize

o p p o r tu n it ie s fo r g row th anti h e a lth y developm ent, b u t th e fundam enta l

e lem en ts o f c o l le g ia t e l i v i n g a re s t i l l v e ry much a p a r t o f l i f e a t th e

C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m anti M ary- Sane e lem ents a r e no lo n g e r m an d ato ry , b u t

o n ly en co u rag ed , O th e rs , such as group w o rs h ip , a r e v i r t u a l l y gone, lb e

r a t io n a le has been r e v is e d , b u t th e t r a d i t i o n c o n t in u e s .

89

Kndnotesi Chapter 5

1 R e p o rt o f S e l f S tudy, H ie C o lle g e o f W ill ia m and fte ry[W ill ia m s b u rg : 1974) p . 4 .

2 A S e l f s tu d y o f H ie C o lle g e o f w i l l ia m and Mary inVirginia {Wi 1 liamsburg: 1964) p. 163.

J W, Samuel S a d le r , An in te r v ie w conducted in J a n u a ry , 1905 a t H ie C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M a ry , W illia m s b u rg , V a .

4 K enneth E. S m ith , An in te r v ie w conducted in J a n u a ry , 1985a t H ie C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M a ry , W illia m s b u rg , V a .

5 I b i d .

6 C o l in R. J>avis, Ccntnents g iven a t th e d e d ic a t io n o f o ldT r . in k le H a l l a f t e r re n o v a tio n . O c to b er J964 a t T r in k le H a l l , H ie C o lle g e o f W ill ia m and M a ry , W illia m s b u rg , V a .

7 S a d le r , An in te r v ie w .

0 Ih e O rd e r o f The W hite J a c k e t, B rochure d e t a i l in g p u rp o s e , m em bership , a c t i v i t i e s e tc . "S ta tem en t o f O b je c t iv e s and P u rp o s e s ."

90

CHAPTER 6

COWCIJUSIONS

The C o l le g ia t e T r a d i t io n ;

H ie S ta b le F a c to r

The h is t o r y o f h ig h e r e d u c a tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s g iv e s th e

appearance o f u n in te r r u p te d t_ ra n s it io n . Am erican c o lle g e s and

u n iv e r s i t ie s have seen g ro w th and d e c l in e , fo u n d in g s and f a i l u r e s , re fo rm

and r e a c t io n , r e s is ta n c e to change and a c c o m o d a tio n o f change. The

a d l\o re n ts o f th e c la s s ic a l c u r r ic u lu m fo u g h t a lo n g h ard b a t t l e a g a in s t

u t i l i t a r i a n i s m . The u n iv e r s i t y jtiovcinent w i th i t s g ra d u a te s tu d y ,

s p e c ia l i z a t io n , and th e co n cep ts o f l e h r f r e i h e i t (freed o m t o le a r n ) anti

l e h r n f r c ih c i t ( f re e d a n t o te a c h ) borrow ed frcxn Germany, w ere

c o n t r o v e r s ia l is s u e s . The p r o f e s s o r ia t e as a p ro fe s s io n , academ ic

fre e d a n , am i te n u re w ere each th o ro u g h ly and e n e r g e t ic a l ly d e b a te d as

th e y emerged as is s u e s and e v o lv e d in t o a c c e p te d n o tio n s and c o ip o n e n ts

o f t j ie academy. C le a r ly , many d i f f e r i n g id e a s and o p in io n s have e x is te d

and do e x is t new re g a rd in g th e purposes o f h ig h e r e d u c a tio n in th e U n ite d

S ta te s , and how i t ought to bo , o r n o t l ie , managed.

The c o l le g ia t e way o f l i v i n g has been th e s u b je c t o f d i.sag reo n en t

and d e b a te th ro u g h o u t th e h is t o r y o f h ig h e r e d u c a tio n in A m erica ju s t as

have th e o th e r components o f c o l le g e and u n iv e r s i t y l i f e . I t has been

a t ta c k e d and d efended w ith g r e a t v ig o r . In some oases i n s t i t u t i o n s have

Iw en unbending in t h e i r a d m in is t r a t io n o f th e c o l l e g ia t e t r a d i t i o n to th e

p o in t o f s tu d e n t r e v o l t . O th e r c o l le g e s liave dropped th e t r a d i t i o n

91

a lto g e th e r , o r were fo u n d ed by p e o p le having made c o n s c io u s d e c is io n s s o t

to in c lu d e re s id e n c e t i a l l s , d in in g h a l l s , and th e o t h e r t ra p p in g s o f t h e

t r a d i t io n . In c o rp o r is o n , however , t o c u r r ic u la r deve lopm ent, t h e

emergence o f academic l i f e as a p r o fe s s io n , s p e c ia l iz a t io n , re s e a rc h and

oan n u n ity s e r v ic e m o t iv a t io n s beyond te a c h in g , l iv in g o o l le g ia t e ly

ranains r e l a t i v e l y le s s changed.

C e r t a in ly changes e x is t . J d v e - in m asters and c c fip u ls o ry c h a p e l a r e

ra re in th e 1 9 8 0 's . D re s s codes and h ig h ly s tru c tu re d s o c ia l in t e r a c t io n

are o n ly o c c a s io n a lly fo u n d on c o l le g e o r u n iv e rs ity canpuses to d a y . The

u n d e rly in g concep t o f e d u c a tin g th e w h o le person, a c a d e m ic a lly , s o c ia l l y ,

and c u l t u r a l l y , how ever, i s s t i l l a common ami o f te n s ta te d g o a l o f

r e s id e n t ia l i n s t i t u t i o n s . R a t io n a le f o r and im p le m e n ta tio n o f th e

t r a d i t io n has evo lved o v e r the y e a r s , o f te n g ru d g in g ly , bu t a t th e ro o t

uf th e t r a d i t i o n and t h e key reason f o r i t s te n a c ity i s th e d e s ir e t o go

fa r beyond classroom te a c h in g d u r in g th e c r i t i c a l p e r io d between

childhood and a d u lth o o d .

P ro b a b ly th e most d ra m a tic , anti one o f tho few s u b s ta n t iv e , changes

in the c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n has bcsen t h e manner in w h ic h i t has been

added t o and oxpajided i n t o w hat i s now o f te n r e fe r re d t o as th e

e x tra c u rr ic u lu m . In th e e a r ly y e a rs o f American c o l le g e s , cxmnunal

l iv in g , d in in g , and w o rs h ip were t h e e x tra c u rr ic u lu m .

L i t e r a r y s o c ie t ie s , c lu b s , C re e k o rg a n iz a t io n s , a t h l e t i c s ,

jo u rn a lis m ajtd many o t h e r e x t r a c u r r ic u la r o p p o r tu n it ie s emerged in th e

course o f th e h is to r y o f h ig h e r e d u c a t io n in th e U n ite d S ta te s . Fach

sym bolized th e s tu d e n ts 1 d e s ir e f o r , o r a re c o g n it io n b y a c o l le g e o f th e

9 2

need f o r , a t t e n t io n t o bo p a id t o a p a r t o f e d u c a t io n an ti developm ent,

u n t i l th e n n o t a d d re s s e d o r p ro v id e d f o r . E ach , when in c lu d e d , added t o

th e r ic h n e s s o f th e c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n as i t e v o lv e d fro m a p r o t e c t iv e

p a r e n ta l e n v iro n m e n t i n t o one w h ic h s t r iv e s t o o f f e r o p p o r t u n i t ie s f o r

p e rs o n a l d eve lo p m en t anti a t te m p ts t o enhance t h e academ ic e x p e r ie n c e .

The C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and M ir y i s r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f th e e v o lu t io n

o f th e c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s . A lth o u g h p erh ap s

s lo w e r th a n seme c o l le g e s t o make th e t r a n s i t i o n fro m a p r o t e c t i o n i s t t o

an o p p o r tu n is t ic v is io n o f c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g , W i l l ia m and M ir y fo l lo w e d

th e p a t t e r n o f p ro g ra m m a tic g ro w th and e v o lu t io n o f r a t i o n a l e d e s c r ib e d

ab o ve . W i l l ia m and M ary saw seme o f th e e a r l i e s t G reek o r g a n iz a t io n s

founded on i t s campus. L i t e r a r y s o c ie t ie s ap p e a re d e a r l y . P h i B e ta

Kappa was founded a t t h e c o l le g e . The t w e n t ie t h c e n tu ry saw th e

em ergence and r a p id g ro w th o f a t h l e t i c s , s tu d e n t o r g a n iz a t io n s and

p u b li c a t io n s . I t a ls o saw i n s t i t u t i o n a l g ro w th and a renew ed o c rm itm e n t

t o a c c o m o d a te th a t g ro w th w i t h in th e c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n . L in in g h a l l s

and d o r m ito r ie s w e re b u i l t . G ym n as ia , i n f i r m a r i e s , and s tu d e n t c e n te r s

a p p e a re d . W il l ia m and M ir y , l i k e many i n s t i t u t i o n s , e v id e n c e d a

r e c o g n it io n o f th e need f o r , and a ccm n itm en t t o , p r o v id in g f o r th e w h o le

p e rs o n and th e f u l l round o f l i f e w h i le t h a t p e rs o n was a t th e C o l le g e .

The r a t io n a le f o r c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g has ch an g ed , o f c o u rs e . Seme o f

th e e x c e rp ts frcm c u r r e n t p u b l ic a t io n s , and t h e in t e r v ia ^ s in th e f i f t h

c h a p te r o f t h i s p a p e r r e v e a l th e d is t a n c e betw een c u r r e n t r a t i o n a l e f o r a

c o l l e g i a l e n v iro n m e n t and t h a t r a t i o n a l e e x p re s s e d by b l l i o t , Sherman and

o th e rs in c h a p te r o n e . C e r t a in ly e x c e rp ts such as th e fo l lo w in g frc m

n in e te e n th c e n tu ry W i l l ia m and M ary c a ta lo g u e s w o u ld be d i f f i c u l t , t o f in d

to d a y .

93

In c o n f e r r in g — d e g re e s , t h e s t r i c t e s t r e g a rd s h a l l a lw ays b e had t o th e m o ra l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c a n d id a te .^

I t i s t h e i r { th e f a c u l t y ] d u ty t o g u a rd , w i t h u tm o s t c a r e , h a b i t s and m o ra ls o f th e s tu d e n ts b y p r i v a t e c o u n s e l and a d v ic e .^

The p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t . . . i s t o p ra n o tc th e c o m fo r t , r e s p e c t a b i l i t y , and w e l f a r e o f t h e s tu d e n ts , r e s t r a in in g them frc m v ic e and i n c i t i n g them t o in d u s t r y . . . 3

P ra y e rs a r e h e ld d a i l y i n th e Col le g e c h a p e l, w h ic h s tu d e n ts a r e r e q u ir e d t o a t t e n d . S tu d e n ts a r e a ls o r e q u ir e d t o a t te n d c h u rc h on Sunday m o r n in g .4

R a t io n a le p re s e n te d to d a y w o u ld re s e m b le o n ly s l i g h t l y th o s e

e x c e r p ts frc m p u b l ic a t io n s and in t e r v ie w s r e f e r r e d t o e a r l i e r in t h i s

p a p e r . In c lu d e d i n t h a t la n g u a g e w ou ld b e o p t im is t i c and p o s i t i v e w o rd s

and te rm s such as g ro w th , d e v e lo p m e n t, enhancem ent, o p p o r tu n i ty , and

e x p lo r a t io n . T h is k in d o f s t a te d r a t i o n a l e , when v ie w e d i n th e c o n te x t

o f th e c o n t in u e d a d h e re n c e t o th e t r a d i t i o n , s u g g e s ts t h a t th o s e who

s t a t e th e r a t i o n a l e aw ard t o tlve e x t r a c u r r ic u lu m (w h ic h in c lu d e s th e

c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n ) a c e n t r a l i t y i n t h e i r v is io n o f t h e h ig h e r

e d u c a t io n e x p e r ie n c e . I n R o b e rt M e r to n 's te rm s p erh ap s m a n ife s t f u n c t io n

r a t h e r t h a t sys tem s m a in te n a n c e f u n c t io n s ta tu s has been aw arded t o seme

o r a l l o f t h e n o n -c la s s ro c m c c n p o n e n ts o f t l ie c o l le g e e n v iro n m e n t.

S e a rc h in g beyond t h a t w h ic h was s t a t e d , f o r e v id e n c e w h ich w ou ld

s u g g e s t an u n s ta te d r a t io n a le f o r l i v i n g o o l l e g i a t e l y , was a goal o f t h i s

r e s e a r c h . I t w ou ld b e im p o r ta n t t o knew i f seme u l t e r i o r m o tiv e o r h id d e n

94

agenda u n d e r la y th e o f f i c i a l docum ents an d s ta te m e n ts o f r a t i o n a l e an d

c o n n itir te n t t o th e t r a d i t i o n .

H ie ev id e n c e t h a t p re s e n te d i t s e l f i n t l i e c o u rs e o f r e s e a r c h in g

l i v i n g and d in in g a t t h e C o l le g e o f W i l l ia m and f fa ry d id s u g g e s t sane

u n s ta te d r a t io n a le . [lo w e v e r, i t s n a tu r e w as n o t o n ly u n d ra m a tic b u t

p r e d ic t a b le . T ie o n ly u n s ta te d r a t i o n a l e s u g g e s te d by th e e v id e n c e i s

t l i a t c o l l e g i a l l i v in g was an e c o n o m ic a lly sound c o n c e p t . S in g ly p u t , i t

was c h e a p e r fo r a l l c o n c e rn e d . A le c h a v in g c o u n ite d re s o u rc e s t o

f a c i l i t i e s designed t o accom m odate o a n rn m a l l i v i n g an d d in in g , th e

C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and Ha rye and c e r t a i n l y o th e r c o l le g e s , w e re r e lu c t a n t ,

t o c o n s id e r any fu n d a m e n ta l change in t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l c h a r a c te r w h ic h

w ould o b v ia t e th e re a s o n f o r t h a t c c n m itm e n t.

H ie e v id e n c e , r a t h e r th a n s u g g e s t in g u n s ta te d r a t i o n a l e , a c t u a l l y

s u p p o r ts th e o f f i c i a l l y s ta te d re a s o n s f o r e m p h a s iz in g c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g

and th e e x t r a c u r r ic u lu m , H ie fo r m a t io n o f an a lu m n i g ro u p (H 'ie O rd e r o f

th e W h ite J a c k e t) to g l o r i f y th e e x p e r ie n c e o f w o rk in g in t h e c o l le g e

d in in g h a l l , th e n o s t a lg ia o f a t r u s t e e in h is d e d ic a t io n sp eech a t t h e

o p e n in g o f a re n o v a te d d in in g h a l l and s tu d e n t a c t i v i t y c e n t e r , th e

m a n o rie s ( o r a l and w r i t t e n ) o f s tu d e n ts and fo rm e r s tu d e n ts o f in c id e n t s

and e v e n ts w h ich a lm o s t in v a r ia b ly w e re se t. i n th e d o r m ito r y o r th e

d in in g t i a l l a r e b u t a f w e x a n p le s o f t h e in rpact o f t h e in t e n s e and

l a s t i n g n a tu r e o f th e e x p e r ie n c e o f l i v i n g c o l l e g i a t e l y .

H ie r e la t io n s h ip s form ed d u r in g c o l le g e y e a r s , w h ic h r e s u l t in

f r i e n d s h ip s , p a r tn e r s h ip s , o r m a r r ia g e s a f f e c t th e w h o le c o u rs e o f an

in d iv id u a l f s l i f e . The a t t i t u d e s and v a lu e s a c q u ire d in th e p ro c e s s a r e

99

o f te n co n s id e re d by th o se who a c q u ire d them as fu n d am en ta l t o a l l t h a t

fo llo w e d . I t w ou ld appear t h a t th o s e who w ro te o r spoke on th e s u b je c t

o f th e c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n o f l i v i n g and d in in g o a n n u n a lly b e lie v e d th a t

e x p e rie n c e t o have been v a lu a b le and im p o rta n t in t h e i r e d u c a tio n and

d eve lo p m en t. Perhaps t h is p e rc e p t io n is w lia t has been r e f e r r e d t o i n th e

in t r o d u c t io n as a s o c ia l f a c t , b u t u l t im a t e ly i f th o s e who e x p e r ie n c e th e

t r a d i t i o n b e l ie v e in i t and s u p p o rt i t , th e v a lu e o f th e t r a d i t i o n i s , to

th a t* a t l e a s t , r e a l .

96

Ihe CcnmonS

'Ih e d in in g o cn ponent o f t h e c o l l e g ia t e t r a d i t i o n i s in te r e s t in g in

t h a t i t a p p e a rs , a t W i l l Jem and fta ry ami a t c o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i t ie s

g e n e r a l ly , t o be c r i t i c i s e d and r e v i le d by s tu d e n ts w h i le in a tte n d a n c e

a t c o l le g e m ore t l ia r i any o th e r ocnponent {see a p p e n d ix ) . W ith th e

p e r s p e c t iv e o f t im e , how ever, fo rm e r s tu d e n ts appear t o r e c a l l more o f

w h at D ean S a d le r r e f e r r e d to as th e r e la t io n a l a s p e c t o f d in in g . A lum ni

ra ttem b er w fia t happened in th e d in in g h a l l beyond th e m ere oonsunption o f

fo o d . The r e la t io n s h ip s among f r ie n d s w h ic h w ere i n i t i a t e d and n u r tu re d ,

th e d is c u s s io n s , a rg u m e n ts , and p ra n k s a l l a r e r e c a l le d more v iv id ly th a n

th e fo o d .

Jam es V i l l a s , Pood ant] W in e K d ito r o f Tuwn and C ountry n a g a z in e ,

e u iR ie n ts t l i a t

None o f th e f i a t r a is in g , th e J u l i a C h ild T iV . program s, o r t h e h e a te d d e b a te s about s u g a r and c h o le s te r o l seems to have had an io t a o f in f lu e n c e on what- goes on in c o l le g e c a f e t e r i a s , w h ic h means, m ore th a n l i k e l y , t h a t we can lock fo rw a rd t o s t i l l a n o th e r g e n e r a t io n o f fa ts o s , am b ries , d y s p e p t ic s and p a ra n o id o r g a n ic fo o d f r e a k s .5

V i l l a s , in h is a r t i c l e "Trium ph o f th e S w i l l " , re c o u n ts an oddessy

frcm c o l le g e t o c o l le g e , o v e r th e e a s te r n i i a l f o f th e U n ite d S ta te s in

s e a rc h o f e d ib le fo o d . C o lle g e fo o d i s d e s c r ib e d as " . . . c r i m i n a l . . , a

m o ckery o f th e n o t io n t h a t in r e c e n t y e a rs c o n s id e ra b le progress has been

made in o v e r a l l d i e t a r y e n lig h trn e n t o f A m erican s . U lt im a te ly V i l l a s

c o n c lu d e s t h a t " th e i n d ig e s t ib le ntstfS fro m t lie s e sanctum s o f h ig h er

le a r n in g c o n f irm s t h e a c a d a n ic c c m n u n ity 1 s c o n tin u e d la c k o f concern o v e r

w hat th o b u d d in g b ra in n o f A m erica fe e d on .

in

D e s p ite V i l l a s o b s e r v a t io n s , when a lu m n i r e c a l l t h e i r d is a t i s f a c t io n w ith

c o l le g ia t e d in in g , i t i s o f t e n w i t h humor artl a sense o f cam araderie w ith

t h e i r f e l lo w s , An a r t i c l e i n th e S ep tarib er e d i t io n o f The Brown A lum ni

M o n th ly d e s c r ils e tl th e " R a t ty " ( r e f e c t o r y a t Brown U n iv e r s i t y ) a s " th e

n e a re s t t h in g t o a c e n t r a l s tu d e n t c e n te r " , as a p la c e w h ich " p la y s an

im p o rta n t r o l e i n th e s o c ia l a tm osphere a t Brown" and t h a t "o a rm u n ic a tio n

and s o c ia l in t e r a c t io n ta k e p la c e o v e r meal s .

" I t i s n ' t h y p e rb o le t o su g g est t l i a t not one Brcwn s tu d e n t has

w alked th ro u g h th e Van W ic k le C a te s on g ra d u a tio n day w ith o u t h a v in g

o cm p la in ed a b o u t B row n's food a t le a s t once in f o u r y e a rs . . . " Food

s e r v ic e i s " th e t r a d i t i o n a l w h ip p in g boy on canpus, and , f ood i s th e

e a s ie s t t i l i n g t o c t r r p la in a b o u t,

A lth o u g h oannunal d in in g was and inay s t i l l b e a t b e s t t o le r a t e d and

a t w o rs t d e te s te d b y g e n e ra t io n s o f s tu d e n ts , i t se rvo d and s e rv e s a

purpose in t l ie c o l l e g ia t e t r a d i t i o n . The d in in g h a l l p ro v id e s a medium

o r a v e h ic le th ro u g h w h ic h th e e d u c a tio n o f th e w h o le p e rs o n may be

p u rs u e d . R e g u la r o p p o r t u n i t ie s , in a s o c ia l m i l ie u , f o r in d iv id u a ls to

in t e r a c t and d is c o u rs e w i t h o th e r s c o n tr ib u te s t o th e i n t e l l e c t u a l , as

w e ll as p h y s ic a l , d ig e s t io n p ro c e s s . I f e d u c a tio n o f th e w h o le p e rs o n i s

a p a r t o i th o m is s io n o f an i n s t i t u t i o n , as i t i s a t th e C o lle g e o f

W ill ia m and M a ry , th e n d in in g and l i v in g ami r e c r e a t in g c d n n u n a lly a r e

a rg u a b ly c e n t r a l t o t h a t m is s io n ,

W i l l ia m ami frfary i s , o f c o u rs e , one i n s t i t u t i o n o n ly . I t i s ,

how ever, r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f e a r l y A m erican c o lle g e s e s ta b lis h e d in th e

B r i t i s h O x b r id g e t r a d i t i o n . I t rem ains a t le a s t somewhat r e p r e s e n ta t iv e

o f a s i g n i f i c a n t and i n f l u e n t i a l g ro u p o f o o lle g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s in

90

th e U n ite d S ta te s in th e 1 9 8 0 's , I f s p e c u la t io n o r g e n e r a l iz a t io n can be

clone a t a l l , i t can o n ly be a p p lie d t o t h is group o f r e s id e n t ia l

i n s t i t u t io n s w h ich e n p h a s ize th e e x tra c u r r ic u lu m , a lo n g w it h th e

c u rr ic u lu m , in an e f f o r t t o p ro v id e g ro w th and developm ent- o p p o r tu n it ie s

f o r a l l f a c e t s o f an in d iv id u a l 's l i f e d u r in g h is o r h e r c o lle g e y e a rs .

Most in p o r t a n t ly , i n s t i t u t io n s w i th in t h is g ro u p a p p ear to be

r e s o lu te in t h e i r b e l i e f in th e p o t e n t ia l v a lu e o f t h e o o l le g ia t e

e x p e rie n c e when OOhdUcted in an en v iro n m en t designed s p e c i f i c a l l y to

m axim ize th e o p p o r tu n ity f o r in d iv id u a l grow th w h ile m in im iz in g th e

consequences o f r is k ta k in g and te m p o ra ry f a i l u r e , Frcm t h a t group a lo n e

th e n , perhaps seme g e n e ra l j zat-iuns can tx.1 drawn ami seme s p e c u la t io n s

made.

To t h e i r c r e d i t , th e s e in s t i t u t io n s appear to re c o g n iz e t h a t t h e i r

I j e l i e f i s n o t enough, and th a t c o l l e g i a l l i v in g must b e a t t r a c t i v e and

p r e fe r a b le t o th e a l t e r n a t iv e s i f i t is t o be m a in ta in e d . I t is u n l ik e ly

t h a t th e t r a d i t i o n w i l l be m a in ta in e d th ro u g h re q u ire d p a r t i c ip a t io n , and

in s t i t u t io n s w h ic h a rc a d h e re n ts o f th e t r a d i t io n seen t o re c o g n iz e t l ia t

ocm nitm ent o f re s o u rc e s , good riHnaganent, and s tu d e n t in v o lv a n e n t a r e th e

keys to c o n tin u e d v i a b i l i t y o f c o l l e g i a l l i v in g .

Q u a l i t y is s u e s a s id e , i n s t i t u t io n s seem to re c o g n iz e th a t v a r i e t y

am] a l t e r n a t i v e s in th e e x tra c u rr ic u lu n n a r e i i r p o r ta n t . l i v i n g ami d in in g

o p tio n s w h ich a r e f l e x i b l e ami d i f f e r e n t f r tn i one a n o th e r a r e a p p e a rin g

a t more i n s t i t u t i o n s , l i t t l e i s r e q u ir e d b u t much is o f fe r e d in th e

e x t r a c u r r ic u lu m g e n e r a l ly . T h is i s an e f f o r t to in d u c e s tu d e n ts to

v o lu n t a r i l y a v a i l th em selves o f e d u c a t io n a l, s o c ia l , and c u l t u r a l

o p p o r t u n i t ie s .

99

H u s r e c o g n it io n o f th e needs f o r q u a l i t y and f o r c h o ic e s r e f l e c t s

th e change i n in s t i t u t io n a l r a t io n a le , frcm p r o te c t iv e t o o p p o r tu n is t ic ,

f o r e n d o rs in g th e c o l le g ia te way o f l i v i n g . To p r e d ic t o r s p e c u la te on

th e fu tu r e s o f th e c o lle g e s w h ich make up th e g ro u p u n d er c o n s id e ra t io n ,

one must assume a c o n tin u a tio n o f th e tre n d to in p ro v i ng q u a l i t y and

s e le c t io n in th e e x tra c u r r ic u lu m . Technology and dem ographies w i l l have

t h e i r i t ip a c t , b u t le s s in th e in s t i t u t io n s here d is c u s s e d th a n in

txx fin u n ity c o l le g e s , n o n -re s id e n t ia 1 u n iv e r s i t ie s , o r s p e c ia l purpose

i n s t i t u t i o n s , H ie p e rc e iv e d l ie n e f i ts arid advantages o f th e t o t a l

e d u c a tio n co n cep t and th e environm ent designed f o r i t w i l l l i k e l y

c o n t in u e t o b e a t t r a c t i v e to th o se whose fa m i l ie s o r f r ie n d s have

e x p e rie n c e d i t and who can a f fo r d i t -

Tbe C o lle g e o f W illia m anti Wary and Brown U n iv e r s i t y a re exam ples

o f t h a t g ro u p o f in s t i t u t io n s which liave s im ila r e x p e r ie n c e anti is s u e s in

th e a re a o f s tu d e n t d in in g . Doth b e l ie v e in th e v a lu e o f c o im u n a lity and

b o th s t r i v e f o r th e b e s t p roduct they c an g e n e ra te . Brown and W il l ia m

and ^fciry a r e s im i la r a ls o in t h a t th e y a r e r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f t h a t o ld e r

g ro u p w h ich began as h ig h ly s e le c t iv e , l i t e r a l a r t s in s t i t u t io n s w ith a

lo n g s ta n d in g ocnmj tment. to , and an u n d e rs ta n d in g o f t t h a t w hich th e y

t e l i e v e may t e o b ta in e d through th e p ro cess o f l i v i n g c o l l e g i a t e l y .

Brown, W il l ia m and M ary , and o th e r in s t i t u t io n s l i k e them p ro b a b ly

w i l l n o t make r a d ic a l changes i n t h e i r e x t r a c u r r ic u la r d e s ig n . T h is

p r e d ic t io n sh o u ld n o t , however, be ta k e n as a p r e d ic t io n w ith

in p l io a t io n s f o r h ig h e r e d u c a tio n g e n e ra lly in t h e U n ite d S ta te s . Brcwn

and W il l ia m and fto ry o re m aibers o f a g roup o f i n s t i t u t i o n s th a t w ere

i o n

founded on a model (O x b r id g e ) w h ic h d e v e lo p e d i t s t r a d i t i o n s in an e ra

d u rin g w h ic h a c o l le g e o r u n iv e is i t y e d u c a tio n was s o m eth in g t o w h ich

o n ly th e s o c io -e o o n a n ic e l i t e c o u ld a s p i r e .

I n A m erica an e l i t e s t i l l e x is t s in i t s p re s e n t in c a r n a t io n ( e l i t e

is u n d e rs to o d s im p ly t o mean m in o r i t y ) , and o f t e n t h e p ro g en y o f t h a t

e l i t e seek o r a re s e n t t o th e f a m i l i a r p la c e s ; p la o e s w h ic h con be

t r u s te d t o p e rfo rm e d u c a t io n a l and d e v e lo p m e n ta l ta s k s in a c e r t a i n

d e s ire d rrtm n er. H ig h e r e d u c a tio n i n A m e ric a , h o w e v e r, i s no lo n g e r th e

s o le p r o p e r ty o f any e l i t e o r p e rh ap s even th e m asses . A m erican s h ave

d e s c r ib e d t h e i r goal as u n iv e r s a l h ig h e r e d u c a tio n ; n o t a p r i v i l e g e o r an

o p p o r tu n ity , b u t a r i g h t .

Most o f to d a y 's c o l le g e and u n iv e r s i t y s tu d e n ts a r e n o t m ariners o f

any subgroup o r e l i t e . They a re n o t b e in g h e ld s a fe and groaned to

assume l a t e r th e p o s it io n s th e y w e re b o m t o . Those s tu d e n ts ,

a b s o lu t e ly , a r e n o t a homogeneous g ro u p . They a r e o l d , young, and c an e

frcm a l l e t h n ic backgrounds. They a r e p o o r, th e y a r e r i c h , and fro m u rb an

and r u r a l a re a s . Many a r e c a re e r o r ie n t e d o r have s p e c i f i c g o a ls w h ich

th e y w a n t h ig h e r e d u c a tio n t o h e lp t h a n a c h ie v e .

To many c u r r e n t c o l le g e s tu d e n ts th e p ro s p e c t o f c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g

and a s t r u c tu r e d e x t ra c u r r ic u lu m is i r r e l e v a n t , an ti s u p e r f lu o u s . They

cannot a f f o r d i t no r does i t sean t o o f f e r th a n w h a t th e y d e s i r e (u n le s s

what th e y w is h is t o become l i k e o r a p a r t o f th e e l i t e ) .

C o lle g e s l i k e W il l ia m and M ary c o n s c io u s ly h ave t r i e d t o b ro a d e n

th e m ix i n t h e i r s tu d e n t p o p u la t io n u s in g v a r io u s n ta rk e t in g , a d m is s io n ,

and f i n a n c i a l a id m echanism s, b u t t h e g r e a t m a jo r i t y o f s tu d e n ts a t such

i n s t i t u t i o n s e n jo y a h ig h degree o f hom ogeneity among th e m s e lv e s . The

b e s t o f t h a t group o f in s t i t u t io n s p ro b a b ly w i l l , n o t o n ly s u r v iv e , b u t

! h i

t h r iv e in th e s e r v ic e o f t h a t segment o f A m erican s o c ie ty . They have

t h e i r p la c e and i t i s s e c u re even i f i t i s e v e n tu a l ly t o be f a r

overshadowed in n m ite rs by la r g e n o n - c o l le g ia l m u l t i - v a r ie d in s t i t u t i o n s

w h ich have much d i f f e r e n t g o a ls and o b je c t iv e s .

Counsel o f f e r e d to c o l le g e p re s id e n ts m ig h t in c lu d e a s u g g e s tio n to

be s e n s i t iv e to th e need f o r c o l le g ia t e su p p o rt s e r v ic e s to c c n p e te w i t h

s o c ie ty a t la r g e . (Q u a lity i s e s s e n t ia l o f c o u rs e , b u t im p o rta n t a ls o is

f a c i l i t y d e s ig n , a u d io and v is u a l s e n s i t i v i t y , and v a r i e t y in product, and

program o f f e r in g s , i f p r e s id e n ts , a lu m n i, t r u s te e s , anti p a re n ts b e ! ie v e

c o l l e g ia l l i v i n g to be b e n e f i c i a l , c o lle g e s and u n iv e r s i t i e s must a t t r a c t

s tu d e n ts v o lu n t a r i l y t o c o l l e g i a l l i v in g anti t o do so th e o f f e r in g must

be a t t r a c t i v e .

E x c e l le n t s tu d e n ts w i l l succeed in v i r t u a l l y any en v iro n m e n t,

d e s p ite o b s ta c le s . V e ry p o o r s tu d e n ts w i l l l i k e l y f a i l d e s p ite co n sc io u s

e f f o r t s by o th e rs t o ease t l ie i r p a th s . The c o n t r ib u t io n o f any

i n s t i t u t i o n w hich a d v o c a te s c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g may be in im p ro v in g th e

a c a d a n ic and s o c ia l success r a t e in th e m id d le o r b o r d e r l in e g ro u p .

Perhaps i f an i n s t i t u t i o n c a m iiL s to a q u a l i t y c o l l e g i a l env iro n m en t i t

may a s p ir e to a h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e o f successes among t l ia t . g r a jp o f

s tu d e n ts who a re v u ln e r a b le o r whose a b i l i t y i s in q u e s t io n . C o n v e rs e ly ,

th e absence o f such a ccnm itm ent m ig h t r e s u l t in h ig h e r a t t r i t i o n and th e

lo ss o r f a i l u r e o f sane o f t h a t b o r d e r l in e g roup .

C o l le g ia l l i v i n g can lie c r i t i c i z e d as a r t i f i c i a l . Perhaps s o , b u t

f u l l t im e in te n s iv e s tu d y is a r t i f i c i a l as w e l l , T t may be th a t

in te n s iv e s tu d y is b e s t p e rfo rm ed in environm ent d e s ig n e d to UttJdnUEO

i t s b e n e f i t s and th e success o f th o se who p u rsu e i t .

1 t)a

Reocmnendations

In th e oourse o f t h is p r o je c t sane areas o f p o s s ib le a d d i t io n a l

re s e a rc h have p re s e n te d tln a n s e lv e s . H ie y f a l l i n t o th r e e c a te g o r ie s .

F i r s t l y , a d d i t io n a l case s tu d ie s could be u s e f u l . W i l l ia m and M ary

may b e le s s r e p r e s e n ta t iv e th a n i t appears to b e . R e g io n a l d i f f e r e n c e s

among in s t i t u t io n s a s w e ll as u r b a n -r u r a l in p a e t c o u ld be exam ined .

I n s t i t u t i o n a l a f f i l i a t i o n s , e t h n ic o r r e l ig io u s , p r e s e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s

fo r in t e r e s t in g f in d in g s .

S eco n d ly , a need e x is t s f o r more research i n t h e a re a o f c e n p a r in g

th e r e l a t i v e in p a c t ahd r e s u l t o f a r e s id e n t ia l / c o l l e g i a l e x p e r ie n c e w i th

a ccm nuter e x p e r ie n o e . IT ie t o t a l e d u c a tio n co n cep t may g a in o r lo s e much

c r e d i b i l i t y i f a m easure o f t h a t im pact can be d e v is e d .

F in a l l y , a lth o u g h d i f f i c u l t - t o s e p a ra te , each component o f th e

c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n has i t s cwn h is to r y and c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . F u r th e r

re s e a rc h i s m e r ite d on ccnm unal c c n p u ls o ry w o rsh ip , G reek o r g a n iz a t io n s ,

l i t e r a r y s o c ie t ie s , a t h l e t i c s , and o th e rs . T re a te d most o f t e n as a

package, th e s e oanponents may, in is o la t io n , p re s e n t in s ig h ts in t o th e

h is to r y o f c o lle g e e x p e r ie n c e w h ic h a re not o th e rw is e d is c e r n ib le .

le s s im p o rta n t t iia n w liat i s , o r m ight lie , p ro v e d o r w hat can be

argued is t h a t w h ic h i s b e l ie v e d . For a s ig n i f ic a n t number o f th o s e who

have e x p e rie n c e d th e c o l l e g i a t e t r a d i t i o n , in w h a te v e r r o le , t h e r e i s a

b e l i e f ( s o c ia l f a c t } in i t s v a lu e and i t s b e n e f i ts . S urvey r e s e a r c h ,

u sing q u e s tio n s d e s ig n e d to t e s t s tu d e n ts and a lu m n i a t t i t u d e s and

KB

f e e l in g s about c o l le g ia l l i v i n g and i t s ucnponent p a r t s , oould p ro v e

e n lig h te n in g .

Beyond th e re s e a rc h and th e s p e c u la t io n stands th e in d is p u ta b le f a c t o f

b e in g . The c o l le g ia t e t r a d i t i o n has p e r s is te d in scute form , f o r w h a te v e r

reasons, f o r o v e r e ig h t hundred y e a rs th ro u g h chang ing c ircu m stan ce s and

p o p u la t io n s . T h a t is a c la im th a t c an n o t be irade f o r many o f m an 's

i n s t i t u t io n s .

J [ 1 4

E n d n o te s ; C h a p te r 6

1 C a ta lo g u e o f The C o lle g e o f W il l ia m and M ary (W il l ia m s b u r g ; 1 S 3 7 -3 B ) P . 14.

I C a ta lo g u e o f Ih e C o l le g e o f w i l l i a m and M ary (W il l ia m s b u r g : 1 855 ) P o re w a rd .

3 C a ta lo g u e o f The C o lle g e o f W i l l ia m and fto ry(W il l ia m s b u r g : 1 8 5 9 -6 0 ) P. 31.

4 I b i d . , p . 4 4 .

5 James V i l l a s , "T riu m p h o f t h e S w i l l , " E s q u ire M ag az in e v .9 4#4 (O c t . 1 9 8 0 ) p p . 3 0 -3 3 .

6 I b i d .

7 I b i d .

8 K a th e r in e H in d s , "The R a t t y " , The Brown A lu m n i M o n th ly(S e p t . 19H 5) p p . 1 8 -2 3 .

9 I b i d .

JU5

APPEMDIX: T a b le o f C o n ten ts

T W il l ia m and M ary : E a r ly Y ea rs

1 S c h a n a tic d raw in g s o f The Wren B u ild in g (m ain b u i ld in g ) .Sens in fo rm a t io n i s p ro v id e d c o n c e rn in g i t s use d u rin g th e e ig h te e n th c e n tu ry , {A -D ) .

2 P ro b a b le o r g a n iz a t io n a l c h a rt, f o r Tho C o lle g e o f W il l ia mand M ary c i r c a 1727 .

3 E xcerp ted m in u tes frcm m e e tin g , in 1 7 7 5 , o f P re s id e n t andJ e s te rs re g a rd in g th e t t i r i a D igges T r i a l . R e p r in te d in March 31 , 1934 "Alum ni G a z e t te " .

4 M is c e lla n e o u s e x c e rp ts f r a n W il l ia m and M ary f in a n c ia lre c o rd s .A Annual Food expenses 1BO7-1011 B A nnual Roan and Board Fee 1 0 2 9 -1 9 2 6

11 W il l ia m and M ary: 1 9 2 0 ’ s and 1 9 3 0 *s

b Photographs o f b u i ld in g s , g ro u n d s , anil scenes o f s tu d e n t l i f e a t W i l l ia m and M ary in th e e a r ly tw e n t ie th c e n tu ry .A i n t e r i o r o f (1 9 1 4 ) d in in g h a l lB S tu d en ts in th e Wren Y ardC S tu d en ts in th e Wren Y ardD 'Hie Wren (m ain) B u i ld in g - R ear V i m , c i r c a 1920E T a l i a f e r r o D o r im ito r y , c i r c a 1920 (c o n ta in e d d in in g )F 'JTie B r a f fe r t o n B u i ld in g , c i r c a 1920 (used f o r s tu d e n t

d in in g a t d i f f e r e n t t im e s )G E w e ll D o rm ito ry , c i r c a 1920 {c o n ta in e d d in in g )H The D in in g H a ll ( b u i l t , in 1 9 1 4 ), c i r c a 1920 { l a t e r

in c o rp o ra te d in t o T r in k le H a l l , 1926)I A e r ia l Photograph o f W i l l ia m and Mary

and iiim e d ia te e n v ir o n s , c i r c a 1922 J A e r ia l Photoqraph o f W il l ia m and M ary anti Wi 11 iam sburg ,

June 1920

6 S chareatic D raw ing o f E . bee T r in k le H a l l (1982 ) w ith 1926usage n o te d where p o s s ib le

7 P ro b ab le o r g a n iz a t io n a l c h a r t o f th e a d m in is t r a t io n o fThe C o lle g e o f Wi I l ia n ) and M ary c i r c a 1920

0 E x c e rp t f r a n b o a rd in g D e p a rtm e n t's f in a n c ia l re c o rd s fo r F eb ru ary 1920 , stiowing in c o n e (A) and Expen&es (B)

106

9 L e t t e r s f r o n Itax B l i t z e r t o P re s id e n t J .A .C . Chandlerre g a r d in g raw fo o d c o s ts and d in in g h a l l o p era tio n s (AsB)

10 l e t t e r fro m W .p . Oooke (s te w a rd ) to P re s id e n t J .A .C .C h a n d le r l i s t i n g th e d in in g h a l l w a ite r s approve] f o r f a l l s e m e s te r 1931

11 Form l e t t e r used by P r e s id e n t C h an d le r in f a l l c f 1931, too f f e r d in in g h a l l w a i t e r jct> to s tu d e n ts .

I l l W i l l ia m and t o r y : 1979-19&5

12 Map w ith le g e n d o f th e Cait(Xts o f th e C o lle g e o f W illia mand Ptory - 1984

13 S c h a n a t ic D ra w in g s o f C u rre n t W il l ia m and Mary d in in gf a c i l i t i e sA The Campus C e n te r (opened 1997)R The Cannons (opened 1967)

14 O r g a n iz a t io n a l c h a r t o f th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f th e C o lle g eo f W i l l ia m and M a ry , 1984

13 B ro c h u re f o r Ttie O rd e r o f th e W h ite J a c k e t (AfiB)

16 S e le c te d c o rre s p o n d e n c e 1 9 8 1 -8 4 in d ic a t in g th e Im portance o f food i n s tu d e n t l i f e (A -G )

3 7 Y e a r end s ta te m e n ts o f Revenues and E xp en d itu res fo r food s e r v ic e 1 9 7 8 -1 9 8 3 , d e m o n s tra tin g grow th (A -F )

18 S e le c te d c o rre s p o n d e n c e fro m 1902 in d ic a t in g th e in p o rta n o eand p e r fo rm a n c e o f fo o d s e r v ic e in m a jo r c o lle g e e v e n ts (A -E )

19 S e le c te d c o rre s p o n d e n c e and documents re g a rd in g c o n tra c te dfoot] s e r v ic e management a t W il l ia m and Msry A l i s t o f ocm panies (19B 2)B J je t te r a d v is in g e] in i i j ia t io n frcm c o n s id e ra tio n

o f seme c a n d id a te s d u r in g 1977 re v ie w C h o t t e r s u m a r iz in g re fe re n c e s o b ta in e d f o r

1977 re v ie wD l e t t e r to fo o d o a im it t e e o f f e r in g background in fo rm a tio n

and a d v ic e on fo o d s e r v ic e E A c o n s u l t a n t 's r e p o r t on th e food s e r v ic e o p e ra tio n a t

W il l i a m and M ary p re c e e d in g th o 1977 r e v iw

] 07

20 S e le c te d c o rre s p o n d e n c e re g a rd in g th e d e c is io n t o aw ard , in1 9 7 7 , th e W i l l ia m and Mary fo o d s e r v ic e c o n tra c t- to Shamrock Food S e rv ic e s In c , (A -E )

21 A greem ent betw een W i l l ia m art) M ary and Shamrock fo rp r o v is io n o f food s e r v ic e s

22 l e t t e r f r o n V ic e P r e s id e n t t o P r e s id e n t o f W i l l ia m and Maryr e v i s i n g S h am ro ck 's p e rfo rm a n c e d u r in g 1 9 7 9 -8 0

21 l lx c e rp ts frc m 1964 s e l f study

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Kov. £7, 1931

Ity deer Dr. fThandler,

Referring to the food hills from November 7th to 14th which j*™ Tir.B*ed to toe for investigation, 1 beg to remind. you that l?oV- eaber 7th, the ltr^eft day of this period ueo hose-cosing day "liich Included an alunni benruet, and t'cuit the following Any wne Sunday, I believe you will find uoae improveiaeiit In the week following the period under diiucUBpioii. The current week rill also appear favorably, hut next ’peak there vrill he two functions, the Phi Bete Kf.pca dinner end the football banquet which Kill send the curve upward.

I tin in touch with Hr. Cook on this natter continuously end e constant effort ta bein^ nr.de to keep the food cost figures within reasonable levels without compromising the quality of the meals in the dining hall.

Id passing it riev he remarked that the food costs for this session to date compare very favorably with those of the corresponding oer- iod of lpst.year. Tnis ie of course to be expected in view of the lower level of commodity prices ob­taining t.:le year as E.gnlnet last year.'

Very truly yours,

liox !>litzer Assistant to the President

March 10* 1933

My dear Dr. Chandler.

Tor your information, the coot of raw food par per- ion per day la 32^ plue, agalnet mu arerage of 331 plus for the laet oemeetor.

Commodity prlcee are lower «nd It would appear that paft of the wavlngD are being put back Into the food* which hae improved considerably.

The overhead la the dining hall has been reduced in proportion to the reduction In the number of perfcna certified. The dining hall ehown two hande leee than work carried lawt eem iB ter . All other overhead Items remain practically the earn*.

Sincerely youre,

A bb let ant to the Preeident1

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM A N D M A R YFounded in iwi

WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIAJan. 25, 1932

Vy Dear Dr, Chandler;The following is a liet of all students now

acting as waiters In the dining hall for this first am&steriBell, Victor [fevia, Had on Woodward, 7. AUistsn, R. C. Balkar, Harold Barnes, c. H. Bracken,J. C* tbunan, Liorton IJ. Breen, Hfci. D. Bridget-a, Joe Christienson, A. Chalko, Wit,. J, Cifelli, f.'ichael Collins, Russell pox, A# A*Growl, Wn, T. Custis, Carl S, Davis, C. J. Jr. Dodson, V x t T. Douglas, Otis Donan, I k x . W* Dorrill, Graham Elliott, 1‘orria Engleturt, E. C. Franklin, Qabel Fishar, Geo* B. Garrett, T, B. uill, Che s. B- Gilly, Jas# If. Gill la, Robt* J. Goodrich, E, C* ♦Grubbs, K, L* Harper, C, C,

Hemingway, Stan* Henderson, Robt. Kill, Sterling - HilLnan, Earl B* Horton, Ernest C. Husks, Leifehten Jestsr, Nelson Johnson, En.il Johnson, Loyd I', Jones, Eppes Feay, Roger i.'ube, 11 Ilian LaCrcix, Airee B. Lankford, Rtrtson Lawson, Wh. S.i Lflgge, Clayton Lindsay, flash Little, H. 11. Little, C. R. S* Lynn, Wallace Litvin, Lester, J.'cLawhon, A. t'&rtene, L. A* JT&xey, Clarence D. l.'o teleskle, Frank Nugent, Robt. Falese, WillIan Fenello, John phi 1] ips , Seen Reed, John Renn, Wir. E. Rennnbaw, W. W, Roberto, Addison Huff, J* W.

Sevage, S. B. Jr. Shew, Evan Searranon* K, 1!. Jr.- Sirinski, Theo* E*. Scott, Edward Sorenson, Chris* *• Stank us, JO'S Starkey, Cheater Staribaugh, Ralph SurnUn, Carlton Sykes, Bitiford Taver.r.er, 1'. Chester Turner, Richard u*Tu c k i T ■ K *Trow, Walter G* Upson, Irving Upscm, Reginald ldaTfle, Ferris flellons, Willlas Jhite, Carter Whitehead, Frank j'illiama» Ashby Wilson, Lynw.-od, Yakavonts, V* E. Belanger, Fergus Shade, Chas. B* Thorrpsor, H- E. Savage, William Oiaey, Frank Talton, W. C.L’ark®, T. D.,

Also 1 would like to at&te that I do not care to rec scan end Evan Shaw and John Reed for waiters for the second semester .

y3urstvery truly,

J

11

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AIJL 1IAHT filllamaburg, Virginia

July 30, 1931

It reply to your request for work at the College of WillIon end Mary for the session 1931-32, I have eon aide red what It 1* possible for me to offer you In the way of work. I eta able to appoint you as waiter In the College dining hall for the session 1931-32, with the understanding that If your scholastic work Is not satisfactory at the end of the first semester I will not continue you as a welter for the second smneDter, and with the further unde re tending that If during the semester It appears that your work in the dining hall is Interfering with your studies, I shall ask that you give up your work as waiter.

This work will require three hours of your time a day, for which you will he paid $20.00 per month for the calendar month,Tou will work directly under Ur. T. P. Cooks, the College Steward, and If at any time your services are not satisfactory to Itr. Cooke, he has the authority to ask you to give up the work.

Ton accept the position with the understanding that any time lost by you la serving in the dining hall will he deducted from your salary, and that you will also pay for any breakage of dishes, etc., by you. neither can you leave the College a', any time, holidays or otherwise, until you make arrangements with Ur. Cooke,

If you accept this position under the terms outlined .above, you suet be at the College m Monday, September 7, and report to Ilf. Cooks bf 12100 o'clock, noon.

I am asking that you let me have your acceptance'by Saturday, August 15, 1931. If" I do not hear from you by this time, I shall asatme that you are not expecting to entor College In September, and shall appoint someone in your place. If you are really plan­ning to enter College in September and have not reserved your room, you should do so at once*

If on account of circumstances It will be corn a necessary to Change you to some other work than that of waiter in the dining hall, we reserve the right to make the change.

Assuring you that I am glad” to help you, and hoping that the session 1931-32 at .the College of William and Hary is going to be a happy and profitable one for you, I am

Sincerely yours.

USt

J. A. C. Chandler, President

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White Jacket, Inc.

Established Oct. 12, 1972

IN THE SERVICE OF THE

College o f William and Mary

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£ X

II .JfM 9 1S85

OFFICERSColin R. Davis, President Deborah S. Dalton, 1st VP J. Coleman Anthony, 2nd VP Owen L. Bradford, 3 rd VP James S, Kelly, Sec,-Treas.

Education Through Menial Work

■Min lA ir iiunc i r - n d i

15-B

H A t . 'K t iR ( )U N t > O h T H E O R D E R

T o r m ure than 2 (k i years I tb g jl m l L) i i ' s luden ls .ik ’ ( lie u m eals at 11tu-ir p lace o f res idence in to w n . in l.m m tly hom es hii m i h i' reTec lo ry o l I lie T o lle g e located in tin.' W ren Hud 4 m g S e rv ice mas a lw a ys by H taek servants, lo w h ic h stu Ju n is I m m a ll lu e n i fa m ilie s w ere accustom ed

P o s t-C iv il W iu days . m arked by im p o ve rish m e n t o f (he S o u th . h ro u g h ! changes in the * inden t brrdy. m ost d I w hom c ith e r w c ie o f m odest ei reu n i si unees n r even pun it. W hen I he C o lle g e reopened in iHXH tim e s and custom s were chan g in g . W o rk becam e b o ih a necessary and honorab le m m i In i g i I D r. I .y o n U . T y le r , ihe p res iden t. and Ins facu lty d e c id e d upon an en pen m em . at lo w in g students to serve m ea ls in itie re fe c to ry o r even w o rk in the k ite h e ii .im l wash d ishes it i re tu rn fo r room and hoard .

FJo u r y o u n g m en re a d ily ag re e d to the o i le r T w o o f th e m , A r th u r W Jam es ' j ) and D i C harles H H a m lm ' i 4 , are M ill l iv in g and re ta i l i l ie i r expe riences w ith p itJe .

T he re fe c to ry o r t im in g h a lls con tinued in o p e ra tio n m i l l the s iu d e n i w a lle r system u n lit n> 4 t w hen shortage o t man p o w e r a n d [he e to iio n n e s itu a tio n I'onced co n ve rs io n in a c a l'e lm a sysletTI w h ic h s l i l l e m p lo ye d m ale students hu t a lso o pened jo b s to w o m en.

A n in te re s t in g s id e lig h t is th a t an e x p a n d in g a iM rn e p ro g ra m i l l ( lie l y n t ’ s w as m ade possib le by g o in g " s c ho I a rs h ip s " k> a th le tes A "sch o la rsh ip ” was a jo b m [be d in in g b a l l1

O U K F IR S T D E C A D EI'here has a lw a y s been an a f l im ty betw een students and

a lu m n i w h o w o rk e d th e ir w a y th ro u g h c o lle g e <Jue o t th e s e , ih e la ic Y e lv e r to n C) K e r r , ' ;H . rem a in e d at the t 'o l le g e a lte r g ra d u a tio n , w as lo u r years m anager o l die d in in g h u ll jU k l food se rv ice , se rv ing laser us r iian .ige t o l UieB o o k S to re .

K e n t lo n g c hen shed an idea t i l b rin g in g lo u s ie r w a ik 'is in to a I f . l ie m a l < irgun i.za lio ri, Ix -m g a close tr ie n d o l iliree Enembers o f the C lass o l 11)17, A r th u r A M a ls u , IV. I .e e l I T o d d and M f u r l A n d re w s , w h o by treguem cu rrvsp i m donee d e c id e d to ael A n d re w s agreed to undertake the o rg a n iz a t io ra l w o rk in u j y i Io ilo w in g b is l-om em ent as a new sp a pe r e d ito r. V o lu m in o u s coiTuspondcnce together w n h assis tance fro m the* A lu rn n i Gaze Me Jed to lo i-m a iu m ol a te m p o ra ry h o a rd and in te r im o f f ic e rs , headed by K e n t

S ix ty - e ig h t m e n g a th e re d in ih e S tu d e n t f e n le r on O c to b e r [J , 11)7.1 10 la u n ch Ih e O rde r n t ih e W h ile J.ickei A ru lte w s w as e lec ted p res iden t to t Hie fo l lo w in g llu i 'v ye.ns w ith D w jg lu f IJ io w ii ’ y j as secretary treasurer lo r the n es t lo u i years. S ucceed ing p res idents have heen | ) r I m M . M )7 h -1 g 7 7 , W a lte r J /a b le , ’ 17, tt)7 rt-7 y , A lte it f Van n e r. '4 k , iy 7 i) -H i , and H o w a rd M . S m ith . '4.1. i ‘)H i A n d re w f . C’ h ris ic n s e ii. t .( , served as secretary t ie u s u n i 1ro n i tg ')7 to ly K o T he |tost is now h v ld h y Juiml's 5 FsvJk. A l . ass is tan t to d ie President o| d ie f o l le r e

In o rd e r Hi a v o id In’ io m m p a ' L as| M a l l ' L lidb I AV I

e xp a nd e d its c l ig ih i l i ly in t y r g t o in c lu d e men w lm w m k i .l as w a ite rs 111 food e s ta b lis h m e n ts o l W illia m s b u rg , r . I ra te m ity and sorority houses am i as s,absolute w.ntei-. A ye a r la te r w o m e n were a d m itte d , ihe tirs i being Deln 11 ah A D a l io n . '7 2 , w h o tw icume h ts i w om an houid u ie in l'e r .m.l then a v ice p res iden t.

O B J E C T IV E S A N D PURPOSES• T o fo rm u la s tin g fra te rna l l in k he lw ec ii fo rm er s tu d e n t w h o w o rk e d us w a lle rs o r wunresses al 1 lie (.‘ullegc it ir. I nod se rv ices o f W illia m s b u rg establishm ents• To e rn p h a s i/ ih and g iv e p lo rn ir lc n c c to the lio ru n a iu i d ig n ity o f u s t ld e n i p e rfu m iin g m en ia l work as .1 means ni he ljs ing to I in a n c e a co llege educa tion• T o serve us an instrum ent o l usefulness to ihe C u l lege h i p ro v id in g g ru n ts and lin a n c iu l assistance m deserving stu d en ts , in c lu d in g scho la rsh ips aw arded on the hu.sis o f nee4• T o he s lo w jw u id s , honors and o th e r recognition 111 an a h iiu n tis , s tu d e n t, fa c u lty m em ber n r member id itie l \ . ! lege s ta f f w h o w a rran ts s fv c iu l c o in ru e iiii ijt io u lo r uiuon.H a e c o m p lis h n ic n ts r e l ie d in g c re d it 10 the w<nk e ih u m o b f j im n g an educa tion

O U R PROJECTS• T l ie s D t d e c o l t h e W h ite Jacket is i i i e L i r p o n s l e d l l u 4 l i r i ic

l a w s o t (he f o r T i m o i i w e a l l h i d V irg in ia l l is r i ' n i g i i i / c i l ,1 ■

a n d e e r i n i s y nary o r g a i n / u l m n by t h e 11 S. in terna l R e n nnr S e rv ice s o 1 ha t e n n t t i b L L i i n n s a r e ta r d e d u c t i b l e t i l t I ’ s e c h . ' i

501 fe l l J )• Frirs l la rge p ro je c t wus the ra is in g in c u c s s ot by.non r. r d u r h is h a m i decorate d ie T avern H ckhiis o t A ln m m N unn as O W J heudc|iiLirters• E ach y e n r a n u m b e r o f sc h o la rs h ip s arc a w u r. l.d 1 deserv mg s tu ile n is engaged in food sen ice, iip in i 10 m . n ie n d a tio n o f l l ie C o llege• P e rio d ic u w a id s are marie to m em bers o l Lhc C n lli 'i 'c . i '- n m n ity w h o s e o u is u n d in g s e rv ic e s liL 'ijL ien ily a r e in . r lo o ke d .

W H O ARFi Fil.KilUl.t: '• A n y to n i ie r M udcnt w a ite i, m an o rw o m a ji. " I . . 1.1 w o rk e d ul least one semester in the fu l lc e r ' d im ue 11.. 11 ■ ca fe te r ia o r m ten id d ispensing csiahtLshnienis the V> 1 h a m sh u rg area• Scrlmr s tu d e n t wallers are recomriicn.led by it-n.c i- charge o t I l id l I services in lhc follcge or iou 11• A lly fa c u lty o r s(;d i member w ins peril 1111.nl -.civ ■.c .. w a ite r o r re la te d w o rk in lim d es ia l'lishn ie r'ts at .irm '-. c o lle g e o r u n iv c iM iy

H i e ( f t d e t I'/ le HVjUc J i n i( t ll r H, r 'J-Jle v : ■ 11). C-' f i. ■' J j f r c r r r r n i i n u J j c i < j i 1 . j / l c e c i r r f . n i i i r o . u . J ' . h O , n i , ■, ;

iW.f < liilpit t \ Dl.osr uspn if’ the

lfi-AC O LLE G E O F W IL L IA M A N D MARY

To

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I NT E H D E F A R T M E N T A 1 fi A T I O N

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1 Weekend

Dal# Nov. 5 , 1

SuBjtcr: Parents' Weekend

I would like to share- with you the observations made by freshman parents at the panel I chaired on October 8. About 175 people were there* As I have often said, there is no way of predicting what kinds of things they will be concerned About. One year it was self-determination, one year it was the condition of the dorms. I try to have people on the panel who can deal wit whatever comes up, so Linda D ’Qrso, Jack Edwards and Amy Jarmon were there.Tins year's primary concerns were two. One was about the large size of freshman classes and the inavailability of English ID] for some students. Why do vre have so many Email upper division courses atul_svch packed lower ones?Some rather unfortunate examples were used. Another part of this was the difficulty of scheduling classes for freshmen who entered registration in the last groups. Since 1 was at registration at the very end, I know there wore quite .a few students who had serious problems with their schedules, including some of my own advisees* This is not news, of course, but it was brought up in several forms. I think people.fait they qct answers, so to speak, even if they didn't agree. The really hot item, w^s the food. The discussion derailed on this topic and it was difficult to move them back to something else. Amy is on the Food Service Committee and gave some excellent answers, bu the basic answer is that the food is, on the whole, not so good. {I refrained from saying that if Shamrock c a n ’t get anything docent to the Board of Visitors why should they treat the students any differently?) After the meeting several parents came up to me to say they were sorry the discussion hud taken that turn, and one nice man said that his ex-wife was such a terrible cook that his daughter wouldn’t even notice if the food was terrible.

Quite a few comments were made about the positive experience freshmen were having. Orientatiun was praised. On the whole I gather that it was a very successful Parents' Weekend and a good deal of helpful information was exchanged on both sides.

I am. sorry this memo has been so long in being written but I know X don't need to tell you what has gone on in iny office these last few weeks.

lh-[3 ■ O & r r * , P M ^ ^ yp f > n i ^ ^ u ^ s i '* .* ; <± / r f & L *

^ 2 ^c1v w v # J Z Z v l / > ( ' ^ ,,^ i f' .>-^' 9 Rt. 1, Box 229-C

Blacksburg, VA 24060 fl-'r 7] ^ | 7 o - 't 7 .£,,,. , "J ' ' *■ y ^ December 4, 1981

Office of the President

a : : . . I f P"1 ' )>U,J ■ -uir

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C ollege of W i l l i a m & Mary £.',\Y.Y; f j , n f CW i l l iam sb u rg , VA 231S5 " ' L ’ - 4 : Y

»lVSSt

Dear Dr . G raves :

My daughter, Linda, Is a Freshman at William L Mary and lives in Barrett Hall. Although it is not necessary in Linda’s case, I understand why you have the requirement for the 20~meal plan for food service. I atn gled that her tneals arc available at such reasonable costs.

However, when the college forces ite to pay for 20 taeals per week, 1 expect my daughter to be able to eat all 20 meals. Such is not the case.She tells me that about half of the meals are one or more of the following: 1) overcooked, 2) not seasoned, 3) unpalatable, 4) tasted of extenders, or 5) cold. Some things are prepared well such as roast beef, chicken, and the salads except when the lettuce is vilted or has the occasional bug in it.

Linda is not a "fussy" eater. Our children have been taught to eat whiit is served and she will eat anything that is edible. Over the years (due to my travels) we have eaten a lot of "dormitory food" so she is well acquainted with food other than Mom’s. She has gotten sick twice on some sort of casserole that was served, I have asked other students about the food and have received similar answers.

We have sent several packages of freah fruit and vegetables from the garden to help supplement what she can’t eat from food service. This is over and above the usual "Moot’s Care Packages" and it has been in excess of $100 cost to us. Tills is an extra expense which we don’t need.

I have been in contact with Dean Sadler about the problem and he haB been very helpful and agreed to look into it. My problem is that 1 have to pay next semester’s fees before he will have time to resolve the problem. Since Linda is only able to eat about 10 meals per week, that is the meal plan 1 will purchase, I know it is more expensive on a per meal basis but the total cost ia less and that is what I am forced to work with, 1 cannot afford to subsidize the food service when they provide an inferior quality product. I am aorry to have to do this because 1 would prefer that Linda be on the 20 meal plan. However, E must consider her health and well being and what we can afford.

Thanks for your time.Sincerely,

'/ a < d PPaul 1, Rnszler, Ph.D.

cc; Dean SadlerTrf.-'Cinrr-r - Ai ’iM m u ' C;fr i\-

1 6 - c - l

U n i t J L a n U d a Chi A l p h a 2 0 ^ O c t o b e r 2 6 , 1963 y r, yS'CF

The O f f i c e o f t h e D e a n o f s t u d e n t s VVd'iJ

To whom i t may c o n c e r n :

1 r e c e n t l y a s k e d S h a m ro c k Food S e r v i c e s t o c as h i n my

1 5 m e a l p l a n c a r d a n d was t o l d t h a t I m u s t f i r s t t a l k t o t h e

T r e a s u r e r ’ s o f f i c e . I n t u r n , t h e t r e a s u r e r ' s o f f i c e d i r e c t e d

me t o y o u r o f f i c e t o r e c e i v e " p e r m i s s i o n " t o o b t a i n a r e f u n d

s i n c e i t i s now p a s t a c e r t a i n d a t e s e t f o r r e f u n d s . I ' m a t

a l o s s a s t o why I m u s t j u s t i f y my i n t e n t i o n s i n re g a r d s t o my

money an d m e a l s . 1 r e a l i z e t h a t S h a m ro c k m ust gauge i t s f o o d

s u p p l y e t c . , b u t why t h e n w hen I h ad s e v e r a l o f my f r i e n d s c a l l

a n d a s k I f t h e y c o u l d s t i l l b u y m e a l s p l a n s d i d Shamrock s a y ,

" y e s " ?

To b e p e r f e c t l y f r a n k t h e r e a s o n 1 w i s h t o r e c e i v e a r e f u n d

i s b e c a u s e I am u t t e r l y d i s g u s t e d w i t h t h e f o o d thrown a t me

e a c h d a y b y S h a m r o c k , K o t o n l y i s t h e f o o d u n p a l a t a b l e b u t

t h e a m o u n t o f t i m e n e e d e d t o e v e n g e t i n t o t h e c a f e t e r i a has

b eco m e a b s u r d , 1 h a v e e a t e n o u t o r c o o k e d f o o d o f a much

h i g h e r q u a l i t y f o r l e s s money p e r m e a l t h a n Shamrock o f f e r s

an d I t a c t u a l l y t a k e s l e s s t i m e . Has a n yo n e i n t h e a d m i n s t r a t i o n

s e e n t h e r i d i c u l o u s l i n e s f o r m i n g a t t h e c a f e t e r i a ? A t o t a l l y

i n e f f i c i e n t a y s t e m i s b e i n g u t i l i z e d w h i c h w a s t e s i n c r e d i b l e

a m o u n t s o f t i m e . U n t i l r e c e n t l y 1 was u n a b l e t o g e t to t h e s t o r e

f r e q u e n t l y , b u t now s i n c e a n u p p e r c l a s s f r i e n d o f mine b r o u g h t

down h i s c a r I h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o b u y and e a t some

q u a l i t y f o o d ,

I am a 19 y e a r o l d so p h o m o re a n d I b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s c o l l e g e

s h o u l d t a k e a l o n g h a r d l o o k a t t h e f o o d s e r v i c e i t i s p r o v i d i n g .

F o r a c o l l e g e w h i c h s t r i v e s f o r e x c e l l e n c e e v e r y w h e r e e l s e , I

f i n d i t d i s h e a r t e n i n g t h a t y o u a l l o w t h e f o o d and food s e r v i c e

t o b e o f s u c h a n i n f e r i o r q u a l i t y . I h a v e b e e n t o s e v e r a l o t h e r

s c h o o l s w h e r e t h e s y s t e m u s e d a nd f o o d i s much b e t t e r , I

r e a l i z e t h a t i t i s n o t e a s y t o p l e a s e so many p e o p l l e and t h e

r e s t a u r a n t b u s i n e s s i s n o t a n e a s y one b y n a t u r e , b u t i f Sham roc k

c a n n o t do t h e j o b , why p r e t e n d ?

B e i n g on a v a r s i t y s p o r t a n d b e i n g p r e -m e d I do n o t h a v e

t h e t i m e t o w a s t e s t a n d i n g i n l i n e s f o r my meals , I might a l s o

ad d t h a t 1 c a n d i r e c t l y a t t r i b u t e s t o m a c h cramps e t c . ( ! ) t o

- ZI * - r - 2

t h s f o o d s e r v e d me a t t h e c a f e . I f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w o u ld

s i m p l y a s k s t u d e n t s , y o u w o u l d f i n d t h a t I am f a r f r o m a l o n e

i n my d i s g u s t w i t h t h e f o o d s e r v i c e h e r e a t s c h o o l . I hope t h a t

y o u w i l l n o t o n l y a p p r o v e my r e q u e s t f o r a r e f u n d ( o r a t l e a s t

a l l o w a n e x c h a n g e f o r p u n c h c a r d s a n d a p a r t i a l r e f u n d ) "but you

w i l l a l s o do s o m e t h i n g t o r e c t i f y t h e s i t u a t i o n a t t h e c a f e t e r i a .

S i n p e r e l y ,

Thomas C a f f r e

U/14/03 - VSS called him on November 7 and told him could not approve request,

/

1 6 -D - l

5 5 3 5 C o l u m b i a P i k e A r l i n g t o n , V a . 2220** S e p t e m b e r 1 2 , 19 34

nrT ?

I i i F. N T FOb?

(r-:

I

K r . T h o m as f l r . ^ v s , J r . i r e s i { I o n tT h e C o l l e g e n L b ' i L l i a m and M a r y

Hc.' jr P r e s i d e n t : r a v e s : '

L a s t s o r t ' ' . ' my s o n , k a v , an d I v i s i t e d y o u r r a t m u s . ’,,'c bar! b r e a k f a s t a t t h e W i l l i a m a n d H a r v c a f e t e r i a . To my s i t i c k a n d d i s t r e s s I f o u n d t h e f o o d u n e a t a b l e . No , n o , n o t j u s t m e d i o c r e - - u n e a t a b l e . I t r i e d c w . r v s n g l e t h i n g t h a t was o f f e r e d , h o ^ i m t h a t s o m e t h i n g w o u l d be t a s t y e n o u g h t o e a t .T h e s c r a r i b L e d e - ;gs w e r e a w f u l 7 t h e s w e e t r o l l t e r r i b l e , iie t o a s t e d c h e e s e , w o r s e t h a n s o g g y , 1 was d i s t r e s s e d , l .y son c o n s o l e d me s . r - ’ n;; t h a t i t t i l t i n ' t m a t t e r ,

i^ow h e i s a f re s ig n an .anti i t d o e s n a t t e r . l i e , a iu i m o s t o f h i s e j f t g a m a t e f , ; t p v e r y u n h a n o y , He s a i d t h a t f o o d i n so bad t h a t n o t o n l y h e , b u t s e v e r a l o t h e r s f e l t n a u s e a t e d a f t e r e n t i m i t a n d g o t s i c k i n t h e s t o m a c h . Ke en d s un e a t i n g a b a g e l i o r b r e a k f a s t . A t W . ’CT. i-Yin BkLAKTadT? I s t h a t a n u t r i t i o u s m e a l f o r a y o u n g , s t r o n g man w i t h a h e f t y a n n e t i t e ? Hud I n o t f a r t e d y o u r t o n , I v. 'nuld h a v e l a u g h e d i t o f f a s t h e n o r m a l r e a c t i o n n f a c o l . l e v a s t u d e n t . Hud Kay b e e n a f i n i c k y e a t e r ,I w o u l d h a v e s, > d ; " W h a t ' s n e w ? " But K a y i s n ’ t . T n e v e r h a d a n y p r o b l e m i d i ■. h i m e a t i n g e v e n t h i n g s t h a t h e d i d n ' t l i k e .So l i i s c o m n l a ' n t h a s t o be t a k e n s e r i o u s l y and n o t s h r u r ' e d o f f ,

l a i t t o o m u ch t o a s k t h a t t h e s c h o o l p r o v i d e f o o d t h a t i s p a l a t a b l e ? I am n o t r e m i o s t i n g g o u r m e t f o o d . B u t w h e n f o o d i s o f f e r e d , i t s h o u l d a t l e a s t be goo d e n o u g h t o c a t . The f a c t t h a t i t i s p r e p a r e d i n L a r g e q u a n t i t i e s i s no e x c u s e . I f t h e p e o n l e y o - a r e e m p l o y i n g now do n o t k n o w how t o c o o k , t h e nf i r e t h e m . I f t h e n e o n l e who s u D o r v i s e t h e c o o k s a r e n o t d o i n gt h e i r j o b , r e p i . c e t h e m ; o r t r a i n t h e m P r o p e r l y ,

I f e e l q u i t e i n d i g n a n t t h a t , a f t e r p a y i n g a h e f t y n r i c e f o r ro o m a n d b i . n r d , ey s m i s t i l l h a s t o s n r m l . l o n e y t o buy t u id o n t h e s i d e b e c a m e t h e c a f e t e r i a f o o d i s so b a d . I Mo h o n e v o n w ‘ ' t hr rdi'ns i nmod i a’ o 1 v t o r-o r met. the problem,hat i r'jT 1 1 i r " r n 1 i 1 ■ 'fir t . ■ < ■ t- i b 1!1 '.'O’l ■! c s t 1 :d‘.’ 1: '' , . ; fl it

s h o u l d b e a n I. u a s u r a h If: e m c r l r r i c e - - some t f : ng t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s l o o k f o r w a r d t'i, as a o l e as a n t b r e a k f r u m t h a i r s t u d i e s .

1 l o v e W i l l i a m and Jli-ir-', T l o v e i t s c a m u s , i t s a c a d e m i c s , i t s s p i r i t , i t a r i g o r o u s , demand ’ rig s t a n d a r d s . K v son is1, n r c u d a n d v e r v h a p p y t o be a f r e s h m a n a t t h e c o l l e g e . But l o t ' s n o t f o r g e t t h a t u h i l . ' ' a s an i n s t i t u t i o n o f h i g h e r L e a r n i n g y o u d o h a v e t o f e e d t N m i n d , y o u a l s o h a v e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o L o ed t h e b o d y . A n d , i n t h i s r c s n e c t , W i LI i a n and f M r v i s f a i l i n g m i si” r a b l y .

H o n i n g t o h e a r f r o m y ou s o o n .

S i n c e r e l y t

R e s i n a I , . K u l i s c h

r c : K r s . ,Via u ' u r d i n e r , C o - C h a i r m a n , P a r e n t s n S s o c i a t i o n

P . S . I h a v e j u s t be e n i n f n m f d t h a t c:.f r e .ji c f l i c s wh< r e t h e f o o d i s a c r v t ' d . Ky son was s e r v e d ; p i e c e o f m e a t m i w h i c h a £ l y h od b e e n f r i t t i n g . As y o u ’ now, H i e s a r e c a r r i e r s o f g e r m s a n d a r c con? i c l e r c d among t h e f i l t h i e s t a n i n i , I s .P l e a s e s e e t h a t t h e f o o d i s p r e p a r e d and s e r v e d u n d e r m o r e s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n e . T h a n k y o u .

/ nterdroartmcnid CoirtmuTiia:ticn

To: April 2S, 193Mr. Robert B, Bernhard

RECEIVEDfrom; Thonas A. Graves, Jr. r; Cr fdVAU M3 Ktft

President 'L*°- i ~8 1962

Subject:DlnHSOI OF m i t i u t EKT1SPKJSES

Dear Bob:I believe that it ia important that you and y o u r colleagues at Shamrocktake steps to remind yourselves that it is essential that Shamrock carryout its duties at various functions in a timely ind efficient manner.With the intense activities of Commencement almQit upon us, it is importantthat a better job be done than was evident in the last several days.

*

Herd are three cases in point:On Friday, April 23, the committees of the Board of Visitors at the Alumni House started their work at 8:30 a.m. Coffee and other arrangements were only just starting to be set up at that time and it was an absolute shambles until 9:00 a.m.Also on Friday, the Shamrock trucks were all over the place in the back of the Wren Building getting ready to start settingup the Great Hall of the Wren Building for the Beta Gamma Sigma dinner while the reception prior to the dimer had a full view of it from the portico of the Wren Building.Qr. Monday, April 19, the reception at the House for the Lamplighters was badly marred again by very late and annoying set-ups by Shamrock.I find this lack of attention to instructions arid to appropriate timing unacceptable. I personally believe that this is a natter of supervision or the lack thereof.

TAG:swcc: Mr. William J. Carter ,

Mr- David ft, Charlton* Mr. James S- Kelly Miss Jane Dansard Mr. John Robb

President

1 ( i -F O . 0 l S j c .

— S M M I M G K S M S I E B IP. a. SOI 111/WILUAHllUml. VlPilNIA UIII/PHONt (tU)Ilt.O lll

Ap M t 2 9 , J912

Pa, Thcmab A. G nave.it Ja. , Pae s id e n t C o lle g e o& W i l l ia m and Klasy FttieW H a U Campus

Vsuait Da, Gnaves ■

Tfiaitk you j<?A you*. memorandum a j A p r i l 2S c o n c e rn in g r e c e n t c a t tA in q s e r v ic e s .

I as-JuAfi you t h a t I have n o te d t}le p ro b lem o$ t im in g ttt these. s e v e r a l e v e n ts , and t h a t th e p o l ic y o& h a v in g e v e n ts Aeacitj a t L e a s t SO minute* be^eAe g u e s ts a A A lv t W been r e in fo r c e d wcth my s ta fifo

Robert EeWiaAcf Director oj Food SeA^ee

KBfsg

CC; H r. H i l t i c M J. C a r te r Kl i * Z VavZd.JLV: p ia M t o n " ? Ma. James S. K e l ly H iss Jane V an sard M r. John Robb

Sincerely t■ \

RECEIVED

1 fl-fiX c r o d S o d

The College of William & Mary Interdepartmental Communication

To: Mr. Robert Bernhard D a te ; May 4, 1382

From;

Subject:

Dear Bob;

Thomas A . Graves, Jr. President

' :A f .1 u se

When I wrote you on April 2B, I was not aware of the disaster of the public relations event for the Virginia Shakespeare Festival, and I have now seen Jackie Von Qfenheim's memorandum of April 29 to David Charlton.

I repeat that this kind of performance is unacceptable.

I am asking Bill carter and David Charlton to take strong steps to insure that service is improved.

TAG:macci Mr. William J. Carter

Mr, David C. Charlton Mrs. Jacqueline Von Ofenheim

iyes

17-A ^

73 THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AMD MARY IN VIRGINIA ■

STATEMENT OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES - FOOD SERVICE ■

For Year Ended June 30, 1983

REVENUES;Hoard Fees - Student $2,742,665.61 ■Shamrock System 130,081.03Duplicate Neal Tickets 546.00 BOther 100.00 ■

TOTAL REVENUES 2*873,392.64

EXPENDITURES:Personal Services:

Allocation of Administrative Costs:Salaries 49,827.33Wages 1,370.63Fringe Benefits 8,514.93 59,720.89

Contractual Services:Equipment Repair and Maintenance 5*890.00Extermination Control 1,680.19Food Service Contracts 2,537 *915*40Mechanical Repair and Maintenance 1,576.00Organization Membership 175.00Printing 567.00Recoveries (5 ,000 .00)Sk1lied Services 60,190.93Telecommunications 259.2DTravel - Personal Vehicle 27.00Travel - Subsistence and Lodging 199.71 2,603 ,483 .43 ®

Supplies:Building Repair and Maintenance 236.00Food {14,634 .64)Mechanical Maintenance 28.70 (14,369.94)

Continuous Charges:Allocation of Physical P lant Costs 57,434.76E lec tr ica l Services 121,212.82Water and Sewage 39,123.66 217*771.24

Equipment:Draperies and Carpet 6,563.67Household 7.214.26 13.777.93 2.880.388,55

TOTAL EXPENDITURES

NET INCOME (LOSS) S (6 ,995 .91 )

106I 7 - 1 1

THE COLLEGE OF W ILLIA M AND MARY IN V IR G IN IA

STATEMENT OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES - FOOD SERVICE For Year Ended June 30, 1962

REVENUES:Board Fees - Student Shamrock System Duplicate Meal Tickets General Auxiliary Enterprise Fee

TOTAL REVENUESEXPENDITURES :

Personal Services :SalariesWages

C o n t r a c t u a l S e r v i c e s :General RepairsMaintenance Service ContractsFood Service ContractsElectricalWater and SewageTravel - MileageP rin tin gAllocation of Physical Plant Cost Other

Supplies:FoodFood Service Housekeeping Building Materials Purchases for Resale Other

Equipment:Draperies and CarpetsHouseholdOther

Current Charges and Obligations: Rental of Equipment - Students

Staff Benefits:F.I.C.A.Employer Retirement Contribution Group InsuranceEmployee Health Care Insurance

TOTAL EXPENDITURESNET INCOME

46,173.02 1.766.8110,255.00 4,323.28

2,442,694.18 96,233.53 17,181.12

211.60 504,65

51,332.62 59.766.9214,621.791,314.69247,00515.65

(3,639.29)m . s a

1,409.095,652,57

23.593.21

2,819.891,939.53

122,811.531.76

$2,570,805.95152,151.12

648.0058.744.02

47,941.83

2,683,002.90

13,234.64

30,654,871 ,100,86

6.413.99

2,782,349.0

2.782.349.09- 0 - )

1 7 - C

th e COLLEGE OF WILLIAM and MARY IN VIRGINIA

STATEMENT OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES - FOOD SERVICE For Year Ended June 30, 1981

EVENUES:Board Fees - Student Shamrock System Duplicate Meal Tickets Debt Fee Other OTAL REVENUESXPENDITURES;Contractual Services;

General Repairs Maintenance Service Contracts Food Service Contracts Electrical Water and Sevage Travel (mileage)PrintingAllocation of Physical Plant Coat Other

Supplies;Food Service Supplies Building Materials Other

Equipment:Houaehold Other

1TAL EXPENDITURESIT INCOME

ESS APPROPRIATION:Renewal and Replacement Fund

5 2 ,4 3 5 ,8 9 3 . 5 6142,070.25

846.0049,174.60

100.002,628,084.41

1,799.065,297.78

2,318,451.04111,909.7316,824.93

148.80406.71

40,619.0958.892,731,087.602,926.20355.40

8,886.6436,887.05

2,554,349.87

4 , 3 6 9 . 2 0

45.773.692.604.492.76

23,591.65

(23.591.65)APPROPRIATED BALANCE 0

THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA 106

STATEMENT OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES - FOOD SERVICE For Year Ended June 30, I960

REVENUES:Board Fees - Student Shamrock System Duplicate Meal Tickets Debt FeeCentral Auxiliary Enterprise Fee

TOTAL REVENUES

$2,096,320.60 125,556.75

757,00 47,601.37 162.748,98

2,433,104.70EXPENDITURES:Contractual Services:General Repairs Maintenance Service Contracts Food Service Contracts Professional Service (other)Hedl*Electrical Water and Sewage Travel (mileage)PrintingAllocation of Physical Plant Coat Other

Supplies:FoodFood Service Supplies LinenBuilding Materials Other

Equipment‘Draperies and CarpetsHouseholdBooksOther

Current Charges and Obligations: Interest and Principal Payments on Bonds

Local Service Charge TOTAL EXPENDITURES

3,044.735,253.86

2,000,737.334,738.77

78.69104,990.4713,912,27

46,63357,29

35,180,4048.061.96

(.60)1,952.07151.04450.00

2,330.721,143.95580.9516.50

16,048.46

49,390.00789.41

2,216,402.40

4,884.03

18,589.86

5 0 . 1 7 9 , 4 12,290,055.70

NET INCOME 143,129.00

LESS APPROPRIATION:Renewal and Replacement Fund

UNAPPROPRIATED BALANCE

( 1 4 3 . 1 2 9 . 0 0 )

$ - 0 -

I 7 -K

THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA

STATEMENT OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES - FOOD SERVICE For Year Ended June 30, 1979

REVENUES:Board Fee* - Students Shamrock System Duplicate Meal Ticket*Debt FeeGeneral A uxiliary Enterprise Fee

TOTAL REVENUES

$1,826,009.15 118,585.40

622.00 57,931.44 108.139.18

2,111,287.17

EXPENDITURES:Contractual Services:General Repairs 17,418.53Maintenance Service Contracts 4,381.88Food Service Contracts I,748,695.30Electrical 47,838.74Water and Sevage 11,195.73Freight 34,55Allocation of ADP Service Coat 54.00Allocation of Physical Plant Coet 25,155.07Other 73.895.93 1,928,669.73

Suppllea :Food (241.61)Food Service Supplies 2,434.87Housekeeping and Maintenance 184.50Building Materials 595.60Electronic 260.12Other 733.37 3,966.85

Equipment:Draperies and Carpets 11,539.46Household 19,800.09Other 5.561.54 36,921.09

Current Charges and Obligations? Interest and Principal Paymentson Bonds 50,930.00

Local Service Charge 789,41 51,719.41TOTAL EXPENDITURES 2.021.277.06NET INCOME 90,010.09LESS APPROPRIATION:Reneval and Replacement Fund

UNAPPROPRIATED BALANCE

f90.0l0.09)

106

17-F

THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM MARY IN VIRGINIA

STATEMENT OF REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES - FOOD SERVICE For Year Endad June 3Q, 1978

REVENUES:Board Fee* - Students Shamrock System Duplicate Meal Tickets Debt FeeGeneral Auxiliary Enterprise Fee

TOTAL REVENUESEXPENDITURES:

Contractual Services;General RepairsMaintenance Service ContractsFood Service ContractsProfessional ServicesUtilitiesTravel - MileageFreightHighway and Bridge Repairs PrintingAllocation of Physical Plant Coat Other

Supplies:FoodOfficeHousekeeping and Maintenance Landscape Materials Other

Equipment ;OfficeHouseholdOther

Current Charges and Obligations:Dues and SubscriptionsInterest and Principal Payments on Bonds Local Service Charge

TOTAL EXPENDITURESNET LOSSPLUS APPROPRIATION:From Renewal and Replacement Fund

11,961.43 4,060.86

1,398,535.611,538.73 66,122.18

15.736.25

390.502,080.80

25,652.55 63.811.85

(67.82)285.90

3,047.27 518.33

______644.141,473.84875.65

34.246.5190.00

52,470.00767,48

$1,466,466.0090,914.90

222.0057,430.0232 .3 61 .0 0

1,574,176.51

4,427.82

36,596.20

53.327.48

1 , 6 4 7 , 3 9 3 . 9 2

1.668.528.01

(21,134.09;

21 ,1 34 .0 9

UNAPPROPRIATED BALANCE -0 -

107

THI CCHUCI QP VlLUAW AMD HAKT IN VIKClMtA w n a O f t h i n u iH H l

f l U l A M U V U . ¥1 v a s t * m MF e b r u a r y 1 2 , 1962

Mix* Jena D u sard Shamrock Food Service*T h e C a n o n *

Dear Jana;Charter Day tfctkiod, with President** Pay, Chancel lor a Ball Dedication,

President*• Council Dinner* the Convocation, and tha attendant reception* and luncheon** all tDgithcr make tha eort of big event that definitely require* a team effort to nek* everything work. That weekend everything worked exceedingly well* du* to the dedicated and conscientious effort* of * great many people* your*elf Included.

Among the many thing* you did* your effort* to eneura that the Prealdentn1 Day l w h * the President** Council Dinner, and the Honorary Degree Recipient*1 Luncheon vent a* smoothly a* they did, contributed greatly to creating a very plaaaant eat ting for our many guest*, and left t b v with a a n t favorable impression of the College.

1 would like to thank you, for myself, and cm behalf of the Board of Visitor* and the entire College family, for haying done such an excellent Job. Ha are glad you ere part of our team, her* at Vllllia and Hary.

Prealdi

TAG:1m

The College of William & Mary Interdepartmental Communication

To:M r, Pan L o o t, Shamrock System s D flte . 5/20/82

front: Cliai rtnasi, Cermcn cement

Subject:Ccunrnencement 1982

D an :Thank you for a job vell-doncl The events Shamrock catered for the

Conmencement Coimlttte were all done professionally and tastefully. 1 cannot imagine how you and the staff of Shamrock here at Villi an and Mary could have been any more helpful or could have provided any better service. The arrange­ments 1 requested were all provided and were all done extremely well. Yourability to handle the larger crouds than we had anticipated, your willingnessto help us out of a tight spot with the dance, all contributed to the greatsuccess of the weekend. You and your staff tnadc it look very easy indeed but I know how much effort went into both the production and the presentation of the food you served for us on four separate occasions. Please pass on my deepest appreciation to Marty, Jane, and threshers who contributed tothe success of the L9B2 Commencement activities-TV

_£anmel Sadlercc; Jim Armstrong David Charlton

r e c e i v e d‘"""l /.W KjMr 't-1 1962

m c iM 0f Mfll- ' tr EMlMMtsa

The Co i and23185i and Mary23185

3/11/52

Dear Bob,

On behalf of the Wellness Committee and personally; I'd like to thank you for all of the time, energy, and support you and Shamrock gave to the "Week of Wellness", The week of activities was a huge success and we feel very rewarded for our efforts. Many people gave so generously of their time which proved instrumental to our success. We are indebted to them all.

We were so very thrilled by all of the active involvement on the part of Shamrock, The nutritional information on the tables, the availability of a dieti­cian during meals, the "Wellness Buffet", calorie counts, special vegetarian subs and blender juice at the Nig, all contributed in large measure to our program. The Commons and the Wig are a wonderful way to reach a targe number of students. One week cannot do justice to such an all encompassing concept but we feel as though we have been successful in'raising student, staff, and community awareness to the importance of the collective "wellness1' of the body, mind, and spirit. We can only hope that this immediate impact will have a more far reaching effect and contribute to the development of a better life style.

If you would like to share your feelings about the various activities which Shamrock planned and implemented, your evaluation would be valued by our committee as we prepare for next year. Your input would be greatly appreciated.

Again, thank you for all of your assistance and support. I look forward to working with you in the future.

Sincerely and in good health,

Sue Pleasants "Wellness Committee"

Office of Residence Hall Life Telephone: (H04) ?5J Oil

2 S H H 9

] f i - n f 0 V LJ^

The College of William & Mary Interdepartmental Communication

To: Mr. Bobprt Bernhard Shamrock SvstetD

Z'AllA it d.i. . IfFrom; Dean of Students

J A N 3 7 1982

Sub/CCt: Proposed Soul Night - January 27, 1982 JJIMCTDR 0F AUJJtinfiT EhTtlWlSLi

Bo b :Friday afternoon, 1 talked with both Carroll Hardy and Beth Young

(President of the ESO) about the concern they have shared with you over the proposed Soul Night at the Commons on January 27th. 1 understand from themthat you have agreed not to play any form of special tnusic, have staff members dressed In any special attire, or present any other form of display. Their understanding is that the meal will now aimply feature traditionally Southern food and 1 know they feel somewhat relieved.

On the other hand, from my conversation with them, 1 know that there is still an underlying concern about the entire matter. They expressed to me their appreciation for your meeting with them and certainly in no way feel that you or your staff intended to propose a function which would be inappro­priate. On the other hand, they continue to feel that events such as Soul Night perpetuate a stereotype of the taste and Interest of Black people. As you know, Bob, it Is impossible to generalize about what Black people like to cat, what kind of music they enjoy hearing, or what they interests are yet our society continues to perpetuate images of them. An event like Soul Night, therefore, is seen as reflecting an insensitivity to their basic longing to be viewed As individual human belhgs, no different from any of the rest of us and each holding their cun preferences, interests, and particularities.

While I know that Soul Night was well-intentioned, frankly I would hope that we would rot sponsor such an event again in the future. It would be one thing to focus on Southern or 11hotnestyle" cooking and 1 know that Black students would in no way oppose such an evening. IE for some reason you and your stafffelt that you did want to sponsor some special event that might relate to Blackculture, I would urge you to fiTBt contact Carroll and the Black Students Organi­zation in order to seek their response and their full participation in the planning,

I will try to call you this week to see if there is any further way that I might be of help as you implement the evening you have planned on tha 27th and plan for the future. Knowing you an well as 1 do, Bob, 1 know how sensitive you are to these matters and I have reassured Carroll HaTdy and the students both about what 1 know your Intentions vere lti this matter and the level ofunderstanding you will have of their concerns In these matters.

Thank you for meeting with them a n d d : tie g o openly.

arauei Sadler

N U T R I T I O N A L G U I D E L I N E S TO PROMOTE WELLEEGS

1 . L l t t l a o r no a d d e d 3 s l t

d , M i n i m a l f a t i n t a k e . ( V e g e t a b l e o i l b e t t e r t h a n a n i m a l f a t ) .Two t a b l e s p o o n s o f f a t d a l l y i s a d e q u a t e f o r n u t r i t i o n a l n e e d s .

3 , M i n i m a l o r no r e f i n e d a u g a r , w h i t e f l o u r , r e f i n e d c e r e a l s .

4 , U s e a b u n d a n t n a t u r a l , c o m p l e x c a r b o h y d r a t e : w h o l e g r a i nc e r e a l s a n d b r e a d , p o t a t o e s , l e g u m e s .

5 , E a t no m a n u f a c t u r e d , p r e - p r e p a r e d f o o d .E a t no a r t i f i c i a l f o o d s u b s t i t u t e s .E e t no c h e m i c a l a d d i t i v e s ,

6 , Do n o t c v e r c o o k f r u i t s and v e g e t a b l e s . E a t r a w wh e n a p p r o p r i a t e .

7 , D e - e m p h a s i z e r e d m e a t . S u b s t i t u t e p o u l t r y , s e a f o o d o r h i g h p r o t e i n v e g e t a b l e s , n u t s and s e e d s , a n d / o r d a i r y p r o d u c t s .

8 , I n c r e a s e f i b e r : b r a n , whe a t g e r m , r a w f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s ,w h o l e g r a i n c e r e a l s a n d b r e a d s , l e g u m e s , n u t s a n d s e e d s .

RLCCMMENDED D A I L Y I U T A K E :

C o m p l e x c a r b o h y d r a t e - - 6 Q # o f d a i l y c a l o r i e sH i g h p r o t e i n f o o d s 30JC o f d a i l y c a l o r i e sF a t s a n d o i l s --------------------- 1 Ojf o f d a i l y c a l o r i e s

T h i s means f o r a 2 , 0 0 0 c a l o r i e d i e t , o n e s h o u l d e a t 1 , 2 0 0 c a l o r i e s f r o m i t e j p s ^ a n d 8 a b o v e , 6 t o 8 o u n c e s o f m e a t o r a p p r o p r i a t e h i g h p r o t e i n s u b s t i t u t e t o t e t a l 6 0 0 c a l o r i e s a n d t wo t a b l e s p o o n s o f b u t t e r , o i l c r s a l a d d r e s s i n g .

1 9 -A ( I )

1902-Food S e rv ic e R eview

The lis te d . C o n tra c to rs have e x p re s s e d an i n t e r e s t in p ro v id in g food s e rv ic e management to W i l l ia m and M a ry .

AHA FOOD SERVICES CO.7122 F lo rest H i l l A ve, Richmond, Va. 23225

C IN I-GRISSOM ASSOC. INC. 11325 Seven Locks fid . Potomac, h t l . 20B54

ENVXORNMENTAL HEALTH ASSOC, 6806 Chippewa D r.B a lt im o re , Md, 21200

EPICURE M3TT. SVCS. INC* P.O. D raw er 631-CSS Bock H i l l , S . C. 29730

GOURMET SVCS. ,ENC.10 M a r ie t t a Ttpwer #3610 A t la n t a , G a. 30303

MARRIOTT CORP.M a r r io t t D r iv e W ash in g to n , D.C. 20050

MORRISON’ S MCMT. SVCS. , INC . 430 W e llin g to n D r. C h a r lo t t e s v i l l e , V a . 22901

R. D . PRODUCTS, INC- V ic t o r , N . Y . 14564

SAGA CORP.7112 D a r lin g to n D r* B a lt im o re , Md, 21234

ALADDIN FOOD M 3W , SERVICES 21 A rm ory D r .W h e e lin g , W.Va. 26003

AMERICAN FOOD M StT.P . O. BOX 160 M a r s h a l l , Md . 65340

CLEAVES FOOD SVC. CORP.8405 Ramsey A ve.S i l v e r s p r in g , M l* 20910

Cu sto m m t r . o o r p *844 M a rk e t S t *K in g s to n , P a . 18704

OAKA5 L a k e s id e o f f i c e P k . W a k e f ie ld , M ass. 01880

HALLMARK MJ-fT. CORP.2375 E . M a in S t .Colurrbus, O h io 43209

MACKE CO.3302 C r o f t S t ,N o r f o lk , V a . 23513

SERVOMATICN CORP.803 G lo n e a g le s C t . B a lt im o r e , M i . 21204

THERAPEUTIC DIETARY SYSTEMS6 C u r t is s Parkw ayM iam i S p r in g s , F l a . 33166

iy a a )

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY

In t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n

Prom □avid C, Healy D o t* 5-4-77

To Food Service Committee Membera

S ufc jerr; Food Service

As a preliminary guideline you probably can eliminate the following firms from future consideration for the reasons noted:

1. Mark IV - Their financial corporate information indicates that they are in questionable financial condition. Furthermore, our account would represent a 207. increase in sales, I am not sure if they could adjust given their financial constraints.2. Saga - Besides their poor meeting with us, and the lack of professionalism Ln the report, there are some contract specifications with which the College simply would not comply, (Prepayment, $144,000 credit line, etc.)3. Macke - The two references I contacted were not very laudatory of the firm. Spokesman for both Case Western Reserve, and Matts fie Id State Indicated considerable dissatisfaction.

F u r t h e r n o t e s ;

1. Of the references I have contacted to date, Marriott, Cu3tom, and Servomation receive high marks. I've been unable, at this point, to contact Shamrock reierenc$E, The spokesman for Lake Forest College (Szabo contract) indicated they had good local managers, adequate food, bad merchandising, and poor corporate support (Sound familiar?).2. Servomationfe Plan II seems preferable on first review to Plan I.Fu'-ther, they are allowing higher yields on some sales than the specs detailed,3. ARA/Slaterra price quotes are subject to certain assumptions they know are perhaps faulty (payment of inherited personnel), and the quotes are, therefore, subject to further negotiation. They anticipate, however, no more than a 20i( increase, if any, for the final quote.

4. I think, after preliminary review, that the fee system should be avoided. It puts too mich constraint on the College, particularly during a high inflation period.5. Shamrock's quote does not apparently include cost of trash removal and extermination service. These costs were designated as attributable toto the contractor ln our "specs".

More later!

D G ll /p ao

19-A ( 1) j

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY

From L a v i d C, H e a l y

In t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n

D a i , 5-5-77

Ta Food Service Committee Members

S u b j e c t : Food Service Company References

Belov please find various quotes from each of the references 1 contacted by phone regarding the various food companies ln which we are interested:I , Company: SERTOMATION

A. College:Contact;Number of Boarders; Comments:

B. College;Contact;Number of Boarders:Comments;

11, Company;

A

SHAMROCK

College:Contact:Number of Boarders: CaDEDents:

B. College:Contact;Number of Boarders C o im n e n ta ;

East Carolina U n i v e r s i t yMr. Walnurlght, Business Manager500Some shortcomings - particularly in sanitation (although they maintain a N.C. "A" rating)Good corporate back-upGood attention to merchandisingWilling to invest and contribute far more thanthe contract r e q u ir e sGood quality food

Gettysburg College Mr* Hoffman, Business Director 900Have had Servomatlon for 25 years - rebid every 4 years - but never seen any reason to change Good quality food and menu Catering very goodCorporate back-up - particularly last two years very good Very good foodOverall: "Quite satisfactory"

X a v ie r U n iv e r s i t yMr. Stratmillerf Business Manager 900Very satisfactory Catering - outstanding Good ManagersCorporate support is very good Very reliable and "personable"

Bluffton CollegeMr. Amstutz, Business Manager500" C o u l d n ’ t b e much b e t t e r "Use a lot of students Great corporate support Good managers Food: very high quality

1 9 -A - ( 3 ) -h

Food Service Committee Members - 2 - ______ Hay 5, 1977

III* Company; ARA/Slater

A. C o lle g e :C o n ta c t:Number of Boarder*: Comments:

College:Contact:Number of Boarders: Concents;

N eka F o re a tMr* Holder, Controller13QG - all optionalWith Wake Forest for 10 yearsVery pleased*no reason to changeGood corporate back-upVery acceptable to suggested changeCatering is well doneOverall: "Much more than adequate"Richmond UniversityFeameter, Director of Student Services 1650Outstanding "A” ratingTook over a real "mess" and established an outstanding food service Food is excellent Catering ia excellentSanitation - Improving but still needs Improvement

IV. Company:

A.

SZABO

C o lle g e :C o n ta c t:Number of Boarders Comments;

B, College:Contact;Number of Boarders: Consents:

Lake Forest CollegeHr. Carlus* Business ManagerApproximately 800Used for 3 yearsUps and downs with serviceManagers are cop notchLack of imaginative corporate support - have had to pressure for better merchandising - no response Food is adequateConcordia CollegeEarl Brewer* Business ManagerA40 (all required)Outstanding local manager - who has bean veryco-operativeGood foodMerchandising problems - food committee meetsweekly to "push" Srabo on some matters, but localmanager is very responsibleGood catering - but not much demandWill continue contractOverall: "More than adequate"

Food Service Committee Members -3 Hay S. 1977

V. Company: MARRIOTTA, College:

Contact;Humber of Boarders: Conmentfi:

B, College:Contact:Humber of Boarders: Com m ents:

V I : Company: CUSTOMA, College:

Contact;Humber of Boarders: Comments:

B. College:Contract;Humber of Boarders: Comments;

George Washington Mr.Cathervood, Business Manager 1000 +Very pleased - board usage increased 101 ’’Beal flair to service1*Catering - very high quality Work veil with studentsInnovative merchandising - particularly cash operations Good corporate back upManagement present on tha floor all the timeGalleudet College Mr. Paul Name 1000Very good local managerA good contractor - sea no reason to change Bettor than most corporate support Some problems at one time with sanitation Good cateringOverall: "More than adequate"

Marshall University Mr* Morrist Student Director 2000Well pleasedt would like to retain {State of W* Va. wants them to rebid - they don't want to)Had ABA prior to that - dramatic improvement Central offices respond veil Extremely good with their employeesBridgewater StateHr* CMcarrell: Director of Administration1400•'Very good ,,, on the ball .,* no complaints" "Fantastic" corporate back-up Sanitation level la very high Good managersSmall site of firm does present sotoe problems - but nothing majorOverall; "Much more than adequate*1

W -A H ) - l]

Food S e r v ic e Cotranj t t e c Members__________ - 4- May 5 . 1977

VII, Company! MACKEA. College:

Contact:Number of Boarders: C e m e n ts :

Case Western Reserve Hr. Bettendorf 1000 +Big turnover in managersLeas-than-adequate corporate supportDimlshing servicesGood merchandising

NOTE: Case Western in reviewing its food services and will drop Macke.They had visited more than twenty colleges In their search foT a new contractor - and had considered Szabo until they visited W A K* They considered our operation a "disaster","worst they’d ever seen", "had food", etc*, etc. They dropped Szabo from any consideration,

Mansfield State Mr, Xelchum, Dean of Students 1000 +Poor management Insensltlvlty Generally die satisfied

B. College:Contact;Dumber of Boarders: Comments:

C O L L E G E O F W IL L IA M A N D M A R Y 1

i n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n

pT<tm D a v id G. Healy 9-28-76Director of Auxiliary Enterprises

7*4 Members of the Food Service Committee

S ubje ct: Food Services

I w ou ld l i k e to p ro v id e f o r the C o vsn ittee ’ s b e n e f i t some background In fo rm a t io n on our food c e rv ic e s * T h is in fo rm a t io n sh o u ld be b e n e f i c i a l to o u r ta s k o f a n a ly z in g th e food p rogram .

I, Food Service ContractorsThere are essentially five food service operations. available on campus (not Including the various fraternity and sorority food programs which are private functions): the Commons dining hall} the Wigwam cafeteria and snack bar} theHoi Polloi pub; the vending service, and the catering and banquet service. All of these operations are performed by outside contractors (with the exception of the H o i P o l lo i which is a cooperative venture between the Student Association and Crotty/Szabo).All of the services, with the exception of the vending program, are contracted to the Crotty/Szabo Corporation which is headquartered in Boston with regional offices in Wlnston<-8alem. The vending service is contracted to Ogden Food Services which has regional offices ln Norfolk. Crotty/Szabo (Stabo corporation recently acquired Crotty) had held the dining contract since the late 1940a, Ogden has held the vending contract since July 1, 1976,The Crotty/Szabo and Ogden contracts are attached for your confidential review.My particular feeling is that these contracts, particularly Crotty/Szaboft,are rather broad and unspecific in nature. To a certain degree such contracts have to be general, but the lack of specificity in the Crotty/Szabo contract has lead to problems of uncertainty as to responsibility and control between the two parties. On our own accord, and also at the advice of our food service consultant, we have insisted on greater detail in the contract. Hie results, however, have been less than desirable. It wae, for example, only this year that the College was provided food quality purchasing standards by Crotty/Szabo, and ve still lack a complete menu rotation schedule as part of the contract. A problem that must be addressed, therefore, regardless of the contractor, is the need for on improved contract agreement.The financial arrangements of the contracts are rather straightforward. In the vending contract, Ogden Food Services returns to us the indicated percentages of sales receipts. Similarlly, as noted, Crotty pays the College 6Z of the sales for all functions except the Uigwam and Hoi Polloi where 47. of the sales is returned. Both firms keep their records subject to our inspection.

Food S e r v ic e C onnlttee14 - A ( 4 ) - h

- 2 - Septem bnr 2 f l . 1 9 7 6

IIB Food Service FeesBoard fe e s a re e s s e n t ia l ly p r o p o s e d by C r o t ty /S z a b o c o rp o ra t io n which p re s e n ts th e p roposed fees to th e C o lle g e f o r a g re e m e n t. The C o lle g e and C ro tty /S z a b o th e n n e g o t ia te over any d i f f e r e n c e s , an d , once s e t t l e d , a c o n tra c t l a s ig n e d .This contract indicates the amount the College will pay Crotty/Szabo for each boarding student. (Boarding students pay the fees to the College which in turn pays Crotty. ) In addition, the College adds in Its fee to the students a charge to cover the College's overhead, funded depreciation, equipment purchase, and equipment repair costs. For 1976-77, these rates are per semester:

Payment to Charges toCrotty Students

21 Meal Plan $370 $38315 Meal plan $296 $30610 Meal Plan $216 $224There are, for the current semester: 1403 persons contracting the 21 mealplan; 324 persons with the 15 meal plan; and 90 with the 10 meal (Total: 1817), During the fall semester of 1975-76 there were: 1395 under the 21 meal plan;346 with the 15; and 46 with the 10 (Total: 1787),The board fees for HI 1 H a m and Mary when compared to other Institutions tend to be high:

20-21 Heal PlanInstitution Fee per Year

William and Mary $766Longwood $630Madison $568VPI $690 (1975-76)□DU $650Mary Washington $762Hampden-Sydney $700tIHC - Greensboro $590VMI $7SOThe p u rp o rte d reason, a c c o rd in g to C r o t ty /S z a b o , f o r th e h ig h fees a t W i l l ia m and M ary i s th a t because we do n o t fe e d t h a t many s tu d e n ts , C ro tty /S z a b o cannot b e n e f i t fro m economies o f s c a le . G iven th e ra n g e o f fe e s noted above, h ow ever, from e s s e n t ia l ly peer i n s t i t u t i o n s , we s h o u ld in v e s t ig a t e t h is r a t io n a le .

Ill, Facilities and Operations

The b a s ic agreement betw een C ro tty /S z a b o and th e C o lle g e re g a rd in g f a c i l i t y use is th a t th e C ollege p ro v id e s th e f a c i l i t i e s , fu r n is h in g s , equ ipm ent, and the r e p a ir th e r e o f , to C ro tty /S za b o . I n r e tu r n , C r o t ty /S z a b o o p e ra te s and m a in ta in s th e f a c i l i t i e s , fu rn is h In g a , and equ ip m en t. T h is im p l ie s , f o r exam ple, th a t a lth o u g h C ro tty /S z a b o operates and m a in ta in s (c le a n s , e t c . ) the k itc h e n equ ipm ent, th e

J " f l I 4 t - <■

Food S e rv ic e C o r w n l t t e e _______________ - 3 - _______________ Septem ber ZB, 1976

equipment is owned and repaired by the College, As Is often the case with outside contracts, this type of contract agreement can lead to problems over responsibility and accountability regarding use, lass, damage, and quality levels for maintenance.

As for the type of facilities, furnishings, and equipment presently provided by the College, there is no question that some are less than adequate. We have begun to correct this situation. For example, In the past year at College expense: the Conations has been painted; curtains have been provided for theCoomons; additional serving equipment has been provided; and the hoi Polloi floor has been refinished, in addition, the College has comnitmenta to provide new chairs and some new tables for the Commons (due in December or January), and provide utilities and space for a new trash compacter to be leased by Crotty, Further, there are plans or proposals for remodeling the Wig Breezeway, as well as refurbishing the Wigwam, Long range needs include new dishwashing and cooking equipment for the Commons.

Needless to say, such improvements require considerable euros of money. Given the self-supporting requirement of the food services as on auxiliary enterprise, and the relatively small amount of funds that can be generated, the needed improvements unfortunately will take considerable time. The approximate cost for the new chairs and tables, as an example, is $28,000,As fo r th e o p e ra t io n and m ain ten an ce o f th e f a c i l i t i e s by C r o t ty /S z a b o , some problems do e x is t . As we a re a l l a w a re , f o r e x a m p le , C ro tty /S z a b o can " la y - o u t " the f a c i l i t y &s i t sees f i t . (T h is r e s p o n s ib i l i t y has le a d to th e " m e d ie v a l- maze" t r a f f i c f lo w o f the Commons and th e VJigwam).

In a d d i t io n , C ro tty /S z a b o i s re s p o n s ib le for m a in te n a n c e and c le a n in g s ta n d a rd s .In my opinion, they have consistently been below standard. Our facilities are periodically subject to state health inspections, and we have consistently received demerits for a variety of reasons. State codes, however, are only minimum standards, and it is my feeling that we must continue to urge even more strongly for improved standards.Crotty/Szabo did agree about one year ago to increased standards, and they agreed to provide their own inspection reports to my office. To this date, we have received only one. Inspection has become a requisite by my office.

IV, Specific Concerns

In addition to the general information provided above, there are some brief, specific points of Information on the food services which are perhaps best enumerated fot your benefit:

1. Crotty/Szabo holds exclusive rights to operation of the banqueting services on campus. This service, as well as the Comnons operation, are, reportedly, their best profit centers. The Wigwam is, for Crotty, a loas operation.

Food S e r v ic e Com m ittee]9 -A {'■)-(!

-4- Septembcr 2 8 , 1976

2, Although the contract stipulates tha College should be consulted on price changes and food selection; our advice has not been ardently sought. At the Same time, incremental price changes have not been ao major as to warrant major action on our part.

3. A report on the food services was prepared by a professional consultant approximately one-and-a-half years ago. That report is on file ln my office

for your confidential review, its major concern, as Is mine, is a need for specificity in the contract.

4, Financially, for the College, operation of the food service program has been a marginal endeavor. During the 1975-76 year, the operation did not break even.5. The estimated maximum capacity of the Commons Is 2200 boarders. There are no sufficient funds available to expand the facility,6, The reporting mechon ft*ism between the College and Crotty/Szabo is primarily between the Food Services Director, and my office. At the same time, there is frequent contact between Mr. Carter and myself, and the regional vice president, Mr, Plante, and regional supervisor, Mr. McGowan, for Crotty/Szabo. Mr. 0*Doherty reports to Mr, McGowan.7. If the committee wishes to consider another contractor, the College is not confronted with a lack of supply. We are badgered constantly by salespersons for other contractors.3. The vending operation, although still going through an implementacion shake­down, presents no major managerial problems for the College,9, The vending "profits" are used by the students for various educational programs.10. The alcohol serving license is held by Crotty/Szabo, not the College.

V . C o n c lu s io n

Our g o a l and ta s k is to seek methods and means o f Im p ro v in g o u r food s e rv ic e s b o th in th e s h o rt ru n , in term s o f im proved d a y - to -d a y s e r v ic e s , and th e long ru n , in term s o f im proved c o n t r a c tu a l agreem ents and f a c i l i t y management. 1 t r u s t t h is p r e l im in a r y r e p o r t has p ro v id e d you a t le a s t some s u f f i c i e n t background d a ta w ith w h ich b e t t e r to ad d ress th e ta s k . Much o f th is in fo rm a t io n can b e , by i t s fo rm a t, o n ly b r i e f l y d e s c r ip t iv e . B u t, I am more th a n w i l l i n g to p ro v id e any a m p l i f ic a t io n o f th e in fo r m a t io n you may d e s i r e .

DCH/paoCC; Mr. William J, Carter, Vice President for Business Affairs

N A T I O N A L A S S O C I A T I O N OF C O L L E G E A N O U N I V E R S I T Y F O O D S E R V I C E S

January 14, 1977

Mrs. Carolyn Moseley Associate Dean of Students William and Mary College Williamsburg, Virginia 2J1E5Dear Mrs. Moseley:

I enjoyed meeting with you and your Committee, Thank you for your welcome and hospitality, 1 regret that my visit was during the period of finals when students were not as available to talk as otherwise and when some operations were closed, I would like an opportunity at some time in the future to meet with the students on your Dining Hall Advisory Committee.

1 will minimize my observations since we have already discussed them and they are generally s e l f - a p p a r e n t , and I will use them in support of recommendations where appropriate. From eating in the Dining Hall and talking to students, I judge the quality, presentation, and merchandising of the food to be average. The helpfulness and cheerfulness of the regular employees was slightly below average and almost no student employees were in evidence.The Food Service Director, Mr. O'Doherty, obviously works hard and does a sulendid job of public relations. This is an essential and important part of the management function of any food service operation, but of course should not be allowed to outweigh seTious disadvantages in quality or presentation of food.

The Dining Mall is essentially a good, efficient design but has been allowed to run down in decor and equipment over the years. I will divide my recommendations into four groups. The first group of recommendations should be accomplished regardless of the style of management adopted at William and Mary.I , General Recommendations

A. Ongoing Consulting AssistanceMany colleges retain or employ on a periodic basis

professional food service management consultants who evaluate their food services, make recommendations for change, and assist top management in implementing those changes. An

ongoing consultant can become familiar with the particular problems of a college and food service and yet offer an outside perspective and bring professional knowledge to the task of advising. There are individuals and firms that make their living exclusively from this area of endeavor; for example, Ted Minor, retired Food Service Director fTOm Duke University or John Amacker, former Assistant Food Service Director at the University of Virginia.B . My second recommendation is that Will lam and Mary join the National Association of College and University Food ’Servi ccs. " “

This Association is made up primarily of colleges and universities who operate their own food service, but membership is available to allschools that are interested in improving their food service* Members are assisted by receiving publications and professional journals, attending seminars, and periodic regional and national conferences,I have found that members of this Association have given unselfishly in time and expertise to fellow members to help them solve problems in food service.C. Necessary Equipment Changes

The most urgent equipment needs are for changes that would allow your food service to take advantage of a concept that is about 20 years old but has come into widespread use in the last ten years; that is, the use of convenience foods. Convenience foods is a term that can be applied to any food that is close to the condition in which it is served. For example, 20 years ago many large food services made their own mayonnaise. Now, it is unheard of and food services universally buy mayonnaise and other such products. Recently this concept has been applied to every area of food service with available frozen entrees [main dishes) available from reputable manufacturers. To improve the general quality of food served in the William and Mary Dining Hall, only convenience foods from these manufacturers should be purchased. These convenience foods are in general of superior quality and consistency when presented to the student. They are certainly superior to foods prepared in the average kitchen from scratch of which William and Mary is fairly typical.

The second and overriding reason to equip for this style of service is that it can drastically lower labor costs. This is particularly important in the WilliamsbuTg area because it can lower the necessary skill levels of Cooks and Bakers; therefore, both eliminating the high cost of these skilled employees and the competition with Colonial Williamsburg for these employees. With convenience foods, increased percentages of lower paid employees and student employees can be used in food service operations.

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Two changes are essential before convenience foods can be used to a large enough extent at William and Mary to effect operations. One is the construction o£ a large freezer. One of 500 to 1000 square feet would be required. Possible locations in the basement of the Dining Hall for this freezer are the areas labeled in the original blueprint as dry storeroom,employee cafeteria and future dry storeroom.The best location depends on underfloor plumbing and drain lines in each of these locations. The best functional location is that labeled the dry storeroom on the original blueprints .

The second necessary change to effectively use convenience foods is the installation of adequate ovens. Convection ovens are recommended, since they provide maximum heating space per floor space occupied. Presently, there is one rotating oven capable of accepting seven 18" x 26" baking pans. This would accommodate hopefully 14 12" x 20" pans of convenience food. The original bluenrints of the kitchen show a 7-pan rotating oven and a space beside it for a future rotating oven whichhas never been purchased. Eight convection ovens could be easily fitted into this space providing cooking facilities for 80 pans of convenience foods.

Another obvious need is that of a new dishwashing system. After studying it, I would not recommend a change in location of the dishwashers, but a more moder n machine o f the Adamation type as we have at Madison College. Because of your layout you could take full advantage of conveyor movement of trays, the operation could be much quieter, save considerable labor, and yield tremendous amounts of space in the present dishwasher area for the storage area of clean dishes, silverware, and trays.

Next in priority, I would consider replacing some of the compartmented steamers with high pressure steamers which are capable of cooking frozen vegetables very quickly in small batches and yielding a better product than the present steamers. I would also recommend the adoption of tilting braising pans replacing the flat top ranges or located else­where in the kitchen. Further equipment recommendations would need more detailed study as well as careful study of menus. Mr. 0*Doherty has promised me copies of a cycle of menus, but 1 have not yet received them.D. Changes in Decor

Some changes in the environment of the customer would be helpful to help him enjoy his dining experience. As soon as possible carpeting should be considered for the dining area. One factor that contributes to noise is not only the design of the chairs, but the fact that the floor seems abrasive due to sand carried in on the feet of students who have walked over

1M-A

- A -the long sandy approaches to the Dining Hall- If these walks could be replaced with permanent material* such as bricks or concrete, and shortcuts are prevented bv appropriate shrubbery, this would be helpful in maintaining a better surface in the Dining Hall and reducing n o i s e if carpet cannot immediately be installed. Also important psychologically to any diner, even though it may be subconscious in its effect, are the dishes, glassware, and silver with which and on which food is served. An immediate change to china is recommended. China is more sanitary, can be moTe easily cleaned and dried, and certainly would enhance the presentation of food. Plastic glasses should not be tolerated, particularly in such small sixes. I noted that students were taking 3, 4, o r 5 of these small glasses, whereas a larger glass might be given to the student on the cafeteria line which he could refill from beverage stations in the dining room. If extra makeshift cafeteria lines cannot be eliminated, I would suggest that they be made attractive by the purchase of permanent mobile equipment that is design coordinated to blend with the surroundings and other pieces of equipment. I feel, however, that these extra serving lines could be eliminated- At Madison we have fed in excess of 4,600 students through four lines. Typical choices are preplated and placed under heat lamps during rush hours.All possible food stuffs that a student selects himself are dispersed mostly into the dining room areas with a salad bar, beverage station, and milk station being completely away from the serving lines. If these steps could be followed at William and Mary, two lines should be more than adequate for the numbers served. Of course, ccnsideration should be given to extended serving hours when considering these changes.E. I recommend that the College accept a stabilization of

the Dining Hall population at or near its current level.With a seating of 504 for a population of 1,300 compared

to 1,390 for a population of 4,500, the capacities of the dining hall at William and Mary in terms of seats per customer have been stretched beyond that of Madison College, Quick calculation reveals approximately three and one-half uses for each seat, which is really stretching capacities to the maximum. The basic preparation space is adequate to support a much larger population but limitations in kitchen space and dining space preclude expanding the population base. Doing so, would require very expensive building programs which I presume are beyond the available resources of the College at the present time.

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F . C o n t r o l S y s t e m

1 recommend that the College investigate the adoption of an electronic control system such as Validine or Identicard, Control devices could be placed at the ends of passageways Just before the student enters the dining h a l l . These control devices could speed up the movement of the lines as well as yield control data to the food service and to the College. Another benefit of these systems is the availability of optional meal plans such as any 12 out of 21 meals with electronic devices automatically keeping track of meals eaten. Even if the present manual checking system in makeshift extra lines is retained, the checking station should be moved to the end of the hall.Then, students may move directly into the dining area after being checked and make their choice of the style of service or line.G. Reduced Emphasis on Catering

I recommend that Catering activities be de-emphasized if judged practical and political in the William and Mary environment. There is a possibility that Catering activities distract management from their essential tasks of feeding students. There is also a possibility that highly skilled cooks and bakers are being maintained to provide for the few occasions during the year when their level of achievement is needed foT catering functions,Perhaps the college should allow caterers from the community to provide services in college buildings on occasion and should consider employing caterers or restaurants from Colonial Williamsburg for part of their catering service.1 presume this would improve community relations as well as removing the necessity of food service maintaining a group of highly skilled expensive cooks and bakers to support this area of endeavor.

As a long range plan, I recommend that consideration be given to building or renovating an existing building for a combination restaurant with meeting rooms in the same building for in-house catering. There are many interior design firms specializing in the design of public spaces that can serve very well for a luncheon trade and as a student gathering place in the evenings in the same Toom. Meeting rooms adjacent to the kitchen of this combination facility would allow small group college catering to be done on a routine basis with much higher efficiency than at present and without disrupting essential contract student feeding. Examples of the types of events that might be held in these rooms would be sorority meetings, faculty-student dinner meetings, Board of Visitors or Directors meetings, and other events of this type.

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II. Provision of Meals Tor Athletes1 recommend that since the area where meals are

provided for the training table for athletes is makeshift and could well be used as basic production space that athletes be served in the Main Dining Hall* It has long been recognized by nutritionists and is beginning to be recognized by coaches that high protein intake is not essential to athletic endeavors. More than necessary protein is available in the average college diet. High carbohydrate is now recommended and is Teadily available from the regular menu, Pre*game meals could still be provided since these are usually not during regular hours of service and would not conflict with other dining hall use. Since the quality of athletic meals has been universally praised, I recommend that it be adopted as the standard for meals provided to all food service customers and the necessary adjustments in board rates be made if necessary.I . Student Labor

As a last recommendation, I u T g e the increased use of student labor. Student laborers can be valuable in that they are intelligent, easily trained, and responsive to management. They can work when needed and are not on the payroll during vacation and summer periods. At Madison College, with a beginning wage rate of $1.90 per hour, over SOt of our production man hours are supplied by students.I believe this contributes substantially to our overall efficiency.

II. Recommendations for Specific Short Term OptionsA. College-Operated Food Service

I believe it is desirable for the college to move into the area of self-operated food service as soon as practical.Of course, the overriding reason foT this change is financial. The present catering company is deriving an income of at least 4% and up to Dt of the gross revenue. With a self-operated food service, all of this money would stay on campus for improved equipment, reduction in the board rate, improved food, or profits to be diverted some other area where needed on campus. Self-operation would also eliminate the possibility of rebates paid by suppliers to soitiecontract dining companies which are paid to central ofices and not recognized in the profit and loss accounting procedure presented to the College. Any rebates would be paid directly to the college or taken as reduced costs on food items purchased. Independent operation allows the college to select a manager who wants to work in this particular field and in the local area. He can give

1fJ -A ( 3 ) - r

-7 -undivided loyalty to the college and expect to serve for an extended period of time if this service is satisfactory. Tor example, I think an independent college employed food manager would have recognized deficiencies in the William and Mary Dining Hall long ago and brought these to the attention of management where they would have been corrected since all college management can work as a team under the self-operated concept, A good college employed manager could benefit the college by running concessions operations and vending operations at no additional cost to the college*

The timing of this move should be as follows: completionof all necessary planning at once. Beginning in the second semester of the 1976-77 school y e a T , purchase of equipment necessary to support a convenience food concept, a freezer, and convection ovens. These would best be installed in the Summer of 1977. Approximately January 1* 1978, application should be made to the State Personnel Department to establish the necessary positions to operate food service. At this time a budget should be developed and charges for board established. As soon as the position is established, a director of food service should be selected and employed.

I recommend retention of the present company for an additional year, since the disruption caused by employing a new company could seriously reducethe quality of the food and service offered. I would, however, renegotiate the contract as outlined in Section C.B . Operation by a Director as a Sin 2 l i s_ Account Catering

Company.I recommend that if collegemanagement feels they cannot

at the present time make necessary changes in equipment and philosophy to operate food service that rather than employing an established contract company, the college recruit a food service director. This individual could then operate the food service as an independent company. This would effect substantial savings over the cost of employing a major food service company. An administrative fee could be paid to the individual which would be less than half of that presently paid and still compensate him very adequately. Employing an individual would give the college better control since this would be his only account, and if he was satisfactory a long period of service could be guaranteed. Large food service contracting firms routinely move their good managers and directors on about a three year basis. This prevents the development of divided loyalty between the company and the college.

I<>-A ( S) -h* 8 *

Completely open and honest accounting could be established. The college with assistance from a continued consultant and NACUFS could establish board rates that would be as low as possible but preclude the possibility of losing money. I would recommend that to maximize incentive for an optimum profitability level of St, a bonus be paid of 201 of the fourth, fifth, and sixth percentage points of profit afteT all expenses are paid. I would in addition as incentive to improve the quality of food and service recommend paying a bonus of 2% of the revenues from all voluntary contracts.These two bonus plans would give the individual who operated this company a tangible financial reward for achieving a reasonable profit goal for the college and inspire him to improve the quality of the dining service to attract more voluntary customers.C* Management by Major Catering Company

If for some reason the College feels it is essential to select an established food service contractor, I recommend the following parameters be established. One, that the firm pay the true expenses of operating the building. The present rate of 61 seems rather low. Many restaurants who operate in rented premises pay 12 1/2% of their revenue for the space, equipment, and utilities. A contracting firm should pay for equipment in the following manner. A capital inventory should be established listing each piece of equipment with its original price, date of acquisition* and expected life. Sources exist; for example, the Internal Revenue Service where lives have been assigned to most types of equipment. Annually, this equipment should be depreciated with the depreciated value serving as a basis for fire insurance. The amount of depreciation should be included in each year's budget as an operating expense. The food service company should be, with approval of the College, allowed to spend up to this amount for new equipment which would then belong to the College. The College could make additional purchases of equipment with the operating firm sharing in the expense through this depreciation formula,

All maintenance performed for food service should be charged on an hourly basis. This would provide an incentive for the contractor to maintain equipment in good operating condition through a preventitive maintenance program and generally better treatment. If the firm felt that it was more economical to employ full time mechanics to perform this maintenance, it would be their option. With the increased cost of electricity, natural gas, coal, and oil used to generate steam, it is reasonable that meters should be installed to

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measure the use of these utilities in the contracting firm charged accordingly. Naturally, charges should be made for services provided such as garbage collection, police protection, and grounds care should be charged on a pro-rated cost basis.

These recommendations would naturally hold true for an individual company operated as outlined above. A negotiated contract with the existing or new m a j o r contracting firm should provide for open and complete accounting. All wage rates should be continuously provided to the college with changes on a monthly basis. Payrolls showing hours worked should be provided monthly. A report of the number of meals served should be rendered weekly. A monthly report should be made to the College, giving a breakdown of Taw food costs, revenue, labor costs, and supply costs with division at least into the areas of dining hall,student center, food service, pub, and catering.

As an incentive to optimize the profit level at 51, I would recommend profit sharing with a firm in the following manner. Of the first percentage of profit, 201 to the company and 804 to the college- Of the second percentage of profit, 40% to the firm and 604 to the College. Of the third percentage, 604 to the firm and 404 to the College. Of the fourth percentage, 604 to the firm and 201 to the College.Of the fifth percentage, 1004 to the firm* Of the Sixthpercentage, 804 to the firm and 201 to the College. Of the seventh percentage, 604 to the firm and 405 to the College.Of the eighth percentage, 404 to the firm and 6D4 to the College, Of the ninth percentage, 205 to the firm and 804 to the College. Of the tenth and all above, 1004 to the College.

Contractual assurances should be insisted upon by which no rebates would be paid to the contracting firm by suppliers, even to the extent of providing for substantial cash penalties in lieu of damages, if this occurs.

In conclusion, I hope these thoughts will be helpful to you. I am available if you wish further visits, additional information, or advice. 1 am available as a paid consultant to your architects, if they desiremy services in equipment layout and specification writing.

Thank you for the opportunity to visit your Campus, I remain,Yours trulv.

D./tjRIFFlN itwr Direct

ROBERT D/MflFFIN Food Servitwr Director

WILLIAMSBURG 23185

THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA(804)229 3000

O F F ( C i O F T H E D E A N O f S T U D E N T S

June 8, 1977

Hr. Kenneth E. Smith, Jr,Associate Dean of Students

for Activities and Organizations Campus CenterCollege of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

Dear Ken:

Hallelujah I The final decision has been reached and SHAMROCK has been awarded the contract for the College’s food service for the coming year. Yon will be pleased to know that the selection was virtually unanimous, making the anticipated Improvement even easier to achieve.

Along with this letter, I am including several enclosures for your information so that, whether or not you participated in the food company Interviews and the concluding deliberations of the Cotnaittee, you may be updated on the completion of our assigned task.

And now, I wish to thank you wholeheartedly for your work -- effort, time, interest -- and your concern -- cooperation, faithfulness, congeniality -- as a member of the Food Service Liaison Consult tee this year. We were charged with a difficult undertaking, and the group tackled it with determination, patience, and dedication. I can assure you that, in my experience on conmitteea here, your diligence has been unmatched and your commitment unexcelled. 1 am grateful to you for your service and for your contribution to the achievement of the purpose and goal of the Commit tee. Congratulations on a Job exceptionally well done I

Most cordially yours,

CM: spCarolyn Moseley Associate Dean of Students

Enclosures

Chartered in 1003

i n t \ _uucgL vj vvtuiutn c r i v t i i i y

Interdeparhticntal Communication- ---------------- (ffrS i'----------------------------- ••---------------- — :----------rrarn; Will ism J. Carter^ h~s Date: June 7t 1977To: Dean Carolyn L, ri>tdoleySubject. y00d Service Commit Lee

It appears that the decision to accept the recommendation of the Food Service Consult Lee to award the new contract to Shamrock System of Atlanta, Georgia, has been received very well by most everyone concerned* As you know, the decision was very difficult, given the quality of the alternatives available. I think all of us are firmly convinced that this decision will bring new quality to our food service program and to overall student living conditions at the College, Certainly this is a primary goal for the Joint efforts of the offices of Business Affairs and Student Affairs,

In view of Llie major preparation work for the decision, a large part of the credit for this decision must be given to you and your committee. I am sure that none of us realized the enormity of the task when the committee was formed as an advisory body to this office more than a year ago. The sincere resolve of yourself and the members of the committee in totally addressing your respon­sibility has been outstanding, and you have made the final decision far easier and less controversial* Based an travel and time invested to see first-hand the food services at comparable colleges and to study the reports of the three consultants, I have placed the utmost confidence In the recommendation of the committee.Now, we must concern ourselves with implementing the decision. This summer will find much of David Healy*a and my time centered on assuring a successful transition to the new program, 1 hope that you and several me cabers of the committee will be available for advice during this transition. As you know, one of the most important decisions to be made now is the appointment of a Food Service Director. David Healy and I plan to seek Ihe advice of the comaittee, as we consult with the management of Shamrock, who mist make the final decision. We ace also planning for the committee to continue to serve as the chief advisory body on a continuing basis for the food service program.Thank you and each member of the comnittee for the extraordinary Job you have done. 1 have never witnessed a more dedicated or responsible ccnmittee and I know this opinion is shared by many members of the College Community, I hope you will feel free to share this memo in thanking the members of your committee.Carolyn, I also want to thank you personally for your work as Chairman* I, like so many others, am bo very sorry to see you leaving Mil Ham and Mary,Your impressive work in chairing this committee has been a good example but is only one of the many lasting contributions you have made to the student living conditions at the College.WJC/bbcc: President Thomas A. Graves, Jr.

Dean W, Eanuel Sadler Dean James C, Livingston Mr* David G. Healy

rnAri lCHId I 1.11( IH.I I ( i l o r WILLIAM AMD MARY

U l i It 1 U I K wr< t i l i l S I D t . N T I 1)11 H l l i l M SS A H - A l k S

U'JLLJAMSJHJKG, V IR G IN IA

2n - t : ( n

May 31, 1977

Mr, James F, Armstrong, President Sham ro ck S y s t e m3375 Northeast Expressway, Suite 169 Atlanta, GA 3G341

Dear Jim:As we discussed in our telephone conversation, I am pleased to inform you that the College's food service contract will be awarded to Shamrock System, effective no later than August 21, 1977, As you are aware, we have arrived at this decision after long and careful consideration by many members of the College comnunity. Al­though the decision has been difficult, your flra was the virtually unanimous choice of those consulted.

He are naturally pleased to award this contract to Shamrock, but 1 am sure you share with u» some concern as to the challenges confronting both the College and your firm In providing a new food service program. We are confident of your organization1 a ability to tcieet the program needs ve have entrusted with you, We realize that the new program will require considerable and Immediate effort for both parties, and we aland ready to assist you in every way.

Immediate concerns are, of course, the final terms of the contract, the selection of the director, and the Implementation of the transition program. As you know,David Healy is your organization's primary contact on these mat ter a, and I am sure that representatives of your firm and he will begin work almost immediately. I am aval labia, of course, to meet with you at any time, and I would suggest a meeting here In the near future to ensure full agreement and the most effective communication in planning for the Immediate future. We are not asking that Phil O'Doherty receive any preferential treatment in the selection of a director, but we are encouraging him to apply for the position. Of course, it will be essential for the final selec­tion of the director to be a mutually agreeable one.

We look forward to the vigorous and enthusiastic approach you personally demonstrated in your meetings at the College, the challenges are considerable. The consensus of the Food Service Consult tee throughout their deliberations was that a better, more innovative and responsive food service program of higher quality could be provided at a lower cost. David Healy and I concur with that consensus. Certainly, we have resolved the cost Issue, It is now up to us, and Shamrock System particularly, to prove that we can meet all of the basic objectives reasonably expected.

'Hr, Jm-ufl F. Amntrotij ( 2 ) 2 0 - c ; ( 2 ) Mn y 3 1 , 1 9 7 7

Ve uplcom; you to Lhe College of UiLMnm and Itiry and pledge our personal support to you end the Shearnek orccnijjation for the difficult but promising year ahead of ua»

Vllllam J* CarterVico President for TJuaincaa Affalra

VJC! rrebCC; President Tltomaa A, Graven, Jr*

Ur* D avid 0, llanlyHSO: J)ean Carolyn L, Moseley

l

~J C O LLE G E O F W IL L IA M A N D MARY f 1)

I n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n

From Carolyn Moseley Datt May 25, 1977

T’p Vice President Carter

SiJBjttT; Supplementary Report from the Food. Service Liaison Committee

Now that the final conferences have been held with the three food service companies recommended by the Committee (+ Saabo), the Food Service Liaison Committee has selected the following order of preference for the company to be awarded the contract for the College's food service for 1977-76:

1. SHAMROCK(unanimous vote of the members present)

2. Servomatlon3 . M a r r io t t

(One member reversed the order of choice between rf's 2 and 3*)

Once again, Crotty-Szabo presented tfO reasonable or convincing argument for further consideration,

When you visited the Committee yesterday afternoon, at its request, you must have been impressed by the enthusiasm of the Committee as a whole for Shamrock as the top preference for the College's food service contractor. In the preliminary consideration of the nine companies to be Interviewed, the Committee members assumed that Shamrock was probably too small and the first vifiit was more or less a courtesy to the company. The personnel team quickly gained the attention of the Committee and convinced the members, then and throughout the remaining deliberations concluding yesterday afternoon, that Shamrock was clearly the first and beat choice for the William and Mary food service.

The Coimittee weighed very carefully the size of the company and the resulting limitations in corporate management personnel, but each presentation of information from the company decidedly convinced the Comnlttee that Shamrock has the most promising possibility for the College to achieve its goal of a better quality of food at equal or lower cost and on a continuing high level basis. Further, the Cotnnittee expects that, In time, Shamrock will enable the College to point with pride to its food service operation and to regard it as a means of enhancing the educational experience of the student body and, indeed, of the campus cormunlty.

Supplementary Report from the Food Service Liaison CommitteePage 2May 25, 1977

Perhaps It would be helpful to you to have the following summary of the Committee's conclusions regarding the selection of Shamrock:

1. Impression of honesty -- moat straightforward, dependable company2. Desire to please William and Mary so very evident, giving promise

of steadfast concern -- small site an advantage -- keeping our interest at heart -- sincere effort to make this operation an "exhibit” of their service (or, to use your phrase, a "flagship")

3. Thorough, business-like approach -- responsive to the needs of this campus — the supplementary proposal of the "Master Plan" presented yesterday

4. Obvious concern for company personnel — employee morale5. Commitment to sanitation and personal cleanliness

6. Anticipation of going "out of the way11 to accommodate students at "special" times such as examinations, holiday periods

7. Realistic price -- protecting assurance of high quality merchandiseB, Dedication to continuing improvement9, Taking own Initiative in the operation of the service — actively

engaging in their own goal settingID, Direct lint of communication between the involved administration

on campus and the corporate management in Atlanta

After a year of hard work, serious consideration, and sincere concern, the Committee is proud and confident in presenting you with this concluding recommendation related to the food service contract, fully expecting that It will contribute to our original charge to affect the optimum Improvement In the food service at reasonable cost.

CM:sp Associate Dean of Students

C I I A I l T l l l l E D 1 1 1 *

i (35.1.I t-I or WII LIAM ASH MAKV v n i t - i i > i m i v n t . r m m i u n t

I ( l i t MC. ' - i i rJ l K S A J J - A l k S

Wll.LIAMSLiUlUj, VI K O IM A JMSS

70-H (1)

June 6, 1977

Mr* David Hass —Camp D e e r V a l l e y Route 1Fort Hill, Pennsylvania 155AODear Dave;1 am sorry I ccaild not be more responsive to your telephone queries of Tuesday afternoon but I am sure you understand vhy I was obliged to be reticent at that point. 1 am pleased to inform you now that, after considerable discussion and deliberation, I have agreed with the almost unanimous recommendation of those In­volved in the review process that the contract be awarded to Shamrock System of Atlanta, Georgia.Shamrock has been chosen for a variety of reasons. Their quoted rate for the board plan, for example, will jenable us to charge a board fee $30 less than we would have been required to charge if Szabo had been retained. This cost difference will be reflected in the student billing for the fall, and will enable us to have only a IX increase In the board rate for 1977-78, This small increase la gratifying for two reasons. On the one hand, although the fee will increase only 17., the new contract specifications call for considerably Improved quantities and qualities of food. We have therefore been able to achieve our objective of an Improved food service program at * more attractive coat. In addition, this 1% actual increase is considerably below the 5% projected Increase which was tentatively agreed to by the Board of Visitors at their March meeting.Cost, however, was not the only determinant in choosing Shamrock, I firmly be­lieve that this new organization will bring a new concern for quality and innova­tiveness to our program. These traits of the firm should impact beneficially on the operation of the Pub, which I know is a particular concern of yours. Although the contract has not yet been signed, and although Shamrock will not officially take over until August 20, David Healy and a team of Shamrock representatives will be at work throughout the summer on the new program. I would suggest you contact him as soon as possible regarding your desires for the operation of the Pub, Weare as concerned as you regarding the development of the Rub, and 1 an sureMr. Healy and yourself, working together, will realize a dramatically improved |]oi Polloi under the auspices of Shamrock System.We are very enthusiastic about Shamrock and we are certain that you will be too.It was a very difficult decision. However, I concur fully with all of us involvedin the process that the interests of the College are beat served by this neededchange. Thank you for your timely and affective expression of support and for your interest regarding the food service program. We will work together to see that our objectives for the new program are met.

, David Hubs - 1 - ( 2 ) June ti, i ' j f f

If you have tiny questions on this matter, please let Dave or me know, I look for­ward to working with you again in the fall. In the meantime, you have my host wishes for a good summer.

WJC/bb

cc: president Thomaa A, Graves, Jr,Dean W. Samuel Sadler Mr. David C. Healy

^ ' D c a n Carolyn L. Moseley Dean Kenneth E* Smith

WilliamWilliam J . fcnvterVice President for Business Affaire

I

21-1

J F * E M L ( f - Q N G

r jt

August IQ, J9 77

Mr, William J. Carter Vice President for Business Affairs The College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 23185Dear Mr* Carter:This Is to cerLify the fact tliot Shamrock System, Inc. guarantees the contract between The College of William and Mary in Virginia

' ‘ " Service, Inc. dated

Sincerely

JFArmm

53?s N G f t r n E A i r t i P R E i s ^ t v s u n t j s s c i o p h e i a j o j m i p h o n i i + o i h « s

ACRLf.MLNT hCTWLFN I’ll! COl.LitJf; OF WILLIAM ANJ) MAHT IN VIRGINIA ? \ - \ >

AND lillAMHtiLK Lot >11 8CK V in .S , I N C . . RH1 RktWlStON OF FOOD SCRVICCS

Because the College nf William nod Mary in Virginia (hereinafter cited Q3 "Col lege1') desires La ptovidc its sLudcnts, faculty, and staff with nourishing, palatable Loud served in an appealing atmosphere, andBecause the Shamrock Food Services, Inc, (hereinafter cited as "Shamrock") lid a the organization and capability to provide such a food service program:The two parties for and in consideration of the mutual covenantu herein contained mutually agree:

I , Term of Agreement

This agreement is to he effective beginning August 10, 1977, and extending through August 9, 1980, The agreement may be cancelled by cither party with or without cause upon ninety (90) days1 written notice to the other. The agreement will be annually reviewed far any and all mutually agreed changes to the agreement, (Rates will be reviewed on such an annual basis and will be adjusted, if mutually agreed, to reflect changes),

II. Grant

The College grants Shamrock the right to provide manual food cervices for students, faculty, staff, and visitors upon the College premises. Shamrock, in turn, agrees tn provide nourishing, palatable food in accordance with the specifications of the College as presented in the attached addendum to the contract, or as may he mutually agreed. College also grants Shamrock the right to serve beer, but no other alcoholic beverages, at places and Limus designated by the College,III, Operational Responsibilities

1, Shamrock shall be responsible for the following:a. Hie cost of foodb. Maintain an adequate supply of chinawarc, glassware, small

pots and pans, and silverware, and wilt replace all such Items lost, broken or stolen. (Plus furnishing of complete glass glassware inventory by January 1, 19 78). It is understood that final title to all such supplies is to the College and y,that Shamrock will turn over ail such supplies to the Col leg^^Aif and when this agreement is rescinded, excluding entering equip

c. Maintenance and repair of office equipment as supplied by the College (desks, chairs, and files arc provided by the College).

d. Cost of labor (wage,1:, salaries, etc.), labor relations, and fringe benefits.

e. Management salaries and fringe benefitsf. Laundry, paper, kitchen supplies, etc.g. Janitorial suppliesh. Telephone expenses1. Comple te in s u r a n c e cov er ag eJ. C e n t r a l i z e d p u r c h a s i n g o t food and s u p p l i e s , d i s c o u n ts are to

be c r e d i t e d to each o p e r a t i o n

III. Operational Rcsprmsibl lities (Continued) 71-1

k, Personnel and training department31. Research and development (equipment, food and supplies) m. Menu planning by professional dietitians n. Teat kitchens and recipeso> Training managers and, when transferred, expenses until

permanently settled p, Financial reportingq. Legal and professional advice r, Subscriptions and donations, generale . Field audita to cheek daily records and controlst. Periodic visits by officers of the companyu. Monthly financial reports providing both monthly and year-to-

date information v. Garbage and trash removalw. Pest control servicex. Custodial up-keep of all facilities to standards satisfactory

to regulatory agencies atid the quality requirements of the College

y. All Federal, Stats, and Local, licenses, permits, and fees required for the operation of the food service program

2, The College shall be responsible for the following:a. Provision of adequate kitchen storage, service and dining

facilities, equipped and ready to operate, together with such heat, refrigeration, and utilities services as may be required •

b. Painting and redecorating of food service facilities when deemed necessary by the College.

c. Repairs and maintenance of kitchen and dining room equipmentd. Replacement of equipment which is determined to be no longer

satisfactorily serviceable as determined by the College »e„ Collection and billing of payments for students subscribing to

the board plan *IV. Personnel Responsibilities

1. Shamrock agrea3 to;Grant the College the right to approve the employment by Shamrock of its Food Service Director.Insure that management personnel are on premises during all hours of operation.Outfit, at its own expense, all of its ctrployees in proper and mutually acceptable food service uniforms.Have physical examinations performed annually at its expense for all food-handling employees. The examination will include TB test, chest X-ray, stool culture, and VDRL.Employ such number of College students as in the contrac tor1G discretion and judgment are necessary and who are in need of employment. The students1 need of employment shall be determined by the Director of Financial Aid of the College, and these selected candidates shall be recommended to the contractor for employment. The students employed shall p e r f o r m accessary kitchen and dining help functions and shall be employed for a

b.

c.d.

e ,

i

Personnel R c s p o n n I b i l i t ! o s (C ontinued)

total compensation package consisting of any combination of allowance of free board, atid/or direct reimbursement, and/or direct wage payments at a rate at least equal to the legal minimum wage (presently $2.30 per hour). The contractor shall have the right to discharge any student employee if the service of the student is unsatisfactory or unnecessary.

f. Be prepared to offer the right of first refusal employment to those employees of the present contractor who have more than five years' satisfactory service. Due to the longevityof the contract maintained by the College's present contractor, many non-management food service employees have provided long and valuable service to the College, The College will not overlook the contribution of these employees. Once hired, these employees shall become subject to the personnel policies of Shamrock,

g. Certify itself as an Equal Opportunity Employer having a declared policy on non-discrimination, and both partiesto this agreement, covenant that they will take affirmative action to maintain and promote non-discrimination as to race, color, religion, national origin, sex or a ge i n a l l phases of employment, including use of facilities, in accordance with law,

2, Shamrock and the College agree to:a. Respect existing employment contracts. Shamrock and College

agree that for a period beginning the date of this contract and extending two years after the termination of this agree­ment, neither party will hire or attempt to hire any employee of the other party, where the primary duties as a result of said employment significantly involve the food service program to be provided by Shamrock under this agreement, without prior consent.

Inventories and Equipment ReturnShamrock agrees to:1. Purchase from the present contractor the existing inventories of

food and supplies o£ usable quality, unless the present contractor should choose to remove the food supplies rather than to sell them. The price paid shall be equal to that price paid by the current contractor,

2. Purchase and pay for all food products and related supplies. Shamrock, during the term of the agreement will retain ownership of all food and related supply inventory for which it has paid.In the event of termination of services by Shamrock, College agrees to purchase (or have purchased by successor company), Shamrock's inventory of such food and supplies, the price to be the price paid by Shamrock for such food and supplies. An exception to this

21-5V , 1 n v e n t n r t us and Equ ip m en t Re T u r n (Co i l t i n n e d )

agreement is (.lie purchase of expendable kitchen equipment (chinauavc, glassware, small pots and pons, trays, anil silver­ware) (see item in-1-b). For such items, Shamrock will utilize the original inventory of such equipment provided by the College, and, in addition, purchase and pay for all itccis required to maintain an adequate supply of such material*A l l Mich eq u ip m en t s h a l l bo the p r o p e r t y o f th e C o l l e g e , and w i l l bo r e t a i n e d by th e C o l le g e i n the e v e n t o f t e r m i n a t io n o f s e r v ic e s by S h am ro ck , e x c lu d in g c a t e r i n g e q u ip m en t.

3. Return to the College at the expiration of the agreement the food service promises and all equipment furnished by the College in the condition In which It was received, except for ordinary wear and tear, and except to the extent that said premises may have been lost or damaged by fire, flood, or other such unavoidable occurrence, and except to the extent that said equipment may have been stolen by persons other than employees of Shamrock without negligence on the part of Shamrock or its employees*

V I . I nsurance Requirements1, Shamrock agrees to provide certification of the following coverage;

a* Workmen's Compensation - Statutory limits of liabilityb. Employer's Liability, including Occupational Disease Employer's

Liability, $100,000 minimumc. Comprehensive General Liability Insurance

(1) Bodily injury liability: $ 300,000$3,000,000

(2) Property damage liability: $ 50,000$ 100,000

d. Food product and Premise Liability( 1 ) Food P ro d u c t: $ 300,000

$5,000,000 $ 200 ,000

2* Waiver of Subrogation:College and Shamrock agree that in the event the facilities utilized by Shamrock or their contents are damaged or destroyed or use of the premises is lost, by fire, extended coverage, sprinkler leakage, or other insured casualty, the rights, if any, of either party against the other with respect to such damage or destruction are waived for loss or damage arising out of any insured peril up to but not in excess of the amount reimbursable from the insuror, and that all policies of lire, extended coverage, sprinkler leakage or other insurance covering the demised premises or its contents shall contain a clause or endorsement providing in substance that the insurance shall nut be prejudiced if the assured have waived right of lecovorage from any person or persons prior to the date and time of loss or damage a n y .

per person per occurrence per accident per aggregate

per person per occurrence per person

- J -

V I * Insurance PcrgijlrcmEinCB (C o n t in u e d )2 1 -6

V I I *

C

3. Hold Harmless Clause:Shamrock agrees to protect, save harmless, defend, and indemnify the College as a result of bodily injury, including personal injury, to any person including students and employees of Shamrock, and for damages to any property, real or personal, including loss of use, arising out of the operations of Shamrock as vithin the tenets of this agreement, and arising out of actions of Shamrock, its agents, servants, and employees,

A, Compliance w ith Law:

Shamrock agrees to comply fully with all state, local and federal health regulations, and to provide, where needed, all licenses and permits.

Financial Requirements

1, It is understood and a g r e e d that the regulations set forth in the College catalogue relating to students eating in the College Consnons will apply.

2, College agrees to collect from each student such board charges a* may be established and to pay Shamrock normally in ten days, but not to exceed twenty-five days, of weekly billing period*The College will furnish Shamrock a list of students entitled to receive residence meal service, and the College will advise Shamrock weekly as to additions and deletions to the list.Students entitled to receive resident meal service will be provided by the College with adequate Identifications so that Shamrock will be able to identify students entitled to resident maal service.

3, Shamrock agrees to pay College rent equal to six percent (671) of net sales fTOm the: (1) Student Contract Board Plan (2) Casual Meal Sales in the Caisaons (3) All Special Function and Catered meals. Shamrock further agrees to pay rent equal to four percent (4Z) of net sales at the Wigwam and Old Wigwam (lloi Pollol), For the purpose of this agreement Net Sales means Cross Sales less sales tax, where such taxes are applicable. Shamrock agrees to pay such rental payments monthly to the College within twenty-five (23) days of the end of the monthly billing period.

A. Shamrock is entitled to retain annually, if earned, an amountequal to three percent (37.) of total net annual sales (as defined in VII -3) from all operations at the College for cost of its administration and supervision. Shamrock is also entitled to retain annually, if earned, an additional five percent (5X) of total net annual sales from all operations as its profit allowance. Any receipts in excess of those annual allowances if earned, on a consolidated basis including the operations of the Commons,Hoi Pollci, Wigwam, and Special Functions will be returned to the College within thirty (30) days of the end of each contract year,

5, Shamrock agrees to keep accurate and complete: records of all transactions and all monies it receives in connection with the operation of the food service, and to make available to the College*

“ U -

j? 1 -7V I I * F i n a n c ia l Hr<in i. rrtncints ( C o n t in u e d )

or its agent, the contractor's bonks of account, all invoice expenses to the Operator, and other records at any reasonable time for the purpose of auditing the periodic statements to be rendered by tlio Contractor to the College, as provided, and to credit the College for all trade, cash and quantity discounts, and advertising allowances where taken. Such records shaLl be retained and available for two years. Also, the contractor's purchasing department shall make available to the College upon request, all national and local negotiated price information,

6. Shamrock agrees to provide the College with profit and lossstatements within a reasonable time, not to exceed 2D days,following the close of each month. These statements shall show profit and loss for each of the four separate operations (Commons, Hoi Polloi, Yligwam, Special Functions),

7. That under no circumstances shall Shamrock cater special functions or provide special program meals for which the price charged docs not fully cover the cost of operation,

8, That all prices for cash operations are subject to mutual agree­ment between the College and Shamrock,

9, The student contract board plan payments by the College to Shamrock for this agreement are;

20 meal plan: $372 per student per semester15 meal plan: $296 per student per semester10 meal plan: $216 per student per semester

(All rates, for billing purposes, are pro-rated upon a weekly basis)C a s u a l m eal s a l e s : $1,60 - b r e a k f a s t

$1,90 - lunch $2.15 - dinner

VIII. SanitationShamrock will be responsible for all cleaning and housekeeping in the manual food preparation, service, and storage areas,Shamrock will also be responsible for cleaning of tables, chairs, and floors (buffing, waxing, sweeping) in manual food service areas. The College has the right to inspect the premises at any time, and to require compliance with the College's accepted standards of custodial upkeep.

IX, Miscellaneous Tenets

1. S e v e r a b i l i t y r

In the event any portion of this agreement shall be adjudged in­valid or unenforceable, such adjudication shall in no manner affect the other portions of this agreement, which shall remain of full force and effect, as if the portion so adjudged invalid or un­enforceable were not originally a part thereof.

^ 2. Entire Agreement:The terms and conditions of this agreement, as sot forth herein, constitute the entire contract and agreement between the parties. No

I X , M is c e l la n e o u s T r : i ji ts (C o n t in u e d )

representations or promises other tlian as set forth between the parties, and each party jtlima that in entering into this agreement it has relied on no promises or representations other than those expressly set forth herein. No amendments to this agreement, verbal or otherwise, shall be of any force or binding effect upon cither party, unless first duly approved, confirmed and ratified by Shamrock and College in writing.

3, Time of Essence;

Time Is of the essence in this agreement,

4. Non-Waiver:No delay or failure by Shamrock to exercise any right herein or to Insist upon strict compliance with the terms and provisions hereof shall con­stitute a waiver of any right thereafter to Insist upon strict compliance with this agreement.

5, Virginia Law;This agreement shall be construed In accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

6. Notice:All noticest demands and other communications required or permitted herein shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if delivered or mailed (by certified first class mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid), to the parties at the following address or to such other address as either nay hereafter designate in writing,

a. Shamrock; 3375 Northeast ExpresswaySuite 169Atlanta, Georgia 30341

b . College: Director of Auxiliary EnterprisesCollege of William and Mary in Virginia Williamsburg, Virginia 23105

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have executed this agreement in duplicate this ( 0 - ^ day of L i k 19 t ' J ,

SHAMROCK FOOD SERVICE, INC. THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY IN VIRGINIA

BY aTITLE:

BY:TITLE:

ADDENDUM2 \ - 1)

As noted in Section II, the minimal requirements of the College board program a r c :

1* Shamrock agrees to*a. Provide 20 meals per week during the period the College is

In session, Monday through Saturday, breakfast, lunch and dinner, nnd, on Sunday, brunch and dinner.

b. Offer a minimum of three board plans;(1) 20-menl plan (required of all resident freshman by the College)(2) 15-meal plan (student may select any meal)(3) 10-mcal plan (student may select any meal)

c. Offer a minimum of one special or festive event meal each month (Christmas feast, spring cock-out, Easter banquet, etc.)

d. Provide steak at least once every two weeks (minimum standard: one 6 os. choice, top butt steak par student)

e. Provide seconds on all food stuffs except for steak, shrimp, and quality cuts of roast beef.

f. Provide no re-constftuced food stuffs or any meats with additives or extenders.

g. Offer the following menu schedule:(1) Breakfast

Assorted fruit juices, including fresh frozen orange JuiceAssorted fruits, including one freshAssorted cereals, including one hotChoice of two entrees with eggs always availableB r e a k fa s t m eat d a i l yP o ta to t h r e e tim e s p e r w eekAssorted pastries, minimum of two choicesToast, butterAssorted beverages, including hot chocolate; whole, skim, and

chocolate milk; coffee and tea Selection of carbonated beverages Condimentb as listed

(2) Lunch SoupChoice of two or more entrees and sandwich table Choice of two vegetables, including potato or substitute Choice of five salads, Including one vegetable, one fruit, one protein (other than cottage cheese), and other; at least four of these salads must be different each meal.

Choice of five desserts, including ice cream, one fresh fruit, one canned fruit, one pastry or baked dessert, and others. The selection of fresh and canned fruit shall vary.

Assorted bread and butterAssorted beverages, including whole, skim and chocolate milk,

coffee and tea Selection of carbonated beverages Condiments as listed

ADOnmUM (C o n t in u e d ) ? 1 - i n

(3) PinnerSoup or other appetizerChoice of two or more entrees, Including one whole (solid) meat Choice of three vegetables, including potato or substitute Choice of five salads ... (same as lunch)Choice of five desserts including ice crcnm, one fresh fruit, one canned fruit, one pastry (pie, tart, turnover, etc.) and others. The selection of fresh and canned fruit shall vary

Assorted breads, rolls and specialty breads, such as biscuits, nuffins, etc., and butter

Assorted beverages, including whole, skim and chocolate milk, coffee and tea

Selection of catbonated beverages Condiments as listed

(4) Sunday Brunch’ Choice of four fruits, including two freshAssorted fruit juices, including fresh frozen orange Juice Assorted cereals, including one hotChoice of two breakfast entrees with eggs always availableOne luncheon-type entreeOne dinner-type entreeBreakfast meat, minimum of two choicesToast; butterAssorted beverages, including hot chocolate; whole, skim, and

chocolate milk; coffee and tea Selection of carbonated beverages Condiments as listed

( 5 ) Sunday D in n e r

Choice of two or more entrees, one of which must be baked chicken, roast beef or steak

(Other specifications, same as regular dinners)

Condiment Selection:

Minimum condiment selection required, right to make changes or additions.

The College reserves the

Breakfast:SyrupsJam or Preserves JellyApple B u t te r Raisins

Brown SugarHoneyB u t te rCinnamonCatsup

Lunch;Peanut Butter Jam o r Preserves JellyApple Butter

Salad Dressings (minimum of four choices - choice should vary)

Onions, relish, tartar sauce - as needed

- 3 -2 1 - 1 1

ADDENDUM (C u n t in n e d )

Condiment Selection:Lunch (Gontitiutid) *

CroutonsHayonaiseCatsupLight and Dark Mustard

D in n e r :Peanut Butter Jam or Freserves JellyApple Butter Croutons

* Mayonnaise CatsupLight and Dark Mustard

Assorted crackers and salttnes ButterCrated cheese, hot peppers, soy

sauce and other appropriate condiments - as needed

ButterOnions, tartar sauce, cocktail

sauce, etc., as appropriate Salad Dressings (minimum of four

choices - choices should vary)

I 22

President Thomas A. Graves, Jr . August 21, 1930

HU I ian J. Carter

I have just roturned from rxy annual v is i t to Atlanta to review with Jim Armstrong and his colleagues a t Shamrock the food service operations a t William and Mary over the past year and plans fo r the coming year.

The 1979-30 College year was a success fo r both Shamrock and W illiam and llary. The confidence of the Food Service Committee in recorinencitng renewal of our three-year contract with Shamrock, a f te r care fu l review o f th e ir performance in the Commons, the the Pub, and in Catering Operationswas certa in ly reassuring to n-j, I hope you have tho same general impression.

In discussing the strengths And weaknesses of Shamrock’s performance, I discussed with Jim Armstrong and his s ta f f your concerns cn the shortcomings In Catering and in the VJigvfan and Pub operations. David Charlton is working closely with San Sadler, Jack 'lorgart, Ervin Farmer and Jchn Bond to elim inatethe problems you brought to ry attention about the l-f1g, the Pub and theCampus Center in general.

Jim Armstrong and his s ta f f have assured ne of t h e i r renewed best o f fe r ts in correcting the shortcomings In catering operations and have shared with ere some of th e ir nest g ra t ify ing commendations during the past yea r , t thought you night l ike to see these for reassuring evidence. In add ition ,Jim shared with re a l is t in g of the accomplishments c f Shamrock over she past throe years and the August 1 £30 edition of the Commons Comments, which may be useful Information.

I am pleased and reassured that the Shamrock organizaticn understands cur expectations at William and I'ary for the coming year in a l l areas: theCo'non s, the Wig, the Pub end especially in Cater inn , which has been theweakest d iv is io n , as you knew. Tt w i l l be in te resting to see how these rededicated e f fo rts result in actual performance.

I am confident that Student A f fa irs , Business A f fa irs and Shamrock w il l be working closely with the Food Service Committee to ensure that there 1s convincing evidence of an e f fe c t iv e , professional re lationsh ip in food service operations at William and Mary fo r the coming year. You have our promise!

W ill 1am J. CarterVice President fo r Business A f fa irs

c c : tJjcan Sam Sadler -Coen Jack Morgan •Mr. David ii, Charlton J i r . James F, Armstrong

EnclosuresJiSO: KM/TAG j T " W u n c

A S E L F - S T U D Y

of

T H E C O L L E G E OF W I L L I A M A N D M A R Y

I N V I R G I N I A

Williamsburg, Virginia

A p r i l , 1 9 6 4 .

Ah an rdueat iu;iu 1 i n s t i t u t io n cuufjrious ttf I t s pub lic responsi­b i l i t i e s , r. 1 Lf1 College stumis ready t u provide leadership and f. oopri a- t ion, i;; it bus in tilt1 past, ill lilt' development o f needed rrg ional services. I t ti-ors nut fo l low , however, that the Cnllrgbd iriust nr slmuLd (■tin: inuu IriLlfi'iji i t r ] y to admin in te r such services once they have Leon developed. As die; tluLlcgc brought the Norfolk anil Riclunond di v is im:; to tiit? point where they might In? made imlcjhctident s I t stands ready to eel i 11 :ju Ish iiMi'h services when they car adequately be performed by other in s t i tu t io n s and agencies in tti'.' urea. These regional s e rv le ts cannot L-e allowed to overshadow nr ili't fiint Irani the i u M iiajnEJjs t a 1 H-ha rHt’t [Jr of 1 lit- fib] legs? as p r im a r i ly a res I di'in i a 1 college of l ib e ra l a r ts anil s t i - cnees, This function Is i t s d is t in c t iv e service to the ConTTujnwca] th of Virg in ia and to the nation, a f'um'tiun which the College cannot, cumpru- ml se,

Tu make t i l ls n in tr ibut 1 url and to nrh ievt a i-ondit J (ill u f Cxcf’l l ftlnr ircaHured by nat iona l a La til La r'ds , thb= f n] ] b'jjf must maintain a fa c u lty wM;:h understands the nature ot l ib e r a l cdu< at inn and which i t s e l f en- hililts the highest q u a l i t ie s u f scholarship and teaching both in 1 I Li- i’ral and specia l d js r lp l iucs ; i t riui.H f ibt t ra c t a ['(iKinupo 1 1 1 ao student body able enough and properly prepared to benefit from Such an ebhira- tion; I t must have resources in l ib r a r y , laboratories , anil o ther phys­ical f a c i l i t i e s cummer) surat e w ith excel 1 d ice; I t imiet i ix tLie- s.iv.e oi' the College, in terms of numbers as r e la t e ! 1o s[iace and orgnu lzut ional structure , so as to permit recogn it ion o f the in d iv id u a l , an indispens­able crmd i t Ion n f libE-ra] odurfltlorii and i t must c u l t iv a t i - a c lim ate of opinion, an in t e l l e c tu a l atmosphere, conducive to the attainm ent uf Its purposes.

A Ehoposed Statement

We bel i eve that a romp rebel is I vt? statement o f the C o lle g e 's pur­pose and aims, condensing the s p i r i t o f tlie fur-egoing dIscu^siun but ri>nmlated In terms suitab le f o r p u b lica t ion in the catalogue, w i l l be useful in several ways. By d e f in in g tlie objectives oi the Co llege , i t w il l help to fu r th e r undf-rst anti lug and cooperat i on urt tlie p a r t u f a l l concerned w ith the educational e n te rp r is e . I t v iL l c la r i f y the [magi' of the College In the eyes o f prospect ive students, t h e i r paren ts , anil the public g en e ra l ly . I t w i l l serve as a guide and rt'fertuu-E' point in the future development of the College and as a standard by whii h per­formance can be measured and the relevance of current and proposed a c t iv i t ie s evaluated.

The S teering Committee th e re fo re recommends that the fo l lo w in g statement o f purpose arid aims be approved as the o f f I d a ] eduoat i unal policy o f the College:

The Colluge o f W i l l jam and Mary is a coeducational and r e s id e n t ia l co llege u f l ib e r a l a r ts and eoienuOH,I t s primary purpose is to educate men and women whose p a r t ic u la r Indiv idual s k i l l s and a b i l i t i e s w i l l d e r iv e meaning from a brnad v is io n o f the good l i f e and the

;V-Hid s o c ie ty . I i ) i e p u rsu it ■ i f his rnl t un>, o'! icving t l i . i t r i.' r i a l ilb'pnul:-- lii> ■ range, the ltd ill'll L H i lit u soil 1 Li li s i c [J i sc i jj I in possess a me am 1 rE>a I ize t Lie i r 1 1 si hi o ( . H i vi :ss :11 st r-l-.fi l n i f i i i bind ere ,tt ; v til at jib’t cun i a I I '■the idea I n f ex \jl t brute ly vnr: in 1 hi; l i l t 1 ill where c.uj.iL . u \ values by l "■ .Hi'l1

Within tl.r ubd I untune i ■(!■.: ■ , ond graduate J'j r tlie s p e d ul e l . ' ■ t ty o f c a re i ' in does not a11h'.nf11 a l l men, I t c . areas wlu'i'i1 by . f s pa r t I c u 1 a r 1 > of the h in liost i r.turlies in the ii-i 1 m:e the rir ■■ p ruJunt £■ utuili: l ILJI h is to r y , th matics.

TO ai'( ■ lrir11. t iun o f t:n<pis’ i - l : n1 a i n a J i i . ■: 1 h; 11 o r s I: I 0.. i :.l ip l in is ; '.j t l c I1: uHJ4 Il .'1 r" 1an cduca[iuu;I tb o r a to r i i 's , n;rat v w ith im eand i t s oj’gun :. i l r e o f 11 a r»cognitic?n o:I ha H f « o f theatrmsphfTo (cin

gotul Fior'iety, Libera] education is concerned with the pursuit u f t ru th : tru th about t h e nature ol man,bis c u ltu re , anil the universe in which h e H v h r . D e ■ -

t ii'ving t i n t < he r ii-lu'.Ht fu l f i l lm e n t di human puten- r i a l depends open th is pursuit of iru t l i i 11 i t s iu i i range, t h" (.'idle;;!' attempts tu guide a i l n i i t s sfn- d r n t s in tu 5 nine understanding <>F i-mls oi t h e great Lasdi' d i &[■![) 1 i U L - S L'jf human learn ing , ( J u l y tliofte who possess a measure* u f such m iderEbanding can hope t u rea lize t h e i r f u l le s t humanity and tu become respon­sib le r i 1 i zi'iis in a complex world. Therefore the Col­lege serfs f <j fustier amutig i ts students a s p ir i t uf I re t and c r e a t i v e inquiry i n t o t l i e f u n d a m e n t a l q u e s t i n n s that pf r'tiui j a 11 y challenge man. I t s t r iv e s to uphold t h e i d e a l o f e x c e l 1 nice a n d t r u t h as t h e only s t a n d a i ' d u l t i m a t e l y worthy o f free men. I t e n d e a v o r s t o provide in the l i f e of the College community ati environment where c a p a b l e y o u n g men and women w i l l learn t h e s e v a l u e s by example and e x p e r i e n c e a s well a s by p r e c e p t ,

W i t h i n t He* c o n t e x t and n n the* b a s i s o f a l i b e r a l rx'id bi ini . jue e d u c a t i o n , I h e C o l l e g e o f f e r s u m i e r g r a d u a l e and g r a d u i i L L ' p r u g r a m s t i e s i g n e d t u p r s ' p a r c s t u d e n t s w i t h t h e s p e c i a l s k i l l s ar id k n o w l e d g e n e c e s s a r y f u r a v a r i ­e t y u i c a r e e r s i n t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y w o r l d . T h e C o l l e g e * do es n o t a t t e m p t t o p r o v i d e t r a i n i n g o f a i l k i n d s - f o r a l l me r i . I t 1' u n e C I l f j a t cs i t s e f f o r t s , r a t h e r , o n t h o s e u r e a s w h c i e by i l s t r a d i t i o n s ant i s p e c i a l r e su o r r e s i t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m p e t e n t i n o f f e r e t hic i t . i o n a l p r o g r a m s u f t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t y . B e s i d e s Huivat i i 'cd u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s i n t h e l i b e r a l a i t s a n d s c i e n c e s , t h e s e a r e a s i n c l u d e t h e p r o f e s s i f j n . i l F i e-] eIs o f Taw a n d t e a c h i n g a n d g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s i n s e v e r a l d j e r l p ! i u c s , n o t a b l y A m e r i - fHn h i s t o r y , 1 l ie p h y s i c a l ami I i f fj - h c i LTii ' t 'S , a n d m a t h e ­m a t i c s .

To accomplish i ts purpose o f providing an educa­tion Ehf umjiial I f led excellence, the -College seeks to maintain a facu lty which cxf 1 i I :■ i t- s the h ighest q u a l i t ie s of s thoiarship ami teaching both in l ib e r a l and special d is c ip l ln e s ; to a t t r a c t a eusmopolIt an student body able enough and properly prepnreil to b e n e f i t from such Vi education; to maintain resources in i t s l ib r a r y . Laboratories, and other physical f a c i l i t i e s t’oimnLnsu- rate w ith excel lencEj ; tu design its physical campus and I ts organ iza tiona l s tru c tu re , in r e la t io n to the * l i e uf f ta student body, so as to permit th(- fu l le s t recognition u f the in d iv id u a l ; and to c u l t iv a tp , in the l i f e o f the College cofflnunity, an In te l le c tu a l atmosphere conducive to the attainm ert uf I t s purposes.

IM Jin

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‘.’ n .'J 'IN T U f i ; AND I V T iV d T 'fF tif I ' lA f t AC. 11 V IT U S

S e v e r a l blEd. id J r C J E ef ! N t u d C J i t t i l e Lind H i ' t I v i t [ L'fi o u t H i d e tlie.1 f o i -nml a c a d e m i c p r o g i - o m e i i m p r i s <> t n g i ' l h r ' r w i t h t h a t p r o g r a m [ ] i tJ w t m [ ( ‘ I ' t l . H ' j t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e n j a r r i - i d i T i t i a l E - d l e g o , T h e s e a r e a s net* ( I ) s t u d e n t l i v i n g iTinHl i t i o l i h - - 111 >=.;:■! i I ij; , i oo i i i - c c v J L'l'H s 1111 a 1 t h id l id m e d i c a l c a r e , a n d r t ' c r t ' n t j<iTia I f .jc.- : t I t f k ; U J d i hit- i p l i n e hue! s t u d e n t g o v s ' r n - inciit:; [ 1 J I n s t i t L i t i u n a l r o t a t i o n s b e t w e e n s t u d e n t s and t h e t r i l l i - g c - - t r i c i r o r i c u t a t i o n , t h e h E T ' p j n g u l r u c d i r i l f i , S c h o l a r s h i p ; j J d , S t u d e n t e m p l o y m e n t , p l a c e m e n t s e r v i c e s , a n d a i u n ^ i i a f f a i r s ; l l<) i n t h t c h j I 1 e g i - n t r a t h l e t i c s ; Find f h ) m l t u f a ] <jinl r c c r e a t i n i m l n p p u r t u n i t i e s F i f U r - fdl th r f > i j j >h p a h H c a t i n n s , p s ' H u r m i i i j i g r o u p s , w i n ' l a ] a r g a n i / . i t t I l u i s , a n d t h e l i k e .

T h i s C o l l e g e h a s n t " p r o g r u F r t ” ‘ i n d n[ l u v e r - a l l mlm Eji [ s t m t i v c e j t - ^ i i ] ) i / . a t [o i l f u r t l i i ' i t a r e a s . T h e y a r e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s u f v a r i o u s idjji -did ■ i tf ±s Find n i ' f i t ' F ' H Ei f t l i e a dm 1 ] i i s t rid t i e m , t h e l a i - u l t y , a n d t h e s t u - 1 n n t 5 t h e m s e l v e s . T h e m a i n t e i i j r i d - e an i l upci 'ddl juei o f b u i 3 1] i i ; gs m i d t h e ]■ iddiil M d ig h i J n o s t f u n d s j i t f u n c t i o n s o i t l i s 3 b u r s a r ' s o f f i c e , w h i c h a l s o aupi r v i S i ' S t h e r ipe f r i t i t i n l :y he: i n d e p e n d e n t c u n t r a t t u r o f t l i e Fu nd s c r v -i ' . e s . S t u d e n t p e r s o n n e l c u L m i n i s i r a t lijei j s s u c h i s h r a i l e d by t l i e d e a n t i i s t u d e n t s (vliLd i t a l s u t h e r e g i s t r a r ) an t i i n c l u d e s t h e i l eut is u i mi'n a n d women w i t h t h e i r . - i n s i s t a n t s , I l i e c o l l e g e p h y s i c i a n , anr i t h e eMte'c. - L u r oi ' c l h i j i s H i n g . M a t t e r s o f s t u d e n t a i e ! , eni j i l u y m e n t , s c h o l a r s h i p s , hue] p 1 ;i c e the'd d t H i e b u n d l e d tdy a d i r e c t o r o f s t u d e n t id i d heieI p 1 a c e m e n t - I n t e r e o I 1 e g Eatt> a t h l e t i c s f a [ ] u n d e r a d i r e c t o r u f a t h l e t i c s , a m i i n - t j Eddriufdi] a t h l e t i c s u m l e r t h e d e p a r t m e n t s n f p h y . s i e i i l c h u i - a t i o n . Some g r o u p s , s u c h a s i h e W i l l i a m a n d M a r y T h e a t e r , a r e U r g s ' l y i J j i l E i p e n d c n t , V a r i o u s f a t u i t y and s f u r l e T i t e u j nm i r L es-s n r r j t h e r a g e n c i f.^ u r F j i n v o l v e d En m u s t a r e a s c i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r a s a d v i s o r y b u E i l e s .

A l t h o u g h f h e C o l l e g e h a s m i o f f i c i a l p o l i c y o n s t u i h m t I i f" ej a n d ( x - t i - a i T i r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t I ' l 'nm t h e c a t a l o g i n ' i s ^ f a i r iuEl i c n t i idi i u f t h e a t t i t u d e w h i c h t hs' C o] l e g o [ m e n d s tE-w;nt i t h e w h o l e m a t t e r :

" A s t h e C o l l e g e i s c h i e f l y a r e s i d e n t c o l l e g e , H t u i t e n t s a n d f a c u l t y c o m p r i s e a c l o s e l y k n i t c o n w m i n i t y i n w h i c h e x t r a ­c u r r i c u l a r a n d s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s p l a y a t E i n s i d f r a h l c r o l e i n t h e c u l t u r a l a n d I n t e l l e c t u a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e I p e I I - v i d u a ] , T h e i n f o r m a l r e l a t i o n s h i p hetwx' -ei i t c a u h e r a n d s t u - i l o n t s e r v e s t o e n e E i u r a g o t l i e p r o c e s s o f l i v i n g a n d l e a r n i n g t o g e t h e r . T h e C o l l e g e b e l i e v e s t h a t o n e o f i t s m a j o r p u r ­p o s e s shorn I d h e t o i n c u l c a t e b y m e a n s Eif i h e s e v e r a l p h a s e s o f c o l l e g e l i f e t l i e i d e a l s u f s c ] f - r e s p o n s i b i l i t y idiid goEid campus c it iz e n s h ip .N

This a t t i tu d e is reasonabl e and apprnpriat e fo r this follegt-1 anil it's s p ir i t provides a c r i t e r in i i fnr mefliuir mg Ikim well the College mrr-tB in fart i t s rcspojisibi ] I t i e s to Its students in ttsr several extracur­r icu lar areas which are examined below.

1. Student Living Conditions

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M o s t u n d c r g r a d u a t cih , e x c e p t t h o s e c o m i n g d o i l y f r o m t h e i r hcimes , arc? r e q u i r e d t o l i v e i n s h e r e s i l i e n c e h a l l s . Sen i n r m e n . w i t h t h e p e r - m i s H i n n u t t h e d e a r cif m e n , may r e s i d e i n a p p r o v e d o f f - c a m p u s h o u s i n g , R r r i e d u t u d e s i t H may n n t t i v e i n r e s i d e n c e h a l l s . G r a d u a t e a n d l a w s t u d e n t s n c - H n a l l y make t h e i r own l i v i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s . T h e r e s i d e n c e b o l l s , i n c l u d i n g d o r m i t o r i e s , s o r o r i l y h o u s e s , an d f r a t e r n i t y l o d g e s s r e d e s c r i b e d i n the s e c t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t d e a l i n g w i t h p h y s i c a l p l a n t . I f i f ' o m v i t i o n a s to p r i c e r a n g e s , p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , a n d p l a n n e d r a p a ­c i t y a n d a c t u a l t e n a n c y w i l l a l s o b e f o u n d t h e r e .

Only a few oE the residence h a l ls fo r men .Justify the catalogue claim that "At W ill iam and Mary, residence l i f e is p a r t i c u la r ly a t ­t r a c t iv e ." The newest men’ s dormitory, Yates H a l l , has separate lounges and study rooms w ith Individual cubicles on cat’ll f lo o r and a retreat irvn room. Yet there are complaints tha t , though of modem con­s truction , i t is in s u f f ic ie n t ly suund-insitla trd. Bryan, Ca«m, Madison, and M tith l la l ls , relat iv e ly new un its o f more t r a d i t io n a l design and construct!tin, are a t t r a c t iv e but some of th e ir f a c i l i t i e s intended fur study Hiid reureat ion are now taken up by the School o f Law or used as classrooms. Of the other men's d o m i lo r i e s , Ty ler and T a l ia fe r r o Halls and the Morris House do not have lounge nr study a rea s . Tlie Morris House, an antiquated Tramp bu ild ing , has lung been a candidate lo r de­mo I i l loti. Old Dominion is overcrowded and badly in need of renovation, has inadequate study f a c i l i t i e s and almost none fo r re c re a t in n ; i t s fourth or a t t i c f lo o r morsj closely resembles a hutch than a home.Monroe H a l l is almost equally in need u f renovation. Brown H a l l needsattention tu f loors and painting , shows signs of overcrowding, and pre­sents fin odd assortment o f cheap and anci> iit fu r n i tu re .

Women’ s dormitories are on the whole more sat is fact urv. A i l have lounge or study areas, o r both. Though to a lesser exten t than in the men's dorm itories, therti is however some overcrowding. The most s e r i ­ous problem is Ludwell, s ix units of an apartment b u i ld in g about a mile from the campus leased nit a "temporary" basis q u ite a few yours ago. In location and design these u n its are unsat.i s fac lo ry as a dormi­tory. Although plans, have been announced to abandon th is arrangementwhen a new woi.en's dormitory is constructed, ore new dormitory has a l ­ready been completed without a f fe c t in g the use of Ijurtvell and there is eume J u s t i f ic a t io n lo r scepticism whether i t w i l l be given up the next t in e .

A l l residence h a l ls , except the eleven f r a t e r n i t y lodges which bouse I hree men each, have some supervis ion. Each men's dormitory

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i s supervised b y a r e s i d e n t c o u n s e l o r , w h o is a g r a d u a t e j r l a w s t u d e n t , a s s i s t I 'd b y n o r n r m u - e d o r r r . ! L o r y M a n a g e r s u p p u i n t i ' d h y t h e tU>an o f men. l . acb wi ’i t. l ' i l ’ s d o r m i t o r y a n d s o r o r i t y h o u s e i s s u p e r v i s e d b y a h o u s e m o t h e r ( tVHi l a r g e r d o r m ] I o r i t s h o v e t w o ) a s s i s t e d b y t h e h o u s e p r e s i d e n t * R£vausEj o f i t f i d i v i d e d u n i t s , I n d w e l l r e q u i r r a t h r e e h o u s e m o t h e r s and n i x h o i i s f p r o s i i l r i i t s . The s u b j e c t o f d o m i t o r y s u p e r v i s i o n w i l l fce d i a - oLis.ni'd L a t e r u n d e r t h e t o p i c o f d i s c i p l i n e a n d s t u d e n t g o v e r n m e n t *

Uoi'onTrojniaI ions on Housing

he beliE 'vf that Lhe Oil lege needs to br ing i t s e x is t in g residence i ia l ls up to acceptable standards a t le a s t <is u rg e n t ly aa i t ru'cds to add more. New dorm ito ries , because they a re f i n a n c i a l l y s e l f - l i q u i - dating and appear to accommodate mure students seeking an education, are r e la t iv e l y easy to o b ta in . But ve suggest th a t the easy course irt th is m atter is deceptive and iinsmmd. 'The College needs, f i r s t , the classrooms ami other f a c i l i t i e s p roperly t.o educate i t s students and, before i t aik-iit* more, the f a c i l i t i e s to house p ro p er ly those i t a l ­ready admits.

The School o f Law shuuld he moved tint o f the Bryan cuj;ipLex, Liid- w ell Apartment should be abandoned as a women's dorm ito ry . The Morris Htnjse should be demolished. The in f i rm a ry b u i ld in g can lie converted in to a iron's durm.itory, when p ro v is io n ia made fo r a needed new In ­firm ary, Old Dominion, Monroe, and Brown noed renovatIan in greater o r less di'grt'c. We urge th a t these p ro je c ts be given p r i o r i t y over new cuiistruct Ion rjf residence h a l l s , except as new b u ild ings may be necessary to permit the overhaul o f e x is t Jug ones, in e f f e c t , th is w i l l req u ire a moratorium on increases in enrol Imerit u n t i l the r e s i ­d en tia l f a c i l i t i e s are what they should be.

Fond Service

College d in in g h a l ls a re operated on a con trac tu a l basis hy Crotty Brothers o f Boston under the general supervis ion o f ths bursar. A r u l ­ing of the S ta te Council o f H igher education p r o h ib i ts s-tate colleges from engaging d i r e c t ly in the p re p a ra t io n and sa le o f food. The Col­lege provides f a c i l i t i e s and equipment but the c o n tra c to r buys a l l food, h ire s and supervises employees , and p lans , prepares, and serves a l l meals. The d ie t ic ia n g ives the bursar a weekly menu in advance.A Supervisor from the Boston o f f i c e meets w ith the bursar weekly.Crotty Brothers pays the College a percentage o f gross re ce ip ts .

A l l freshmen and sophomore students mist buy meal t ic k e ts each semester and eat in tha c o l leg e c a f e t e r ia ; ju n io rs and seniors may do so. Approximately 3,2UO meals a re served d a l ly to 1240 t ic k e t holders.

The main c a fe te r ia has two food counters serv ing a la rge dining h a l l sea t in g 525 and a sm aller one sea ting 204, The k itchen and bake shops are adjacent to the serv ing counters, and the basement which pro­vides spare fo r storage a lso inc ludes a r e f r ig e r a te d storage, a r e f r l f f -

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c r a t e d y a r L a g e r o o m , a n o f f i c e , o n e s h o w e r f n r w h i t e E'mployt 'PH a n d o n l y f o u r r e s t rEiums l o r m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 cmp 1 u y c e s . / a ) r l s ' V i i c n r d e i l u r e du / i f i a f e f o r p e i ’s n n o H l c i n i v t y s f o o d a r i d g a r b a g e b e t w e e n t h e k i t c h e n ani l t h e h a H e m c i i t , w h i c h f l i - M u l e E l u r l n g h e a v y r a i n . T i m b o a r d o f h e a l t h , i n ­s u r a n c e c o m p a n y r u p r e s e n t a t i v e a , a n d b u i l d i n g i n s p e c t o r s p e r i o d i c a l l y I n s p E j c t t h e b u i l d i n g , e q i i i pms'nt , a n d f o o d .

T h e f a r e s e r v e d i n t h e c u f E ' t i ' S ’ i a i s g e m ' m l l y E - u J i s I d e r t d t u be g o o d a n d v a r i e d a l t h o u g h some s t u d e n t s E - o n t p l u i n t h a t t i n ' m i ' d l s u r e t a s t e l e s s a n d morm 1 u n m i s , T h e d i n i n g n i ornf i a r e ov er c rE i v r lE u t a m i a r c n i j i t h E j r af t a t t r a c t i v e o r c o n v e n i e n t a s t h e y s h o u l d h e * I f p L a n s f o r r e m o d e l l i n g t h e e a i ' c t c i ' j a a r e f o l l o w e d at id i f t h e p r o p o s e d n e w d i n i n g h a l l i s c o m p l e t e d n e a r t h e n e w d o r m i t o r i e s , s t u d e n t s e n t e r i n g W i l l i a m ant i M a r y w i l l b e a b l e t o c a l u n d e r m o r e a t t r a c t i v e a n d c i v i l i z i n g e'h;; i - d i t i o n s .

T h e c o n t r a c t u a l t i e i v i r e s o f b r o t t y B r o t h e r * . o r e a v a i l i i b l e t o t h e tj El 1 l e g e a n d t o c o l l e g e g r o u p s , t ini l t l i e y p r o p a r e uml s e r v e 1'uud f o r Tl l i - ns ' i ' o i i s t e a s , r e t o p t i o n s , ( i l n i iE ' i -B , an i l p i c n i c s . i n t h e c a f e t e r i a b u i l d ­i n g t h e r e a r e f i v e s m a l l d i n i n g m u m s s e a t i n g f r o m I D t o Nfl p n o p i n

w h i c h E*rc u s e d f o r d i n n e r s a n d l n n r h e u n . s , C r o f t y B r o t h e r s a l s o o p e r a t e s a n e a t i n g p l a c e i n t h e f a m p u s t e n t e r c a l l e d t h e W i g w a m , a l a r g o a n d a l - t r a i ' t i v e m u m w h e r e j n j i ny f a c u l t y j n e in b cr s a s w e l l as j u n i o r s and s e n i o r s h a v e m e a l s . T h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f g i r l a l i v i n g i n s o r o r i t y b o u s e s m a i n ­t a i n t h e i r own i l i n i n g r o o m s .

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A l t h o u g h t h e c a t a l o g u e - o u t l i n e s a r a t h s j r i 'onni i l a n d corrprE’l i e r i s i v e ' ' h e a l t h e t i v l c c j ‘ t h e h e a l t h a n d m e d i c a l c a r e o f t"he c o l l e g e cunvnuni t y I s a f u n c t i o n o f s e v e r a l Eii f f s ' r e i i t a g e n c i e s L o t h w i t h i n a m i o u t s i d e t h e C o l l e g e * . C e n t r a l i s t h e D a v i d J . K i n g I n f i r m a r y o p e r a t e d by t h e c o l l e g e p h y s i c i a n , wh o I s n o m i n a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e e n t i r e " h e a l t h s e r v i c e . " A c t u a l l y , h o w e v e r , t h e E L E ' p a r t m e u t s o f p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i r i n s t m e t I o n a L p r u y r a j n t ; a n d i n d i v i d u a l c o u n s e l J Jig t a k e c a r e r j f many a s ­p e c t s o f g e n e r a l s t i i E l c n t h e a l t h i tnd i t s I i n p r ov a mE ’n l , S a n i t a r y i n s p e c ­t i o n s o f t h e r e s i d e n c e h a l l s ( i n c l u d i n g e j I ' F - c a mp u s h o u s i n g ) a r e made v a r i o u s l y h y h o u s e m o t h e r s , r e s i i l E - r t c o u n s e l o r s , a n d t h e d e a n o f m e n. D i n i n g h a l l s a n i l k i t c h e n s a r e i r i p p j r c t e d b y 1 h r l o i - a i h e a l t h n f l ' i i - i a l s a n d i i i HL i i -Qn ci ; c o m p a n y r b - p r c s c n t a h i v i - s . S w i m m i n g p o o l c o n d i [ i nus ar e- t e s t e d h y t i n 1 p h y s i c a l e d u c a t I ljei s t a f f s .

In e v a lu a t in g the h e a lth and medical serviE-ee □!' the Collage, i t should he borne in miml th a t they operate in the rm ite x t o f fa c l l i t ic s a v a i la b l e in the c o n n u i i t y . Wi 11 iamsburg has a modem and ample com­munity h o s p i ta l Iei the con s truc t io n o f which the Co llege , as a oorprjrate c i t i z e n , by spec ia l appro-pri u t io n , c u n t r i but h<1 $ 5 f > , D D U . l ju ite near the campus i 3 the T idew ater ME-rital h e a lth C l i n i c , and a few miles away are the p s y c h ia t r ic s t a f f and f a e i ! i t i E js o f Dustern RLatc H o sp ita l . Be­sides lo c a l physic ians n:nl surgeons, speE-ia.11sts and special medical f a c i l i t i e s arc a v a i la b le In liiclunund and Newport N[jws. The existence

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Statemont of Purpose and Aims

The College! o f W i l l i a m and Mary is a s m a ll u n i v e r s i t y , supported by the Cocnr-onwealth o f V i r g i n i a and o p era ted under th e g e n e ra l s u p e r ­v is io n o f a Hoard of V i s i t o r s a p p o in ted by th e G overnor.

The b a s ic goal o f the i n s t i t u t i o n and th e h e a r t o f i t s m iss io n in s e rv in g the Commonwealth i s the developm ent o f i n d i v i d u a l c a p a b i l ­i t i e s th ro u g h l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n . by l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n i s meant an in t r o d u c t io n to tho se a reas o f in q u i r y which h e ig h te n o n e 's a b i l i t y to cope w i t h h ia env iro n m en t and to m odify h is b e h a v io r in o rd er t o accomplish h is o b je c t i v e s , f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h a broad range o f know l­edge and s k i l l s w hich improve o n e 's d e c is io n -m a k in g a b i l i t i e s , exp o ­sure to a range o f v a lu e systems and encouragement to c o n s t r u c t a

i | perso n a l system o f b e l i e f s as a fo u n d a t io n f o r p e rs o n a l h ap p in e ss ,* and p r o v i s io n o f a v a r i e t y o f e x p e r ie n c e s which improve one ’ s a b i l i t y

to tnaka and t o communicate i n t e l l e c t u a l l y and a e s t h e t i c a l l y d e fe n ­s ib le d i s c r i m i n a t i o n s based upon p e r s o n a l ly examined grounds.W i l l ia m and Mary seeks to d eve lo p in d e p e n d e n t , re s p o n s iv e , and r e ­spo n s ib le i n d i v i d u a l s .

The aims o f l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n a re pursued in a l l a reas and on a l l l e v e l a o f s tu d y . The f u l l e s t e x p re s s io n o f t h i s concern is th e un d erg rad uate a r t s and s c ie n ce s program which has a long t r a d i t i o n and broad endorsem ent. U n derg rad ua te p r o fe s s io n a l programs combine l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n w i t h th e developm ent o f more s p e c i a l i z e d p ro ­fe s s io n a l com petenc ies . In a reas where a p p r o p r ia te s t re n g th s e x i s t , academic and p r o fe s s io n a l g ra d u a te programs p re p a re s tu d e n ts to con­t r i b u t e a t the f r o n t i e r s o f t h e i r f i e l d s and add to th e c u l t u r a l andi n t e l l e c t u a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r e ve ryo n e . F o r r e s id e n ts o f the p en ­in s u la a re a o f V i r g i n i a th e C o l le g e o f W i l l i a m and Wary p ro v id e s imag­in a t i v e e d u c a t io n a l and c u l t u r a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s . The commitment i n a l l programs to l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n is the source o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l c o h eren ce .

I n i t s endeavor to d e v e lo p i n d i v i d u a l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s W i l l i a m and Mary pursues the g o a l o f e x c e l le n c e . I t c o n c e n tra te s i t s re so u rc es in c o m p a t ib le a r e a s , advocates f u l l - t i m e , r e s i d e n t i a l study i n u n d e r ­graduate programs t h a t rem ain a t a moderate s i z e , seeks s tu d en ts who b r in g a p e rs o n a l i n i t i a t i v e to t h e i r p u r s u i t s , and promotes th e growth Df te a c h e r and s tu d e n t a l i k e . I n a l l programs and a c t i v i t i e s i t s t r i v e s to use th e most p ro m is in g means o f te a c h in g and l e a r n i n g . In a l l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i t seeks a sense o f community. I t encourages an a s s o c ia t io n o f th e p e rs o n a l and academic l i v e s o f i t s members and p ro v id e s the o p p o r tu n i t y f o r each to p a r t i c i p a t e in the governance o f the i n s t i t u t i o n .

The C o l le g e o f W i l l i a m and Mary is a u n i v e r s i t y o f unusual S tr e n g th and p ro m is e . I t i s la r g e enough to p ro v id e a d i v e r s i t y o f o p p o r t u n i t i e s and i n t e r a c t i o n s , y e t sm all enough to be humane, r e - tp o n a iv e , and in n o v a t i v e . I t s engagement in the c r e a t i o n , c r i t i c i s m , and s h a r in g o f know ledge, a r t , and va lu e s p ro v id e s th e s e t t i n g f o r a v a r i e t y o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t embody the s p i r i t Df l i b e r a l e d u c a t io n .

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t h e i n e f f i c i e n c y and o v e r la p in r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s th a t cause some o f t h e p r e s e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s . He cou ld use a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n more e f f i c i e n t l y t and t h e r e m ig h t be a b e t t e r correspondence between s t u ­d e n t s who want to l i v e in d o r m i to r ie s and those who a r c a b l e to o b t a i n d o r m i to r y h o u s in g . Th is a d m in is t r a t o r should c o n s id e r s t u ­d e n t s ' w ish es when m aking p lans fo r p re s e n t r e n o v a t io n s as w cL l as any s h o r t - t e r m p la n s f o r changes in the f u t u r e . By t r y i n g to meet th e w ish es o f s tu d e n ts th e C o l le g e can a vo id the p rob lem o f not hav in g enough s tu d e n ts to f i l l the dormi t o r i e s .

A t p r e s e n t th e b a s ic need in o ff -ca m p u s housing is a s e r v ic e t h a t w ould l i s t h o u s in g a v a i l a b l e in th e W i l l ia m s b u rg a r e a so t h a t s tu d e n ts and p r o s p e c t iv e s tu d e n ts can know whnt s o r t o f h o u s in g th e re i s and how- much th e y w i l l p ro b a b ly have to pay fo r i t . Of the s tu d e n ts surveyed 97% e xp re ss ed a d e s i r e f o r such a s e r v i c e .

I n lo n g -r a n g e p la n n i n g th e C o l le g e sho u ld c o n s id e r th e needs o f m a r r ie d s tu d e n ts . The p r e s e n t d o r m i t o r ie s a r e not s u i t a b l e f o r hous­in g m a r r ie d c o u p le s , b u t apartm en t b u i ld in g s such as L u d w e l l a re s t r u c t u r a l l y a d e q u a te and cou ld f e a s i b l y be S e t a s id e as h o u s in g f o r m a r r ie d s tu d e n ts . F o r many c ou p les the h ig h c o s t of h o u s in g in the W i l l ia m s b u r g a re a c o n s t i t u t e s a g re a t h a r d s h ip ; c o l le g e h o u s in g would be a g r e a t b e n e f i t t o th e s e s tu d e n ts .

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The C o l l e g e 's m a in b o ard in g f a c i l i t y is a la rg e c a f e t e r i a lo-cated on th e new campus n e x t t o W i l l ia m and Mary H a l l . Opened in 19-67, the Convrions has a s e a t in g c a p a c i ty o f 800. Any S tu d en t may buy a sem ester r c . i l t i c k e t f o r S275 o r may purchase m o d s i n d i v i d u a l l y a t the -^r,T.ons; r e s i d e n t fresh m en a re re q u i r e d to e a t th e r e , i n a re c a n t i f t i e s t e r 1550 meal t i c k e t s were s o ld . S ince th e c a p t iv e m a rk e t is •p p rO K im a to ly 1200 , th e freshman e n r o l lm e n t , i t seems c l e a r t h a t f i tu - d * n ts do n o t t y p i c a l l y choose to e a t a t th e Commons r e g u l a r l y .

A nother c a f e t e r i a t h a t p ro v id e s com plete food s e r v i c e f o r the ■college community i s th e Wigwam lo c a te d in th e Campus C e n t e r . The Wigwam d a te s from I 9 6 0 ; i t has a s e a t in g c a p a c i t y o f 350 and serves 4, r r o x i jn a to ly 900 p e o p le each day . A s t u d e n t 's sem ester m eal t i c k e t , r * f c r r e d to in the C o l l e g e 's c a t a lo g as a d i n i n g h a l l c a r d , is good <r. |y fo r meals in th e Commons; i t cannot be used in th e wigwam.

L im i te d food s e r v ic e - -h a m b u r g e r e and o th e r s an iw ic t ie s — is a v a i l - i A I * a t the CO-1 lege pub known as Hoi P o l l o i , Hoi P o l l o i is a d ja c e n t t i th-e Campus C e n te r and is open on Monday th rou g h S a tu r d a y from * p . * . to 1 a .m .

The C o l le y e is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o v i d i n g and m a i n t a in in g the food * * n r l c « equ ipm ent a t th e Commons, the Wigwam, and Hoi P o l l o i , b u t the t-*-*I"* 11 Oil o f these f a c i l i t i e s is c o n t r a c te d to C r o t ty B r o th e r s o f V i r g i n i a . The c o n t r a c t between th e C o l le g e and C r o t ty B r o th e r s can he • • ( ■ U n i t e d on 6Q-day w r i t t e n n o t ic e by e i t h e r p a r t y , and i t e x p l i c i t l y fWfrtrld#* t h a t the o p e r a t i n g p o l i c i e s o f C r o t t y B ro th e rs a r e s u b je c t %• l-h* a p p ro v a l o f th e C o l le g e ,

4 p r o f e s s io n a l fo o d serv ices- manager employed by C r o t t y B ro th e rs ^ M l C n l l L y s u p e rv is e s th e purchase , prepa r a t i o n , and s e r v i n g o f food

and m a in ta in s s t r i c t c o n t r o l o v e r these o y e r a t u m s . The f a c i l i t i e s are s u b je c t to an unannounced m onth ly check by an i n s p e c t o r from the wi 1 lia insburg Stealth [ le p j r tm e n t i h is in s p e c t io n s have u n co v ere d no problems t h a t have n o t been im m e d ia te ly c o r r e c te d .

A few years ago th e s tu d e n t newspaper r e p o r te d in s ta n c e s ofroaches found in th e food s e rv e d a t T r i n k l e H a l l , a 4 6 - y e a r o ldb u i l d i n g . A lthough the d in in g b a l l in T T in k l e is no lu n g e r in o p er­a t i o n , th e roach pro b lem has re s u r fa c e d a t !3ui P o l l o i , w h ich i s in the .name b u i ld i n g . S p ray in g i s c u r r e n t l y k e e p in g th e ro a c h p o p u la t io n a t a c o u n tab le number.

in a d d i t io n to the campus fuod s e r v ic e s ju s t d e s c r i b e d , a l l of th e n ine s o r o r i t i e s s e rv e the e v e n in g meal to t h e i r m e n b e is , and fo u r o f th e tw e lv e f r u t e r n i t i es p r o v id e v a r y in g degrees o f food s e r v ic e fo r t h e i r members.

The q u a l i t y o f th e food a t the Commons is not b a d , b u t the menu tends to be w e ig h te d r a t h e r h e a v i l y tow ard s ta r c h e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t th e evening meal when th e s tu d e n t is l i m i t e d to one p o r t i o n o f themeat c o u rs e . I f t h i s one p o r t i o n is not am ple , the s tu d e n t then hast o f i l l up on s ta r c h e s . Perhaps a n u t r i t i o n i s t on th e s t a f f - - a t p r e s e n t th e r e is n o t o n e - -w o u ld h e l p , or perhaps the p ro b le m ie m a in ly f i n a n c i a l . The manager o f th e food s e r v ic e s m a in ta in s t h a t a n u t r i t i o n i s t i s n o t needed. The p re s e n t d a i l y menus p r o v i d e the minimum d a i l y n u t r i t i o n a l r e q u ire m e n ts , b u t n e i t h e r th e manager nor a n u t r i t i o n i s t can in s u r e t h a t th e s tu d en ts w i l l in f a c t e a t th e n u t r i ­t i o n a l l y b a lan ced d i e t which is s e rv e d . The manager f u r t h e r s ta te s t h a t on moat occas ions he c an n o t a f f o r d to p ro v id e seconds o f the main course a t the even in g m e a l,

Ke-gnrdleSa o f th e m e r i t s o f th e m an ag er 's p o s i t i o n , i L i s a common--and j u s t i f i e d — c o m p la in t o f s tu d e n ts th a t not enough me,it i served a t the Commons. One p o s s ib le s o l u t i o n i s to i n c l u d e in themenu h e a l th foods which a re a l<iw-cc-3t source o f p r o t e i n . The i n c l u ­s ion o f h e a l t h foods co u ld a ls o be j u s t i f i e d as in c r e a s i n g thu cJ:n l - a v a i l a b l e t o th e s tu d e n ts . A n o th er p o s s ib le s o lu t io n i s t.u inure,is-- th e b o ard in g fee w i th the u n d e rs ta n d in g t h a t the a d d i t i o n a l funds be used to buy more meat f o r th e I’.onmons' menus,

A more b a s ic c r i t i c i s m o f th e Coirjnon3 concerns i t s atrr.osphci .I f i t ia crowded, i t i s n o isy and h e c t ic ; i f i t is n o t c ro w d ed , i t u J e p r e s s in g ly b ig and em pty. G iven the d e c is io n to b u i l d a b ig barn o f a d in in g h a l l , i t s unhappy a tm osphere i a perhaps u n a v o id a b le , but some m o d i f ic a t io n s can make i t a q u i e t e r , more c o n g e n ia l p la c e in which to e a t . P o s s i b i l i t i e s p r e s e n t ly b e in g e x p lo re d i n c lu d e c a rp e t ­in g , sou nd-absorbent p a n e l in g f o r t fie w a l l a , and p,i r t i t i o n i ng to c r e a t e s m a ll d in in g a r e a s . These p o s s i b i l i t i e s should be c u n s id e t r l S e r io u s ly and, i f n e c e s s a ry , p r o fe s s io n a l a d v ic e sho u ld be sought. M ea n w h ile , c o l o r f u l p o s te r s w o u ld r e l i e v e t h e monotony o f th e buiv w a l l s , and c le a n e r f l o u r s would a ls o h e lp .

.Despite these c r i t i c i s m s , th e r e are reas o n s t o be o p t i m i s t i cabout the f u t u r e o f food s e r v ic e s a t the Commons. T h e ra has been nfvdll improvement in th e p a s t couple o f y e a rs , and th e re a r e i n d i c a t i o n * t h a t the improvement w i l l c o n t in u e , S ince t! ie p re s e n t managEnr n f f a * # . s e r v ic e s took charge a y e a r ago , he lias i n i t i a t e d a number o f i r i l V, 4»,'. u a l l y m inor but c u m u la t iv e ly im p o r ta n t changes. The ho u rs of

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o p e ra t io n have been e x ten d ed so t h a t meals are a v a i l a b l e a t the CoTiir.ons any t im e betw een 7 a .m , and 7 p .m . , th e r e ia a s a lad b a r , steak is served e ve ry o th e r F r id a y , th e r e is a c h o ic e o f main course a t d in n e r , on occas io n tire food is served b u f f e t s t y l e , and, i n an e f f o r t to improve the a tm osphere , the c o lo r of the w a l ls was changed From p r is o n g ra y . I f th e y do n o th in g e ls e , those changes i n d i c a t e a w i l l in g n e s s to t r y to p le a s e the s tu d e n ts .

A n o th er reason fo r a f f a i r s who re p re s e n ts q u a l i t y o f food s e r v ic e optimism is the a p p o in t n m m i t t e e . Th is commit yet c le a r what i t s s t r u g en era l g o a l is to s e rv a t io n of food s e r v ic e s , sample the food s e r v ic e

optim ism is a new v i c e - p r e s i d e n t f o r b us iness a renewed i n t e r e s t - i n and concern about th e s a t th e C o l le g e . S t i l l a n o th e r reason f o r ment o f the S tudent A s s o c ia t io n food s e r v ic e s tee is in i t s fo rm a t iv e s ta g e s , so i t i a not c tu r e o r s p e c i f i c d u t ie s w i l l be, but i t s c as a v e h ic le f o r c o n t in u in g s tu d en t e v a lu -

One of i t s f i r s t a c t i v i t i e s w i l l be to s o f n e ig h b o r in g V i r g i n i a c o l le g e s .

In sun, the p r e s e n t s t a t e of food s e rv ic e s is a c c e p ta b le , b u t there is room f o r im provem ent. New people in the two p o s i t io n s t h a t ' ie term ine the q u a l i t y o f food s e r v ic e s , the v ic e - p r e s i d e n t fo r business a f f a i r s and th e C r o t t y B ro th e rs " manager, as w e l l as a new conduit fo r s tu d e n t o p in io n g iv e cause to b e l i e v e t h a t the im prove­ment w i l l o cc u r .

-V I;

f r

Given the p r o je c be no need f o r expand above, th e c u r r e n t e f q u a n t i t y . However, i mere p o p u la r w i th the i r cs ;>t► d to nee t the d b.i’ H not see t h i s as I r e je c te d improvement ii-iranJ. F u r th e r , i f Ltius at the Wigwam a ; o trcased use o f a l l inadeq u ate , th e re i s food s e r v ic e f a c i l i t i

te d s ta b le e n r o l lm e n t o f th e C o l le g e , t h e r e w i l l ing the p re s e n t food s e r v ic e s . As in d ic a t e d f o r t is to improve q u a l i t y , not to in c re a s e f the q u a l i t y is improved and the Commons becomes

s tu d e n ts , the p re s e n t f a c i l i t i e s might be hard emand. The v ic e - p r e s i d e n t f o r business a f f a i r s a l i k e l y p o s s i b i l i t y . he b e l ie v e s th a t the s w i l l be necessary to m a in ta in th e p re s e n t t h e r e should be g r e a t e r demand, e x i s t i n g f a c i l - nd Eioi P o l l o i cou ld bo used. F i n a l l y , i f o f the e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s should prove them a c o n t in g e n c y re q u e s t f o r funds f o r a d d i t i o n a l es .

111. h e a l t h

1 ni i i i n at

t He a found, b T> t na jo thorough » t i n t - r l i+ 4 a i

t ih lc

May o f 1972 th e P r e s id e n t o f the American C o l le g e h e a l t h ion p re s e n te d a r e p o r t on the c o n d i t io n o f the W i l l ia m and 1th S e r v ic e s . The r e p o r t was g e n e r a l ly c r i t i c a l o f what i t u t i t p re s e n te d many u s e fu l iecommendations f o r improvem ent, r recomiuendations are sound and s e n s ib le and c a l l f o r a

o v e rh a u l o f p o l i c i e s and p rocedures in o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h r a t e h e a l t h s e r v i c e . These recommendations may be sununa-

f 011ows;

The f i r s t concern is the en la rg em en t o f the s t a f f beyond the I p h y s ic ia n s who s e rv e o n ly p a r t - t i m e . And the p re s e n t S t a f f urses should be augmented so th a t the 1 1 - 1 /2 - h o u r n ig h t s h i f t h nurses a te a l lo w e d to s le e p ) can be e l i m i n a t e d . A la b o r a - h n o lo g is t sho u ld be added.

R eg u la r s t a f f m eetings should be h e ld . In the p a s t , s t a f f

243

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ld f i l - l 'J B b Tho C o l le g e o r w i l l i a m and M iry in V i r g i n i a W i l l ia m s b u r g , V i r g i n i aC e r t i i i c a t e o f Advanced S tu d y , 1-11 l j on t ion D o cto r o f Eel non Li on

3 ,|>V?3—1 477 The C o lle g e of W i l l i a m and M ary in V i r g i n i a Wi 11 i ,-anLSbu r g , V i r g i n i a Ma s 1 e r t >f F’s lua i H on

]9f>y-3 97J Col lo g o ol W i l l i a m and Mary in V i r g i n i al*i i 11 io m sb u rg , V i rg i n i a b a c h e lo r o f A r ts

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I'JMb-Froscnl. C h ie f Business O f f i c e rV i r g i n i a T h e o lo g ic a l Sem inary A le x a n d r ia , V i r g i n i a

1 9HCJ — LyBTi A s s is t a n t V ic e P r e s id e n t , B u s in e s s A f f a i r srlTio C o l le g e o f W i l l i a m and M ary i n V i r g i n i aW i l l ia m s b u r g , V i r g i n i a

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The C o ll id e of Wi l l i a m and Mary in V i r g i n i a , Dfxntjiiior 1 9thj

Gin i nrun : P ro fessor Jofui P. 'llio J in

'llie puiqmse o f t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n was t o exam ine th e c o l l e g i a t e way

of l i v i n g ; hew i t began, how i t deve lo ped and changed, and why

i n s t i t u t i o n s liave adh ered t o i t . . Ccniniuna] d in in g was emphasized lii an

all .e i ip t to d e te rm in e why c o l le g e s fiave lie M oved i t t o I*? im fttr tan t enougti

to r e q u i r e i t of d i M e r i n g s tu d e n t jxjjpulai-.ions, under w id e ly v n ry in q

ei r tajtcLStanceu, over a i je r io d o f a t le a s t fu u r hundred y e a r s .

r!be C o l le g e o f w i l l i a m and Mary i n V i r g i n i a was s e le c t e d as a ia s c

s tu d y f o r t h i s p r o j e c t . One o f A m e r ic a 's e a r l i e s t c o l le g e s , w i l l i a m and

f-laiyf was founded on th e B r i t i s h (O x b r id g e ) mot l e i , anti has r e q u ire d i t .s

s tu d e n ts t o l i v e c o l l e g i a l l y throughout. i t s h i s t o r y .

O f f i c i a l r a t i o n a l e f o r an emphasis on c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g is c o n t r a s t ed

w i t h th e a v a i l a b l e e v id e n c e (or n o n - o f f i c i a l r a t i o n a l e ) . An a t te m p t was

made t.o le a rn Iujw or' i f th e r a t i o n a l e changed w i t h th e e v o lu t io n o f

s o c ie t y in genera t and h ig h er e d u c a t io n ifi j xi r t.i tru la r .

I t was concluded t l i a t while.' o f f i c i a t r a t i o n a l e has ovolvtsi

soiK .^ iia t , i t tons i s t e n t l y lias empliasi zed t l ie development. of th e w h o le

[ je rson . H in t o f f i c i a l r a t i o n a l e i s accom pan ied , however, hy u n o f f i c i a l

supjnort.ing ev id en ce su g g e s t in g t.lial c o l l e g i a l l i v i n g was f i n a n c i a l l y

n t t r u c l i v e and that v i a b l e a i t e r n a t i v e s o f t e n w e re l i m i t e d .

i 1 1

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s tu d io s w h ic h c o n c e n t r a t e on d i f For out otjitJOiicntH of e u lle c f ia l l i v i n q .

litnnii n a t i o n o f otm iiutcr v e rs u s r e s i d e n t i a l o o l le q e experience a l s o would

l ie o f v a l u e i n o o n s id e r in q t h i s t q > i t . \

[ 14