food safety in latin america - inofood 2017 · dried fruits, nuts & spicery commodity...
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Food Safety in Latin America
Gerald Gutscher
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Latin America
Population:
580m (8,4%)
Arable Land:
567m ha (37%)
Freshwater Supply:
18.392 km3 (33%)
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(soft)
Commodity
Giants
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Food Supply Chain
1 loaf of bread MADE IN THE U.S.A.
• Wheat gluten from France, Poland, Russia, the Netherlands, or Australia
• Honey from China, Vietnam, Brazil, Uruguay, India, Canada, Mexico, or Argentina
• Calcium propionate from the Netherlands
• Guar gum from India
• Flour enrichments from China
• Beta-carotene from Switzerland
• Vitamin D3 from China
Source: R. Brackett ; Managing Food Safety Practices (2009)
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Food Supply Chain
• 200,000 food processing companies
• 900,000 restaurants (12m employees)
• 100m head of cattle
• Avg. distance farm-fork of 1lb of meat: 1,600km
• Agricultural Supply Chain -> U$ 1 trillion p.a.
Source: P. Cheek (2006)
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SIMPLIFIED FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN
OF A DEVELOPED COUNTRY
PLA
NT
OR
IG
IN
PR
OD
UC
E
CO
NS
UM
ER
OTH
ER
CR
OP
S
ANIMAL PROTEIN
Storage & Trading
Feed & Flour Mills
FO
OD
IN
DU
STR
YP
rocessin
g &
Packag
ing
Dis
trib
uti
on
& R
eta
il
Restaurants
Aquaculture
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Fuente: Consumer Attitudes to Food Standards_UKReport_2007_extract
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Consumer Perception and Public Health Concern in Germany
Source: Roehr et al (2005)
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Fuente: Griffith, C.J.; Food Safety: where from and where to?; British Food Journal , Vol. 108 No. 1; 2006; pp. 6-15
Food Safety in History
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Food Safety Contaminants
MycotoxinsMicro-
biologicalAllergens (claim!)
Agrochemicals (Pest+Drugs)
GMO
Risk Chronic Toxicity Acute Toxicity Acute ToxicityToxic &product attribute
(organic)unknown
Main Cause Climate/Environ. Environment Manufacturing Production Cultivation
Predictability Low Low High High High
Frequency ofoccurrence
Medium High Low* Low High
In Supply ChainMainly primary
productionAll over the supply
chainFood Manufacturing Primary production
Primary production
Motive to ControlEconomic
(Feed/Brand), Legislation
Economic (Brand, Recall), Legislation
To comply with a claim on the label
Legislation or to comply with a claim (product
attribute)
to comply with a claim on the
label, legislation
Preventive Action hardly possiblepartially
possible/unaccepted (irradiation)
yes - thru effective ingredient management
yes - no application of AC in question
yes
Traceable/Liability no partially yes yes yes
Legislation partly yes unclear and partly partly partly
HUMAN INDUCED RISKSENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED RISKS
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Latin AmericanFood Safety Survey
June 2010
online
n=209
14 countries
Argentina,
17
Brazil, 70
Chile, 24
Colombia,
17Costa Rica, 3
Ecuador, 4
Guatemala, 4
Mexico, 45
Nicaragua, 2
Panama, 1
Paraguay, 9Peru, 4
Uruguay, 8 USA, 1
Respondents by Country
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62 48 56 36 7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
42
27
2120
16
14
139
88
8
7
6621 1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Food Complex Feed Complex Research and Public
Organisations
Services Distribution
Respondents by Industry
Certification & Auditing
Brewery & Malting
Dried Fruits, Nuts & Spicery
Commodity Trader/Export
Biotech & Food Safety
Re-Seller/Distributor
Petfood
Flour Milling
Consultancy
Dairy
Research
Animal Husbandry
Government
Feed
University
Service Lab
Food
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Respondents‘ Profiles
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79%
63%
36%
27%21% 19% 17%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Mycotoxins Microbiology Pesticides Drug Residues Allergens GMO Melamine
Contaminants and Residues Tested% of all respondents n=209, multiple answers possible
80%
51%
36%
23%17%
13% 13%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Mycotoxins Microbiology GMO Pesticides Drug Residues Melamine Allergens
Contaminants and Residues Tested BRAZIL % of respondents, n=70, multiple answers possible
82%
76%
53%
40%
29%
19% 19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Microbiology Mycotoxins Pesticides Allergens Drug Residues GMO Melamine
Contaminants and Residues Tested FOOD COMPLEX % of respondents, n=62, multiple answers possible
Status Quo of Food Safety Testing
16
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RASFF Border Rejections
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Mycotoxins165
Allergens43
Drug Residues56
Pesticides75
GMO39
Melamine36
Microbiology132
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Mic
ro
bio
log
y
Mycotoxins
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48%
45%
13%
8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ELISA Chromatography LFD Fluorometry
Technology Employed (n=209)
55%
39%
18%
8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Technology in the Food Complex (n=62)
48%
21%
8% 8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Technology in Feed Complex (n=48)
Diagnostic Technology Employed
(chemical contaminants)
19
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Mycotoxins Pesticides Veterinary Drug
Residues
GMO Allergens Marine and
Freshwater Biotoxins
Contaminants and residues to play a major role in the future of food safety.
All (n=209)
Food Complex (n=62)
Feed Complex (n=48)
Research Staff (n=44)
QC & Lab Staff (n=105)
Outlook in Food Safety
(chemical contaminants)
20
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Mycotoxins Pesticides Veterinary Drug
Residues
GMO Allergens
Status-Quo vs. Outlook (n=209)
Status-Quo
Outlook
21
Status-Quo vs. Outlook
(chemical contaminants)
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Romer Labs Check Sample Survey
Interlaboratory Study
• Round CSS-26307-RLI-2
• Aflatoxins in Maize
• Oct/Nov 2010
Latin America
• 109 participants
• 10 countries
17
43
54
12
17
2 4
5
27
Argentina
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Mexico
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
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Final Considerations
• Compliance with Export Food Safety Standards helps Food Safety in the exporting country.
• Ambivalent Realities– Large Food Export Countries (e.g. Brazil, Argentina,
Chile, Paraguay)
– Countries depended on imports (e.g. cradle of maize depends on US corn)
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Balancing Food Security
and Food Safety.
“A World Bank study has calculated that the European Union regulation on aflatoxins costs
Africa $670 million each year in exports of cereals, dried fruit, and nuts. And what does it
achieve? It may possibly save a life of one citizen of the European Union in every two years […]
Surely a more reasonable balance can be found.”
KOFI ANNAN
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Final Considerations