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2016

EuFMD

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report January 2016

Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation

January 2016

1

Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be

the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks

and country status.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Monthly Report

January 2016

Guest Editor Dr. Donald King Head of WRLFMD,

The Pirbright Institute, UK

#I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)

FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)

Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page.


January 2016

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Contents

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4

II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................................................................................................................... 5

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 7

A. POOL 1 – Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia .................................................................................... 7

B. POOL 2 – South Asia.......................................................................................................................... 10

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East ................................................................................................ 11

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa..................................................................................................................... 15

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa .......................................................................................................... 16

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................. 18

G. POOL 7 – South America ................................................................................................................... 20

IV. OTHER NEWS: ................................................................................................................................ 22

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts ................................................................................................................. 23


January 2016

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Guest Editor’s comments It is a pleasure to write the editorial comments for the first EuFMD report of 2016. At this time of year, we often look back and reflect upon the events of the past year. In this context, I will certainly remember 2015 as a year where there were rapid and sometimes unexpected changes to the established distribution of FMD. Although most of these events have been described in previous reports, I thought that would be useful to summarise the most significant changes:

(i) A new serotype A lineage (named A/ASIA/G-VII [G-18]) has recently emerged from the Indian sub-continent and is now rapidly spreading in the Middle East (currently detected in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Armenia and Turkey). Importantly, vaccine-matching data indicates that field isolates are not well matched against any of the vaccines that are currently used in the region. Although I am conscious that in-vitro data do not always give a complete picture of the antigenic match of a vaccine, this apparent gap in vaccine-induced immunity is of concern, since it may allow this lineage to spread more widely in the Middle East and may threaten the FMD-free countries in Europe. In order to help coordinate and implement control measures against this lineage, I have requested that laboratories provide an update on any studies (such as experimental and field work) that may have been undertaken to investigate vaccine protection against this lineage (please email details to: [email protected]).

(ii) A serotype O lineage (called O/ME-SA/Ind-2001) has continued to spread simultaneously in the Gulf States of the Middle East and North Africa. This strain is the dominant FMDV lineage present in the Indian sub-continent and during 2013-15 has been detected in UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, and has also spread in westerly direction across North Africa from Libya into Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. During 2015, this viral lineage has also spread into Southeast Asia (Laos PDR) and work is now underway to see whether this lineage will spread more widely in Asia and replace the established serotype O lineages - as it has already done in India.

(iii) The distribution of serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII) has continued to expand in West Africa (Mauritania) and the Middle East (Oman) during 2014 and 2015, respectively. This lineage previously caused extensive FMD outbreaks in North Africa in 2012, representing the first cases due to this serotype in Egypt for over 50 years. At the same time sequence data was used to show that separate introductions of this virus lineage were experienced in Libya.

(iv) FMD viruses (within the O/SEA/Mya-98 lineage) have been responsible for exotic field outbreaks in South Korea. Since 2010, sequence data indicates that there have been frequent introductions of this FMD virus lineage into the country providing an indication of the burden (infectious pressure) that exists due to on-going FMD outbreaks in neighbouring countries in the East and Southeast Asia regions. In this context, it should be remembered that the FMD pandemic due to the O/ME-SA/PanAsia lineage was characterised by outbreaks in East Asia (China, Korea and Japan) before those reported in South Africa and the UK (and Europe).

These changing patterns highlight the important work that is undertaken by the OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Network Meeting (picture above shows delegates at the meeting held at CODA-CERVA in Brussels in November 2015).

Wish you all the best for a quieter 2016

Don King (Pirbright, February 2016)


January 2016

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I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of

specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1).

Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period 2011 – 2015

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES – colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES

1

SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province),

Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam

O, A and Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1

3

WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq,

Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tunisia,

Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan

O, A and Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA

Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

5

WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R.,

Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Togo

O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

{O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

7 SOUTH AMERICA

Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O and A

Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-

OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in 2011-2015


January 2016

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II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA China (Hong Kong, SAR) 1 – Following the detection of FMDV serotype O by the WRLFMD in the porcine tissue samples, collected in November 2015, other porcine samples, collected in December 2015, resulted again positive for the same serotype. Details of the results of the cell culture/ELISA serotyping, genotyping of VP1 and vaccine matching strain differentiation (VMSD) tests carried out by the WRLFMD, that are cited in this report are available in the 4th Quarterly WRLFMD Report (October - December, 2015). Laos PDR 1 – The FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, detected in the tissue samples collected during June 2015 and for which species origin was not reported, revealed two matches indicative of protection with the vaccines strains employed in the VMSD test. Korea (Rep. of) 1, 2 – Following the absence since May 2015 of FMD in the country, two new outbreak reoccurred on the 11th and 13th of January 2016, on pig farms in Jeollabuk-Do. Samples from the outbreaks were immediately forwarded to the WRLFMD for sequencing. However, even if FMDV genome was detected, no “live” FMDV was recovered from these specimens. Russian Federation 3 - The Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH) reported the detection of FMDV serotype A in four samples. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 4

- The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD), Mukteswar, India detected FMDV serotype O among the 35 examined clinical samples. POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST

Armenia 2 – A FMD outbreak occurred in Armavir, Armenia on the 23rd of December 2015 caused by FMDV serotype A, involving a cattle and pig farm. Samples collected from the outbreak were genotyped as A/ASIA/G-VII by the Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH) in Russia. The WRLFMD also carried out comparative genetic sequence analysis of the isolated strains provided by FGBI-ARRIAH. Pakistan 5 – The Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project reported that during January 2016, 159 FMD outbreaks were recorded caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O. Saudi Arabia 1 – Further to the previous reports of the VMSD tests, carried out on isolate A/ASIA/G-VII, responsible for the FMD outbreak that occurred in September 2015, no “r” values > 0.3, indicative of protection by the vaccine, were obtained even when using other vaccine strains of Indian origin. Turkey 1 – VMSD tests were carried out by the WRLFMD on the isolates identified as A/ASIA/unnamed and A/ASIA/Sind-08, respectively collected in 2014 and 2015, with results that are not indicative of protection by the vaccine strains. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 6 – The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) detected FMDV serotype O and SAT 2 in bovine tissue and swab samples collected during an outbreak. Kenya 7 – As for the previous month, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotype A among seven bovine samples.


January 2016

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POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA No FMD outbreaks were reported within this pool for January 2016. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA Malawi 2 – A FMD outbreak for which serotyping is pending occurred in cattle in Nsanje, Malawi on the 2nd of January 2016. Republic of South Africa (RSA) 2, 8 – Four FMD outbreaks caused by serotype SAT 3 occurred between the 18th of December 2015 and 5th of January 2016, further to the fist outbreak of the 8th of December 2015. The new events were again observed in cattle of various villages in Limpopo. POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Latin America 2 – No FMD events reported for this Region

COUNTER

*** 49 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 137 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED


January 2016

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III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS

A. POOL 1 – SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA China (Hong Kong, SAR) 1 As a continuation of the previous episodes, porcine samples collected in December 2015 were genotyped as O/CATHAY, with closest field viruses represented by other strains isolated in the same country, having a sequence identity (seq id) of > than 99%, while most closely related reference virus is represented by O/Yunlin/TAW/97 with a seq id between 88 and 89%. FMD in this country has constantly been notified to the OIE between 2012 and 2015, with the last outbreak reported in April 2015 in swine. From 2006 to October 2015, the country has been experiencing the exclusive circulation of FMDV serotype O with O/CATHAY being the most prevalent. China (Hong Kong, SAR) conducts a vaccination programme which is approved and supervised by the Veterinary Authority and excludes vaccination in response to outbreaks Laos PDR 1, 9 The VMSD test conducted on the FMDV serotype A/ASIA/Sea-97, detected in the tissue samples of March 2015, of unknown species origin, revealed two matches indicative of protection with A Iran 2005 and A 22 IRQ/24/64, while for A MAY 97 and A Tur 20/06, r1 values were below the threshold value. Previous to the outbreak of March 2015 within which this strain was isolated, the last report of the same genotype in the country was in February of 2014. Furthermore, all previous detections of FMDV serotype A, starting from 2005 belong to this genotype. The present serotype co-circulates within the country with serotype O and have been responsible of the 19 FMD events registered in the country during 2015, while no further FMD episodes were registered by the SEACFMD in January 2016. Korea (Rep. of) 1, 2 The two new FMD outbreaks that occurred on the 11th and 13th of January 2016, on pig farms in Jeollabuk-Do were without delay diagnosed by the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (National laboratory) on the 14th of January, using antibody detection ELISA and reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) identifying the serotype as O. Five swine samples, consisting of diluted vesicular liquid, collected within the above outbreaks were immediately forwarded to the WRLFMD were, however, no serotyping was achieved as no “live” virus was recovered, even if FMDV genome was detected in four of them, probably due to the timing of sampling or shipment conditions. Details of the animals involved and location of the farms are respectively reported in Table 2 and Map 2. Source of the outbreaks or origin of infection is also in these episodes unknown as had also been the case in the epidemic that had started in December 2014, while an epidemiological survey is currently being implemented. Control measures adopted for the present outbreaks are control of wildlife reservoirs, quarantine, movement control inside the country, screening, zoning, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection and modified stamping out. The previous epidemic of FMD outbreaks by serotype O/SEA/Mya-98, reported in Rep. of Korea registered between December 2014 and April 2015, almost exclusively involving pigs was reported as resolved in June 2015. The number of outbreaks registered by WAHID during that period was 185. Control measures applied were those previously mentioned, including the stamping out of infected animals, adding up to 160,356 heads, while the origin of the start of the events remained unknown. Table 2: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreaks that occurred during January 2016 in Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (Rep. of).

*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent

morbidity rate

Apparent

mortality rate

Apparent case

fatality rate

Proportion

susceptible

animals lost*Farm 1 10172 80 0 10,172 0 0.79% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%

Farm 2 670 30 0 670 0 4.48% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%

Totals 10,842 110 0 10,842 0 1.05% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00%


January 2016

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Map 2: Location of the FMD outbreaks that

occurred in Jeollabuk-Do, Korea (Rep. of) during

January 2016.

Russian Federation 3 The FGBI-ARRIAH reported the detection of FMDV serotype A, in four samples. Species and location of sampling was not reported. The laboratory respectively genotyped these viruses as FMDV/A/ASIA/ G-VII. The same laboratory examined 3,959 sera for post vaccination monitoring purposes. Other activities being conducted are studies on the immunobiological properties of the FMDV serotype A and the provision of materials to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and advice to the Veterinary Services of the Russian Federation Subjects. SEACFMD 9 No outbreaks were reported during January 2016 in the countries belonging to the Organization. The number of ongoing FMD outbreaks is listed in Table 3 with their location presented in Map 3. Map 3: Location of the FMD outbreaks that

are ongoing during January 2016 in the

SEACFMD countries listed in Table 5.


January 2016

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Table 3: Distribution in the SEACFMD countries of the number of FMD outbreaks that are on-going during January 2016.

Table 4: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 4 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between 2012 – 2014

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE

# see pg. 1 Comment

Cambodia O, 2013-2014/NOT SAMPLED Sep 2015/O and A, Aug 2014/ not typed, June

2014/not typed

See text

China (People's Rep. of) 2012-2013/O,

2013/A, Apr 2015/O, May 2015/A Typing required

China (Hong Kong, Sar) O Dec 2015/O See text

China (Taiwan Province) 2012-2013/O, Jun 2015/A Typing required

Korea (DPR) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed,

July 2014/O Follow-up needed

Korea (Rep. of) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT Jan 2016/O See text

Laos PDR

2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT

WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS

Mar 2015/A, June 2015/O See text

Malaysia 2012 –2013/O

2013/NOT TYPED Sep2015/O See text

Mongolia 2013/A Sept 2013/A, May 2015/O,

Oct 2015/O Follow-up needed

Myanmar 2012-2013/O Oct 2015/A and O, July

2014/ not typed See text

Russian Federation 2012/O, 2013/A

Jan 2016/ A and Dec 2015/O

See text

Thailand O, A and NOT TYPED Sep 2015 /A, Feb 2015/O,

Sept 2014/not typed

See text

Vietnam O, NOT SAMPLED

2013- 2014/A,

Apr 2015/A, Sep 2015/ Asia 1

Nov 2015/O and not typed

See text


January 2016

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Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, 2012 – 2015.

Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per 2015 1, 15:

Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 and Iran-05SIS 10 sublineages

Serotype Asia-1 had not been detected in the region since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (Vietnam)

B. POOL 2 – South Asia

India 4 The Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (ICAR-PDFMD), Mukteswar, India reported the detection during January 2016 of FMDV serotype O, among the 35 examined clinical samples of which 30 were collected from cattle and five from buffaloes. Five FMDV serotype O isolates were genotyped while four isolates were subjected to vaccine matching exercises. A total of 18061 serum samples collected within FMD epidemiological studies were tested for FMDV antibodies.

The laboratory is continuously involved in the provision of expert advice to the Government, to the National and Local authorities and in research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Nepal 10 The National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory in Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu Nepal, reported that all the FMDV isolates detected since 2012 using FMDV antigen by Antigen ELISA and Conventional PCR belonged to serotype O. EuFMD provides the laboratory with diagnostics kits. Isolated strains are forwarded on routine basis to the WRLFMD and those last genotyped viruses were identified as O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d. The laboratory staff is constantly involved in outbreak investigations and in the provision of expert advice to the Government and to the National and Local authorities. Table 5: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 5 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between 2012 – 2014


# see pg. 1 Comment

Bangladesh DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT

QUANTITATIVE DATA Not available Follow –up needed

Bhutan NOT TYPED,

2013/NOT SAMPLED 2013-2014/O

Not available Follow –up needed

India O, A, NOT SAMPLED

2012-2013/Asia 1 2013/NOT TYPED

Jan 2016/O, Apr 2015/A April 2015/Asia 1,

Follow –up needed

A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10

A/ASIA/Sea-97

O/CATHAY/unnamed

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia

O/SEA/MYA-98

Pool 1


January 2016

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Nepal O,

2012-2103/Asia 1 Apr 2014/O See text

Sri Lanka 2012 – 2013/O Sept 2014/O Follow-up needed

Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per 2015 1, 15:

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 predominates (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during 2012-15)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2014 in Sri Lanka)

A/ASIA/G-VII (genotype 18)?

Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and Western clusters)?

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East

Armenia 2 A FMD outbreak occurred in Armavir, on the 23rd of December 2015 on a cattle and pig farm. The diagnosis was carried out after five days from the start of the outbreak on the 28th of December 2015, on bovine and swine samples collected within the outbreak by the Food Safety Risk Assessment and Analysis Scientific Center, SNCO (National laboratory) using antigen detection ELISA. The positive samples were first forwarded to FGBI-ARRIAH were they were genotyped as A/ASIA/G-VII. The sequences were provided to the WRLFMD with the following results: most closely related field virus is A/IRN/12/2015 with a nearly complete seq Id of 99. 84%, that denotes a very close epidemiological relationship of this isolate, while most closely reference virus is A/IND/40/2000 (1999; AF390646) with a seq id of 90.14% Last outbreaks registered for serotype A (A/AISA/IRN 22) in the country, go back to 2006. Relative to the outbreak, a summary of the animals involved and location are respectively reported in Table 6 and Map 6. The position of the outbreak on the country borders with Turkey and Iran is also another epidemiological element relative to the extensive circulation of A/ASIA/G-VII which at the present is being simultaneously detected in different countries of the Middle East and Asia and for which VMSD tests carried out so far by the WRLFMD have not identified vaccine strains with r1 that are indicative of protection. Source of outbreak was attributed to airborne spread while control measures adopted are movement control inside the country, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zone. No vaccination was adopted and the outbreak is reported as resolved as from the 12th of January 2016. Table 6: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreaks that occurred on the 23rd of December 2015 in Armavir, Armenia.

*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia

O/ME-SA/unnamed

Pool 2

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent

morbidity rate

Apparent

mortality rate

Apparent case

fatality rate

Proportion

susceptible

animals lost*Cattle 1,219 1 0 1 0 0.08% 0.00% 0.00% 0.08%

Swine 362 2 2 0 0 0.55% 0.55% 100.00% 0.55%


January 2016

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Map 6: Location of the FMD outbreak that

occurred in Armavir, Armenia on the 23rd of

December 2015.

Israel 2

The FMD outbreaks in Hazafon Israel that occurred during November 2015 on a pig and a beef cattle farm five kilometres away from each other have been declared as resolved as from the 7th of December 2015. Pakistan 4 The Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project reported that during January 2016, 162 FMD outbreaks were recorded as caused by FMDV serotypes A, Asia 1 and O. No outbreaks were reported in the provinces of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and in Gilgit-Baltistan. Summaries of the outbreaks and of the vaccination activities carried out during January 2016 are reported in Table 7a and 8. The Project Coordinator, Dr. Muhammad Afzal, commented that there is an improvement in the surveillance of and response to FMD outbreaks. Furthermore, benefits of preventive, early and consistent immunization practices demonstrated for effective control of FMD. Table 7: FMD outbreaks that occurred during January 2016 in various parts of Pakistan.

Table 8: Vaccination activity carried out during December in various parts of Pakistan.

*Farmers of dairy colonies are actively participating in the cost-sharing vaccination program.

O A Asia-1 Mixed

Sindh 50 12 15 8 4 11

Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa

3 3

Azad Kashmir 13 4 2 2 5

Punjab 90 25 22 18 6 19

Islamabad Capital

Territory

3 1 1 1

Balochistan 3 - - 2 - 1

Total 162 42 40 31 10 39

ProvinceNumber

of

Number of Outbreaks due to FMD Virus ELISA

Negative

Province Ring

Vaccination

On Cost sharing

basis *

Sindh 1,850 16,981

Balochistan 300 800

Punjab - 2,700

Total 2,150 20,481


January 2016

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Saudi Arabia 1 The WRLFMD has carried out further VMSD tests on the isolate A/ASIA/G-VII, responsible for the FMD outbreak that occurred in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in September 2015, using the following vaccine strains of Indian origin, 1201 A, 2001 A, B 379-83 ( all three strains are from India Intervet, MSD) and Indian Vet Research Institute strain. The “r1” values obtained were between 0.11 and 0.26, which are below the threshold limit indicative of protection by the vaccine. The vaccine strains used in the previous VMDS tests, which also obtained “r1” values below the threshold level, are the following: A Iran 2005, A IRN 87, A IRN 96, A IRN 99, A MAY 97, A SAU 95, A SAU 95 (1), A SAU 95(2), A Tur 20/6 A-Tur-11, A-Tur-14, A22 IRQ, A-IND-40-2000. Further VMSD tests are being carried out by WRLFMD to identify an appropriate vaccine strain for the above genotype, lately also detected in Turkey, Iran and Armenia, but also circulating in the Indian sub-continent since early 2000. Turkey 1 The isolates which were both collected in Ardahan, Turkey, ASIA 1/TUR/37 (2014) and ASIA 1/TUR/12(2015), respectively identified as A/ASIA/unnamed A/ASIA/Sind-08 were subjected to VMSD tests by the WRLFMD obtaining “r1” values that are not indicative of protection by the vaccine strains used, represented by ASIA 1 IND 8/79 and ASIA 1 Shamir. Table 9: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, 2012 – 2016, for geographic distribution see Map 8 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 – 2014


# see pg. 1

Comment

Afghanistan 2013/O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED

2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED 2014/A, Asia 1, O

Follow –up needed

Algeria 2014/O Apr 2015/O Follow –up needed

Armenia 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT Jan 2016/A Follow –up needed

Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT 2007/0 Follow –up needed

Bahrain 2012 /O Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 - 2014/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, Jan-April 2015/A & O

Follow –up needed

Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Follow –up needed

Iran O, A,

2012-2013/Asia 1 Dec 2015/A Jun Apr 2014/O,

2013/Asia 1 Follow –up needed

Iraq 2012-2013/O, A Dec 2013/A, O Follow –up needed

Israel 2012-2013/O Nov 2015/O, Nov 2015/not

typed Follow –up needed

Jordan DISEASE ABSENT 2006/A Follow –up needed

Kazakhstan 2012/O

2012 –2013/A Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A

Kuwait 2012/O

2013 – 2014/ DISEASE ABSENT Jan 2012/O Follow –up needed

Kyrgyzstan 2012-2013/O, A Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug

2014/not typed Typing required

Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 2010/not typed Follow –up needed

Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/O Follow –up needed

Morocco No outbreaks reported for that period Oct 2015/O

See text (last reported

outbreak in 1999 due to FMDV O)


January 2016

14

Oman 2012-2013/O May 2015/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Pakistan DISEASE LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE

ZONES Jan 2016/A, Asia 1 and O See text

Palestine O,

2012-2013 - SAT 2

Dec 2015/O Mar 2013/Sat 2 Follow –up needed

Qatar 2012-2013/O Dec 2013/O Follow –up needed

Saudi Arabia 2013/O Mar 2014/O, Oct 2015/A See text

Syrian Arab Republic

DISEASE ABSENT 2002/ A & O Follow –up needed

Tajikistan 2012/NOT TYPED

2013/DISEASE ABSENT Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/

NOT TYPED Follow –up needed

Tunisia 2014/O Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Turkey Asia 1, A, O, NOT TYPED Oct 2015/ A May 2014-

2015/ Asia 1 and O Follow –up needed

Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

United Arab Emirates

2012/DISEASE ABSENT 2013-2014/O

Jan 2014/O Follow –up needed

Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, 2012 – 2015 (EuFMD).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3

per 2015 1, 15:

A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from AFG-07, HER 10, SIS-10/12, SIS-, FAR-09/11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages)

A/Asia/G-VII (recent incursion from South Asia)1

A/ASIA/Sea-97 A/ASIA/Sindh-08 A/AFRICA/G-IV

Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage).

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3

(cont’d)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09/11 sub-lineages)

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent)

SAT 2/IV/Ken-09 SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 and Ghb-12

sublineages

A/AFRICA/G-IVISM-12

A/ASIA/Iran-05AFG-07

A/ASIA/Iran-05BAR-08/9

A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11

A/ASIA/Iran-05HER-10

A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10/12

A/ASIA/Sea-97

A/ASIA/Sindh-08

A/ASIA/G-VII

Pool 3 part 1

A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-09

A/ASIA/Sindh-08

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2FAR-09/11

O/ME-SA/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/Ken-09SAT 2/VII/Alx-12

SAT 2/VII/Ghb-12

SAT 2/VII/unnamed

Pool 3 part 2


January 2016

15

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa

Ethiopia 6 The NAHDIC collected 9 tissue samples, including one probang, and a swab in the course of a FMD suspect outbreak. FMDV serotype O and SAT 2 were detected in the bovine samples by using antigen detection ELISA. During January, the laboratory staff was involved in FMD outbreak investigations and in the provision of expert advice to Government, national/local authorities or to other services. The OIE twinning kick off meeting on FMD was held at NAHDIC, between the 12th and 14th January 2016, with the participation of five experts from the WRLFMD with the Staff of the NAHDIC to discuss a three year work plan. Kenya 7 As for the previous month, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotype A in one of the seven bovine samples collected during FMD outbreaks, using FMD Ag detection ELISA and/or RT-PCR. The laboratory also carried out post-vaccination monitoring, screening and surveys. The laboratory personnel was involved in FMD outbreak investigations. FMD Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya reported that it is collaborating on an FMD project with the Kenya Wildlife service. Table 10: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, 2012 – 2015, for geographic distribution see Map 9 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 - 2014


#see pg. 1 Comment

Burundi NO DATA AVAILABLE Aug 2013 / not available Typing required

Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Follow –up needed

Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT Not available Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 - 2014/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, May 2014/A, Oct 2014/O

Follow –up needed

Eritrea 2012/O Jan 2012/O Follow –up needed

Ethiopia O,2012/A, SAT 2 Jan 2016/ O & SAT 2, Jun 2014/A and SAT 1

See text

Kenya O, SAT1, SAT2, 2012 – 2013/A,

2012/NOT TYPED

Jan 2015/ A, Oct 2015/SAT1 and SAT 2,

Apr 2015/O

See text

Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr

2012 Follow-up needed

Rwanda 2012-2013/A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required

Somalia 2012/NOT SAMPLED

2013 – 2014/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

2011 Follow –up needed

Sudan O,

2013/SAT 2, 2013-2014/NOT TYPED

2013/O, SAT2 Follow –up needed

South Sudan NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Follow –up needed

Tanzania 2012/O

2012-2013/A, SAT 1, SAT 2 May 2015/O

Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Follow –up needed

Uganda 2012/O, SAT 1

2012-2013/NOT TYPED

May 2014/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A,

and SAT 3, July 2015/ SAT 2 and untyped

See text

Yemen 2012/O, 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE

PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA

2009/O Follow –up needed


January 2016

16

Map 9: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa. 2011 – 2015 (EUFMD)

East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but

currently available data are limited.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per 2015 1,15: O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya & Sudan) and EA-4 (Ethiopia). A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania), IV (Sudan) and VII (Ethiopia)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Ethiopia), XII (Ethiopia)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2013)

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa

Cameroon 11 Of the 82 cattle serum samples tested during January 2016, the Laboratoire National Vétérinaire detected 22 as positive for FMD antibodies using non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. The laboratory personnel were also involved in the investigations of outbreaks and collaborative partnerships with the Ohio State University and Plum Island Laboratory, USA are proceeding.

Ghana 12 and Nigeria13 The Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana and the FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria reported that no FMD activities were conducted during January 2016. Senegal 14

Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar, Senegal reported that through the provision of kits provided by the TCP/FAO/SEN/3503 (FAO/EU_FMD), around 1100 serum of the total 2500 samples collected in 2015 were already tested by non structural protein ELISA. The positive sera will subsequently be tested for serotyping. All the results will be shared on conclusion. Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, 2012 – 2015, for geographic distribution see Map 10 below.

Country FMD history

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 – 2014

Last outbreak reported/serotype

#see pg. 1

Comment (Genotyping would be useful for

this region)

Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Burkina Faso SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Follow –up needed

Cameroon SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Jan 2015 and July-Aug

2015/untyped

See text Serotyping and genotyping

required

Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

O/EA-2/unnamed

A/AFRICA/G-I

A/AFRICA/G-IV

A/AFRICA/G-VII

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/EA-4/unnamed

SAT 1/1 (NWZ)/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/unnamed

SAT 2/VII/Alx-12

SAT 2/XII/unnamed

SAT 3/V/unnamed

Pool 4


January 2016

17

Central Afr. Rep.

DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE

DATA Not available

Chad 2012 – 2013/SEROTYPES

NOT REPORTED Not available

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2013/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Cote D'Ívoire 2012/A, NOT SAMPLED 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Equatorial Guinea

DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED


Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O

Ghana 2012 – 2014/SEROTYPES

NOT REPORTED 2014/not available

See text Follow –up needed

Guinea Biss. DISEASE ABSENT No data available Follow –up needed

Guinea 2012-2013/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/not available

Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Follow –up needed Mali

2012/DISEASE ABSENT 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED 2011/2012, no precise data

Mauritania 2012-2013/NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS Dec 2014/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Niger 2012 – 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled, May

2015/O See text

Nigeria 2012 – 2014/NOT SAMPLED Nov 2015/A and SAT 1, Sept

2014/0 and SAT 2

See text Genotyping required Follow –up needed

Sao Tome Principe

2012/DISEASE ABSENT, 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE


Senegal 2012, 2014/NO DATA

AVAILABLE 2013/DISEASE ABSENT,

2014/ SAT 1 Feb 2015/ A and O


Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct 1958 Follow –up needed

Togo O, SAT 1, 2013/NOT TYPED 2012/O Follow –up needed

Map 10: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, 2012 – 2015(EuFMD)

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per 2015 1, 15:

Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria))

Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV)

Serotype SAT 1 (?)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII/Lib-12 and unnamed genotypes)

A/AFRICA/G-IV

O/EA-3/unnamed

O/WA/unnamed

SAT 2/VII/Lib -12

SAT 2/VII/unnamed

Pool 5


January 2016

18

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA

Malawi 2 On the 2nd of January 2016, a FMD outbreak for which serotyping is pending occurred in cattle in the Bangula Dip Tank, in Nsanje, Malawi, following the last event that took place in September 2015 were even in that case typing was not available. The country’s last officially reported outbreaks, previous to the above, were in 2011, always in cattle, while last genotyped virus for the country was in 2009 by the WRLFMD with the identification SAT1/1/unnamed. The cattle involved in the outbreak are communally grazed. Summary of animals involved is reported in Table 12. As the affected area is close to Mwabvi Game Reserve the infection could be due to the contact during grazing with buffaloes from the game reserve. The outbreak is located close to the border with Mozambique as represented in Map 11. Control measures put in place are as following: disinfection, movement control inside the country, quarantine traceability, screening, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zone, vaccination in response to the outbreak with the vaccination of 9,965 cattle around the outbreak and around the Lengwe National Park, within which is a numerous buffalo population. The FMD affected animals are not receiving treatment. Map 11: Location of the FMD outbreak that

occurred in Nsanje, Malawi, on the 2nd of January

2016.

Table 12: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreak that occurred in Nsanje, Malawi, on the 2nd of January 2016.

*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Republic of South Africa (RSA) 2, 8 FMD outbreaks caused by serotype SAT 3 are continuing with four new events registered between the 18th of December 2015 and 5th of January 2016. These outbreaks are further to the first outbreak of the 8th of December 2015 again involving cattle of various villages in Limpopo which is close to the borders of Mozambique and Zimbabwe as reported in Map 12. The first episode was confirmed on the 10th of December 2015 by the Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC – OVI) (OIE Reference Laboratory) using

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered

Apparent

morbidity

rate

Apparent

mortality rate

Apparent

case fatality

rate

Proportion

susceptible

animals lost*

Cattle 8,000 70 0 0 0 0.88% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


January 2016

19

PCR and liquid-phase blocking ELISA. These outbreaks also occurred within South Africa's FMD Protection Zone, which is not part of South Africa's OIE recognised FMD Free Zone. The last outbreak of the above serotype, previous to the one reported in December 2015, was in 2006 by the WRLFMD with diagnosis of SAT3/I (SEZ)/unnamed. The summary relative to the animals involved in the outbreak is reported in Table 13. Control measures applied within the above outbreaks are similar to those described for the first episode, which were vaccination in response to the outbreak, quarantine, with no treatment of affected animals. The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute within the Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme followed the above described outbreak by carrying out PCRs on 16 samples collected within the Limpopo outbreak and has also carried out the sequencing of the virus which was not provided. Other FMD related activities carried out by the ARC – OVI during January 2016, was the testing of 1,527 samples using liquid-phase blocking ELISA for the detection of FMDV serotypes SAT-1, SAT-2 and SAT-3 and 104 samples using NSP ELISA. The laboratory is continuing research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Table 13: summary of the animals involved in the FMD outbreaks that occurred in Limpopo, RSA, between the 18th of December 2015 and 5th of January 2016.

*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 12: Location of the FMD outbreaks that

occurred in Limpopo, RSA, between the 18th of

December 2015 and 5th of January 2016.

Table 14: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, 2012 – 2015, for geographic distribution see Map 13 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes,

reported to OIE in 2012 – 2014


#see pg. 1 Comment

Angola

2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 2013/DISEASE ABSENT

2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE

July 2015/ SAT 2 Follow –up and typing

required

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered

Apparent

morbidity

rate

Apparent

mortality rate

Apparent

case fatality

rate

Proportion

susceptible

animals lost*

Cattle 4,860 41 0 0 0 0.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%


January 2016

20

Botswana 2012-2014/SAT 2

2014/SAT 1

Jun 2015/typing pending July 2015/SAT 2, June 2015/SAT 1

See text Typing required

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2013/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Malawi 2012 -2013/NO REPORTED

OUTBREAKS Oct 2011,

Sep 2015/typing pending See text

Follow –up needed

Mozambique 2012 -2013/DISEASE

ABSENT, 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE

July 2015/SAT 2, May 2015/ SAT 1


Namibia 2012-2013/SAT 1 May 2015/SAT 1, Jun 2015/SAT 2,

July/typing pending

See text Typing required

South Africa 2012/SAT 2 2013/SAT 1

Dec 2015/SAT 3, Nov 2014/ SAT 2, Aug

2013/SAT 1

See text Genotyping required

Zambia 2012/SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2, Oct

2015/typing pending


Zimbabwe 2012-2013/SAT 2

2013/SAT 3 2014/SAT 1

Aug 2015/ SAT 1 and 2, Jun 2013/SAT 3

See text

Map 13: FMD distribution by serotype and

topotype for Southern Africa, 2012 – 2015

(EuFMD)

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without

vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and

Namibia, which has been FMD free without

vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per 2015 1, 15:

Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I(?), I(?)I and III)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II, III and IV) Serotype SAT 3 (?) (topotypes I, II and III)

G. POOL 7 – South America

South America 2, 14 The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in April 2015 is presented in Map 14. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/). Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 14). The FMD history between 2012 –2014 is given in Table 15.

SAT 1/III (WZ)/unnamed

SAT 2/II/unnamed

SAT 2/I/unnamed

SAT 2/III/unnamed

SAT 2/IV/unnamed

Pool 6

http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/


January 2016

21

Table 15: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, 2012 – 2015, for geographic distribution see Map 14 below

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes,

reported to OIE in 2012 2014


#see pg. 1 Comment

Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O

Venezuela DISEASE ABSENT 2011/O, A National situation needs

verification

Map 14: FMD status for South America 2.


January 2016

22

IV. OTHER NEWS:

1The WRLFMD Quarterly Report July – December 2015 published the following table (Table 16) that contains a list of FMDV strains for antigen banks of FMD-Free countries. The discussion of this table is within the report. The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 16: Recommendations by the WRLFMD® on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMD -free countries) – December 2015. Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance

*In-vitro data from WRLFMD for serotype A viruses recently collected from Saudi Arabia and Iran highlights an apparent gap in vaccine coverage. Work is urgently required to evaluate whether there is adequate in-vivo protection that may be provided by high potency international vaccines.


January 2016

23

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 2. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 3. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 4. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (PD-FMD), Indian Council of Agricultural Research,

Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 5. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain, National Project

Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 6. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 7. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa - (Dr LE Heat - Ms E Kirkbride) 8. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula, Dr. Kenneth Ketter) 9. SEACFMD, http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd 10. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) -Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 11. National Foot and Mouth Disease and TADS Laboratory, Nepal - Dr. Sharmila Chapagain 12. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 13. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom,

Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 14. Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) – (Dr Modou

Moustapha) 15. 42a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa, Quito,

Ecuador, 16-17 April, 2015. http: //ww2.panaftosa.org.br/cosalfa42/ 16. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report 2014

http://www.wrlfmd.org/

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home

http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd

foot-and-mouth disease situation...global foot-and-mouth disease situation january 2016 4 i. general...

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