,"AD-A135 731 CAUSES AND CORRECTIONS FOR PROPELLER-EXCITED AIRBORNE 1/|,NOISE ON A NAVAL AU..(U) DAVID W TAYLOR NAVAL SHIPRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER BET..

UNCtASSIFIED M B WILSON ET AL. NOV 83 DTNSRDC-83/097 F/G 20/1 NL

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MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHARTN17, NAL B I~ ll 'IANDAFID A

DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVAL SHIPRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER

CIO

CAUSES AND CORRECTIONS FOR PROPELLER-EXCITED AIRBORNE

NOISE ON A NAVAL AUXILIARY OILER

by

Michael B. Wilson, Donald N. McCallumRobert J. Boiwell, David D. Bernhard

andw Alan B. Chase2000 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

xlLu Presented at the Annual Mleating ofThe Society of Naval Architects and Marine Eniineers

Now York. New York17-20 November 1982

Ju ILE

--l: SHIP PERFORMANCE DEPARTMENT..g . RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT

wwNovember 1983 DTNSRDC-83/097 i

8312 13 288a

'"

MAJOR DTNSRDC ORGANIZATIONAL COMPONENTS

DTNSRDC

COMMANDER 0TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

01

OFFICE R-1 NCHARGE OFIER-IN-CHARGE

CARDE ROCK ANAPLI 04

SYSTEMS

DEV ELOPMENT11___________

SHIP PERFORMANCE AVIATION AND

DEPARTMENT SURFACE EFFECTS

STRUCTURES COMPUTATION,

DEPARMENTMATHEMATICS ANDDEPARMENTLOGISTICS DEPARTMENT

17 1

SHIP ACOUSTICS PROPULSION ANDDEPATME- AUXILIARY SYSTEMS

DEPARMENTDEPARTMENT19 27

SHIP MATERIALS CENTRALENGINEERING -- INSTRUMENTATIONDEPA RTMENT 28DEPARTMENT 2

E~IYUNCIAS SIFIED'~CfIYCLASSIFICATION OF TH~IS PAGE (When Data Entered)

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEREAD INSTRUCTIONSBFORE COMPLETING FORM

IREPORT NUMBER -2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER Il)T N S;R D C -8 3/ 0 7 A D - 1 '3 .5 ? ? YP F E O R P R O

4 11 T LE nd S,,bf~ij r . TPOFROT PEIDCOVERED

CAUSE'S ND CORRECTIONS FOR PROPELLFR-EXCI TEDAIRBORNE NOI SE ON A NAVAL AUXI LIARY OILER_________________

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7 AJT.CRI#, 6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(#)

MIichael ii. Wilson, Donald N. McCallum,RkObert J. Boswell-, David D. Bernhard,and Alan B. Chase *

9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT.,ASAREA A WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Ship Performaince Department:Day i W. Tavlor NavalSi &DCne

i"'ti'sa Shipryn R2D0ente (See reverse side)

I -3N'RCLL1NG OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATENovember 1983

Naval Sea SVSLCMS Command 7 UBRO AEVabigt~,D.C. 20102 56NME O AE

14 k4ONTZDRN,, AGENCY N AME A A11DRESS(Ii different Irom, Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of tis report)

UINCLASSI FD

15s. DECLASSI FICATION DOWNGRADINGSCHEDULE

6 DIS'REIB, -,,N S-A -EVENT I this Report)

A!'P! p ''. 1"., 1 C RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION 1INI.I MIT!iD

G, IST RiaBWN ST ATLIMEN' lof te abstract eteIred In Block 20. if different from, Report)

'8 SUPLFIVIrEN-ARY NOTES

19 KEY WORDS ,Conne on reverse side If necteeafy Ad Identify by bI',k number)

I'ropt. Iier-Lxc it ed Airborne No ise Propeller DesignPrope I br- Inlobed V ibrat ion Marine PropellecrNaval Auxiliary Oiler Skewed PropellerCay itat Loll Eros ion Model Experimental TechniquesFlew-Control Fins Propeller Viewing Trials

20 4 OST RAC T (Con tinue on reverse side It necessary and identify by block number)

-- > The AO-177, first of a new clas.a of Naval Auxiliary Oilers, experiencedhigh levels of inboard airborne noise and initial-stage erosion damage on itsskewedl, seven-bladed propeller during huilder's trials. This report describesthe problems, correct ive design modificat ions Considered, and procedures andrationale used to develop a successful corrective design modification Con-sist ing of a fin to improve the flow into the propeller. To evaluate the

(Continued on reverse side)-,

DD I I 9JNMt, 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 611 IS OBSOLETE UNCLASSIFliEDS"N 002-LF-0146601SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Der* Entered,

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (hl..l Dai Entered)

(Block 10)

Work Unit Numbers: 1532-100,1532-110, 1532-115, 1532-120, 1532-116,1532-117, 1528-118, 1536-269, 1523-281, 1544-357

(Block 20 continued)

;'problem, extensive model experiments were conducted, including flow

visualization, wake survey, powering experiments, and a crucial series

of cavitation experiments including propeller-induced hull pressuremcasurements in a large water tunnel. Experiments with two fin designsshowed the superiority of a flow-accelerating configuration. Otherexperiments showed some benefits of altering the propeller blade shape.

Propeller analyses were undertaken to provide design alternatives for

retrofitting the ship with a new propeller. A full-scale trial with the

final fin design provided evidence of a reduction of the highest levels

of airborne noise, reduction in the initial-stage erosion damage, andminimal effect on ship speed. The result is that the AO-177 has been

accepted by the fleet for normal service. 1L7

//

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFCATION OF-THIS PAGE(When Data Sntered)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES .............. ................................ iv

LIST OF TABLES .............. ................................ vi

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION ........... .......................... vii

ABSTRACT .................. ................................... 1

INTROD1CTION ............... .................................

TIE SHIP AND PROPELLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MAIN PARTICULARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

PROPELLER DETAILS AND DESIGN ......... ....................... 2

NOMENCLATUR, ............... .................................

T!E PROBLEMS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AIRBORNE NOISE ............. .............................. 7

PROPELLER OAtAG.E ............ .............................. 8

PROPELLER CAVITATION . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . 8

INVESTIJGYrONS AND DESIGN MODIFICATION .......... .................... 9

SCOPE........................................................ '

MODEL FLOW VISUALIZATION AND WAKE STUDIES .......................

PROPE,IER-EXCITATION MODE!, EXPERIMENTS ......... .................. 1

RESISTANCE AND POWERING WITH TIlE FIN ......... ................... 1

PROPOSEID REDESIGN OF PROPELLER ......... ......................... 1

FULL-SCALE VERIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

AIRBORNE NOISE .............. ............................... 21

FULL-SCALE PROPELLER CAVITATION .................................

PROPELLER EROSION TENDENCY ............ ........................ 23

PROPELLER-INDUCED PRESSURE PULSE AMPLITUDES ..... ................ .

OPERATING EXPERIENCE . .

CONCLUSIONS ............... .................................. 24

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................. ............ ................... 25

REFERENCES ............... ................................. 25

i

Page

APPENDIX 1 - MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF AIRBORNE NOISF .. ........... . 26

APPENDIX 2 - RESULTS OF ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS ..... ............. . 27

LIST OF FICI'RES

1 - Body plan and how and stern profiles ......... .................. 3

2 - Inboard profile of stern ............ ........................ 5

3 - Seven-bladed skewed propeller on the AO-177 (note Installation

of wake-improving fin) ............ ......................... 7

4 - Example excessive airborne noise levels measured duringbuilder's trials ............. .............................

5 - Sketch of cavitation damage after builder's trials .. ........... ..

6 - Tunnel-fin configuration ......... ........................ 10

- Flow-accelerating fin configuration ...... .................. I

S - Model tuft patterns with and without tunnel-fin ...... ............ 10

- Model nominal wake velocity ratios, with and without twodifferent fins, at radius ratio r/R = 0.35.5 0 ...... .............. ]9

- Model nominal wake velocity ratios, with and without twodifferent fins, at radius ratio r/P = 0.556 ...... .............. 11

11 - Model nominal wake velocity ratios, with and without twodifferent fins, at radius ratio r/F = 0.775 ...... .............. 11

12 - Model nominal wake velocity ratios, with and without twedifferent fins, at radius ratio r/R = 1.017 ....... ............. 11

13 - Model nominal wake velocity ratios, with and without twodifferent fins, at radius ratio r/P = 1.17P ...... .............. 11

14 - Comparison of radial distributions of axial component ofwake harmonics, with and without the two different fins . ........ 12

15 - Cavitation extent diagrams for unmodified AO-177 at fullload and ballast conditions [position angle I measured

counterclockwise looking aft (downstream). ........ .............. 13

16 - Longitudinal distribution of blade rate pressure pulse double

amplitude and phase angle for unmodified AO-177 ...... ............ 13

iv

Page

17 - Variation of blade rate peak-to-peak hull pressure overpropeller tip versus ship speed ....... .................... 13

18 - SSPA pressure pulse-vibration response criterion (fromreference [27]) .............. ............................ 1-4

19 - Propellers evaluated in AO-177 experiments at SSPA ... ........... . 15

20 - Cavitation patterns on AO-177 propeller and Stock Propeller Abehind unmodified hull at simulated full-power, full-loadconditions ............ ................................ 16

21 - Comparison of pitch and camber of propellers evaluated inAO-177 experiments at SSPA ......... ....................... . 16

22 - Retrofit duct configuration ........ ...................... 16

23 - Cavitation sketches for AO-177 propeller operated with andwithout various flow-modifying appendages (from reference [37]) . . . . 17

24 - Comparison of distributions of blade rate pressure doubleamplitudes for various corrective options for AO-177 ... .......... . 18

25 - Variation of major harmonic components of propeller-inducedhull pressure pulses at several locations, with and withoutwake-improving fins .......... .......................... 19

26 - Comparison of resistance and powering properties with andwithout flow-accelerating fin for trial full-loaddisplacement ............ .............................. 20

7- Comparison of propulsive coefficients with and withoutflow-accelerating fin for trial full-load displacement .. ........ .. 20

28 - Comparison of resistance and powering properties with andwithout flow-accelerating fin for ballast condition .. .......... 20

29 - Comparison of propulsive coefficients with and without flow-accelerating fin for ballast condition ..... ................. . 20

30 - Comparison of existing propeller with proposed redesign . ........ . 21

31 - Airborne noise levels before and after fin installation,Crew Berthing and Dressing No. 6 ....... .................... 22

32 - Airborne noise levels before and after fin installation,Crew Berthing and Dressing No. 4 ....... .................... 22

33 - Airborne noise levels before and after fin installation,Steering Gear Room ........... ........................... 22

v

Page

34 - Airborne noise levels before and after fin installation,Fantail-Main Deck ........... ........................... 22

35 - Variation of averaged low-frequency noise levels in sternregion, before and after fin installation .... ............... . 23

36 - Variation of airborne noise levels with speed (propeller rpm),Steering Gear Room ........... ........................... 23

37 - Comparison of AO-177 propeller cavitation (full scale)with and without fin ........... ......................... 24

38 - Comparison of longitudinal distribution of blade ratepressure pulse double amplitudes, model experimentsand full scale ............ ............................. 25

39 - Computed distributions of blade rate pressure amplitudeswith and without fin .......... .......................... 27

40 - Predictions of fluctuating hull force components ... ............ .. 28

41 - Computed predictions (from DnV fo]) of vertical surface forceper unit length at blade rate and twice blade rate, withand without flow-accelerating fin ....... ................. 28

LIST OF TABLES

I - Main ship particulars ............. ......................... 3

2 - AO-177 propeller characteristics .......... .................... 5

3 - Propeller design conditions ........... ...................... 6

4 - Bearing force components for AO-177 propeller ...... ............. 7

5 - Criteria noise levels--permissible airborne sound pressurelevels (in dB relative to 20 PPa) .......... .................... 8

6 - Model hull and propeller geometry of AO-177 (scale ratioX = 25.682) ............... .............................. 10

7 - Conditions for original configuration experiments ... ........... .. 12

8 - Conditions for alternate propeller experiments .... ............. . 15

9 - Effect of propeller geometry on pressure fluctuations . ......... . 16

10 - Conditions for wake-improving appendage experiments .. .......... 17

vi

Page

11 - Calculated bearing forces on proposed redesign

propeller ............ .............................. ... 21

12 - New Navy noise criteria levels--permissible airborne soundpressure levels (in dB relative to 20 .Pa) .... .............. . 24

13 Calculated effect of fin on vertical surface force component ..... 29

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMkNTION

The work presented in this paper was initiated and sponsored by the Naval Sea

,cins Command (NAVSEA) PMS 383 under several work requests, and the portion

,:.r~med at, or guided by the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center

IL :'-;R])C) was carried out under the following Work Unit Numbers: 1532-100, 1532-11>,

-115, 1532-120, 1532-116, 1532-117, 1528-118, 1536-269, 1523-281, and 1544-357.

, support of NAVSEA throughout.the project is gratefully acknowledged.

vii

.

The Naval Auxiliary Oiler AO-177, USS Cimarron (U.S. Navy Photograph)

Causes and Corrections for Propeller-Excited Airborne Noiseon a Naval Auxiliary Oiler

Michael B. Wilson,' Member, Donald N. McCallum, 2 Associate Member,Robert J. Boswell,' Member, David D. Bernhard, 3 Visitor, and Alan B. Chase,3 Visitor

The AO-177, first of a new class of Naval Auxiliary Oilers, experienced high levels of inboard air-borne noise and initial-stage erosion damage on its skewed, seven-bladed propeller during builder'strials. This paper describes the problems, corrective design modifications considered, and proce-dures and rationale used to develop a successful corrective design modification consisting of a fin

to improve the flow into the propeller. To evaluate the problem, extensive model experiments wereconducted, including flow visualization, wake surveys, powering experiments, and a crucial series

of cavitation experiments including propeller-induced hull pressure measurements in a large watertunnel. Experiments with two fin designs showed the superiority of a flow-accelerating configura-tion. Other experiments showed some benefits of altering the propeller blade shape. Propelleranalyses were undertaken to provide design alternatives for retrofitting the ship with a new propeller.A full-scale trial with the final fin design provided evidence of a reduction of the highest levels of air-

borne noise, reduction in the initial-stage erosion damage, and minimal effect on ship speed. Theresult is that the AO-177 has been accepted by the fleet for normal service.

Naval architect, David W Taylor Naval Ship Research and De- Presented at the Annual Meeting, Ne,% York. N I . Novembervelopment Center, Bethesda, Maryland. 17-20, 1982, of Ih'll-F Sx nm OF N\ At. AR( IITE( Ts AN) MARINI

2 Naval architect, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, DC. ENCINEE S

General engineer and mechanical engineer, respectively. Naval The views expressed herein are the opinions of the authors and notSea Systems Command. Washington, DC. necessarily those of DOI) or the Department of the Nav

.. . .I { " " - - - , i -. .

Introduction The ship and propeller1% HE,( E- Is t-I I %hSir"' has brell a ash1 o ,ot- Iler-InurdIr-g

5 ilratiia anid rigilsi pgroblemgs thajt Iliig plage. c'rtaili I% pies Main particularsAI coiflilercial i9lslup, sial t15it ,itiglv siu d'eilsigw Tl., Ili, Th A0 177 , USS ( iti rim ) is the first of a eitclass of

Iger t he rei'sit 0( ft- til renawi tif p0%t' psel r shift restrIc't l ' iit, \as a! Auiliars (ilers designied by ah neS Nvdenandon erngeoiv~\ ad polmIlti ad '1afifu Plce- andg built at Alsgndaje Ships .ards. Inc in New Orleans, lIouisi-

* moerits teudiirri'sti kos in Ii igh H it k -111,i -rit, and large alid Its prinrcipal particulars are given in Table I* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~" bemt-rf a is adtr-il i rd

1i'clS n~rs F-ron it- lushli plan lines arid profile outlines given in Fig

for fuiel e'siiniiiiii Thlewe tirliblmlis iii111ll n Ill iiifi't them- I it vi-a Is' seen that thlt ship hull has a prominent ellipticalels it tilte lotiii III ii1ai-i.-eptail. liull I!Iltif i Iliritio III ile baillsiis, );okk tither iiarriss V-section shapes toward the after,tern region rittar tilt, pr~si)i-i ol at lii- uix- Iv's sb of v i-le kivristir stern, anti genierous pro~peller clearanicets Isit i

dtA oe 'rcu alllali fro '111 1iuitr.1l rt'itaikI an nil I risard it, the hull[ surface The propellertren kosniiiii h- itii r,tililrlc it, irtl -''d i-d fiiiititiins ,. v i i--, del ond lit tlit, figure are

iiiirr'iis silits iij ,g I-s ,nk,hlio sps there isa' al i 1) = It 2915isctp1iori III the Case oIf thi' ri-ii 1\ V- Yiiiigs (-177. tile first

shpof ai ness cts ti \asil \,is:I hits I, )ilirs Du)ring I iilrif'si t5(3a I8triails. tilt- I SS Cimarronl itV1 17 1 sas ri-IMFUtei tii llaii tilt- a,, D) = 01519 (at tip))~it., eptalil 1iii0i Ik-%(b ,I all 1 .11 Ill Ill MWi gisi I(il/il \ ifiratioII

Isi',~t inipictioli rvs silil egloag, iit,iibation zone- prol- b,,g 1) = 0I 192 (at tip)IIlel erosion larnige andi bent traili'g i'dgv- near thet tips oif Sotni' ct'A iss takin (iring tile design stages to p-odxuce aill si's iii h eI o til t, 'pro 1s'ler Iisid oin theiise full- scdIt' bull Iisign with goodi resistance characteristics, and "Iii itfinidings, thet \a%%s iiunoiti'lst- t-tuihrked onl a correcti"e siisldt retetntl'ais h 4-7 as i ddleprograln to ideigtifs thernut salis-o 4 lt- tiltffiiles. de% ciop psc- -gi ratio cominpared w4ith similar slhip at (te

ogs~itatilie oltitioni. midg sevrif that i li,- icsiltiinl 111igilf icatilu sajt i e-d piirpssifiil Slininiig if thet hull lines al Itel\,il il feu curI-dOn the proiiil'nii lit tili procs-s of -atIsfsIg these coiitrikuited tol the giush resistance properties of t11l

ilei .thlv \ii ii Sea Si t.~ ( oiiiiiiglliil N \VSF\' ti)' Yet, tliesc narrii aft section shapes base been (lt+ 1d to%i-thir Ss dli th sil a s' \% Iai \,Is i sliili liSeanclan m Ii-b largek respoiisible for thet potir sIake irather des'i like,JV)-s -lopiiii-it I ,ilter AlU\I( )t iilllis d tIit sirsices iif At inikesiilois; It miist Is' otled that disiagi 11ti, ~Ss igisli \lar itu log it-iri-l Ii-i cwt ssh'k 4 hs drinaiit its shapt' fur th Mi 1)- 177 isas determined at a tinie wlIm iSlilt. I1INI -. [lit norskg \S g-ritag li\ andi siscril indlependent .... 1,mr hun'ia unesadngo it ntiiesipt-its iiiiilll t ito llrji ti i iilll , iuiuls 1,11 li sil-r pr6vn tfla~t couldi iisi- frutr inituririttinit tiripllert as tatiin

twit i.iniits lt iii 1 d,1I-N . all, it, Ii I' 't If s.Iitii: it g l i sj i i Aim% i, a g miii l iti- ssgs fwr ii of iii of I it k if ullen

iiiaig Il iitg- ftiale ,i, 't .1 \ sik- ilimpt lili I IT IliIltiltii t 1,it, salihatiiin isitli a full talt- til

Sinc' 152.is nn i-i ,-~.i. i' *. ~ Propeller details and design

I %Itig soul atgti-.or-drass lml tI I fir iusi- it, Il uIuIu, ci-si-i I I it I Eli miut: pti~uiu-- poiitcilar% int- ;irected Ili Tile 2iluratuiin of IIn- I ,ri-it iltki ,I i I, r ( 6r,! -: jVfi~1tr pt hi-l rs %as. ili'srgiid toi rteet the condiiitioins igirtlined it)

\laln ftist Isp ''t stil ipilit hllg . -los e h' 11t 1 [!,pov" %dsis- l dti l eeec

pillfili iiInj I'di' lel.11 fI,% l nto I~ oulidsI issiu g t lic %aui is tI he pir-iciss deir ilsid ii rif -tilt- liriils-llct regill -if a lb in ,Iiu Ifwk ii- siri-si h~ip,, i uit iriiii- )

illIfi j~luiho- iil f it. Is,,~u i IIl~si I lsiil Iii~irii trIuli ' il- trailciffs toimeet the t'iiiritiiiissuch astankers.rn-uln tll.'ft - fit li hip ptntgiiluls 55 if ivil Ili I Alili '; it tiire'iot that tilt- geietrs I tilt-lutiii'luil iuatiiril izi' L\ -t %is-I in loud A lukll, anll prim , tiulk-Ilurt ,I, - lt ri'lhl lurzi'l h\s tilt reqiuiirementu that thei

l-.rirt 2. ' l list -I ttn - lit, -ttI if I liti I, it, Ivi 1ur 1. .Litudmalg l i 1irS~lilil kilratuio tin the' riain pmruuiiun

it,,u inlotht' linuils-rd1 isk wnfrililfiuulitz ti)il Siliii iior \'illiis I.-li' 1hat 1xsifiiiIi '111-S'rl) 167 filanl that hillsi'Ii.irtmuiz l.ulititd.ir% -liit it.fl it, Ilw ditlgoi\ re-gzliii, s ilritlI ll 1 .Il ilwg-t the' reuiiri'rui'rtso \ii MI-SI) 1472 71uL,'iiiralls rui'lgIII%: thut' lark:,- %%.s t gki-A~' it tit,- top of ili- lisk lhs-si- pt l aliIn utnii-ilits ti riuirremeits sshiich %%ere moregui

1 thirilis ne-iicurung Ilig- lairv- Ifis illtzli' ixi-lrsiolsa iit- rvitti( i- tihini tho liii nilioi'il Ii\ oither design speiicatioinsoiugter raili tif Il' llrli-lhi'r Witl- l'liisi't haflg)i' appari'iill gnu tlnnt'"' . vi-itruulledil t eletioni of tilt ntrmls'r if blades,rci-i it- s ifirigii ,Sit.gtli i 1l-sIsI rei'i Iiiiii tile- fig-tit llriut-lr iuto'tr. uiiggritiidi and radial dlist ribut ion of skess .

-utgliz prissigri's InucedugI-g git)l- hull1 iflul ri-sinlt1im till tuilluuiz gid rgadiagl ulustniiutu'u of chord lensztlihuill uirfait' lurng's thagt irisi- frg'ru inti-lgtilt Jlroptslt-liflaid- B Ilisii al g Iri'liuuiir\ lorngituidinal and tiirsonal vibrationl

ti\gtagtiiilg ragtligr thin 1%s sigzrifii tittl Is t'iglt! tilt lugarulIg rispimise (ol i f tit' r-gin propulsioni ss stem that "-as

filnil' excisio Icvs ilable at tit lite (ng if thet propeller design t11975), Wshich in-islititlili lis il cliidi (,ils it riiighu estimtatie of the stiffuness of the thrust

Is ll Ile slug i rIll thbe , -asic of tit,- M1 ) 177. thlert- %e re po s- he'aring. it %%-as; (iilded that a six-bladed propeller should notsible im primitrits of tIIi iull miirfa it -i -cit at ii illt i , achii'sed be used beca use blade freqtienc for a six-bladed propeller%isti altirriatisi- pt-i lir thlg'sil as %%g'

1l is \%istl thes tstake ssiiilil c-iincigli isith a predicted longitudinal resonance at themtfiictiori Part Ii ti- huj- ttI, gif tilt- imei'tulivgtior ide- lull pmser poiint, that is. at apprirmalelt, 100 X 6,'60 = 10 lizst-rilisi lu-' %%Is is, tidenitif %s kg o-iii' tiili, meuilri' that isas if - 'Thec ibration anaus sis of thi' main propulsion s-stem also it--ft., is-i' erli irih lii ii, it- pill, if. t 'on ph' irig ugh to it ug glipliin gu diu-ated that theii blaide fru'queuc thrust at full power must heaiii serificul i1irn-kl% less than 1-33 kN k3(XX) Ili), that is. less than I percent of the

tuie-as-erage thrust. for either a five- ior seven-bladed propeller%uiiesrs i birai kits uhe'sizatg- tlgIeireiii es it #-ilt 4 iflaptse For thIis p~rop~lsio~n sy-stemr the ripper limit on blade frequen"-

(iie- and~ Co~rrectiouns fou Propeller- Excited Air oorne Noise

2

Table 1 Main ship particuli'

I ,it tI,, Till. I

iij i tt) - Ier o t . I ,I

,Itilhiii'lit pi tlicd) -dr

I ~ ~ ~ ~ I 4-il I md

T~ ~~ k / l111 1

ri i

'"n I I I' ii

%1i\ .o - I, ,i w i I j i ' 1-- ~ 'ii 1,I

t II I tt- IIt \ Ihal IIl. 11J)I 111 t n H dc "A io' 1 1 1hce3

v I 1::, 11 : I I I, I i I I vT I ic \ ( 17- tI Iat II, It \, I, , I cI ( .., I I , - ! I i I r

couiild he etitessi% v %%Ait ft fou WU iaiIes %i, as iiaswi IoI I des IgI I stage. but the tirOlhabiit' (of hutll KuIrer %ihratio Au ould he. ~onideredcalcit (alilt is ti to f I iratiori restroules "I1 rahil It tatiltVil rpur- Ili iris jIussihble desuigri traihuiffs for selecting the number ofwalls iheris ed f ront comnparisoni of valculated And i measured W uadesjuoplitudes ii h tt La.ot suiratiuoti un iular IS \a%% ships, Hu-quirenuts of killl-sT) 1h7 are that for llt operatuingtit priruous exparietice %iath this ts ja of iratioi )i similar criudiitiulis tilt litAk, 1awriolifi thrust anipltUde At thlt thrustt. N \a%%s ships l, it it filliar-hiladed piriopIltr-, il Ioni the phIit- huariig ha. It-,s than the lesser (ofnoitieitiori that this %ihratiiru resjixtist- lItild to lict-a a VX Iti iunauag ls tteu-l uaaigflit

L't mI reqtjent- de( -reases At tilt-iinin- ilit- pr itOI.II. de., iwa- a utrs t h oa p raig[i t

it a t~i-tihei ha siiila p ttllisai. itIll '!t 2 -- t. hal Ow loule-arage thrust at full jat e ted,

probas %%tlt~h. ilti a h n-hulaihi i t, 11t1IlT dit , Ad ii s no ht

Justifictliotn I r itii ii t r vir~lititt a it,,- .i id tT. p qIt-r Ili,-t fl i z i uiuiptriual ritiliuati,.e fac-tors, uerite Inh rit)n

Nomenclature

Wtith- t rIln -qI

nttw - Ittitil -rfi prle,-t

sn i me it i,- ii-ii iti 0ti I-t Irtn taioi SIath liIrgi

Ii =ttoilr I i~-ir %Ril-ii~iitistl~l ralii 1SI S ltai-hiei ol sti. It e-t

g t -l i t, .n II.J it IIati I.' IS ... f it waiSaA u s lnrtrl

dj i f it, i. IInini utf., l .=itttt i .. tl-i- 1~.~~ SSI' Stains Ike .,.ptilt.. flli uia1

eilit u-II ildl itur ll at ..... =i ti.ta ilit ia . ..... ish itiaiius 1 1,aart

I u ,, nlsjh~l IiI'fir 'hip, =h ..i..l ghttui u itpuuih iI n

luitiliS hrntil l l -Sl ru 11151 i trsr It huTi ui .,f ri iat i-ic r

Atse "Ond Coincon d'"r mnple-xie ibrs os

.. i t - k is di- II I - o~4

t its ittt At' k 1

CIIiuusti iiit i Ai: lir, i-irs itir i I l ,-ia II utffe ltIlt (ikua dAi

pri le mstttiivid i ft i i t I c L I. I N .tiii 1tilti t . th ii - mm ,1 I. II fvti trd

f it,v,(tp i-II, - vi aII otItT"Idt l I. It IIIi )f Ia. III I F, I IP 06r tLEV L r d e

CROS .AT.E SPCE INICT AIlAS *itivlk If-, 1 04I hr ilvELdI,

Oq14 F 1 1 EtIt1SSmIVE 1,1 '1 ' AB V R ITER Iw ,i t I, tI-I \A I . . i .i)r-t t Iri t t vtr ak

1w i,,afII ,',, 4 . i , Al 100 " Iik a5 8 S I0 65 62d filI0

Fig.itld "t ltlJ1 Ili "Ill0" "0."1(t te

Ii I I, ii' .... % t

pt1, P10Ap0 EE

05 LEVE

CROS HACHDlCS INICAT AREAS -11T:~kes &.iteOF EXESIV RiOV IllEI~ 04e LalEPt VEL tt

PRPLE ASOIAE AIRORN NOISE, I

49 0i AS1 145 1111 1 LEV Llil

'A, 4, At' 11 2:101 00 5 1, 9 Ii 60 :s 11 0 65 61 21 60 1

~1

Table 3 PrCOpelbr desigun coniditions lIii - ivttlr tir X Ilrlt il Flt t I i-i

III'S lii dl Fli- itt-I part lul .iii titi Itil t htl i I.- l I i .r, I~ Ilik Ci hu

Fltitl itttgi .11ii ami [wid it d Ilttl Ii I, )i-.ii it it'. Ie Ii hil t

I ftill J .. t il .- I

I -aer 6 4 Ili it til liit .1I -hit -'t tit-t rriltlr i iilii '-I uttItis 4;" 1i,-d iilp- tO Flil- Iti Flu rut ti-,i . II IV, - I .Itil itI it 1 lt i-Ft- .. I 1 f

End ran 20i kii ittll tii-F \l Slit iii Ii is, Il~ pv' Ii itl li (1 t t lt i lit4 - t- Flt 1l- It It-I-!Ct.ttitiit- it-, II -it -I hI Iiili ku l-i'-itFi- r--l il iliiti i- l~~l~

ill-, Fil k\ IFMF i Iti4i

lii t- I i~~ \i Iit~rt it I tlt Ille -If, I- 1111 - ii - l-iI -tl

- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -it-ii itt ti Fr t li it'-lt ltilt iiF l I tilt , l l~t iltI iIll 'i It l i l4 t 1 i t1l -iI- .. I - I I -

IT \- -F~ii lii CItit rIt 41 I." 11 Iillt ... vI F 1, i 1, ' 1 I t il I t .I ii 1, 1, I t I lI

Iiitti tiitth~ ttli li tllititIi Ii Flit mlttl-li-l Ihti ii tttult Itii ,tlt Ilit i. Flit vIII -i v -ljllj I I I I Ii -

t:tIt.liti tiit ri iilt t Itrlt li li- -a itit Ii Ill I it l it- N1 11i 4 1it li alII I i t liii 1,n tilt11. ll l I l

Ill t

tI I -lii 1. it F t I fll~ itI I - a I \ I I -A - I. tI. ., , IiI

.1-"i t 1 -it --- -1 n1 kc fII ,k - - -1 ,111

Table 4 Searing force cornits for AO-177 ProPellefr

l..ak..na, l).t i,4,rb.ke

I iter N.f1. 4 I'.14.4< E lti II..4viiaie %ake

kN ~ ~i NI IN hIN l/I t; 20104~ IIm,-,4I 421)

If. 214444 4 4., 144414 2T,4 _7444W

Oil- voillim Ad tit tlt iniixi rald14 fil tilt sliecified limits, A-jm fill% tit- lai-tl I I 3 14r tilt- 4,livi tdt lt 4 ,rease in kF, ),, Tist%, -vnr Ito pit-n441 And~ IM (K) peri4lt (I1 hill sileed, and thelawt., Ill 41 1,4r div ami4ituide twiil1t1444 a; discus"e previ-

', N ltii4iKli them., ( a4 1iolati'd rvi'l4i t4, estimated t) be m mma.t11 vird14 reiitit, t '4ilt il f41rililt 14t44140lf4'r Shaft VXCi-tat.li lr..' liig I j!.iIvdi.t f flit-41 higlii skelds4. p4ropellers.itp II, .lt i tit fIit.-A (41A, i(4(l 414.441t4 gne A realis414tic ini

atimi44 o.f il ifliitite of rptfic.r de4sigi4 farareltrs the 94 '41144 ti4C lt 444 4j44I l dii .1,4r flit - Y 77 ( hIas represent theOwii~n-i 041141li otv Ill tlt- Art 1,r I.11 At iling thlIt for4ces

Pi rv. t nwairinvnt'44;(of .tit Iii.1r44144Iler shaft vu4 itationl fo4rces,%r T, nt made ,1, I Ili- 177 ( iss. him I-% vi4r. A141v 4f4(441d

441141144411. III, itatillig -111t 44444istdllil. froni thu prlli~eler1rul Oiw.,- I .r1L: 1ItIIIIi'i.l 'Lit 4 14j44 4444, me4,44,lrenients ar4id a

I Icfr IIrIi' 41.11,41144411.414 fl I'f%%('44iI) 1444( 2h 7 t\ 0i)zai4dWil 1,1444,I thiat l ' (4 1 " f: 1102 This airees TeLA- ~

'4 trd~I I.41 I ti 14 t, I, -4il4t 4 44 tetI I 14ro4pe'l ler designt

.4I irdt I s I'i 414411. 1111-. Om414 441d'441i4441 x 41 thtenie more44~44J -- ~ ,6.,

441.4114441' 4 it i -Iwra.lit4is,~ mithlllio.44 time fill d 41iMI 44 el dii. Fig. 3 Sevenl-bliaded skrewed proPelle, on the AO- 17 71note installationrh lcit hiip-I44 tit,- II-,s' AdI ma(ldi lit-,4 fit iiiIciiatillg a40- of wake-inmpioving tint

p41141it l i. t) 4 14 Oll- pirl'Ili4 i 4,11 44lill n iiig 1444554111 resot-

I -dii-I r4.141 (14.41 -I 1vr14 1iu.4i hlil forees due14 toirv441444it 1.44 it.,4 4441 t444 p44ilm1 141bull ilbritionr 14444 airbo.rne.

, I I, fill04 t. Ili dir It4 414414rv v4Si4,t it would14 has-c iig-siirfact. pr(K-etiru44 (if( Cit-ig .14: 'A Ofit,~ iws44' , c,,Fvtlttiiiii4444 c144 qq o I al 11 41 44 .4te i4I.1C 4,44~ "Iiild kt, ili'4' stritk I,\ tilt. i4114441 44 ktl'4% ii, d144l i e4plld I ') "r41414 2 gi5C.% tile

4.t.r.,,. III III,- al", it, 44- It i, 1,11 ' I.,4,.4 Arid,3.441 prtwt-l itholit4girapi 4114 l it- litr4ftIl-r- inltaIlh- 441 Ille sIi[[*h r 1 , il. III ,,, low 4 I \ 4 4i t,4144144 t r4ieriai 14 II ,4 l% il i 414%igr pr4-

fill~ '1, -\Ill, irlr., Ilic dc4,ignl TlWill,f till\ "ere~4 flit- Tepolm4.444-i,-11,, f- ,4~444i4 I I.4141 441rm tit ml4. attemlpt Thprbei

I. i-1.4 ,h tit 1ri-444l44 1,,r, I444%, l444444,4 ft- ile I444ti444,4 I)ritig lijidlet .l tii', tilt- AO 177 4Sluiltl v,1vral4- .11 410 41 4444. ft , I41.4', f.,r .iI4 Wlt ti441. tlg 411114414 i sfdllfd l \l4 '%4fit4.ini At And41 444144 ftllIto444%l opidt4oll

-,k, fill1 \,,ill. iti.4,.iil 4.44, 41dt4 ii .4,,414d I, fi.I Al o tit- %t0- 177 * Ifgh initu44.44 airx,riie 44444sC IC4 e, fiI 441411 %pacv Ill the

441(44 1 1 41.44. 1;, 4 1 . Ii, 141441 I-,I 4 I. , 41444114 l. M Inidl4 e11 %41l ~,44141te~i~.114 44 4144411 11Li,1,.S)41%a

I It. 44i , 4l .rf -l~ %.. tlt. ..it l v%%..'. I 1 11!.1 13 'itlint * Inii-4Iation, )i vi rtmon4i fainage Ill flit- 14r44144ler (bur-I'l . .11 , 414v4.4 4444,tf441.. 1444 in 14fg4 ,, liell k 14i41ll 441 insIlilig Arid finkipling) Anii 1 I railing .ligte

,:'-ft" If,4. I444 Off,1 f414414 .411 A4 fi.d t f41S14 1l.gi 54141 itst 4514i4l1th 44f4

,,. a,,,. 444lli-xi4, it. d Iii p44tit'4a i iP ll igII Airbornec noise14af.44. ft,1 .- At Ow4 Ill,

4 441114.44,s. A4ndl high sit#-* F:i lenlsis, 14ithol4Tif nom,11 IneaC15irtl-llls4 Iina. during thle

14.441 it. 11"t f41 I fit Ow Iveii 4 .'414fti Al I, rarra blifinfe '4 trials indlitat1e1 soirn high 1~6.4 t hat 4scecded criteria

an )rp ii.l .01 440 lot~ 0 P4 opelie,' x cted Aarbotne Noise

Table S CrIteria nolee levels-plifimisiable airborne sound preasure levels (in dil relative to 20 jsalba

44,14 . 1 l(. Ii 4 ,,t, I (1lfii41l % Ii/

I r.-' ITl d IttIi,414 d .1411 4'41TO1 904 K4 7!# -.6 .sl s ( Iii,! -, inmtr. and con10trol. and4 a Strunrtoih tl'. ipa1. i44 S4 7 4 7 li '1. 114 1.2 41

410 S44 74 9 * t.ST, 7S 72 6is h:I

11'4...4o, ;l,4**.g.. 4 lpid 4 Ide tl I T 1004 9 4 !4) SI 1 I -1..~ 1 -',U, !iwrrs 1, 1., 100, 10:. 141 411 .

4 Iti 4 .. l i 4 tti I.1 Ito~ss, .itnl *Ihi( Spaces all 441 aIt Il i g IIg 1tlit FE " '. , I1

4It I I 44i't. *,*1 - 1 XI, t I11, -4r II.i I d, r- t I I Il,1 I 1 iI, i. Actilill'- cl1usitta ItI bein c1at l 44141 lt Ilwc this ship, it \.I4 m1.Iintt-4I fli ll k I.41 .4* a~f t ti*.t~.ilt\ l

I ,, \ t~j I iall, 23) compa(Irltic \tt 444 rl'po4111.4 1)44444 nosIe 14441* .and1 ii.. o4 unti1 4(14.414 hlidl LiZrtl( f ,ilor.iSIt t , ii-I '.i wil 114104 14*1* ix-44ate. \&lilt tilt- pro4ieII..r tion

I ,it , I ;It,, It4 n liti pavc.4 itt iii t i tilt- h4v.4 illeimil , P ropeller damage.* 1 I. li, i-l.. hat, IL- irt li 14'54 Ow tit 4. 1I11)444 mi 441m po ilt ' 4t 4 iril lil.1 tl~I i 1114

1t*4

1 2 'fit- hl noi (44tri for \4i.I% \t ship eltit t l uttil l tl* 44111s aft.*4 tit iilistr.s , tra, itr,l litlm4444i %, 4 III .41

ill'? 0144 1 il!.1,11 i. "mle i ld .41111 appI-Itl iabl ilst -l..tr In, l ll 4*f tl tltI Oi141 7I d.m k, k -111 I( r' ill

0 , \ t I. it 11 7 *4II t-O tlit till t- 11* t ~e*144 5 (Ilttlifit.11i tit 14l ,IltL h1L4 4 11 \lll 1* I' .I, 4*~

X, I i ;,, . ''lho o I t i~ lt, 4.4(11t of lilt problem1 Fig thu tm pritt t ha 4444 I.II had0 o' ul ' I'llitiltlA , , I

t i, ,' . -mi r es i lve. inv1.414i duringt the milial4 Iloar' "rill I144 141 fltihi.e, e irilI-"41 d IS o1 177.. hoildi 141 I~tl 141 14our1. rgtieiI Comp4.1 sfarttsr 0 pro. Prpel I'er daiaiinvtmtd fI "lit t 1.,1 \k ,.' I d thi ll. 1144 111 .4 1 1 4144l o 1 . n mid 1 tit, ( ;\ill Altl p i'rit l t I ital. tinzv ( . t u cmol4411 014 mi. itit I . 411:r~

11,14 Ili 4*14r44 44*4 1 (I .1t44111* t lipivnf 1.41 Atslt4[4 rolled11h~ po 'tl of41'i t lt ol - L! .4 1 4 "I 1 1 ,1 Io Ow I!,4 It44ll Itl*

414 41 * 1 '. i414 ,t( ut II11 .tfilw ),.(sit) c omp~jarn*rt Ihttritgda~t Ow 111 pre111(7 sidc 4.tl Itlt 1 11 1(4o oh I'11111i,

Iii -)11 dBt ahti. 111 ilt-11 crteia an hi gh lt4 t4544s 1h41*c 41 lilt p j54l1irt 11tS1c ,I 4411111 I lU4 i4tlt1 111 til tI(111.1him 'T .1. l111 4 4 I *.44 li ITB114o t4111 l t- c iori I tiI-o sm llr lilltlllttIIII- l jhl4i44Z,4l\%.itt cl ti l lc l Ili, 1.4*1t

d-141 444441411441 marg 411l unsaist ot I4 pr- P o elrc vtto

Fig o 4 io a~.m te etesivefll i a'borne nof leelosese during hevsilomritoi i rwle eetrtlt ulla

1!j 1, A a1,1 i o d t Corr I -- tiefont te Poelro4o ih.1

8 t ' r m ,.I'II 1 tIa - - , I ,I ' " 'l, 1 -

I. irl it castrationr sirr Ibrveu il fnite stir-lion side -Ii the I I- li% l2 t. iniduici, fill" chantgr %eltstrs-el just forwardMlade, lion,, liht- it 711 t- 1ii,- tlip Violent churns of calsjtationiri t ir, .II 1, -iR Iii n A liulixiris stern sias riot pursued Asltiri-r as ci4 Milli ip passeld throiugh tin*- tap liosition A It t ci t ire n- r-aslur. siiic the structural chiariges tui tire- shiprotatrioni I, It cidr irrrinatrin %% as theni shed din usti earn nitlil is- -en ruis tooi radic-al and exsensisi- Flom dr-alotng lilt- staririrard side tit liin- rudder Such-i frmatin iof Ili-rs sir, It as diirsr oair-i III Rutherford 125, %tere not prstitri sitle ( Irid it asitatiron is gerieralls asK-lated 'Alili s ig- sindoirilsait i olpv it I i~s lo% th c(ase, cas itatirn errsiin latnag- It n.ts r1--ir ite iri mrstigatr- flol% inrilirrirg fis. anr ip.sirrilild Ii llk i5J orti o r ial tim sicin side tr ailing edige near sturtl Ilii .Irold prloir-lr-r rlrsigniit iariges as lt- optionis far

Ow lWad. tuii J sr-rijw In sar Manni 17 arnd Liniugiri andu tviriu mg thv i-sr tier irscl, ,i tliv Alt- 177li-griui- 1, 1. -\ 1o shar; inrug sunud ot--uirrid at hMade passing TI- Ias Ult i -iL 11% i-r- Si-Ineti loii~r l .slairr

trurIrir-ris rIld 1s 1.1i, irt tir Lcrrr-sspnd to it- %iol-in corlliarst toirririr Is I., r oritigieOw rlriri iciir-ll aftf-r a fll lescrirn-i br%ot inl t as itaiiio [lilt 1;,-l toldt '2.5 tht \"as iiccs t s helpinig to ri-lies- i-s-

Inti'tigations and design modification pall,, ti ag 'hip1 "I'd ., tl''N, iir-i-atnr i iit ortioi stig-gi-sti-i It\ SYl I tit, rinrgso thtie-- fit, rh-signs an- sirrisirillil. t , jis ita

1 \siir tot in- iiiferii,s ii slipi aind suet

Scopue iii, ltinil. ts r li. 1 It,,Aso, -i trl-rar- ratiorr ii. '1 ) = 12Thui prirs I it( ,fi - i t l-sigt intiirf riat ioin Ifor I i ) I i- 114 Ow 11'" A"r i-i t, lilt Ila.a. i ) 0t l4) Aii h dtaleul

177 % 'al grid-Ih pritirir s\ irs -tre i-sts rif ode isrt-rirnit% rirsgri . 1 he rIit mtwt- firl,ll f or n inl MX 177dl( ai~lisalr "na,Thewsi- r iil aillr it -\id vral eii irhjeti% I., cairri lilt 1, 1 Iirourirrtr- lin

*\ .! it, au iii lrs-llt- problem~is FI5iiiitSi, niri cnrrriirti-r at lioth 1) 1I\SH IX and SSPA* ilmrlihl lrd lit -lop~ possiblre soliutions and obtaini si iti -It r-A miri s i i tin- A( )- 177 frll il ide-nical stii '11Ins

r-saIiiatinrta ltiiti iriadli it lwi -Iv ti, i-it- saii, iiirit-I pri-Ilr , lDl\SBl(- lDvti-rmmrr it ,- mol n ii ixisirivrnt correrction scirtnir-. antd Mitii-JT 167 lti t rs iisals Ing t lio\i S isializatirr. iprersortlp iiiii

,.\I)lr tire lit- r oii, f its inr1pl-rilnitatiiri ditplitt irs'. .111, ;ri n ring Tabl. h, siirrrrnarizr-s tl;,- Iash dIt ti oli ,iis t il, 11ir-s jirlilalic srource of the- urrobir-s sias uiit'i, otld ,1) Ir'ltiois iii liiill..

Irnrrigirlt to ii- i1% It,.I\ Tiiitii I itatin Carisnil b\i iteritti-t

Iasitationl on l it, irotlr Hi,r passinv th rough sr-s %ta- Model floss visualization and wake studieslotrt\ cv-,ii o' isil rn Iithi thre Tiaii siaki- shadis Tiat fit -irlir to gaint tic-litt~tir5 tirl-Nrstiinig Atun tit - ilIor, rrorni- t i i-di IvN striistiiuriir' localized %I- ji 1fio it w i i h , , Arl- o tlit-ut and~ appo lun: ftll

irattii-,, ais-d ll I si, tiiatinig hull siirfacr- pressure rittirh Iroi,ilicr tiuwitur, fl-, 5 catiti -jri-rinttiit, c 'Sti r

airriti, om lilttlllod(ill l rlapsirig irlat- sh-vt ta\itls ti tir lit tlic (it iltitg \X urn,. I lijitir.1.1 at iiIASHlD( %k itir

Ptr,, 1 r I -Iml , ~rr- ii, itand uwtt trailing cigi aire (irririir thi piiioli-,I -X M-T 1 17 ir-1c it !1iiiropiiriati- stahll-riol-1'5 rtirris of - 1,iitl tirstatiri tflat Inilir ski riri iriadc lv-el- run11 .11"1 .1 Ili, tI, oli--s ,li ) i- - r,rrri,rrig hi 201 knolt-

kast lilt-, k larst- l ilt siltitririi% Siolil-lan n Ili riit to tie futll , l~ , Ilt , 1trill il-adl and, ,llis oiii tionri sir-Hd. ti i irririin-i d t ai tihl,l o' li-ti- Ita ir-il t tionrr 17 itt nd

And itnttt,01ills r 1 14'r niarriati tIrusIlSs a i-irrnplit-d Ill- l-iri 4 til- i, tioit, ofunIt f oiisr rhi rismirs itft patti-ris itti-ri-tri h it oIi, Owt itatitig fioAs oS-r prlsirler iblades si itir %ir a ,s oibic to' ,-, I rI-gmls si%,rs\lus I, o stiiprlitr- fliisss[apik hlsuiuanu SI-flrtcs assirttirid %%itfi sake patterns Ili ti,- i is,- ,I tit, \( 1-IT 177 t% lii, fin. adi %itlt itn asirhoilthas ing sr- i-ri rnirinirritirril Sir(itif tiii- impojurtant di-tans ptliriilir llr-,wn 1t lo a I rig i.urrirn strip near lti (-init liris itira,tr inn air li--a-rir-rh tiir r-xarriprlr- ir Ilis 2,2 arid tCiriti riItin. ttliri-r ijri-il ".iI, f ound to siiorn suinr %ariaili-

ti marn ohrrslo iit stoi-r lrrng t past derciader, tii-ri- ihas -a ni-at Ho%%rrr Irs iira or it Ii tir tiir loau and blallastr-u-r a trt-rim-ndi,s SirIIitti l't litiratirt, cettred-i (I uirftmn nilliit, It '11i his, li, unit tiit- timnirrili pnrodured-r a

lresir-Irv titianot in rc-srltring s1iiii silratioi arid nmiiw- 11,4, -ill " fiss anlf-ts wihiasiro it, ilii- I, i-in it tiqtproblemrrrn tli-It-in-r-'e 21 anid '22, fur instaine. ar- rpr-- irope-liti i.l. co-iilrll d %slilt lilt- fliss rutlt it(, till lii-

i-t iti l , Ilit-i-tio, i t inriniliitil tfliurt iliSorli to tiirsr -kr-cit I ofi)g '% % It%% Ill, loll~5Itit pittiti taki-ii hiowt !,s it grn-tills knori,,i irtati r- W paiffna mmmi tiarr il)

1 ,

1 p ,giIl -, 11), i-t sil~ l it ti titriir it. lilt iai ol

sido -Iharm Irtlstiis , it gir, rimi- tri isi-tatritr pririlrtii 12:1. ililt-atlios:ii, 11 111 iG-, Ir411ir and %tiiii i il ilttfr loi--2 1 , .11"l tin.1 dtriri ot prrii-livr ilarir irlaiforin arnd secthirn F-~rmli 5,-tt, 'th, 'iii illibnii I ii it lir nlitaliri fillnI-r' s I % I , us,1 - titurs-dil inlrmri- tiii- isitatin lisris slrill-ul ti I"I otitt attdI-~ lilti tin o ial titIl ondirriii

I'(l ( liliit in1-t i ito airsisr is s iitirrr sirrir pirti ilir sdri t s--ii iiflt isodi sit. uildi ii' -t- ru t~v jri-t- sltgiitl%siak.- tligei-ii-r %k 11Jit. giri prolrliir t-innfliirntrrr irl N ak il oss It, it,,litd in ill ii Itriiri rii-ntationi li' crrsitinir

prrrilc-rrr I ai- oii rlrii-dl For the- -salrnatirn if tin .MYi 177. to illil- oI 11. I'tilt- k Ailgurr Ifs, irririg uir-itein t uniltr(ltii, (ii~tlil 55 is idr-50i -ti-iii-ia As %% ill ist- sliorusni roulunilirI di'l Iicilill

tin is a, I lwcaw lii trhtrgt i Jitolvlnis i tin- AO-177 'in,A- %qtis k"s sr-lc orrfilt i-irr l l)T\SBDC l t i ltAt~n 4

to i rlt t,o s i t cm it ir iltib rand lllanise oft slvt iti-ir Ia- 177 iiia-lIiA r-t-iit surti in ssitiirit lilt- fll confligrations,

t 1iorli sIli~rr 1isi0si iarirgtnna- lr-tS ls iri ill, s ill rIifir ji-rdS Itira~ coiion, 341, irrssrn rif4-l4- I-N,1

triirrton aiirnig lilt- tirirr-Ili ru-signt. ror Irritir 'Ilii sesi-ral -) irilr- 141i [1(-lls li-ader-l unit tr1iws riltati-ri' ti-nitiainvriri of otoiii itrig tiir- iiaki- riitriitirn Incilitil- irilirriri 'in d Ii, c ompk~l-ti- a rpli-r nhisk Fror ittil 11-Irrai nirs-'li-rn rht-,sin 2. 2-3 t li ilririrti- more- riitnrl nalir ririrtilli plaii iiit ti oviiitiirii lilt- rir-vasnuri- iri-rin-n rtal ilistril-A. tn riliir plk.- lirke- Iritre-s annd jiiroi- a molr ilnifirrt tri tion -thet-i- silius nirirritt ratrosoi tin,- iririiral siake,irr-irrift-rr-rtial si-liri-iti iritlirn. fill"s -litirirg fins 1, 2. it nunsj ratiri If = t 1.75r9, ii '56,0t775. 1 t0l7 and I 178i in26 2i tli gonrlds orirri 1-A 111risi it , irrillrr jurrijrller dhisk regioin slioss iiit hviri 1) t uogh 1 1. i-sri-tis rlsk Tht- laws rrIririinhfI'% irrr-rr.isrnig Irs-al .1sri1 lo"m sr--h iter Iwe. p rvirpellri ntt ant- tit- Mi 1 1T h7unll %%slit it ill , "itir tin ttiirieilli arni -A ir

29 , ti11 , litll irirr a inr- stnlr-l inruifoirrm thrrrgli-flois tilt- fill" atIii atin, till Ihlir-s plorts in- in ri0rnvl tir siris tin(-ltlilt- pjiriti-llrr . arrd s rrirris 11\ Irs- of s% dir spoirlers or Norm lil-- relet (i tiir- inarn sitris shiadrr% Ii tlhr tidit ii varl graphl It

Causes- arid Goruntmt ori li PropilIt -rt -,_,t0 'tmt i1

A-

DIAMETER 6 64 niL21 111 20 19 18AP'

Fig. 6 Tunnel -fin configuf aion

18 1920

DIAMETE 6 4-2 i

rk20 19 18AP

Fig. 7 Flcw-accelerating fin cofiguration

-- WITHOUT FIN ~ ~-WITH FIN

1\: V.DOWNSTRE AM a WITHOUT FIN

LOOKING UPSTREAM WITH TUNNEL FIN0WITH FLOW ACCELERATING FIN

01

Fig. 8 Model tuft patterns with and without tunnel-fin 0 7- -

> 06-14 1

> 0 5

04-

03-

Tablel6 Model hull and propeller geometry, of AO-177 (scale 0 2

ratio A =25.882) 00 1-.e I'

Hull 01length 1,1Il, = 6 527 In (21.42 fli) 0 2-length on waterline 1, w , -6.65:3 m (21. 8:1f) f-beam R= 1.044 m 13.43 ft) 0 2draft (mean) full load T, = 0.374 In 11.227 ft)material: wood for experiments at l)'1'NSRD)(' 0 1 a I ,

paraffin wax for water tunnel 0experiments at SSPA

turbulence stimulation none on DTNSRDC model > 0 1I -mm trip wire at 0.05 Lwl, on model at > 0 2

Propeller Ig 20 20 30 4002'sA0 14 Igodiameter 1) = 24.92 cm 19.812 in.) ANGLE INd DEGREES. o.pitch -to-diameter ratio (P/I)n,-: = 1.2.5 Fg oe oia aevlct ais ihadwtottodnumber of blades Z = Fi.9Mdlnmnlwk7eoiyrtowt n ihllIodf

___________________________________________ferent fins, at radius ratio rIR 0.359

Causes and Corrections for Propeller-Tx cited Airborne Noise

1.0

*WITHOUT FIN Z IHOUT FIN£WITH TUNNEL FIN W WTH TUNNEL FIN

0 WITH FLOW-ACCELERATING FIN 8WITH FLOW ACCELERATiNG FIN

I II I I I I I I I I T I- - I 1 1 1 7

09 - A 5 0.

I A~ 08710 7 A> 006

x 06 >' 06 5

03 a' 0 3

02 042

00

02 > 02

02

0102 Ad" 0 -01 No8612a

0 r > 0 1

,x 01 02> 02 - 0

W 220 M6 100 34W0 20 60 10 4, 81

,so 220 260 300 140 0 20 60 100 140 00

ANGLE IN DEGREES. , ANGLE IN DEGREES

Fig. 10 Model nominal wake velocity ratios, with and wifthut two Fig. 11 Model nominal wake velocity ratios. *it and withlout lwi

different tins, at radius ratio rIR - 0.556 different fins, at radiuE ratio o1R =0 775

* WITHOUT FIN* WITH TUNNEI-FIN 8 WITHOUT FIN* WITH FLOW -ACCELERATING FIN & WITH TUNNEL FIN

I 1IIT I T Ir 1 0 WITH FLOW ACCELERATING I IN

0902' 06. AI0n*

0 7 a4A0

0 5 -x0 6A

04- V 05 -

02402

01- 0 1

mm 00-A

0202

00?021

2~~l *Ip 10p 0- ,WA i-

0 1 > 0 11

8 20 20 300 340 0 20 10 10) 40 In.~,no 22 260 IM0 1. 0 6 '0 O

ANGLE IN DEGREES. ew ANGLE IN DEGREES

Fig. 12 Model nominai wake velocity ratios, with aind withtout two Fig. 13 Model nominal wakce velocity ratios, with a(id without two

different fins, at radiu ratio rIR - 1.017 different fins, at radius ratio rI R -1 178

Causes and Corrections for Propeller F xcited Airborne Noise

02 04 06 06 10 1 2 02 04 06 Os 1 0 1 2

-- &-WITH FLOW ACCEI. FINd-- 4--- WITH TUNNWEL Fift 05

10---,1

10 v X 0 7-__

10

1 0 N05

)2~ 05 05

0 )7 ____

002 03 06 0 0 120 4 06 0 0 1

n/A 05

0~g 04Cmaio trda itiuin o xa opnn twk amncwihadwtottetodteett

thF ig.1 Co ai sono adl dtttil i tribu lt'ion t of taxial compofer t tof tiat' armonics, th an itot the~ rtwor iffert ls e

isIte Ilte o r .al itt it (he (%'liltd t'tit' l liii patl s ie is t. rmttrlts-s al I itllt

: ft Ial it ttta l i te aIal %e oi f (lili illit t t 'Xi Vl ait1 r as m e s r b e itdn tof4tfi- Ip o i-i r v i n ;p

fi take piiek)it ht otuiIxjl thnfi-j-gjj inera Popeer-texcIlai ~\itation odel fxe imet~ns rtn tn

f0 tdeg ltoith i de ia l ftit- 1 ost- itl it o Thr dtritlistri. = tisse i \iaritt out d hi t-i p int4- nn'su' -' InvlIlit i t f "Il \

tlir'itof If)( artxi vltA i fin i -lits ine- rit i l the ful lifa cue t t lt- he l llr ) li fit-' Itrlitx'il dt i tvii ,i ovI77 al , t h - id

fi itl iitirauet-i- i' to iife ittle-In tili isse t. iatnd ta.n t-il h f l tit a ,sir'ltt'i t im d iZlt ill titiT tii t 111 tit-f,tt l \-

T-tere i at- l i te. ntsiit l fi iffettrencetit Fir the igher iti -as itaitt -tillt'lills111 lt.slttl-t'I ilI

oftmt s th it tag e ia s tail lit i t s' a ttl li Vtm anid an n'p'-tdi-'lfrsir-;ils'.llllii5 t i/11 ~ti

Rnia l frt re-ttions osf't it-~u ht tiln t ant snipstis prti- iii t lluo tha t S u t ie t fit r c lt , ath-e o lir t n

ofitre lon', fu ia esa itp lt'.II' laritiu 1ietht the ria ctitics ofthe tis h itat itiwa i.' lit,4i id 1 it tnil' ilittit \%11 o111Itl iii-t

thotg _ __e _ ,," it ltVg II(on aigft-ullad Is- f ut. )r cittS itig ' l' t 1-11,t4i-4ul J it Ow ii M iij 1 r7 .141111 iTlacbllen 7ww Condtinlt- ri il no il % tlon th e nule-i an a ft' .ss-t a \ irt litI ftlit-i V ii niit 17 7. itt-li ill; lit,

I and 2. th anip~ttid , art retit-e~iIt% t e tntit ort' r t dt s fl it rt it c~i itt1'7 alri ,hacio i vcboffit t o l c nig raio s Norf it ier rui1 (.ith tR 'tinct'tgtt ;it lltr aisrni itiil I '4 ill,-I.l. - a

alfae t\SiIc i , it ,, %mpl r en er e trnd itl AU- f l ' h tll a t tht'.q- itt \ I ti .1 ,itst'r.al160,knw of ronIr, osj~~t~tltSadvtntevm aa r (thd e t jtlle r fi t'la tht p itti Iltrs Watllt' sIn ilifuliiFll load" fo ei1lpe II1nIJjta t lit, rtt ton of. t e c dIttitns ofa hth I.l,-I tiv- A ftu lit-eu vitistlii'in t an iitia tt'u

erosiot pr:beil! of1. (It( Ml 17 .md op.5- fl-l( ,- - -- ____________________ hat st en c singshe a uItign torti lh. two lflilt- )t il t o inll

CalOrigiand CorciM )o 1r77lrfcte Aronfitrto Nntilts.'-ilie

12m e u %ilfidvi np oi-lto w aig i-o dfi-in lee

ShipStwe Shp Scle m ttio

FULL LOAD BALLAST

30 330 30 330

60300 60 300

90290 2 -. '4270

denoteslimit of stable.repeating sheet cavity 1224 1020

--- denoteslimit of rapidly varyin 1intermittent cavitation S2120

Fig. 15 Cavitation extent diagrams for unmodified AO- 17 7 at fullI load and oallast Con-ditions [position angle %r measured counterclockwise looking aft ldownsttearrnll

each b lade' fromn abiout 0. 6R to the tip as it passed through the t he pro pellet a s'rt i re %%ire fom'id t Ise T itather high shiow imitii owa kr held' Figure 15 indicates the radial and circum - in the lon~tgitutd inal d ist ri hut ion sof blade rate pressure doublelerv iial ex'tent of t he blade cavitation during one revolut iotn attplittides plotted vI Fig 16 Tiiirpri' t ti n of the samecfor thle tw~o dIisplacemnent conditions. Cloud cavitation pro- pressin- re u so signa atr irc.1 dispa do i( the- osilsc tSope~-r

:11 ii'l 1bi. th liunilst able breakup of the sheet cavities formied itt lorded Naluie if miaxii ou lw a k -to pak at blade rate, andi thc

patches dillw list ream and overlapping the blade trailing edges, tntan of thill- tigliest 5 pe'rcen t d~ iii d amitpi ittivls at blade atat ouind the t).8I to 0.9R radii. SSPA's standard erosion tent- as deteriinti fromt Fourier anals sis The positive phase anjultitc,. test uisitg a coatinig on the blade surface predicted blade i here indicates% the ingitliar la\ i f tille sutio ol peak occurrin g

siirfaci' er isiont arotnd the 0 S5R radius at the trailinig edge. after the blade ri-feit -iti linoe has passed t iit( npright posit iiTill pirissi ire puilse magnitutdes at various locat ions arot iid The lonitgituilaI d isi t biti 111,1(it the' phase an is v neark ,tilinl

FLLODFULPOWER slant, a t.% pi. . al tritit t i ht Ii fhiiotig piexsori fieldl frIti:

zx For thel piotnt mi tht, hill tiriterlifi'dtiuttl (,iter titi' propllerG F B till, filt ariatiot i f lad- rte fIrcu~su doutble amtplittudes %%ith)

11 50 jA + C ship spteed -Irc sliow ii inl Fig 17 for both full load and ballast

I. . cuitilitittis int'a,1ored liotca% itat Ing piressiur' puls do.b)i

lt Tl

Is( oll6

40LA. PRESSURtE PULSE OVER PROPELLER TIP

-AP 5S i 50f

() .AXI.UM OSCILLOSCOPE RECORE VALU7

4 ----- BALLAST CONOiliONa A FUL L-~ l[OAD

4,3 is 40,

'000 43 D 145 0 2s4 0 24D c i

tip "'

F MEAN f HIGHEST 5 PERCENT 10 720

30 N14N 0C240024A

F 1 10 50 /2

LOGTUIA POITO SISPENOTS

Fig 16 Logtdnldsrbto f ld aepesr us double Fig. 17 Vrainof blade rate peak-topeak hull ptessure Ovl r

the tip clecrances cJ. an it, c a., spec-if red lint Ic e diiiisional I

I.pressure'

facto r

30 OR __

20 here

E 0 ai avpesr uwdol mltd

,-10 -10 A'd /

>: 7 ISO LIMIT v =6.4 minis = p ) irccptelicr diarruc'i, r lin

o*.FULLY LOADED SHIP/*6

z =~r tertical tip) clearaitcce.a 4 0 BALLASTED SHIP 90 = wrina laecernemtaie rn

> 3 '05 / nircl hccrd ict It Y1 radici firi cii to, hull

2 2 /0 /This criterccic %%as dti'scclc'c I rom cIacIa "l hlIp, is Ing pt"c"' ~~ pelietss %Ith lteer than ii 'sen Hades FI-r hetl l tullw At)

* B LIL O0SIPF*o-r 77, lasing it cIeacr-liirc' N41 ahc'icr tic -ISOt) u liricl s iraion

1 0 vlcf ofc 4 rrccr s k252 cId 0. tile allccs v hIc ltivc rate

Ilw res iri iitatici user tilt tips accordinig it thec r.c'Acte-

LOG the rang:' of )lic' lii l'd icc t. siiigie- pIUIrut .ifjcgl aic

0 30 3.5 40 4. 5 Ini 311% case. diit, prccp.lli'r-i'suitaioci lv'sels Infe'rred fromrr the,

45 1 13 2 3 2 5 7 0 1iIcile tetst of tilt, %0-177 art, i'ssis , andi crcchiate thatt4 5 ~ 45 2 3 trocuble'somen haill s ihraticrc inight ie ispected 4,s noited at the

PRESSURE AMPLITUDE FACTOR. cuijotse't, tilt' pricileni %~ith tilt AO- 177 did not appetar Ill tile-

Ftg.IS SPApiesucepule-vbraion escnvec tnon troli et- formi of large Inull fmiriicr s ibrat icrs, c'itiiir at t ilt, iacil ccciFig 1 SPApresw pls-viraio (sions ,j teiontfon rf- terlii. icr at theto cdit-s elso cct hi deckc ost' buct rat liii slitcc. c

erenice 127 tip as ii-lesil. Its'. -irittii'c irilicird aticcrccc nic' IhiO-

unitti'd ks Ic eaitd strcucturehlrn dii icralii ns It sic dtd apwatthat this in~diae,' ctil' a 111104c'

1 scalirc'-cccrri'atiin cii ficclt

%t lit the SSI'c% tr riri. IXTwlacpc iscarisi tlkc %I) 177 Iiicts'lli-.iiciic1lcd .crc'.alsc 1 resccttit c :rc fi 17llatr illa as st'c'i ic "h'.,r tihat th~'n' arc iirccscal o~~rct'ilc cl tilt,1-1ii sluccs,crl cirdi'r cc

1 *rrc llgrcrtrri i [cst fit tilt' pcc'sicc pules AO ) 177 struc tural rrcfi'kdci~cijrciri icif gdcil I lcratic crc>

Icc tcc icltit' cas itaticci c ilic'( high~l 5'c'ecl r ccge 'riic. effect, and airixcrict' icci i lls rria alscc ie reled ticdc c'scwitatcio(I,,- 'I'ms lcrgititimiallcr110c1i03111 Ofl tlt'i freSSicr' amitucdies twreecs rarcg.' sot.iacctd \ till thec \t' l bi-iladied pcropllecr

li ci inar ild aft ccf dI'~ prccf5'Iler trlcie Vjjg 1W hi rl tilt, almocst bisirg sicin's' flat iiigit t IcIIj~ is ccrrrcccrc piractice tiI~i -,I[A it Iirgrichircal ilistriiticm crci pressucre' pulse' phase angle this t\ N

1- fv NO. art' t%, litcal ciraractcristi( , cci Ic:' esixitItionr priiuved Exiieriril wui cithc cilf'ricaifti stckl ;iropt'llc'rs \1,-a-bs lat' .i5 lt\ %ocilitrtls.naticcris srr'icilns ii P pl.liri -rriclrcecl 111rl1 jcrcssccii' anrcd cl~tisNaior

"cImlli cnuterai a .cclille for rudging ii hethc'r the ccf c-a\ italcci pallitrtis sic-i racie Icc thirci sicxck Icrcclslivr, ccsdid rIcI I luichiatoirig fcrc'sicrt crcctildrnc' .crc ieessise front the AO( - 177 rrrccic' hull is itlicc1illrs In thw S' A ccte .ctc'r e

cIll. ficclit o %c IvS' cit I 1crclc- v\,c'rtelbull \ ibc,atuins TN- pi- Tilt- ichjectisc Ac fIew. cycifricsiviN \.is to icicair; data "ict Owc.cllc thc'sc' tcrewripctciic 011c 1 uci cccrri'Iatcicrc icu'tei III

11 irifliceicci ci of dw iii -I, ill-T jariclielr mr'r Illc- ,a i i

c:rdlcr cjhr..ticc Iles-s tliat ecc'c'ci liii 1ririt1 rceccrnencletd b\ icAll'rils. teidecic tic archercisicl crccd jcrcN 1iclcr rcclcic-ci holltilt- N5) ccr hi\ tihe jiirtrri'.ct .cctlccrrt\ fcr tit. sicifi~l IMIs ps niisii frt'iri's 1-,lil, lrrIriaccr i .IN It. iiciss~is\ IciI.cwfirturcati'l, ticervi' re ccci kniicm I: c'ii'riii-rtar% criteria thilt 1 'caliwccg tiwi cilit~ us. stiial gais tu Ice .ihes-u, k c

fcert..ii silecificalis tcc airic ii- " c itc- r tills s.IrIe~ fashin It rc'ctlitiric the 1crccpc-lvt arid Ics irlIcihlk ici%4tli h11uhhas bci Incatedi. lc i-skcrrrpli It\ \% arc arid WXilishar.' S stke,.,fclltfr~c cessisi' iii icicric-. Iwlcc' dunicc-iirfcmaliic' thie probilemn 2 pros iig gccich,,- fori ac 1trctl-lci i cdcgi in heicAc -'stri alt -end tIcratiwn,. anid Is czc-cccralk ,ttniicctabhict tilce thait til ciji cli S.I, 5itctich,aivi iicisec ca'. cttngcc~iirccititici It is cmilc

1 r. for Tire scicedhili- diid t,( -rrrcir jic~pll. rr11ci4Al tI., IN, dvhizeicc

,I Itiiii, iii ic'iri' vIic ti icrsiir lit, Icristill prci.1ili i Ietercs arnd Ictilt stcsri'ilal tor thcc'sc c'sIjcIiIrts. tiincir' tltc To.citc, itria tio: i111Ii girilir cicraicicr si chi deal "til ticlte Icimest sIciticI-I1 stI(ck prjrc 1'lc's %iSt ic-'ittc'end ccf tic.- fcri'smir i ;crs esi itaticic x, sciic Theii siicipiest .'h' Istirig sicik-k ) pm 1ci 1cilcrcricci'c cc hcus ill ml .ccriti'r.i are thle ri'cccrrrrrenivcd sircilvin-ccit. singile '.alii innits temipt tic ri'jrtsi'it tilt tocllcs% rmg i~c'ccrcti cw-

fiii IccIl tcri-sirt, pils' direti i0% ocr t tc rccts'ler tip Thet A A fiv-hiacieci 21 ftciiai itei it I ii--r bfi- l. k-siswJ cic-iImuting c-alliesocl iiac ritev dcNci. aicplcitii'e chiwIov&4i propelle'r %% tirl widiclMadei's ear ire( trtc. anrd .c law~'. 4,-%% graccc ri'iererste 39; art' in the raitgi- 2 .-% 1,, I 51c 21 kiia (lii-tit ne-ar tirt- ill It \a csSjIX'ciilalici thcit . it I-rgrl %cu il

2 25 1"' tic 1 Siiicc' ili' rcorr--ciciing riicdc'I test caicre fl general eiarci'rsr-.S icIN c tirhc ist~ lili ll trcirit, itcctIn'. MY ) 177 isasficciind tc lit- aicicirt 29 klca A4 3t) pmi. tins wted design for reasonsr ciescriiei'c i v ti'sItiii ur pcrcc ir ric,tc s-rils tice hr.'stici' cc all v'ccs ist'itatici signr

t'he critericoi deveipeti ks SSI5i 27 Andi V'niticceci ini Fig B A foutr biladicd. 21 It diamiiriii I 4i rc ln,14-i-.r . ritir14~ is 1itised oni ai vccrtc'atimof c jirti'sncrf puiiie ampitude andi hull ahiv %illti a ski's'. rst ribit ~ic scm clan Icc tha la tcilt-i 5cltt'i,iraticin ve-ei'a reswcinse v, at t- firtail ceicterlinei' t f isuehiadeci prucolier Thiis \%id c l p i~ isia da i, infiittccce

proicdites 'icr dectiermining limcit ing s alit, ccf prismri' anplittices of iticnicer of bliadesthatJ 4lc'pe)i riiimghis itpon tic.' ri'at is.' sitn icf hi' ship andl tipcin C A 4st'ei-bladeh 2:3- it-dcantrriccr (7 1ti n 1 rc c 1' I lii'

.rc c-- 'iS i i'Ciiii It Proupeller -F xj itt'i Af tPicnic' Niucsc

14

07RR

0I 7RE' tI

AO In? PRAOPE LLER PROPELLER A PROPELLER 8 PROPELLER C7 BLADEIS 6 BLADES 4 BLADES5 7 aLADES

DIA METER DIAMETER DIAMETER DIAMEEb 40.. 121 0 it 6 Efi- 20 2 A, 6 43- 121 1 A, ILA 4 F 23 E l

Fig. 19 PrOpeffers evaluated in AO-f 171 evpeffments at S SPA

q t' 4. s ie s 'setedi it) All at ft! ili fto IN( iljit tilt [ti i' cI Table 8 Conditions for alternate propeller experiments

Ilttst tirjt't i.vomv'rti' ies fort w fl t eriifit proipt'll'r st'rt 1p, '

nI tilt, ti) 17 It I% s d si redi'li thait all flit' plililcr illl iI-

t', \ahiiNs i thter gt'i rlietris' paramiefters ss Mihare t.lawsft,1t 1.1!i OW1 rt'fliilre'Tt (if f the AO- 177. t'l~5ieilk expaded~tt area ' ~ 0

0j 1,11's- .oid vaynilherI lt'st rt'quirirfiit s colid lit nitt inki partiailk \% if h existing

r li i lwi' s Ii a jn riiif" shu,& Ili tost (alli tt flt- g t'iir'i viieii ilia i prvit i't ha ati' (r f6 111 fiillfll I ' tl'

frit'hcIelt' lic tilt de1k sire d a tv f r he oin ed titar (Ifalilt' 1111 A'i tclisiii Vh't l'iitIiill fl igii I ht ')i'r j'U '

qni erit'l f he au 1' lerfli'fl lipro ill'r tte s areghtis ardt'u sf, di st s-u1 ili Ii itt iiiii tif. (,It riittl ri l i!np qw ,-i fi ( 'ilt- hestl) 177lbl rifwlitr a d sttwtis poirgt'r haidii i le firafild is iktioflu lila ii-I it 'll altt~tus ,it-i twttt i

filit' rtig,ifstk iie itid' fhid at p rt' aietisiftti s case i fl it' a ls ihw~ hu1 ,if lit' 'sti fliti' I illv , 'I ~ k4ll tl'Isirll ~ti flit ll eentlurtt' li a ttemptil t'r flita srtic 'r tdhaAetti and i on t prpele iia iii ull ffpiu- i ttpttest' ii Il

ISll- lililll Ifiirm'astgon-o'r fitt ithil' f Te tt theE'hfr'l timiw f Bn s( th flte i'.uglti~ t- 7 iriit'lll'r l~t ~ti iolitf~lli~'.tunjtut'iiit itttl Ftrttl~er A s ettnisfert het Ill, I14rtt la i flIl aterns1 p-irt'pIlc iii: VIu i f'ila Ii' i Iit

ict intW, k er t ndu(ted a ic ,t 1a d o ll lpo'kl t.ftisit lo~ r t st i l i ll t 1111' t v N ' I daI(f!''Ili,', 11 mII

I -, t%% t r c i r pe l rc rr sitnd n tt(te(-i n a (lt 1) -tI i i lc ic 1 f- kit, w t, ), .. .f! r

ill 'al "" " -S- - L li-e ini, il)p, uv -wdI -jIIrl l-

50' 40- 300 20'

AO 177 PROPELLER

J 0 O77

40' 2000* 00

r1*4tAI I~'PROPELLEL R A

ANGLES~ ARE POSIT I'. ANGLE

F Z1 l!,Wk"))le A toehnd unnoitiei hLi at mnuiateo tull-powelt ull-Ida. uondilions

j ~ ~ T IIi III,- tt'IT Illal t' It le 4t Itt'lll tl r v t atoll~ k(1 il- 11.d)

-, T1 %k It! tit IIIS T 11.11V 1.111 till1 .111II

*~~~~~ ~~ 1',I It'Ihi- t11111 t I "2111 t10 151I'listl" al feto rpll e gelometr oN pressur tl'ltinsu

at ITl ll l

* '. tAl I.

I 9 A

AlI ' 1: A

It AO 177

-. T-

IT' T1' II20 00 002 004 006 008 .

iI tIIAMI 711 f l tICAMl CfHORD Ifdc

Ftg. 21 ttTt' '''l h .-t'.T I I '.'''1

t(ptTIS't'. evaluated in AP 19A,- Fi'~ T""1" ''.' g. 22 Retrofit duct cot'tlgurtioI

"I.,I' F P iTht' T x( SIItt AitTborne Noiit'

10

Table 10 Conditions for wake-improvlog appendage experlmentb tf

Mtt t~~t tl ttl'tttt I Ig I III v 1-1 " ' 11 1 III'dI .

tip en ag h~t 11 S p -d Ii k I I I " I til . i, Ii I',,1 I I I -

11figuratwn ~~ ~ HEE VCAVw(, ['rATION'11,

-- I, ~~~UBL CAVITA hrWifONpw I-l,!

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ LU I'AliITAT!IO WHEN " 11 , I.,,lANLE ARE PO ON ANLpUiE NDSETCLAS

h'ill~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HULLi i"t' lld-sI ()al

i4,i ni the li tit, ,que cesrewidcd h~tcalll I Il, ., I IUN IIII 'I ilk Ntil lVil( w r'n ''i lo m r a l l n o' I t I l 1o , I! ' I

I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U. I WITH t 1al taiwrta o vi tI h IItti~ 'M 0 lif/4 FIl it. ),CwEjLE tATING

I/ itFIN ,tt ( 17 hdil ti, i 0 w t rt m h 1 T V 11 ic i l' d ll 11 I l, II o " IL lI

Fi g 2 1 1 11 d' vi- l I, If Ii

HULL PROPELLER ,eI uiewit fiiglier I urii lill-,~ifitniiit, ifIi) II ,, Il fit, ifivt' dI fivatt

. * UNMODIFIED AO 177 *iS high iv, I kliz Thlreflil. I. i% iii- s m .I tOw Imll1 surfl,'I Fit-'it

- - WITH FLOW ACCELERATING FIN AD 177 file 1 1

r,p~it- r th'ii'i'prii.ilt- miiv xix'rmww s muit,' tidt 1111110---a W TH TUNNEL FIN AD 177 fill', 1 ri,.ficv k,,s.relf lIlrf fill Itii a l iil I'llj vxItatlli~ ill

W--* WITH DUCT ALI 177 t ~.f~'iSrig' tlutii 'ti ~l~fl li I lf~r~&_'a " UNMODIFIED A thefrili clu Iht i', e '*l iIIill t~il il.I,- til lit i uI tlt l ll .'i r i ii

fill~l at tlIla fitiu 1 rlrrl'rtl, ilI,.o ilt~ i lt , 'Ii IIfatl' 1154i fetfhll"t a- h5 iia54mtIv 11'1

119 1 ,fi ot n tle

ftlg ' ( rt~fIII II allt-lII t. O w.M OIIt m' I!A.l.1-,1m lat r I i

IFtil% cI lig i t II I ,~ lilcfg , I I, lt I I id 1,, 1, ,iI I i I 'I, I[I If4 : ' I

lillfiI, t1' hat t fll w SI I I h c il l' a f l I r - 4 I4 i t I ll Appr111 i t

fI , t i t SI xm111 I I l it-trLH J lit) 171 t and I i' x l t , t I ll " lit,'

I- , ii Il,'I, ' I Tll 151 I II1 11 , ilI tll I 151 I I "Il t 1 t I Slit i t gii' I I l I It , rct ll s - r -it-rit

- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ li t'll IS,-r~~l~ 111'1it. tiit. h l1

'' ttIIt till' lift I'f~tlTI I ltil

III~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 111IIi' ~l'~~~lf IT 11f I[I 1 lS"S fl it1

ll l ui'jl'l' N if wd 1 V 2 77 l t It,- I,.I' it~tlli pr IN 'llt' -

hull'' it fi151 tll Ili ltl " till' 1% I l,'11 " Ald I' ili r

I'''''' l~t l''''i 1,1.' iF''rilNhlilltaid*''tI tt ill',l' hap,-

I -WITHOUT FINt

1~~- u LitI Of FlowI -ACCILIFIF41WG IFIN

iT.s AN: *iF1.- IN

- A t

- tvTH 550*ACCEL FIN

POINT G I. POINT5 5 .i PNS A S1110 POINTs AFI

PRESSURE LLAL,,5 REPRSESENT MEAN Of

20 Hf54F' FROM FOdUALFR ANAL 151%

01

3 2

MRLJtiES Lit MADE RATE

Fig. 25 Variation of major harmonic components of projpeiler-tndu~e1 hTIL prSCSLL pL;kL's

at several locationls. with and wi'houl wake )-proving I-L

I lit,, i-iEsFIi t I ,,rLLf5.15r Ics ;L 5 \tiit I) iliLailLI lLLt-irt I t( L til LL , id;,,L - I I,- , it ttiS) I~ I, L .III

I IF- L h ii,-ii/ j-i rlisri ii'L~ L )LiIL X'cp 1,,! iLSd il lIlLIF' - -id. [LLILIL iI~ S -ILi 5' La ifitit. 1 f,::1! a LLSZ ,I[ 0 -

p flti Iid lLfl ILILFS~ti tIsol l' t V\LIT-IJW W~iidl 177 L T I ,s 01,Ii litiL SALLLLILITI i 1i Wdu- tL ,S i

hl fIrlp (it'L 2ks aii,0ms it l- tii' ItO p itiditi Ila, 2cL1 pI iip t. i~ i~iLi i Lld~)~

isdj, ' t'L.j4'iifell\ ingtrt Al tiul siist h tik p fill . , d Ii il iiiv 4,~i . 'Il4i 'l ~li aLLlL i, fitL) 1.41pIL !I S I

liT ,S LliLLil itl\' iear froit flic 51 ltdradm iL (Sums til Hti , LT-Latlivit,. Iill (IXL 'kt ii i'J (itI m.ITLLLL Tilt Ia! ip

nartLILIFL IL leg~t hsI fli a flitlu ti p a p a Is5, flid is fl i , I~f ';)ti In'ilice 1110 1kii LLLLL LIL ), f I l I\) ''I hL"fIil-I'f 1f 1'LL 1

(ti, firLfi(ft'i Itailtrg edgeaids I rxa l playle *I'lt fill) scilt tIll)p Ill f IN L Liii' Illf51 LJill fi L JL ii lL li d iLL I dLLLSd

ILinietiiL,i l L aa iLT.ter iticaii.tl' L the' hiarris Iiltslt'. thiat is. 5 It'lit'Li'( thlf HI iI .'la '1 Iti iL ll alSL'tS tLi ll l l, HadL

little visils moim iL f L flit- casif.5fiiii fit itfft'rai "it Aflit AliF till \% irti it lutiiL.Ii ' \% fill till- Ilfl \,)rFi. I5 ll, hLL tL IL 5 1 lI-LLtfFL urSvi Ik 'Li p 4:31. Lml id ,it i \, iLItLLL tLt, kL prTL.LfiIL

it rii'fS (I gF'tltiF-I5 ltr i fgi' has litti sis1st'sfIel fLL r'-in, t- I 1'r.Ilic i, e. F' iiaidL Lii Ili Nfit IZ t-i711... 1Imul .1t "IL,5 \fpr I~l-(r- itidltis'i hull forces anid prtsptllvr et'TL'iin pirolliA 1h,111i, I\ 1W. lt iiit ii iL' h it 'iLLI illS *i 'LfL f , tlsIilI huset ii,, Ii;ons arte suiiairiCFd I, fol,," p L~tL~lll it(ili polr-fA'l 1F I' I SIIIittiifL dI 'L . "~litl"Ii

I lr-awt'iI shiird Ietsgtis I S1 A~ sra ti ii slisz ti flit, \4tih Iv.Itihi n I rtslii I ll' Li oi LI'L .-Is liLliLt'iI 1i11l1 Loii m

paL.miitftr Iiit o ldIte3 ii's'i bcii'set lis flit, slmitLniFIIS Slirf I3 I

alC C'rrl tLL fitL I "ii f Pr I, I i S) ooLI A, t, 'I,

19

FULL LOAD CONDITION FlAtI.A',' NJItI ION

OISIISACEIII 26 810 -1t48 W158) A, tI hi ' -TRIM 0 31 , I III . O 25 000 y HIM 1 14, 4'.' .'

,0 0005-

WITHOUT FI TN 211000) A..'''.1. 1104. .1 IFIII

20 000

120 24 100 120 '

ee

so 160 .W

10.000 >1 z t4 60. ''' 1200,) 4 60 ~ 1z

RPM RHPM ~

cc4-8 0 5 000 .0

4 000

1,2 1,4 163 18 10 2.2 01 4 1 '

SHIP SPEED IN KNOTS SHIr SPEI, 1) IN KNOTIS

Fig. 26 Comparison 0f reSiSlanre Ond powering properties with and Fig. 28 omlp.-is ... .. . ,'1'. IN) ie *1Q

.tlI>t low-occeteriitifg tin for trial tull-oa1 1ispla emei -. t11

1i !1044- ,,Oj l il I.)' ", I

I Il ill l i f, h" a~ i, iS itat ),[ 111.j l i a c d - Ic I -,i m 1 1 1 i ,i '

-1 1.M T - l, - ""Tv WIT O t F ccINa lr l pc il " ll pi -\i tl1 ;1.,, " I ,011-1 . i. i

Ii, lhl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 10 I- l- ll lv rbai I, I .II IIv n r lt Ilcail',i - l rfl-I l A."d1t d 'IL~ilil

-, - l " i . Ili II " % d i- - ill- - i l i i I- 17 p i i 11 , i i0 ( ' ,1

,N; 1 I

110HOU FI Vo111IiA , ( I

1 00

11 9111

II 14 15, 16 1? 18I 19 20 2 1 22 2 3 1. ' 1. It is 1 4 .10 'i 1 t -

SHIP SPEED IN KNOTS 51111- SF111 N KNLI's

Figq. 27 'imoa-twISi (Ii prl ~ive ,hofllifi lents with anlll withoiut Fig. 29 t, o 11, 51' Il liIi N1111 o fii i, ll 0th in iil .t

20(

'I., litt It' ItI'IIh l t i

Ft, I , t' It* vI A n r 1. .I II

i t I

11 A~t I Ii1 , 11,

IIk: IFilui itI tit It~ jA tlg il I~tt ' Iut I It lil I ...... i .....

21I

- ~'~ a ~ -. . -- .- -%

F ULLa LOAD CONOt 110ON F ULL t9ACO OIIO

--- SPlCOIaCATION CRIIFRIASso NOFa 94 RPM

-TO WOHaILN 94 RPM 00 aok

U IL

-- &. vjO I0 94R

'b-)

40 I., 150c;L '1 0t 0 0 A O A t S ,0 10 0 1 (1 -

Bethn a-d Diesn NNoI 6 PRom

-%L, not I, -c

'i, lvr i Lv ri n I-) 25 , IN) jIIJ 015 , f20 10 4000 Il i, y oO ha, \ Ill Ili fll 2 t *l "c a , .1 oo1 bur l i'

ItOj- !t ll. V 11%1 1 J", . 11 fil f, ~ ISw rIajt hcrc iA,- RAND fi t, IR iIN 1.IS L I

a i - ila Alnt, l't.f ID sia, IN airais anld (101,1, ii li i d Iumi-sdim Fpo ple, can'imri. o f lanm n - I I'11, ;,,sl li a ntai~ raIti thar jprirpailartk il fi~ i llit. t m i~ Ii I tl I l .,1a kfll ll, ti irr i aii, du a. ri, I

)I aI I II, it a, , r .i ,( a ,rraI I a I ,rIa Lp r 1It, I l I~ a 1 11.it-1101 ,Ia It I' a Fi ll- 11, -'k ' -i I sa-i " l,,.I I .III ) "I' ill La. l, ." tlr I. , I Ir I i..I

IlaO r LeI -r Tr in, II -t tt i I x uatt,1. a Ir iicu p l'g aIII, a 11, 1jl dit. Pl. 1\~ Idi Ia Ii~lis It -~a tii ,si- s 51dii- I 1 XIIIt11, La I I %

.1 I I Is T,- 'Thu ii I ( I]d w t IIIIII II, -Ia , , N'iIiIIi:'II k 't i if . t4 p, '- I Ithd it 1 a 'I Ia i i rIlrIfa ll a t , 1rr IT' Il ., I lii [I lil ald iujl' f Ibst 1sri . ,1 .11 I- t . i till , rII:l.. Ih I lIuI.

I -)a i. li'L \( )177 raa iii i r ailis I~,jj1 t lii ilti I ltilali "ali l \ tu ith i 'Ilt ll III l I ' I tI, li ilsah I, 1. '1.1. , t' Jli~

i,lisa i l f Ow %(h~a 177l' liaia fliaillaai \I, 'hia- tlla aiiL - Twli~la it o fit Wa l, r .1i al i , ,~l 1r i \[lla-, it Iitr-a0

iiifia-rha ir iii il v la C Isslaa t til t

al ca h1 1 tk at i iihll air .Ih, I~d l, ih 1 tha ais isil Iaki

I''( shils Ia ii Iab! I ind PO ra' us taih ils

I ilirahnla~~~~~~~~~~~ hariiltl Ihaaaa~a si.A C011 'IS NI ThI \ riI i U r iNi -

I~! In IN Iii 'I. li

NT -I LI iRPM

WIT FIN 94 RPM~lri5Pf~rli~iirN i~'aii

AA

0~ & a>

1, .a tit

Wi 8

-A- A

NUMBERS IN AFTER SPACES ARE THEARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF THE MEASUREDSOUND PRESSURE LEVELS. IN dR, OF THE 31 5.63. AND 125 Hz OCTAVE BANDS, FIRST ANDSECOND NUMBERS ARE WITHOUT AND WITHFIN. RESPECTIVELY

DATA ARE FOR FULL LOAD CONDITION. ANDFOR 94 SHAFT RPM UNLESS OTHERWISENOTED

MINll CECK '036, ; 00 RPMso 7

49 0 A 0 TEIGGI M.VI'"

140 135 AmP 1;5 120 115 110 105. 100 9 5 90 bb9 H; so0

Fig. 35 Variation of averaged low-trequency noist Icel, -n '.01.i Krl t~ee nkl .

after fin installatioII

I d w in tt- tialing g IStc brrlsr a e aks~ dolt a It sp tell presitr t'~ i -th511 ,. im hu III sllqia hk I II,, .l' ' I

I ', i \\01 1l tlt l t 'it, fill.ijI t iner. tillla-' Sitoil~~ttit tit rtift \til .1 tlt ilIll c l l ~.I.....'I!, IN ll" it jrt'llinto a i ll'n otr il A tfilt' cas t sheticat 1 load III rt11 ilt 111 lilt I S H .'ol.I.

I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~trt4 IIIt.'.i 11111 dl~l~ rlgalitl till' -0.~lIer''a 11VAaF ,1A'Prolp'llerincd 1'lYs? b ulken f rn amltue aisheat morct,,ialn ,i

\llr l'llc'lts I f a ti ll itiadelll k~tl \r'sll alll'li' 5'.Iij Ill' I '. IN - k ' 1.

I~ ff~ o it-flla p ar o a v e u ed tlt ,% % 1 , 1 1,-it1., ,I , '" ,,,23 l

.!m; ".IralkI;rd~to fIastvtu n",bcl~t'i l.d . l .ll,'d "j,- !

Table 12 New Navy noise criteria leveiiii-permisstoic airborne sound pressurelevels (in dl relative to 20 OUPa)

6 t)0tave H-aud Ce trer Frequency, Hzk\ p.1 " Slad, t . 4 142F 21% A X IR livE 2(KX) 4XNJ Will

II . I i l no41fl4 d And,641. 2 14 661 634 0)l 51 t,4 S 1 4M~

sj, 11jl ,-ii nandan

ndi) I ~. rat isvo'I :41C 1- 64 ii 1 4

S.4 I;.- ..-

)pe rating ex per ience fliagnit iilt'e Ald steetple"~ (o t he iitmia '11414 41L I it. fill o.'

I -r h...dhask.L A ~ tit- t, ti iil,tlIj,.l Ii. has r g~K piIitvd retdttlt itosit hIgher Wide rat c uarfma, i II ot,.cit,

!c,i4. !1 % itlIt Ins-we I r.'t it tt.III , it lia. I, 1wivi,, o1A likelk re'slooolsillt fur red.utions ti sArtuturiinti ills. and)'t it, mii -sri. Ipnllvtt, did itIi4 .1 igagt'ii \ iradltu' that vsetzalk rdiatrttaivrg% I, ilit~,hqli~i ir,,

redii4.4d inirod "4 it!, Ii ijilt-i ,ti trials pirtohrmilic . lThe "I Ima.r airkorin. tilic on1 tlIctll' 1), III Irv,4114hi II(

"d'.dIIII'I'Il ItI'li proptelicr blade erostumt teridem \%%.i '41' Jtirsi.l ,1i~tce b\ the fIU'4 -acce'leratitig fill ciitlikuitratwi

Conclusions gibi. Ittlialties 4)1 thedtrag And lproIptuasiol chrat tcrrni.,I it,,

it- lIr I : , ..Ii , I ' m ihti 11\' i,ph, b~Ivri t* \14Iw k(stiiit )riiau 177.d still)t,, I'

* FIjtilitL) jrl'ijil pukl.. til, iii,'tinittt Had,. t 1141'4 n - leritit litre ll jiresiures tould Ix- achti,-%d \% it!, ii.i..titioi., iivil the. lpr))i.'Iler vitliiimll 1irobhletis of tin' At- 177, de~signi lificatins

kk dket. the itter lu ikill 4154w i11tstalI. ,1 itatjai Anud rt(Itsigiiedl propeller (miuld iiru'id e c ml V, ,14r siificI i tht titttas',rabI.I,4)Tvier IlII. Iit"ir adi till r.'Iatis.'l Itrv hijr. j14(1 atirfat- boric extationi thani '415 11'Iiv\,l'4 '4411~i, sjwed ind) po'' I tw hI 111,4 jt'Icklrt trig fll Alone). l)It '4441 Il.ike litrcastS of

*II. i~ -to hi, Il14t1 I nftiLi.hrahmi %as lt'1i it. 1wrinliti thrist ind toiritt, lx\nd,~ the tjvjit (itsritl

tai BLADE ANGULAR POSITION 35 DEG

Itb) BLADE ANGULAR POSITION .65 DEG

tit-tails of the AO( 1 propller gi-aii-tr% j raaas l ia -li I*, r.aIaseal Some~what fair siniglie stri autxi liars Ship deit-gns4

The excitatitm fromt priapel-lkr inductil hull surfaie pre -

Stitt'-s Aud faorces Shu ld be d~t- i adri ut ant-la a long as thIlaedratg forke Mild mominent eiation As1 d.part (if th ii lli and "Ipra aielli-r desigt praK-z a -ss. iae-cialls for single-stri-ut ship s ithIappret- iala'e %~ake-

(reat tiara- most le cia-rais-al hen lI- the- rtit imtal % a. v t,-vraa-ea o~~ilibt lArgi nal stvqp j;%aks liialliiiiis Staem' ,I

a L l~iStern arraageioie-tts Shouaild IX 1

ie i . ari-l seriuaSIN it -ar Isat gi ade-sign

*(riss ata(-a-iaaatiataaiis ada Mlthn as- iipqu-d Spaces -A lirri ,rit t-iii ots Ille c had ul ~h t lit- has ata-al as far I ut tin __ --

Ili (yellur as pra( t sal a t has tit tOw dvi klii -um- saatas-straatitort,~

at~ Ili.I lassAnt

A(-know led~iments 301. 41k ~ I cti INi~

D A'"i lulls 1, s-a tutlulilh v1 I sitth-it iil it iIai iii' 11tt 11 a ls r 20 A

.I, it -a leha~i Illssa-sa-r it AStla u l t injina I it i l iiauic all at , 'I~b ~ -t he-u Ili. aiittwr- %ild liii- t siu ti 1! 1.t al alalira t, -g A -

lato'i "I'aliart (,,iu i(at% liliutiti Ihila ltarkota ( luri' - , S1A I'Mi

t' tIA A 0111 A -

- ~ ~ l ' AU t.fl.tN MOM~ I , tila~* i 'i It Ia i KvIllIv. ,I )r.11

1 n lit 'twtl. taul 11 11 -T

N) ',III f ,I i 1 I'lal a, ft-1 t l ot iti tI utah1" asjixriial

1 it TP

Ai allAt, trias it Itii, ' rh,1 1) 1t \'hlf( fan fin- t ONG: IUDiNAL POcSITION

. u tIm fal .ilta:S I, 11 IW % . It 1, a " is "I Owi lilt Ilii Fig. 38 Courpariscir Cii Ioalq-tli~jnai dJi~ltnhAt!., (,! 1,1-I-'i' iar5,a-

-T illI-- I)u, , M ss l l lt, , rk ,I il(- puise 2ouble amplitudes motdel eapeiments airc( tll'ci- ..a i , I-. 'a taii -au Al-i -litl, Di0 ii ilfia

1.adtiVa,1 ''t 1:a, a rIs 1c I 'l l ,~i ttl itt "'ia t Iltii~ h fl,!

's- d-l -1-' 1.a1 1t 1-~ta ti~a -jut r! \t Iii a, il - 1,, 11: II

I t I ,, -%, I i tc IIII Ia III l IIcII , I r til i I . r V'l, I ~I. t s i 11, -i rl

lit, ' 1a4t ati itj a-aif is],. ' it afl 'I l ii t '. , Iiih t , ~ ii l.I,, , ! t f , I lial.2

vTi if -li I fii11 p t i 'tai -it' -l It~f 1 ii fitat IIIp iI il aA , aiii 'a -X I lb c Ai 4,ii p, tvd .0i t hii all 'a a i

's -t k 1-isal I r !aitai r a,! t i tt ti 1 r l -Ti itdit t-if 'stat1

i1- in lw it ti I,, tai ,I" I aIt ic ti , 0- 1) - .I YAsu it j III\ai , t ia ITa'a' ltaftiiai t uatiiti'l 'f1il l(N t'tt(- talf ''tf'aIkah, a-a-, I) 'aicTIa 11 t Ii atf' i .' .. ' '

'j. I 1.1112 au % in t id qI Hiutra iwf0 ki Nld tdIK ,v ) I ll it .lIla - ~ h S- 2\ -l '

S, I t, i 'ia I II I I atal . i a- t1,a'u tlt, h :it,al' I fitt,i, fik stf i', t ~ i alit S) at -l il: () 1, - ,' -Q-'t Ipt l fla( Iaat in 1a va t trt % Iii Iii Its an'fif Iiala I hiii,'f ooi I 'li I L atf-I t- I m u ll f (ow ~, I i.'it '.fItml !,' I livi piall I vui iia .,i fim h 1 1 ari i-la a. Jr Itr"q Ii -21 - "an

II i l It l al itit

-L! )- ) ) !a Xl Si I fkat f -, l! ft

1: 1i 22 ;1 'Iaj iti taa la at Iia i 1i 11! Xi I I I.C- I T'I. iaff uItat- i v t

1 - atf~n %tfa harkl X I 1 rtafi 1 )Il I'flit li It 1 tilt. , li l ii i. I -! lit --I I ''

IS I,-. il 1'5 " KI , T 1 \1 I..1 1 1125

N.r I i rurnIM al " it h Xini.'rrj o Naul Air iurci t, -ijihi' i I Il Iir..it I, l it,. I." I\ I D I S-' 2st I ricrt I , I Itit ''I et Fe, itliiplI,)#' i ll~ pp - 7h a 11'. r NJ .Ma IIIS2

24 (1 AM 1 klis A il I- ~itti lilrr1urirS P 4. Al.tri M'1i -1 Ai Iid I . IY l.. S it \ A j irtiir. Ii I I .ttii .1 Pfin it tire Ir%AS A Qiulrltt Aw l-n~rtiiIrIltn ~ tl X/u~ltm" h;tRiittrrg .4.1 'rt 'I I i nit tug ill- Pr. .tlir' I ititi HiI ull In' ,v DI, h it 4114'

22, \,,%. Fel pit I' p 4 42 litiit 5'A I M 716' tim 5l.'.I N Irtitimi I.( IttliiitA 4'rr'5 Huthe.tfird. IA Aft Ftin Stuatuig t Litmit i..i'i ~ ~1ii 'ISA

I Juli 199 pp I97 2'I0l lii tidingi I.. rriit ... 1 tl i ll Sulfa.. i'ii' v, ti.igt.ili lit Al IT?7

2'l,\\ kt Di. , rl tot N -. Saara'in l S ,it I- Sip, N fl~ tt, -, 1,tl IlI n K. I,.PIfli-Po -61I- 1"

'7 I.. itr . 11 N." l am I Fri - I11 . tIll I I ;It I '1, 11. . , 1, Ill,, h, ,"

S4 t I A kc(n I) ttii I m et"tt tv l ti.t ,M ,,. ." . Ii, ,f I9

,I i'i t'hl I, l r gltwv11.. ili itt t ilNit, o1

mV Xil tlii ~ i -.1 %li''w-ireni'nt nd I I Illsn oIf air o n !n ttkITT V Il'nrls I x A-t iwlr 5 11 lige III t ilttIIII .X 1i i1 N1i .Si.uut l'L~" "

IN .rl,,A tg V(4r'lt'4. 14 111I lit i',15p11

"I1 2114t .\ g ln t l Ik-l 1

I, n 'itilt tiii n II A , Xt ftguI Xc I tilt I I t III i I ll.: I liti tilt Iixll It Iil iilt l t tIt.0 - i I '.tt 11t1i 1

XI lIl . I P.tl.i r li '41 . 7 ~i tl T1112 -1 1 .11M ~ ".Ii i - . . ..t ' ....11 itI", l i lI ,. I I ... I Il 1 i 1 ti l, 1 , ,Il

liit \ii ih'.1

AS t il ii ti it to wIt- al utNi., iit ..i I ii, a'1,2, .. O l

I, 11111,11AI it 1 -1 Il26

""I If ; V I Irh

Appendix 2 n pi'lter t'si ted hit II uure' And irta t ,.-Itit iso%ioas uiidertaken to

Results of a naly~ticalI invest igations cm , t h tItr t i t ii li chrir .I I II,kIIIIAI as a~ ttirig Po slrI I H lt It't, h-rtiy TI I II"

ks part 4i the priogram III it.%' ttigati. fkr fining Andi prt; )Nx f T I Ixw rik.itig At tire I (ir the pmibitijs )( tht 4(1-177 prteicitist- uhtaill s.tmi Ira I ft [h r re ~ it .- ( I)ss Ivt I ti

c AIt'i I A tittns %~T LtrtcHi i i Iissit) ned I min sevvral Tdependeilt prtiqwlt : riduc" en hll prt liefts And m ii i otAct- rout,atnirtis to, sttuds thd irtluih-Ier Mde Aa tti hnd eshiimatt tiet that gist- Fist" in ui' it~ a It III

WITHOUT FIN WITH FIN

4

1h T~ i5 MODEL EXCPERIMENT PULL

2 MAX DISC FIECORITED, SCALE 2 0

MDELREI~1 T RMS MEASEXPER/ENT10 / A S 4EO~D 10 5

CALCt UATin

5 CAL CU I1 TED C

ij HYDROMECHANICS INC HYOROMECHANICS INC

i1t 1 15 -MOVE L L XPLH(MEN I FULL

2 -~0 MAX OSC HE CORDE D) SCALE 2 0MEAN Of

El *I IT AMS MEASTO ._M00lttE liERWiENT 4 0

Mn MAX . 4 f1 0R D t L a. --0 0.-

ICALCUi ATED0O

0A or MA ()CRC)R[ ICVORUS XL ASSOCIATES VORUS & ASSOCIATES

1 1 5 -MODEL [SPI RIMENI tOILL

NMA 10f

1 00

CACLAE 0 -

05 ~~CALCLIATED' ~ II IO0 0

0 DAVIDSON LABORATORY 0 DAVIDSON LABORATORY

27

_± - ITU FIN - WITH FIN

HII r BA

1 0.BLAE RATE I 1 N

0 L?

"I VAI DL HI A, oi

0- 2-

HI VA' DL 11 AI D

I of

Fig. 40 P o''CI f tti( hruitjl IImu.1I0I17l

Z, . ,LPII At. SURFACE FORCE LENGTII AFR 7FIEU I bef7 ..idII;ll7i ... 1)1 lmllitII ad priii' r i-

NIU FIN I' i ti I ;,p . 1 1,~ 1 li i -t I N id J erd . m-l I rt Ill. -' I tc111

41, 10 polnijJ I ,- 1 j"il'r u dl 7 'm cr tr ial ;1111 I' tt r 1 H d i Ir i li I.,0

ttlilt-I-ll

* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , l l 71and lit. flt,, k) I _7is st.1 IS t hel-ili HiTL , a,1 dl I

2, IT FIN' -r tyivZ i t it q1 l pl ~ o~l I . i t, 11111:11 li I t ilal~ l ll7

jiLADI ),TI p-OIE L TA' .It /l S ll 1 1j SI Dt II Ii"'lll ~ I" 11,1

41,1AL IIEEA -tFOR E ALEII if,0 iit ,i i~i' q 1177 , liI l1 idlr iI t- It ill

Ft. 1 O7p~71110155171111 It~~ CnV 19rO.Ot tlc itaeI12 idtl I LI% Dal .1 lihit ialrx Irlilitti I Ih %vl-I b111 "l It

0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l -I I",l I, .I~il tilt 'lillit Aiatp iti heIC licd at 'u 111 ~ hai tIl 7 1 I l C ~ i e W I THl E N i i r rit I l I Thl 7 1 1 l0i . 1 1 1, 11 1 p m , T a , I ' 1 2 S'l t i l t ', p r 1 4 Oi t

'L ct" del Im~nt 1 1 1' [IC M IIdj I!

.nit 4 ith t , tht,r tt .ti d III sthrvi'," -,A I'his rsvti rk' t Table 13 Calculated etect of fin on verlcal surface force

thitesreil enplptlS i. d III \ orits rtt li .t.sts pr)oll 'll into A5 f 113 co mpon fent

-tsh t thit lit- surf, e hIte Are ti.il-ui ttesl dirts-tk, rather th.,slIl, ftal n is' of iitejratltn! Ihi- Irt"'sur , oter thi huh ,sird ,.ti 'r- tP,, 1- , ,

Itj I Ih.u w ett lt'S III Itti. I( I.'-.II Ilurldar N ref Iection prolperti .s 'it-,,h it

ar,- . l tvlltttd for Fhlo, t Su, t It e. rS ,tul pllcui ilethe- ILI\ : ]

!w'l5 dvi'tl', ti tht, ki'lI i%. II r1, I rk'I i. .L l, ol ' sh hts.i "|ls I Tlw

, t, s al lls lo Ii llipll sl1 It Ilc k It as''s-tiIiI5I 515.5,na I,l£ tit 1 ,' ,r Ow f,' , II, ,, t r,,,+-. e tinla arc'a

t.+ana.twyis' It) lt-ii. pt-ritom", i In I+,! Il- i,t ' I ¢.jfifi b,lade I u+.ding1jiII~I ", I Ic I tli5as-I Ii 11 I~~II r111 l.ds LI" 1 ), 1 -

11 .I )it\ IIt t 1 . 1 , I l ,I -1 ! , I ,I , ,, It 1 I , I I

-I 1,.\ L i t lst Illtni ti .III 1,I , III t ,' LI.r. ' h l I. IT t , a o tijj S.! L-,-' . .I, 'c Taft I I , r I t , I jn , ,I 1) \ II l'sk l ! w .It I kl)l -1, \Il ~t II t, . ,, , I IT it I L ! I, 'T , k, . 1 ll t 'l . 1 l , ,, .'o t' l t' l } t .J F !, - [\ , i.t' ,,J I. j,I! ,m i'tliI ld ,

k .\it 1: IfI Ill tIh , I , .,1 ' I III,, ,d ' ,11 i t 1t , ( 111 1 I' ' ,T t , , , , t1L 1 ,, It'd I'\ 1,. 11 , Ti I

.i1tll Ih , II , I% ri f1 Iit 'a I.itI., fi IIlt I tliI Ii tI I I'll< lItI. I \ I1

I , , f ,. 1I I I I I I I I , I I I I, " , I I , f I I I 1 11 I I I t t II 'r4. SI,

., I, It' It k, 1, 1, , 1 11 1 I.IIII III- I11 1v 'I t I It I I I 11 I jtfISIL I I, l l ITL IIII L I 111

r . , , , q , ,, I . , 1,1 l ,t 1 ,I .1 ,. .I

1, 10, it , ,I , t I I I I I I I IT I a t tI, I v..'i. .. ,t.. I d c i I, I t I II, . t, , 1 III I 11, I .h r

I.rI'ir I 1 11, 1 1i1, IIt I l 1 .1 1 .1 , , I, I t .It I ,, I I ,-t I, 11' .I1, 1 \ L 7 1, 1, ti t I '1 1

I ,I It I ,, t .,,l rit I Li I 14 1 1 I I,.. T it, . lII ,III,, ItI I. ., ' I , I \ iII ,,. I,

ht. n l. Id ,, i I, ,. .i< ++=it I r i It,,., I n 11 11 i A IT Ip l i r , I t 1 1 , + h t . x. , } ,+ l, . , ' P , \ .+'.illl~l . ,+Ii~l ,+} H 'i~t ,,l +IT 'I"'h t+. ,, , + '+ " 1, t h ' + < 1l, ii_ , i ;If, ,', r I , , , ,,, A ,, ., ,,"+ t , .

r 1 fN 1 , 11 It , Io . 1 1,, II l I. t '. 1 1 iIt' 11111 r 11.111. I. 1 I IIII ,I I I It,. II .mlI ,, IT, III 1 1,1,.

.,I I, 1 s+ l LI , t .1 .-s , I , I lls .. , III w I ,I t 11 .SI 11 , 111' , L .1 1 .1 I,, I I I , , 't . , t I I IA, II I I I - I

I, , I S, i 111,1 Il lSII. I 11 11, 1 11' 111 I l"l , 111. 1 , .. [, I l ' :1 11 " I I ". t

' II ' I .,I I " - l ' I Ills I tit- I I I -t 1 " I II' rk fit,. 1 . 1 I 1,1 I 1 1L %I IIt

0 '1 1 mpitsdc I-., 11s , 1I 1.l~ VIL L Isi i I I II I 1 d L * . ,~ ,.

• I+,+ \ l i ,, i :. +i+ I ! ++ + ill ., '. I I 1 ,+l + l [ It .I J, i,~ f ++ 1 h 1 l , f , + I ¢ ' + , ] , = * , . + t . i , +

I f r I L I t I

1 LI , L ~ I I I I ., I I

IT I I:~ m l k, t -1 ) 1.'+ 1), 1 1 i, , 1 1 1 , . , '7AI I. + , 1 1 , t I(

It~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ I't "I tit 'I" I}I ,..It+ " It~ I'th J l~t h t ' te I,'[ItI It , : i Lh ITT' .'+ ++ l,+ l + , I =-'' - f '

. . ." ' , IT, 'I+[ ' l + I I \ .' I I) , I ,' t i t I.,lI ,III !+ 'I' I t , .-I + I' . - + I , , + .I, , t + to I T A I' T lI

.~ ~~ ~~ ,: .I, ~ 'I' ,i ' i t , * l 1' } ' 1' ' t !, " . I , , -t -t, + \ ( ) I - , 't . t ,I , p i , , + , , , ' , I .

I ~ ~ ~ ~ .,I 1h 1 1. 1' 1+. , t14 ITr I~t I; q1 , I[,~ LI .,r+I {[ + , + ITI . ,r, , . ..o " ' h +, , + t l l t th . , I ,, I .

,, ,d . , u . . -l l, I.T,, ., I kth , .i t ,, r , I I .tl Ii +t l . t -~ ~ , r tI,, , t ... ;I ., . . L }< .

I I i, , ++ i h . I hII , . '. \ .1l' l 1 1 , TiIIh 1 1 1t1 ,, , It+, 4 ,L I I , , ]+ l t , T, + ' :t , i I . , K ' ,

li.L t t "I I t{ 1 I ' j+, I , I I~lh , + t i \ II I,, . .. i+ I I I . I, I l I ' + ' + e I ,

' I i ' t ' l '

+ I +

p ,,',h ,It t th . l, h ~ , . t , , l ; ,j " x t , u t , -1. ,. 1 1 t'. 1 t I I t 'IT , : , , ,,t1 1, :

Discussion

E , Biarne. ' , )I I , l . .!

IIt w h It A' t I l;t h, , 1- 1 lit.. , i t ' I it ',,. 1 . .1 . , , Ih '' t' ' ' '+ t . . . .+ ' I '. .

I+,+ I~{ I hi, , . l h+. .d. fI "I . t.,I i, t' .++ r " I, + I+.l t ,

I, Ih, "I h,,, u +i n , .. , , I, I, I Ih I I .f I ,, , ti "., .t .. 1~ 1,11"11 II, I' I ,H iti,' V I I,_ I h I , I.illl ,Il Il-, I I. If I,, I Il , ,I,, I I ,t:

II,'l~ lIT ". h . ,i,,, old,,i,,, .. III.,+I' .1,. ,'I. 1,,h' '1-, 1+ll ,+ 1~ 1.1 1 1 1,1i I ....... 7 , tlr~:' '

A I l lt i , l I ]+ I I I I, 1h I, 1 , ,i t, , I , , I i T

. . ., e t t l

"I . ., I l, 1 . ... I . .. I, i - ', I.+I " 1. + l , "--0,I , 1, . i , "h I, , Iu I1 .. . . . " " I+ I, q I. .I' I'h , I IIi

I I I Ic Ir I't 1, - I I, -I ['I Ti it 1, I ITIF

+ ' t

29

Reproduced romLb! aveilabe copy.,

- -.- .'L= -_" -+ I -• -" - --

*PH1V cavitaton from propelle , t a~. .. C.....p,~,. ,;,.

2 27

0 rp

Old'k- -, k

I Ic 2, 1

Ac~ 1:l

Ap~p~ p.orns M p pmb *

'0 P n w la . if)., q P, 'I;p

hI...I t .1t 1,,a .'11,, i L p p1 p , [ A , . .

4I''' l.I1r .Imllr.,p 0) p, P 11'. - P ,:'1

ii hr sonic' iinlirie.r etfetsts 1ttel, -th tree tactisis so that tI'l thc' alltri,, liiois, hut FIg 25 'ho"s , that til, 4.,, s-I,' lithe ,naiinwn fistir is less thai, 27 Illiweser, I Calilt set' that raLt,' fftre'iitii'N C'ITiunxs it is filc], 1higll hfailts o ss',sf ilsthere has toi he Al'. relatioiat all litie ctt de thrust s a'iatiii lilash' ralt' I reqilii'itc 1i (1111110i1('11t1 ' c I Il

t At slfr til fIXiiit N

(If hlade fretiluelic, steadN ahlead conrdition~ allid. fhivtnp 'll'ii ou,' Wiilt,. auithosr explain Ili,% tht-s reache lit, sIII itilrsiaihigthe thrust Ilariatimiis Ili hard turns (Ii the pltnivi that airbomii, nise' is twit~' riis maw iisisirst

'",odls, veni it such relations exist, it is, fin rn opinionr. not thii ihratiiii leil. althouiigh high hlade rite I re,'Is'iIffrihite ill predic(t thrusariati,'ns %thin I pe'r'enit ac Irc s'iiltJifits of c'i'citirig horce in'r relati ,h small'-2

krepilivg 11) i d tilt filinifs' osf il probhleiiis 11 si a, stcalingv of I 'H'tgainIis thet resuilts Ili t r.-staissi' anid tlpus; ' -I,1the. sas'. and thelttle 'ariatio it ilt i, ake The'tis are al'.as's hel resulits s Iss sII, Fig' 26i aiid 2- s'iiidh'. "' iI -1t 'pre-sent and Illakc, it 'Itftistilt s'''i I, ssiaii th des, si,

11l c''stkri,'iics' iii,'l1-I IlitI('sld sf'CI, Ii. st !' 1111 i .1iil d

'sariatiiiiis on til, sil diictisiii ci,,ttit-fit dl,' rn-ast' li i"al- flat ti 'I. ,'t hit s,' . ,il','arhiigt,'5 '~ss. i inibirot piniiehtei' lades. I ,iiiss little ifit irie si of s' Hi i'ifte ' is I,- lilts

thie ,'sailatio i l thil. T-'11, -If e'ssiting fti,' natural freyui,'ic' sif reskilts III Figs 2hx and 21) uuiii' at, ihi'' iiiprIsi is' If ITT

ssiperstrsitim ssi.h s si'il',, till .s1' 11i 11ilipisriadill lit, %c \ m ltiail j lils Ix'r1i I ,~iis i, sslsaiu,' h\ Iii. rt ii,.ar~,l 1,- 111, IvaI atis sisf I' to 'isiImii't sI, lii,peniN 2 I,', 't it is said that. rlI i rstItsss' I'fic,'wilt I I-', It (Ii, mit', r kf 1-:'h

10T tlI all' Aithsut tit till' sili die sallIII ittioii ii'ss'i'slis' ihith,'rs'iss' t I t h I- t uits tlsilis'! hi. 5 1. 1T'IIsr,11iu t pr, ,a'sui ri ll Tnnhitrdt, "' fril airt' suktauistoalk mtaller fts t'ssr iis.,u f, it - Ithis,' uiuasliwi t in t, 'iSP it siati-r tkifintu,' IIthi l n\ 00 iit I sigisuhisjuilt ss.Fissisl 't (iti t, i 's '.-

latisiu hail li, itII, Itidsl,'s III IsgI 'nsskc sissili 's vil th.,, fat ;sr'i sr , ITT( t i,, sis" i , 1"-is. it, I-'s. li I III .

tilt,~ ';-lilt, g)i s" iish. ii-~ a lir,Z,-r prew'ib'.,issm litsusl thranti pii ;liiu.'n tha.t 0:',N, usull' I i, !t''li m"us Ih sd-lilt.1 ~I -I s j i,' iiliist is, ilt, s ill .,Is, trial \\ ,jjjIj Is Ill s i, - 1 1-1,

'iii,,' c h b i t, I sr's ,'ri it,- I , -r,-niat itI ir is ITT I fill,, ai tilt 'ugjl:I i-ill s iril iiil isi ilc s Ill ' " ut tit'" I

JIlt,, iilisr "is'husi.t~ nii lsri-is'~,h'' diliional re'fere'nceu . i t tu a l u hor a~ i' li'r it n's ,, ti i s, t g, i sIi ar in~rt~ a al ,; wsvs, s 7 I ss ' . s 'is

,I I\ II pr 'I'lt Is 1 tat s, f ;stI ssl,'iusuI I igix I~ nt, f Ii II Is am-s5' Is Ii-~. alr s, '', IIt tI

ssn, lumusti armissx al t I -k Is fti,' tioi't,' 11 1%, 1 c's,' thlls sm ".~ ) IT sts I t i-

(is'n mlnstah tilslt,it II *s, inils ts I) Illthssif it) 'niuui Paul Kaplan. Memnrseftm' prsI'II,'-iisisi m iwc ri'- it itl If, uii[ st.cs II i ll Is'i'I I , i I! jlls IT, IutItyiit, f T fsIIITt Is I I c )I I \ fi~l s'I, iit is I 'h. Is ) 1i4i 'T I III it aI I II I5 Iii s ' t , - I ItI Itf, if-if sI I,' mxiI, i I i, tti stn'n'r Iiis r. ItsI a, ,I'.ii~f i t I I I ' 1.S1 1i 1is '1 sili% aiik,'s 'I x ' ''us111 3\I t u - ' 1, 11sdltl -\ I t uuutitu I i ll , ' I fd '' Ii IT'''. lisi fIs ,'s sN~l dlu is i s' ll -- f-,' IsII i s it , 1 !

Iuia~lks ]list f '[]fll, is is n .II, Ia ill,- It Is, he~ i' pall - -t Itsslsli' ii 'Ist ugs It0 11, r- i t, Ii' .i ssitisl .f s it IT, us1'il 1

c ii!i to tsu'niussli t ii t sI' tit is, Is \l il i strll ustirv'i-siss'( th Il Asi a l~ I i's I ' , iis i 'I i IIsI ss ill i 1 s 1;1 ',,1 i, Il tI I ,Is

Is Is' , r i e w ls issh' Iii .uti. I I\ ai I srs'i hi, tu i, , ' II Iu In sir , '' aI 1,i, ii ais T'ius -sIs'i

K. Takekuma, ' Visitor i;spinuushs's 2 'It tilt susir %%isil. tilts. l s Is sItili thoI Iilr~ it thi,src t siI itusithodss l l ,I,' di s-il I ll i cii i .tL . ,- '.5

'I' iiitlisin aw ti, 1win , Itii.rtatiIiatcd t''r tis'r iiitn'r ti sdift, Isi cy'sii's'uus i'usi I ' s ir s'silsr s 'Il'. 0 It. -;iafii' dl,'sriiirwu tflii coti i, lidirinlxik nmii 1iu'.istli~io.,s t,-. tn al Ii 'jlL I-Iis'Im sunlssIls'l 's ' I n,, i

tIs I t In'II, a., I ' I I.tsit I is, ilis'isssit it iia i'sin'rivTIics Ii I , I, I l. ., I isix IIt Iui I sII s Il 'i ~ ti Iisp I II rilat Iisi 1 Is slI ml, I I ic t i t -is, th li, Iiitlsss rs I'' I, i

ilamcd 'f i thir p lirii' miaii% If irt witi psrobhlemis fia i w lsi a, L,,.,, .'I , I I il il 11s a Ii Li '

'sin I Ii II-,I ,1 1 It, "' IaI \si Isss ai r\s ii ;it i t I t e I lrt t 1 ',ii si T-1

' .Ii,' I] 5i5~ 5 isi' 5

Is IT s. thin, Ii .I I tit ii siuss it'l l ssr~ a s~s Iliii. hI Is Ihs I ,, I-s ITs hissw durin il lsthis ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ I us'sII Iss li Is IV.s I'~s Is iI~nri'ii Ii Ii I5ii' Ii IssI Is,~~sss I' ss

isis' lo s I,' 'sisi ''ilt Isi 1's ,is'si .I i V Il is.Is paps tI - ut ,ill , lss i 1, I'l wd I d lL?-

111 )I - id lk if., 1,Jsts wr'ls' isi iiiis'li, t,. . ana'' ,, I, i i ,,' '! i'

anIs II t Is i i ,isn T ts hI s' , iSI ss 111I 121'f I'liii Ilr is' ' l I It 11i1i ii, w I(1,' i tl Iu l s 'S I ' 'T illi, 'ist I Ii :. s I, I Iinit-r i ssi 5'5, 5 h, . i ss inali' thuTi, Issl i si Ic sI' I ii tic'-wa Is' si J, sa 'I., :l .s I I i

rIt'sI sfit I ' is IV t li t,, iisij 4ssi I 's \\ ll II Ia h 77 i I, lit i -I tc ,s~ 1 , 1 iisu i' I'ls its, I,' Is~ s MIT I

'MA11,'rtha l q t 14111T T ,it hu111111 M1 f Ic\ollt l i It i - ii~t II I I ssi , , 5's , i I IsIIII TIIIt , ' I I5 I isl lu'it .i i I I a .II.- I sIsI 4 Iih i I '"sIf t 11 )111 sitos IrT. wI i II I sI I I I I,,I Ii ligc~ ;' I I t ii , I I'' Is' s's l Ti I a i , i'1 is l s

a' tfI.r a d b I it, .ntI, I ltns I1 afi 'i -.1 Istl ths sIs Iiss III Il~ Iits -ts I, I aIIItcI i

rsI i Is ail,, p Isp ir -InI Ii Aig ' 5'.I itil ari toll-4s rx s ~ I I t it I'IIs' , ts' ,'i I I,,' II I l i lsti' sii 's si ts I ss I is

itis'ti~itis s i, iist tiis ITT if- fi s's s'iiih stts lrsnIsrs . i lt, s'' x'rt iii 'i t s l ch'ss I, s Isr's suns' s'' s1 Ill L I'5

fil on li sfl ,rzrc a dIatao l i-- h .. 'I 11, i'" " s i t isl itl, s I sIId om ,h l is A's ,is I i I'' . I ,,

2 It, A i ti's'sl ' Ill ad ii t tt'.i hif iir l isdt' rIto' h- ri'si'i % i Off tsi ishu 1111cs sit fits l its ,.,sl 'ild It 'SIs i' I

'III iiiit sit hisI,'h ' T he Itis sirs',t Ir, isrt Lnsi stiii i1 1t! iis rs siat it i %i Is t Ilis-ii 1- isi 555 IIlt .5 It.i I I .

5it . Iit I .'s lit y I %IIs I Ilsss ' Ilitiih csi I i [I , Isisiss 4 '. slit ' .I lsir' Ev tIIi,' I I i t tt iti. irl l sis 1 ill' Is 0i ai tI ts.Jr., ialirtsst ii It ha w a''s'1 v,[I fi I1 ,1

I i tj % i Il a I~ ili II IIII ,I e, II v II \I I i rII t IIt I IaI31 ,.

~~Cbl b

£ ____illl

I ~ ~ FIf I.-r 11 ( 7

til 1, IF.,

pr- -! f ".1

it I; Il, t . h a .d

-1~~~~ ~ ~ ~ 1'' til Ii1, 1- - 1,p rlt

-r 1 , Fit I F-l V IIF11 m k v-i

I, TIit It ip , ad Il, FI,

- ''I I ' I I IT . .- 1t I'

iI,'.'FIIF'FIIFFIII mi-d Ow,.'F t~ F'.I lFII

Table 14 Ship and PrOpellet charhiett bti

c',,t .LiIc~

. i

clii, ! i' ' ' "' ,,.t ,: h I ttit iii . ct., t ,'c ti ' cc .,t ,,'c ".,.

c

itcit

, V t I i c t I h I "

Ici , ' t I ' ' I it-

it i 'I "

, . t , r l'* ,ic' i Iii' lit I 'I It I t', tr'' c '. . \ .c '1 , 'i

- It I It i

t I t •q

I ... ..

t l " '1't i , i ' ,.

)' t t i"i '

' I'. I kc -6 icc I

it cc11 j~

tIc c It

I t' it itI, a I I I I I i ' "'+' +t I I t .1 Ta I I IV )r +" + ' I IC l P t + ( 'I ' l I t r ' I t I I I I . . .

Ic I ' I I I I II It k 1 1 , '

4 " It I It , IiI~ a' t l

I I. . !, t I I 11 t l~ t~ I II M -,M " I- I

I I I' .+ It it II ,i niic t1 l. iii c toi- . t I. m' c", I tl I M il \ c t I j

II t it It I

I)', t 'T I . ,, t..... ,,ot,t w )I pa l , I L

I I , til 'm,. o", w , ,' t i . i - d , t' . il. ,

i.-t II w I im r ,' eT mA )I d \ I ,IT t t, I I

, " 1'

-1 "t l 1! I I

I t I I l ' & tIo

L w ird F NOOl"dfl ' t" tc't' '' ci it! . ..

'i

tI 4t1 I , , I t I

T I I t Icl ti " i i ' c. ti IO It Ic'I .c.\ IT -,A

. , I I I [1c i, I I. I1 4 c, I i , l l it %4 ) 1 11, l, I"

j t i .I i i'' l ii iit - it c 1 |+it I t,

t~i t i t I i [ iti I l It I c1

t1R I I 1t c1t\

i1t i : .t' I t c it 1 ci lv '

I I Ii lc t

.I I 1 i 11 t it itt' tl 1. v Atc' t c

' ." 1 1

t t I I , 1" \

' i i it' cc ciii i ll c t il c i" cit'tlictlltiii' (tineq+' T .t'iti .it' .tiiiii . L cd~ ,' ,. ,l L tic c'ict I' , ' I' r, ci cli m c ci .

I i 1 1,t 1 t,' h l ,I , I i tuI lt I I I Ik l It Ic I"c ti ti x'14. .... ilf I'

"I" Ii I ti~ ilic,.

it I

1 22 wlrotfM

liprip,rsil toi-1 p p p III isII, p I I . ",it I -pTIA o fnfP5g~i~d' ill Owl!5P -P11-, . P, p IF, t

ti, N. i.rip-li ppp I , II il I. 'i i , - . -. I. -

Fred Stern. Memoef _E 1

p.11 5iiiPl PPIi, 1, 21

. 4

iH"- fli'livi I' allP PI -. I. o.4 0 2 0 0 5 0 7 oto1(

Ilip's IndPP5I l ilt' 30~ -

ill ,.is i ll, V.pi Irp- -, I Z 1 %I

IP riitiiii 4XiPli'ti\ - -.

iniiwt' pii -dip. i ll 1- i - to I I2 1 rd.p

arc i glw n i I .. il l I- PJ. p -. -- 2

:t ,~ 'li i i ltt P jrpjpP . - I , - I z 0

pliatonl at It-il, !,I , 10: 10 20 30 40 50 W0 7 80 go 100 110

'i'lili. lltioppi ;rp ' I , 10. PP:

ip ,- of ii. r,-spplP' ! it t hp p iiii - i , ., A:, 0 ,-Wot i

olt-talsp is,- i - pi Il,r'ip P \%P P, F Pi po ill pPd ipp 6.0 P.-",

sip~is jipi ul ipiliP\15 ~ p> I,.P - p. I pp-d t P1111S2 U)NK P-3pPP-PP I p0p ~s

11 1.p1Por %is i ki ess ill,, V.11 dui PI P P P p ~ Pp 'w e to fms spspitppi chord irc- dP

1515 aw PP I , t, Ip l. I I I, . . i p ,0

PIP..l~miar Poi t i-Pr IIh

1w &Ipp-piri mopnpppl il,, .. .-- 1,~~ Fig. 45 P.XPHP? s-PPlpPue,eP Pp to,~PP~)P ~ the AO- I,' pPoPP.PPPPP

I omsp tuiir ~pisPP pip Ilp P-s. 11111IP. P - P. 1

" F , 1j L 1 Hri- PI iPtu

Ilpi( iip bult- I)% c prrpppInn! lilt ,PP oPPIl I :1p, p-111, '11 I

of till- sei on Iipl ifi~P p-~i p, s, ' p . ,I, ill!'!, .d\p pppp jp-riPmi-pll pldt ho~ i PPi 'hv 19, iP, thlpimp.PjP a \. Ili I .2

IiiI'r lihitiil-Iiiis U-P1iiP111iiir 111pp.p'iP h PP 11-I 1p m.iq- !WIpl ' v i s m i ippr liii rifiiiio.~ No t pppp piP Ili Ifi fiev PI s

1pFP55PPPP

pof tll- ~Stionis sipfpp' pp ,i'li.lpp-p ITI , (11, p~ip pitl pp k, Ili "I. calcuioinjpi Tl. 1p~PPP.PiTIP.Pis" 1

pIlkss-Ipi ipp I ,io il i LI i ppipL 11

if 1(4i top relmrs' -til a c d IP i-Is-imp ..5 . tis'ippi -Lp.p, , Pp T pIpPTP I ~s iit - i pis ies(it to Pp idii pIpP~ipi j, 11PPm ppP pppippp pPT, ow a d, i

1IIIsshes fact, Vpis aips iissi b\ I I jIp mi O itp tc-spiip irs- cit Iianss

Figusr' 4-Ian is . w\ tpir% llp dip, Ip.- pp-11 ipp of l pp pt\ -hlpim, ig 411 Ip IIw iIs4,i ti1s iIppieiii f.pil ll-sptIl c 1 11pipiulasI datai~

andp spslijipi %i I t\ii Thip pI-lpis lppp $pip. pppl ili. vpP~ ii rispilts do hp tilpl-. upsai s l iip dp as tips vs51 Psii p, s i lp

pdut. Its the adi tll(if pitlps tIf' pp. 1l lppp il t, Ipp i I pp- t - I ppppp ri-girdi ipp dic effects pI lip s.ilpl' i'n, th t1 sIpippipi.p pi lipe

are duie princiai l\ii5lp a put -p r i t -P i x i t Pp 1 p le ppp-p's ds ps pressu~rs' iiagiiitisi s-ip fo~r pups-p-up ppi-pil-tl c lilp-t-j

aissi fonndis in lih lii iisPdi-i .,till pp!1

'jp . 'Ip It, ,-1

spepp lp ffeOis pf reducied p IP; I-iarai p- iffsi tips rtpiiIsp tipn ipti tp lilt-

a,'itNv osiiiiui vpilissil Ito, , t.. pp-pi ip pip ']1 11p pup InP. lip Ilis sisipth lu~ripppiiic of tll -ii l j, ,pIt\ piiutll ssp-fi It ,V

IN visp (%m' Vig 16)1 acpid01 p ipp - ju,-PpP - Ili,- - , -s i plppi--- Ips- h*ri-tPspce fac-tpr ofptt 'pp- in is' I Ip 'm s-I fll O lips- ippp

FiX 47 for Ii-tpipaprpio p till I li-p pIll-? -,IP iP IndPI P' f PP 1

i i nitle fliti plt'. p Iipipipiis-i IPPPIP Is fipppis- Tis

i 'jt'1 A,..... N,1"

34

10

0 WITHE fin

4

~2

10 WITHOUT FIN

1 2 34 s I a 10 1112 13 1 6 Is 17 Is 19 x0 73I Heiaranlc Order I

Fig. 46 CiT oup i.c~i, iiT, C : i

8_07_0DL 2

1-.- 1 0A '

01 I I I ICALCULA~I0

WITHOL.T FIN I TH fIN

Fig. 47 (.orni-rs o f .,j .T i p ,l~de, -- 1 *~.1 I -

'u i * p[~~1 tIili Ius inV C~.iii l. il iIiiIg I i I1 i l sir i , luit , I -it',I , I' . .

liii' it ift I i i. 111 lungl Il'o..itr Hn i t- iti p~r i t i iii fi tfi ilgi wlI ri , -, t

it . liii jI,- r-,u l giiit, I~irts iii ilv dili rifiivt) fill' 4d~iI referuiiv

r i i il siittIl v tir I I--sir. p, i sm rfe7\%itf 11Ff-i-19 t i-h Il 1 aii , *.*, t , I" I 1 ,1, - "

fill. , -siu it N lreut iii, hIs d fmiii 01 4i \i~ Ii aluh 1 * til ar Au i ,, Ii aldu,,'

lii'Ii i liis ii hi j~ f~ii ri ri m-oii Ii rlce ii rol i e iiiiiri-wi pl l

1,II oNf% i I i t h I i [lot Hi )ti5.S iated ll iii c~X lll IllI- Jc u s .Ha er em

tiuiii IFiw izooil .11sii vi Ire1

-tl kl~ it ~rtiiuts ile- 'idt iia li~it reer i i iii Iv'p

iiiitiil uiiig i iuitA "al , tfiu i I urv trit, iv l a tin twheilliliut - Vlis p I lid 111 i 1i~ " .itnu ,stn.iitiugt ui i-t im il-ttl ii rw rl at prussi i t- is hiufi ucs t I lIciiu. ini us j ki fll -W, dl .0 It' iw Ir-I'll %I al I -ii i-mlt ,I ll, t h o li ij rliut d iw litfiil ti r iirv ,il~ifiu h( )- 177

,lot toOll'fil 'A ll,11 V '.. mum.ta i I ( o i ts IT l iiim r Jcuie s B le r, M e mburi

, lmlololitto ld6.11.4vISlr t m k, ,om ars 35I-

lit itit'ral I agret' %iith tihe athors, concuitonls 4,1i thei pto' tt.Ls it O n i'' .tt ' 'I0 4 'ii '' ti

for rr'dtiwiliz fte likeilthli1 oft valitatton rosion, Irailing t.tigt' rp . 1 ' '1 al, Ni ) 177 disi J .. i !., it, tiit too1K

l'itniiii. aritd mninial higher harnitit; oif blade freqluet'il itltt M I Ir ti il o rio ''i t i . i l it, ;,,i

"titli accetptable Mbade frequenct, forces I hawe ksed tit, II lit' iptilt,; jiiftt Ii i ,Itilt. At liteticer I Ilave had Ito d(estign a p~r( ItIwlvr f OFItt I(o 'I tr tit loit il , 't' I i th' t -ii 1'i' -lti1.01,

shlipI i it designing thlree or fouir prijllerI I in bolt% i I It' poi, wlt it' t Ifw lo .J , pl- ,t-r !7 " i;,- tit lti

iiiati' smail ktit s% stematit' %aratitris Ili either radial lotaid i' '~ tit i. AI .P, i1 t 1 1i't i~i I, I, 1t ii . 1:- ill stll , -

pIF 1110141it'ri tilt'tit) tt'stt tl itt the *itln formssilrr f l io tittf doi' po t' .I11, 1 J 1". ,t ,' , I ' I I t o' td l

t ami t't tillw iftit'ecton Aittttt i t'ti poit lerI t tt' henftt' lit it' S I",e . A sn Iti' K. I, I ' Il -

I ic 'ie fi t wn iestedi rI' liiit t ai tl prss r fl t e tua dI'jj' l' 11 1 ,

tilt' tIIli, tt itt ti tiate tti ij tr m sti i t tntt la' it) i i t il f tttall iitiitli iii' - 7 t, '1 t1 it II dt I!

ittii fI Ii liitlii~ii1 htv ittd 1ii. ;1) %'i (,i- 'tlt a% lit'io aitt-ba e ath o t 11

o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f ititll I I" u;i' ,ii lilt tltiI %it it~ It tilt- .t tilt'i ir- 1 ,ipaa l t% plil l41-il t - "

, l~tl'il a d id ll-I'ate ldipidu ts il-mot Iir.11l 1 l36

t .--- .. -.__to__________

Al~

is I'

111,1.114o4.1-N tilt- n in 1)111I p~'iis 1 I t i t IIll- ill, f,)r flic rem~m tiv, hip, %w ltd IN-1111-ill 51I, Idh l Is iiCt il11 l~ ,I l

lphilildvi \Sl \11 m ] Owl'. ",rt- t\,,o ilinwrcia % r id t W G d ep l~ fft-' m il Id "

Ill;\ fil .10 li,, 'I " 1111 .,f ll* 5 1 .1 aiC l5U itt i 1" 1 1, ibS m d a l -lI t10 1 l V t i

''lf. A I111 \ "1\t m klc M [it il s l I It-I . - l- q

it I, I'l a'.F1g. 48prm~t IlAO 77ll' \%ulblai v piof ii lla t A.o n lilt i ll .l " 'ulili

a, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 fhv Il, ., fl-111I %1. it s(c, % 11

t~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ pr- 1rwv ,r!" ple t o

37

Fig. 50 Sec.tion view utf w Ai- 177

:11c' 1't 1 al 3r3 I o f1343 tilt 13 lIIIINX L 13.'.11 'f3.3134Itflr33.1. a 3131 33111 it I\ (I,- lvad nd , ertIiil ,.1 13 ondii1, it 311

j ,32 I.3 it! I .... I I"!.3f.13 1- 11 I .Iki- N 3'fij3 o 11131 13.9it 33.31111'l I1 ll 3 23f3l f3li ,\ .it l.i O I ilIl(ll tw lj,''t i 1~. illptA~3331 tile '.ll I I! 1S3l 1. .1 .2!ll Ii t 1,3, a 111 A - I3 3 t~i. ll i l - -,3 , '.l1f3 3 r1 u, .3i,1 ' I 13 I o.l!,-I it 1,139'I313I3llII1.I31, II I .1131.,33l1I, I 11 , i, 1, , 1 1 1sI '333 f,32,' 31331 I3if flIlt I 1 .111111 1! 1 s t tl II IIIIIi s d~ 34'3323 nit31 119'.313' t31 311 I I t 13 t,, - I it I ' fI1 '1 i3- 'l,311.tI 1313 13.3-/tI,.t II ll, II I t ,-,1111,911 \ f ItI -,at 12'3I I t 111, ilt: Ii. ik 3l I , I tI ,33'3' ilhit t~l 1 .r 31'11\ I33 he .Il l ( f1311i '.,9 . 11 'IL 11111 I I, I 11 h',Il'

33.u11 hin-13 m I '11 lll3it'\%-, 'II % ij Ij l '1 14.f fll33'11 Li13ll31 h13.31 3JI13 022.33' ti 111 illI a13 'Ii I 11 ~' lit-I t ll i .11 I is1, '1h , III

t .31 Ia I,.3' I lIt -a 1 12 004 ist s I34313 I itv I I I 33r, I13.311 I-tII '1133'l all, 3311 I I33 I 111. dul 1 .. i *Lit.t34 f 311/31 3111

113(310, 31 t11'.I fI 1 j,' Ill) I nk 10 00 ' tilt l ,i'3t311I .. , f 1 Ilat tit fLra lI all 1119 Ilttt il .131 , 31. 3 133 h13111 ITIl dit Ill,I f 19 ~ a.11332311 In l otifl- atii, ~ .- 1133 .3.31 111P R Il ~al 1,33,12 I)( fi~t fl -k m . ,it,- t, - 1 f, d I

\is, !,i thc 13.303' h 3 f. lit Is I\ 3131 1313 1 .1;1, -1 1i lI I s 'I ,~ ul3301111 IT] 313'j 41'3. 1 I I f i.'1131"1'i ll. , ['j' . t )?tl.1 '.j\.I,~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 I3~i Ic I) 10 i.I,, 13' TA - SkII \ i,1I I t T l-iitnf .I , p 333 f Is~ I33 13'i'33' . iilid /1 1,, 3 1 '''l

IilO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ".,ltl1- .3 ( 77I l 1 111tl S pla t 33 331 it 13.91 1133 Isit- 1131 mid f113' I 01, 1 -. It tilt-it,

mld3' pULL (I Ow 9 11!1 .111.13313113 1313391.14i1' .3 l'lt Ill,.1 3111\LL Iv l It offl. Wli di.13 it 4, If(.(.3313 iIl Illfl~~1 Th ,II uc Id lk It .91111111', 11 I, I33

ortrtolIk1,I ,,m v m I - I )t!t-tl~ I Ow i p 23213334l11'3l,l 111331c ~k ll, 111. l. 1 I 13111, 1 3'. 91,9'. h'l

A -AIIII. a39 3lf3.3 llodi. ll, to I Il e li tl111 Id 'l I i

r to~~J P. B.e"lilt Mclt~r. I T . qMcIkee , itIsI

G 30 B a, fll, or il iil n I It3 l1933933.f3 .11 fil 3 1 ll l't f1-I -kl I o31I

MA IU S IL£OE PC R EDVAL~FI h Iltl ha\.1. it,33-Till\ I, It, till. 1 1 3 t., 11 "ill , I39 .as3 I1113 part32 3 Ill fi( Itt. ni1311t~o ill13 il, i I I 1311 I133

6rg ir i3.129 .3332 l 3 Il i l l- hi1311, 313111 p 3113' 113' Irl. 11,.3h'

"a T3 I la193 1r.I33 3' rc -fo %i II -i -)I .I 1 1, ,1 .o \F~~~~~~~~g.~~~~~~ 0Sfp rl Iq r -t6 of pape wllff, III-O vtlo Ia oaovc cu fe 9133 111 .143,. '30Il.1 '111 i lill. fi It l t,.i,,, I l

I aue suENse OF AO.FS 57 FIR O~ c ~ N?2 di.3 '.) 1-11 litt- \4'3l3- ot1h , I'l N% tillIIlic 1m3C11 ot1lilt ')114-r, N-l'

3l8,i v ~ c i II, i,-c t t IIl ,II,

It is sen that tie correlation is excellent near to the propeller, cannot hie used iii a case ahere the fire is appliedbut beyoind t0 251) the calculated values are about half of those When applying a fin the pressure field around the prupeollerrfromn neasur'neuk III will have lower amplitudes, but due it, the smaller clearainit'

As the thetirs doe's not include temporal variationts of the flow the ship structure is moved into the region with high Cleaireand, hence, no statistical variations in pressure ansplitude (or amvpitudes These two aspects combined result in a diffemnphase). it is reasoaable ito question the significance of correlation pressure distribution ons the structure with respect to amltdwith a particular part (if the nonstatiorian model test output. and phase The integation of this presssure field can lead toThe agre'emenit might hie considered as fortuitous, but of highly lower or higher forces anid moments thain originally Inscaser.pralctiecal twilue once thet twelve-year experiienc at SSPA shows for example, that with a f in the vertical force F. is larger thanthat their ,yu'ns of fihe 5 percent highest amplitudes correlates without a fin, one may expect that the vertical vibration levelwell evsth full-scale results, increases proportionally The Increase oif hull stiffness due to

(:lertsihs prficionsmad s a a adhoc he~~ dvelped the, fin will have a negligible effect Further, one can state thathurriedIs it Dlisoni I aAI*rator% compare poorli %lith the larger presslires lead to larger forces, unless the phase duati-nmaximuim anqtlituds in the authors'Fig. .39 for thse fiiiWs cast.. liutioni is cl-anged so that the pressures bialance each other tona.A dit-isit oi ii' rt'preseit the civilt' potential by only three ternis ertain degree. But then a reductiono liv te excitatioin sNstem(which doiniiiAie the far field) is now seen to be a poor ap- van onlo, he snmall

prixioait' inth oesrfied.A more effective ad-hoc model Therefore at N4ARIN we, state that pressure fluctuatios, haveis tielieoed to Iov that deseloped in the discussion oif the Ilust' olerdcdi li sue h erasdvris lsric0(;ii~aig pilr It% Breslin. which appears earlier in this surel%. is tio reason to allo-A a higher pressure leovel onl the f involunne

In aii% cseoi, ft- calculation oif hull pressures arising fronmintermiitti-nt (a% itaition most tie regarded as still lin its formative Authors Ctoswmeperiod %%r n iuust espiect that theoretic'al conceptionIs, wichInclude the phissics Of the phenomenon. will give far mnore The' authors Sinc'Vee thank All o~f the discussers. Theirconsistent results than thei ad-hov formulations. conitribiutions have greatls enhanced the value of our paper

We will repls first to poits raised regarding the propellerSchismil Mylartes. IS visitor detsign aisd p~roypeller performancet Then we will respond to

This plicar sioiitains a great amounift of practical design aspec-ts poer1xints includinths so-aewihulpitsr.anii vih~ratioi pru,fdeis abotardl ships as generated by the pro- forces. fiii selectioin, and airbotrne noise

pellorr Trheir use tht pros aidcl onis--the considerations, as Sieveral discussers. Including 'feisrs Zilloumnis. Baeiuad,to which cli~ Ait.sould

1wv iiiadt between thel various po.silil- Hammer. Soonan., anld Prolf'.sst r Iliadler commented on theitirs. are- dealt ith si'r estensivel) Also is illustrated the fact st-vers' rettlirenetnts regardliii maxiumn allowable blade ratethat manso'tiv n iret0118 st %ill open1, so that Very often the of' hearing forces thiat were Imposed On the propeller de-sign.signer has to opebraste on intuitioii I therefore think that we. E~ssentally all oif these discussers ft-lt that these requirementsuinanitntiiis agree- IiI complimeting the authors for their we're t"Ousevere As discussed in the paller, these bearing forcevaluable sA ork reqmuiremnts influenced thle design of t 1st propeller on the

In spite Of the rathier extensive description, it is not clear to AO- 1-7 o-a mischgreater slegrt-e thai is usuialpratiie Theme why finatll. the floss, -accelerating fle with the original I( S Nas-% reqluirements and ratioiiale that led t, the maximumpropeller svasselected Inm pnsr e50saete 1 ilm allowable he'arinsg forces arte summiarized in% the paper andas follows amplified in the discussioin bs Mir Zaloitmis. We thank Mr

* the %sil eat Itlvel is acceptable. Zaloumis for the supplemental iforinatiit in his discussionto tile noise lesel is In far too high, arid The rationale for Msade rate thrust iiicltides* the cause is the interniittent propeller cavitation. I MH.-STO-167 for allowable vibration lesecl in the pro-

Knowing this, the alterations sin ship tor propeller should bet pulsion Sstem.

aunedi at to-dho i rig Ow higher lou oonties of III, lie hu presurc P 'risuisiort s-temn s-it rati ir% resqa tree calc-ilat ionsfluctuatitons 3 Enimpujicl niuliphitusv fi ttors oit the calc.ulated proi-

Loisk ingu to F-ig 25 of thle plaper. one dfirectlh concluodes t hat pelter foirces it) cOnsidler t hi O ifluence ofor the' hiitr haironiros thte tuiutie fin ish%. tar mor e~ f fectist v(i iiinfiduatiuiithan the fli ss-ai eels-rating fii Aloghntrietiditht () anmiertfecsa ihse d iltexst. I esxioct that Pro ieller At (the five-lilacled. wid '-bladle i0 turn,.,

psri ller 'is ak, 1sosers ef fect ise iii reducing thie higher fiar- "I, Zili oos di'sribs'd thle dens atio nmf i lititipirical moultirnonucs 'Ihis qmm; n is lose1 on the largee t'f i'-iof f'ropl-tlic plicative factors Ilsdsuso nii rdsm'o he-questionsA on) t he' [0l' s1 1uSth I lat' ltarmotii I reqoenc% Jlalule 9q Fig asked by% (it her discusse'rs, so t hose lalint ut ti ilotf hi' repleated24) ansI (let the' eomplews rede'signi of the psropeller that has tecn hereperformerd So the obuvious solutions would be The e'mpirical tmult upli atmiv factors infierentio Include

(a) thfe'tiinrutl- finior fciiso ae~ i h oli'c fpeoii ht;rsnl(b) the 5- bladecl iitw l designed p)ropelle'r (aniiitt be cai kulatt's directls, such as

Yet the flow-accelerating fin has been selec-ted I Wake scaliug e'ffects htiiffi'rt'ics in ii th- pertineitt har-Ac-cording ito the- paper the- flow-accele-rating finl was se'lected mois (If the nomitial wake betieen model and ftill scale)

because, according to the SSPA vibration criterioin, for this f in 2 Effective wAake dlist niuoti Infuieiice' (if tile prop'lIlerthe presure limuit is thfe highest The authors start the Instill- Onl the pertinent harmonics of the wake')cation Oif their choice with thse words '-if it is assumed that the I Posssibsle effects Of cavitatitI tin perFitis- propeller%S'PA vibration criterion has general applicailit-, etc In lo'adsmy Ospinionri hi assuimptison is not correct. Thi's criter ion has 4 Ptossible effectsof the free surfaceotn periodic jsropehlebee-n basedl tin experiences with sips) without fins and therefsore loads.

5 Inaccuracies (including inaccuracies in inesl wakeMskanitijit- Rte-armti Institute (MARINI), Wageuintri. The experimsents, propeller loading calculations, shaf ting response'

Netherlands calculations, bearing suppsort stif fnesses, etc

Causes and Corrections for Propeller- Excited Air borne Noise

39

I'l, otitlioi~r, T s lilt s,-ti ralII uti diii l' -uI.st-rsIII' lits gg s

4 oils .ttt lt. lr% iii sadl-A art-reat a l TEIE~J uengEEet-ri:g liulss II l I t Itu dit I t i ea In o 10Fr I yrniu)uiin I 'trifu nltj, .

tit, di til tuot w t ii t t hEt litti, w tilt lii AO- 177 Tbe aL~ut rs

I II I Iti i jI II I III fat'. o I t .itI Iu liI At I.airt-I I I rq.% it -v t 11 1 it Ii rt.Ia xr

d j .EIll I ll IItI I SAN CLEMENTE SE A ARif

Ill !tisst ii i tit( th u pvrST tier 'utiiiil,.iiY' %slilt Mr R titad

I l hat 4 It li t a r %Iflit i t I itiI R Iu d iiz Iior s ,is in% s I 1 x-

,"Ill Ill I[), 1111,- .i 1itrii l ho , I. -i LA 1r IIS eur. it I, fll tha'.t

14 i-i i.ain.n h \tt u4io I-, i ll th rea,..rtii, t in it A

I5 a t

.T Il~I Fl tI, jw 1. i ii I- 1ll ii ali lk il itofdift -niiit I tiiu s tin tl ILIISi C iiI, [4t

I. a ld. IlIC olt-1l I ,1 11 11 ItI 'tlul j FI D il lc . ertait IIIL the C , ltl lijTIT ~tlit. I i

I.Iot lka l t S I it till Itit l liii th ll lit ll i.Elll ti iiiiitli l~li~ S tl

jRIIL I 111 II ll 1l at . III ttri I l le oti..,FIL stt t Ill MAitI~ ttiitINE llgi 55ttitl I I I~

allo 11 .,llI itul 1 t,~s 1\l Cill t l'.1c lit li the. h il oi~ 1 bSI.hit . i ih ttti r tIlll .

I, tm z IIiI- lit It t i it m illal l Ibitltinatti' t -Iiut v flo ti t a iTh IlrlE Iti x~ll~i

M, ILiflil"I .Ild dqTalen 15 Blarde rte bero-ing foreson carativ skewe I~ld propellerslI ! ,,-'

i i %iltla - mniM~I lI IASESc frn Ier l bi B Bpl~ to Si

S T A D rU U S Ii TA 05 ' ILI Ij l5

05\( I

146 IIE RATEl lt. ci i a ,i I ie th n i ro t1c ,t,- -1~ , 1 '1

'iIlETET1 ;\ I CALEpoRCE l v f tll,\% Ill 03 sTI li k tilt .itB I- .104 ,;,

I I molhSTI I T RT~j rnri, T i %I i-M I17 rp le tNLl % k 1 I

,il i I. ll a d ai l~o it iit-(I. cti II. t , propell er front.l Athe dvi gi s% atIIIwld,

ill 1 11Ll 1 (\%v ro w lir r It in lerd ail-e S. ll lde i io 140t1 .U

1.l1 -1, 1- - -- 1 0 - - -ta h ltio heA- 7 , ah rtit h r . -,i ,i II IU !iI,,I!

I I I If -I tj,.j It, I I I t I It 17 It I I I he ( alc it I at , I 1 -1.1, 1, 11 ....I .I 1 1 1 4 1 t I I I , I I I I I I k I I I I .II It will % I x -A ring it IF, c, I ii till- Nit 17 7 Imilwil ont Ilk -I I, I,, I, -t..1 st cd I I, I IT I TIT p. 1, 20 1 r,

'aw, Ited IT% MT lialmilt-I ;n tilt,[[ It-pvv1Iv de'lgil "A c, I a Is c Is I I I I I., " lg'L , I ,,I I I I J Iv I I , I ! Iv I cN,I I Ili I I I I N I - ind I% I'l.kilt-d prolit-Iler design options 14F Ilic ),I I it lt 1 .4 W I I all 1. , 0 l.t I 1 0 ij I u,,,,i I, it t I I, -Nt 17 1 q k-i ;, -I I i

All ) 1 7 Till , ill tilatt, I % altit-N ji c liast-d till ill,- prok-edti; v, u,,NI Iliadc hold 1, FIT"th, .11 v.., IT I.idlkl, .I, I lit 'll, I prlIx it, I

I'll TIT, V ) 177 proIx-licr dvslj Tl I, dask lissed In ill(- pajwt ,cic 'ictormilwd 6% m.1k I, Ium I :lol. , .. % it.,

I It'll- 1 5 Shok N that lionc ill tilt- propellit-rs except Ilic SeN I'll I lon lilt, ket, I-lit, I-Idting .%ptIIdvd At c, It, It,

i Im It -t I li L ) 1 -7 1 it , if k-I 1, -I I I 1, 4,1 , t I it- I wit r I I ig I I irct, IT, I I it Felt I,, I I ( , , liccked al alflt I I [Wrla ol But III alid I Illf-I .. ,ItmpI .if thc Till ) 177 piolwIlct deii,,ii I'lu, illustrAv, flut I'll tit-cooll, twill thill't hIvA d-, 1, .,[,,1 ..1 1 lrldi. Ti-jl w.i111C W\Vft' itil li)[L C drIIC tilt' dclk ll A Tit, Illatilt. I " I'll I r.-vdq1I 11-11 1 \1 C-h 1, 1 Al l!"ll, i. , Ill I, I,\4 ) : 7 7. lit, qwllci I \ I \a1li'lled it SIA, kk mli it,, 1.1, i. ,, , I

\IT I fallillit-I a'kli \% It'll, % , idd % V 'I, l d ift( I .Iltl\ it %% ,I,- I I 'd , 11 1!11 IIIIIIII-111-T ll.,j N% 1111-1 Ill.i1jr, 111'.It III. 1111\ I I - I . ; I t I I L: I l

llcllj llll.v, ill, W C7 tkj.j,,, , Of Ix-m-to it till , kill,\% 1, N I V k Illowl -, it'll III All, Xt IT tlkBaq ,ilk. "t. %'.111d I,, III[(., I hing, dit lelviltIN

DvIj lI!IwhTIIII it I lk lit, I- a Illon . 111,11"T I I Ilk,- ITT tit, lit I If 4 -11"1 1 ILI 11, - ki 11. -I it

It I I I lat I I, fill- .,It l'I wil tvl 11 Illill llvlj fl ( % 111, .11 It Ill.tro TIT I I

vmtlllk k S V t\ \ mm llal \ ITIII I 01111"Itatit lilt), % llioll h"IX

!IIIH I[,, ".I\ Tillid I'll j-,, I lvdvit n tilt Tit 1 177 1,MA , 3 .1 lit, will ll.kdvoll 14 -1 \% I vi 1 .1 litill d, V I t I I I L vt I I\ I I Is I -Is I I I I I j1 1111 1 , I , 'I " ; I , I \ I . , t 11, 11 .11, \ I I it I I 'I It -1 1, -,1 L 11, ., I I 1 .1 , I I

I Ilk, , th ill, ,, .,!I Ixq lit Xld ".I\ Itatioll IdvI I'Lidc, III.,\ IwIll .,It, ill, 1'. 4,1, 1!

; 111, fcj" I If, it .1 111111111 allo\% able Illadc I atv lwal llli I Ill I It,- it ( I 1 7, 7. It, I" - ,I , ., I v tit, ill I I, I w rk lwd 1, - \

I I! I 1 11 1 it Ilk lvll ll a t I, I- bladed 4t- cd I IF , 'pit-16.1 c"I , I- 1 .111111. 11 I'll 1, 1 X., ., ill I if, I -. "I I il. 1 11 I l" I-

st'' I Ilk I C.11( 11 "1 111 1 1 11' 1' "'1 1-

.1, . It, t j'k,''t It, I Ilk , Ow lit, III, ted tv-11.111, t- III I lit 1 11 Ili it), Iva-d \ I,, -III Ii? .11

T1,1\1ol, , A. ill 11 lilt 1, "11111111.1ted I mi'ldt.r.owl, III \\ I. Till 1. 11 IL '111, 1 IX'Illll I I till "'!I, I

11 \ i Ild"i I it !It "I'll I \1'11 ITT till' tIlAll \1 killi ill'Iti, rd I \, Itall"l, ;'I "IT", I;!;, "I"' :'It

!ill al. I I Ik I J;, 31 d 11.0 1 Ill, rc-lialit, c ,, (.111 1 d mill I it, i it, I I'A 1\ " I III Ilk Ign,

, I I , it, I a I Ill-I 11, Ilk 'I ITT "III, I 1, -1 M t I ;I, I I I, o l'i \1! .\fit, I I d i

III,- IT, Illab illi\ Tk 1,:IIQ III,- I'l-l! V,111 , I \ i'l.o w n ., I I. I I I 11 1 -1,

IT, Ill .1. '. Ill, , , 111111A I 1 IlW I.! I I I,

11, 11 is - Itild '1, 111, , , , 1,, I I I It

I 'I - -I H."O, I 'l.or, it "'fill d III, md Indtioll 11 -rttl .%Irljq 1 1, s it -11,1 1.'1 Ill,, IT! it 1, .1

,it -I, te, himpl, , \% Till it, Ill Ill, (Im tt"I'm I Ill' di. ?,,I I kill !11,1 11111, Ow lilill Of I, I T, 'idt'i

1 :1 ! fl.Il 1 11,711 ' L T I 111 % \ill, 1, 1 4 lit, ,\I criviii. , I, itml.o i I I fill, \.I% 1111, t I. I-tj I IT, I \, , cl I , 1! 1 . i - 4 1 ,

I I, IT,, 1- 'i 1: 1 1, - pa III I t It it ill, , I 1 1.11 \ , 4'tf lit - c it , 11 1, " llic, I I It'

I, 11, 1 11 \ I I 1 ;1" 1 11" 1 111 - I g" I WI 3 1 1. I I I, ivI I I it I It I ill IT c-I ILI I I v lokallql lit i I I, thr % I I I I d I I I I I ilit 11, It I I t I I ILI I

I lifil-f Ili if I IT,- t it, 1, -1 1 cd ll, Ilig illc IllV11111 Ili C litv 11111'. [1 t Ill, Ilialli III I k alld I I I, I I, q 1 .- Ill I! jI I I* I Id .

I'll" JI'll i 4'111 1 1 11 111 J I 'I Q 'I , .4 1 Ill I I I I I I I I I 1 11 f f I I 111 11 , I I , I j " ,I [I -I 1 11 , I I I I , HIT, olldt-lille I, bal ., I , I I Ilk It I I I Ill. I " j 1 11 1 .4 1 1 11 k 11 1 I'C' I I I I 1 11 1 -hill "I

-I I I - wricilk 1- 11 it I lillkl- Cd 1401WIl"T' 111" t.% I.[ - I\ 'lit I HICT II.ItIk SIL11111.11'k h va I I I I - " ! I . I \ " I I I 'I I

I \ I I I L I I , I I I I,- 1 -1 1 11111 It -r I I k I it it I I I I I it I tit -. I I t I ic t I I Is I clt-w iit I I it , ,I,' lilt V tl J . I IT .1 it I- I , 1, 1 p t

177 pol;w1let I, III,- t,, hott , twill, r.1111vt than high I Ollsidvicd to 1%. vwv-I\,I"IrIlic!, Illel. iw 'tolifl, allik 111flut-liked 1,\ lilting \IF Blame , it-w inim-ndatwil dial Ili, lit ill thic, Ili,

.1, , q I , 1, .11, ilw I., 4cl, I Ilk .11 \ ill w, it 'I 'I lk .11 Ilk to 11111 1-1, 1 Ar It'll I it, Ill, it I I it ill IT I , I I I - I, i . I , I , 1 , I I

1 4 - I ; I .I , m I - I I, It I IT I I I % a I I I I I I I I 'I I - I it - I I - I It it .1111111 1111, 1 1 -, 14 - I I , ., I It 't , , I I I . Ij I I - l I I ill I I I , , I - -I , "I

j, I Ivi I .. , i Ill 11 Ivill led I\ , 'Iding I Ilk mltvd I I I I , hallv v, ill , cl I"\, I I vq Ill-I I Till " 'll" I I I I 1 1, 1 1,. 1" 11 1 11

V! I J.'. ill, fiv.I I t C. 111 1% 1 '1 illitt-d t I allllll, t6dvv ITT I It I It tcl -I Ing \\ " ill w, v I 11 11 I I A I'l 1 Ilk cI I I I 'I I I. ., I ! I cl J I , "

1, it I", t IT I ru 11TI.1, I ill 1. It it tilt' I It MITI rodk-,IL lt 1, it I Intul I, I; it. 'lt. I I 'I I I hl 1, 11 'hould I IT -Lii I I I'L I L:

'I l ke N, I I'll f it,, \4 I I k I I it, t, I Ille w l (-I,- Iq-.IrlIw I'll I I I I I I I I 1111(.11 it 1, 1 . \.I 1111 Ill -, I I, IT )list 11 1, l 'I " - , " " \% I I 11 ., \ ...... I \ I

I wi I It,- I lit k,-,, ol I milwilvi dvn ii, dioi- I, I I wt aw % cr% IT.\% p it I, I, -, I I I\ '1\ 1,,I I IlIcti,-i 11,I I I, I I I: Il'id I . 'lilk, I I I alling vdk c ITT -1 Ill., kc 111 t It X-1 1, 1 1, 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 L I I I L

\% 'i \ I t a I 1, -11 "11 "It 'I I I m -1

I i I 1 11 1 it 1. 111 ITT Will I I 111111k I'll .11flit 'Fi1V 111111C I cht I I. IT.\ vI, lit- I 'I C, Io c I 'Ill,, .1 till It I

I I I k IT I it a 1 4 IF I rt t I % i I Ill lit, fited I hat t Ike (11,11110 (.1 Ill alm, vI ill \11 lipull, , IjvJv'IIk lit al . 'I it I I IT t'

4 - \ ( I III I ll 4 -1 It I I , It - t 11.111 t lic if la Inct t-I I I IF I it,( I 11111111 11 lit- I I, It I I, isc , " c 14-1 (A 't I , I Il'i I it I , I I I , I I k, I 1 .11 1

I , -I it I I , I t I, wit, I IT,- I hallivict iol oI AIIIIIIIII ITT I Itill\ c 'tit 111 Will It - 1W I 'ill Is It"Mil 110.11 IIVII It I I I ll l 'I 1 11, 1 1 1 \ I Lll I II I I it 1, 11, 7 11 111 ; t I I it I I he cI it 14 -Np Ind I ng I q if I In ill 11 1 4 1 he \% Ovpt x-, lit will I. it Till I, .I I I I I I I ii , I I I I, I " Il;, I it,

IV.vd I 1111 11,111, %%vire M-Ircled thim ig tilt- litchimitat\ M 1 177 a rattlmg lvjxm, . t, l'i" 11, pl, n, \ it 'I t,dc\igit tai, , , tilt- thaincter %%.is redticed tit 11 1 tit , 21 till v aic hirtlit I mdelitt-d tit Mt Bim it,- 1 1 IT!, dat I lm ill,I I i IT 111j: I it,, I 10.111.'d kil"IVII lllgl' 141 lill-M 111V IWATI11.112, fill, V 1.11 g'. pn-un, lilike aillithilldc, t 11.11 lll.i \ I, , - lilt i'.Ill\ I ill 1 4.1

I Orri.1 ( At'lliAllill' MAIR-At'd (IlAt flit, slitallet thallit ter let 111111 % III t,.\ , I\ Itatioll hil a ITT olm,11cl 11 1 .1 dll, t

\% "IM I jll, t1i'lizillf It till Ili- ill prl)pllllil v effi clutiv% and I IT,, Nih llm-,Iml lillitillid % 110114.1 ill, , hal I Ill I, , , I w

1, -f I I m I m-tvi rem I Ited I , I I miller pril )Ix-Ile, " it 11 la I ge, I I I ) %iijici %I mchttv % dilation lilt 111"I ...... I 111, 1 litill l-I

j 11, 1. I'Ll. 1,1111( t I, Ili %I " as fm Ni % hett I lit, diattivici Made, Hicic %%vrc muncrou, I It,-, Is , 1 1, ul.o il it, IT, 1 1, it if it Ivt-&I. .-Il l, Ow I I'm I ould 11.4 lit, mcreawd to its oplimum .,It t ill- 11.1111ral I tvillivil, le, oI t\ lilt il Imucl, atilt tlht I it, I mc,

I If w 1, if (I I (it i 2 1 1 t I diallivier I ImA v er. valcill.11 It Ml Ill, Med thloughmit tilt- %it'll) ill the 'illp, kit "'Illilaird %upcl

Catvw, wj Cortok. lion, Iv,1 Vto!,),, N,

41

WITHOUT FIN WITH FIN

A7

MODEL~ 2 0 12 0tLIIS* *-TEST I

1 0-4-'

CALCIATED DnV

TIP TIP

I )NGITUI)INAI. POSITION LONGITUDINAL POS:TON

Ftq. 53 L'Ilrl 5n cl rneasured blade Iate piressute pulse arnipltudfls with corlrulv I- , "" *)

t~l'.'s I t~T rtjs. tri ti"1t 177'i Ilarti i dd da thu.N-1 (-ItI

.1 I i l t I l Iltitti sll l t ha~it agli) I li u IziII~le t.jpllL1 dix a Ir 1 i,'tII

... .. ..... I II I IIVN ) . I I It I I si de 1tt tttt1 I% til tIt 111 111 iltT0 III I 1 1 ITI'S\llt'.,I 'if

l~~~lt ~ .t' 11 I'l '1 1 itt' t1l I' IS, I it t ma I at irliu I itti iIlliltS tN til I liltluis IIIil111I 11 ~.IstIIll~i

42 T k k tn l v t .II-]I i TI t n i ,Ii1:i

pi

::,olt: it, till, !iwr, it,- o, Iting- Ill 1114- threv %t.IkK 11 'itt, tit almo vxplv m-d Illicit il to tfo Litt'.1 1 skli

11, lilt] la I %% A t', ('01IIIIJI'llIg tilt' bjIItN( I Fl( Kit-) JIMI 11111 Sit J It' IVNI lit 11. 1 a 1 1, 1 it, Id 1

I, It, I. I i I I i o or It I It I, I I. t ) )a I I I I al, exp la lit tit,- I I 1 111 L It I, I( , I It 1, .1 111 Q I I I 'N a k,'111111-ir Ili ". \\ Ilhil tit,- Illaill flic % \ \ lit'llild"T,, "'Ilditiml '11111dated li\ lit, IIIIIII, I w0a, to!

I , ,,, ,t , n irv increawd mill %%ake vitent il-iloo ojuaht ami ill witclit ( )II Ili, I"I'l, ,I i,.O.Own , Orlit1.1"ad, tl-l If,, ? t(li4clitlil gradient, art- ri'ducrd 41111 i4l,11CIA iplwal ant " th" to tlil , 'I

\%Al fit, it 1 k Ili 1,411rrus lot lilt- (lilt load condition rvlat, latik \,cli , lilt pauvrii, r -l Ili!! if, I Ili it I. m

I I I I Jj r I I it Hoc to 'Ind I li % oartatiolls w wnt di,, of ill,- tihico 4 -it it I I I, 1i i Q, , ol, Iit I 11111f, I , ill "Ic I"t tit,, balli't I, Ql" It k lit, lilt .I ,I A I k'.Q.ol !1,, HIIIJI-I 11 1 , I ) vrall Own, Ow %(],I, it , i It 1- 1 JN rot lift "!If, 1 1]- '11111f, 1, oil, III- all .1111,11111hed sit tilt- ballol't ( "Ilditio-il II, pit !,.,I Hit, r-1111, d tit, \, ill ! ,,Ia k, I to !'I x.,! "hit \"-akvIwd Alvated Ili- liatilcit, I, 'I , Ilkitil 'I JHWII if \ w%, oil IvIati" (IlaQ1111 ... 1- 1 '11

I I k- liri:vt !it, trend Ili that - nd, to hl!, '! it,, !,11"I 1 11,11, - 1 1

1 1.01". lint - er tit,- La- ot 11". mulwdot d

a i I I, v r I I \% I I It t he \% idc I la I I, I . -1 77.

III, ",ill I 11WI'l, I c"'ll, alliplitiltiv, displa\ .(I it, Vw I )I ,I, lit (itt-d , dc'llo. fool I it to I

Fill, 't tilt I I too Ii.ii'lk to,[ ,I tit,- "I'st-r\ ed 'miplitati"nal Ivlilt, I", IIIII'llat'-d it, tho I, pt,

I i, , :- I j .,It ill rillillo-d to , lettillot'r.il % arl'Ol"I \\ , iQi v, I hat till, , itild 1. twcwI ?,L: , , " it!

I:, i I I ., pr , t lit -lict till\ Ili I till \k if(- tlivaurt I'll, k it,( ),.IQ0I "t do, p lj. I 111111teii tit, it to :it I I.."

\ !, , "ti, I I dI " h. - II It,-] i. ('011bit ljfj c 't it 1, 1 1 , I , I I ! - I I it , a I Ij I \ I I, I : f c, I I I t \ %", , I), , I K , . , It I ll I

,o. im I. i .:i It I it oQ I, , I, I, % -It I, too \it Taki-lowii.. I Illpivic 'll" 11"I"!) , It I h, , m;j1IIM I -,Ill it 111., 1, 11 It to, I i \ 111, , l mi"oul t'd Im."llic plike I ll.,t I I rr, I,, - lit I lit, , t tirtcoi, !: I )r ',i,,rij I ii, tit ,

ibl'ti'll, ,,I -lilt ir fltml, ,. I fit, invamiri I rp it, I I t,,r tilt- W 177. mm, ak , kim, \ it j I 1. 1 't I : : t,, 11, I'l, I \', , A , , till I c ad\ Im-d I (If t lit tit, In"'i I 'I I! , pill". implitmic% \ v ILIA 111111 1. 1 C 1, .,,I I Ii,I, it i c ii,, J.O.i Ili I tricter tatilu al t I

I I oil it 11-It I] - tit Nillit. I Identifivoll. AmIL,. " Itil tit,- look '. I Link \11f lik er, I"I )it, I I), JQj)t, , it tit, I I i I 11 t

i I i" , Wllt o'! tll.i\lllllltll am! imimmim Lilik, I, to, i,,md tit(- rv, itrien, c oil ImIkk-TTI, " Ill'i" 1 1,

, I,, rt-,l h% Ow \( ) 1 -7:,1i I'm( " I it 'I I I the 11,41 ,1 Ow nwa"m d I It, tit,. III] tII(jIIrtI oj-jQj, 'JIIJ 11 1" fit 'I

\W 0" !1 ,Ql lpi, implitud'. of fluctuating prv ,mv 1 I pr-,viam I)r,,% Idot-ol I't MI-:, \1 lk, d., %lid I klli 1, ." iI ho I I I 1 1, - a I la I \ t I( al re'l I It s IN \% ell t I kt-I I I -I , crt illk tillick mid at I IIIIII, It"I't ad'ilti''I, 1. 11,1- p"j. \'t

-, I I I I. it I I I , t It(, Ina \ I tit tim a Ili I )It t mi, f I i I I I 11, t it, - -( I I , I i,,t r, Ii ir I I .... I i ( ai., ; k ,:1 i liv I ta I t hit Ila, keell displa\ cd ill ill( 't, lit, of lit A d ill j I Ill I it M, looivc In I- -I to it ILI! 1. '11,

I I I \ I I to 1, - k , agree t flat t he mea I I , if I i I, - ) 177 to 10-lit till himl Ili, it I if it I I, I 11 I t 'Iw I I! if I it, , it-Ii tit imcd I ri till sit-olluello, ot., , 'I F, lit wr 0 All 1, 11. ill \1 I I ,I d I ) I "I I 'T I I . % I I it I I I Q 'I it I

I I, It T", -1, ill"ll 1, 1 I'vitter chowe and it lia, lwcu hd) pr"Jit bvy InIvi I it I I iI 1., 1, r-j- 1\ . 1, 1 ! , I 1

k j I I , I I I il Q, 't , "I crage \ A wic I I it L t or rcla I I, it I -I , tit 11 m I I , 'I ; I oi-t \, I I I 11, , I 'I , -, I I , I , " I I , I t -, I I , I , I , " I I , I dit o, 1,

!t 1, i'i"i SSP\ Fli4ilw, alld1b, Ilwill-1 Ill, 11101"t "IX-I'vill oIIlpl0ljd- I; . ..... 1. -! 11,

I It I 11-JI1 ''I tit,- hight-st 7) litrcent oil I I f - I I it ' t - '!it ',,I' twil".1 it "I'l, It it , I " 'I , , i 1 11 , \ ...... I . " ., Q I -

If I't % I N. ( lifecI I\ (vinpared 1 1 1.11 lilt- ." vrik v it 0 1, -, I . I , , I I I I I L I it -,1 111111!, 11,11 1 1 It ii

tit,- anik ti. 11 pro I o, 'ho- It III Fitz 311 t 1, - I IwI.-m -d .\[X.l till, i'lal it, lailtilt, hot , , I I , I it,. I, t 1 1,

\it olilli[I , r.'';Ill, [It, 'I Ill'it I it,- 111,1111 vift'rits. A tit,- pwgiam I he 11,( It"cr, hil till' additi, '[I'll mtm 11 ,twl,I I 11. 11 1 11 , I ), i I x I \1 I I I - IIII'Vi. tit'd t1l\A aid tht' Idi R it](11 I . I ) I I I % Ij I it I I-% I I I wd " it I i I, I I it ( , I t"I I I I t ik 'lilt' 'kild , ha lo I Qj I , Q

,,-ifi, el,,ii iid wdu, iwj) of Owsource of propuller-ewitatwii, qui-Awil, Bawd ,It 11,1"m iatt"ll aall"I'ir In it,, I-ij. II,

,Ltiol ! , 'I , 1, !-,.1, 1 1 1 1-kitit [loill lilt-th'Kis TIII, " a, , vi I , I I cd I room ill, cmx I it-lit , " ,IgQ-lo -; .1 : , I d, I IIII Wl' ' I". ' it' M. I Kit 11 \N I kv and propeller tit( Kid I( I - ci it ret I I% v 1 111 it its to it of\ it I, tilt- lit , -1 drill, , 't i 1 " \k I

!1 tit, 7,\ \% a% it 1, III(,NI likek that tilt- 1\ allabl'. witcratt4l dic Idea thit liq w(III, lilt: Ill, 1, - k -11 :,,toI", I, , 1 1-1, Ili- %% ( ilid 11.1% v hl little t or 1), 4 11 .1,1\ de'lizil Intiothh( '01o'll 'ho'lild lo, '111", 1, i t, it a I , i I

Ill 11111irl, v. I I t I I, I it r a I I L v t I iat c I ia ra( t er I zes it he \% t IN I I. kt - I I 1 111 1 if t I it I I i QI I t - I I I I r i I I , i I i I , , , 4 t it, It'i'l, -i p?, " . I 1 1 ,

, -1, it I " - \( ) - , Iwit. IIIj\ Ill. -111c joildlu"llal gains tll.lt \\ u ha". jotv,, 't.ited till' .01111 1 ,It " , '11 nl i !,.,Iold I it jo, I 1%"I\ '11ticning certain structural cIr idicir k .11- I1Ii ,1.d J I o 4, 11 , 11 to I I I 't ( , I f I I

: i t I I I i , i ! ! I I I, , I I I I , I t I - or( 1, , r I o I I I I - r I I it - I I t , , I , , 1, ,1 v l 1 1'. , I III I I 11. it 1 11 Q 1 11 1 '! , I I ,, , , 'I I I., I I I I " t it

I I I 'I I 11 11 1, 1 it I I 11, 1 '11 I'll) m it Ili (if % ib rat I, Ili I -I w r i \ I( , I I r I (, tit m i iral it I I, o, I I I 1, 11 J, 1, 11 , I I V, -, I I it I I I i i,

I nwri, r -it it , i I I I It V xtrian also argued t i)r t ritel 1.4 1 w( Ira Illeimirot-d at ill,, 1, l " it 1111. "t Int 'I I ot I

1 I , % .,I, I I I IV, I h, I I i- , .1 e asix-0 (it I)rolmllt-r t-w itat it I i It lit, . Itwi tilt, kumi-litied It'll, Ili, I hil , I , , f I , f I

hot plo 'J.- d do, .,[It I 't crtaink agrev It) fail. lwt atim- I kill 1 1" I-T IIIII 1.1ad L ()Il(lllltlll I lit 'It I p!, 't W h.if I fit- 1 77. , lit I I, ii, % I, are tr% Ing to fill this need mi.icl , ill- premm- Im1w It \ cl- , rin, -1 f I I, , , I,

\It mal. rc, "Imlivill w) the c.'rrelatioll ('I ca\ I tilt, I rvpIvIw\ hil tilt- 111',,icl " A, I fic- 1.0, it t"Id,I it It .1, 111, .1 wt, I will III,] hill-waic obsertatimi, Ili re-hibli. lit) al".1111 I W A I I I I I Ict, " . .. , - I I I I I I , ,

-1 111, t I i If i I I to 'I . I I'( 11 11 % r0cr, to t )w , ell wit \ c, 'I Id I t It III, , 1, vol t I It - g, Ict al Iv% el, A hIvIwI licill, it, , I I I I

rpm a I to I i 1 0 - imli taitatimi M ;I partictilar t,,pe I i I I t 1, %k i I r(4 11 joi ljt t a I IV". ill, to i -- f, Ill I ', r, I )",

I I I 't I I 'I x -. k I , t I I l , % I I v - I f I , 110 all I'mit. III the prewlit Iiiitictit\ S2 It i I till ill- i It,, Im Ili, I I it I i T , i i , I I I it ij I Q, I

,it I I'l 11. '11 111, , I It 'I I , 'I 1\ Itatiom x oir, ill imich I(m er illwed, rediji, twit, kil I or Ili,, 111glivi 11,11 Ill, T, 1, It I Q, I 1 1, 1 1- -1

t hill I It,, rvvim. , it - , , w % c ,%( Platimi %4 hich is a rt-sult ( if full " cre "", It lated vo 11 It I hc I I, - I ...6 1 I I i, I I I I I I I I ,dv vi, qw-d Ili cI , t , it \ I It ." ",ilm-tiellcilig Im-ritillic Illtal )IIII "Illparl"'ll " c Ivel (11,11 IwItficr I (I, It - , !, ,I -oil I I 1 11and , . I if,- ImIN 0.1111 ( I% Ititioll walilig Astiol art, Ow clillmill-I ITIV, (It(, clitirl, fielpirm fallct, 'I !?,to 1, '1 .1 v .1 1

,ot alltig .,I tit, , I\ It\ - 111tile. (I\ liallilk, alid tillsivaolk cati it\ flo'% Illat clithur fill polbal'k ha f I Itit(-% it )ill, ir, tilt- prilpt-Iler excilation lew lo, Dr film".

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