for the construction of “affordable cost effective
TRANSCRIPT
A simple
for
the construction of
“Affordable
&
Cost effective”
Sanitary Latrine
Author
Mr. Arumugam Kalimuthu, B.E., M.Sc (London), (M.B.A).
Technical Advisor - Water Supply & Environmental Sanitation
Plan International (India), New Delhi &
Chairperson - Water and Environmental Sanitation Network
(WES-Net India)
Edited by
Ms. Verity CorbettProgramme Support ManagerPlan International (India), New Delhi
Pictures Drawn
Children in the Tsunami affected areaC. Ashok Kumar (16), V. Selvavizhi (16) Manivannan (14), V. Jeyaveni (15)Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu, India.
Design and development
Mr. L. PeterExecutive Secretary,Rural Education and Action for Liberation (REAL)Dindigul, Tamilnadu.
Facilitation artist
Mr. A.J. Kennedy, Drawing Master, Dindigul, Tamilnadu.
Printer
Tacto Graphics, www.tactographics.co.in
Acknowledgement
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of Wash Institute
Sep 2012Third Edition
Site Selection
Fixing the right dimensions
Fixing the layout & earth work
Construction of basement & lining of leach pit
Selection of Pan
Placing Pan, P-trap (water seal) and stoneware pipe
Sealing of joints
Floor finishing
Superstructure construction
How to use your toilet
Materials required
5
7
9
10
13
14
15
18
19
20
22
Content
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
2a simple guide for
the construction of “affordable &
cost effective” latrine3
If your answer is
read on!
“Yes”
Do you
want to construct
an affordable &
cost effective latrine
in your house?
Is your house situated in a dry/semi arid climate
region with no problem of water logging/shallow
water table* (ground water table is not shallow
i.e. less than 10ft)?
The procedure for construction of single
leach pit pour flush toilet is very simple ...
just follow the steps
narrated in the booklet ...
If your answer is “Yes”
A leach pit toilet would
serve your needs ...
*Village/Area prone to water logging/shallow water table is usually situated in coastal belt, perennial riverbanks and valleys. In the project site, if the water level in a bore well/open well is less than 10 ft, it can be considered as water logging/shallow water table area. In such location, avoid leach pit toilet construction and promote EcoSan.
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
4a simple guide for
the construction of “affordable &
cost effective” latrine5
Let us understand various parts
(components) of a
single leach pit pour flush toilet
Ventilator
SuperstructureDoor
Pan with P-trap
Leach Pit
TopSoil
Weep holes/Honeycomb
Cover Slab Runoff Buffer
Stoneware pipe (slope 1:12 cm)
Site condition:
Avoid construction of leach pits in low-lying areas to
prevent runoff water entering the leach pit.
Site Selection
Proximity: As far as possible, the toilet should be located
very near the house/residence for convenience. As
shown in the figure, using an existing wall of your house
would reduce construction cost.
Existing Wall
Toilet
Runoff
Leach pit
House
Bath attached toilet
Don't select
Step 1
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
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the construction of “affordable &
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Step 2Fixing the right dimensions
Depending on space availability around your house and
what you can afford, decide whether to construct just a
toilet or bath with attached toilet for the sake of
convenience.
Leach pit inner diameter: 3ft. and height: over 6ft.
Basement inner size: 3’6” x 3’6” (refer design)
Suggested size for only a toilet:
36”
1:3:6 Concrete Plastering
3inch CC/Ferro Cement Slab
L
9”
9”
Sand Filling
“P” Trap
3”
1’0”
12”
15”
15”6”
4½” Brick work
3”
6’-0”
1” Honey Comb
PLAN
SECTION - AA
54”
57”
60”
9”
36” 46”
A A
Stoneware pipe (slope 1:12 cm)
Permissible safe distance:
Maintain a safe distance between leach pit and drinking
water sources.
Though safe distance between a leach pit and drinking
water (ground water) sources varies from soil to soil, as a
rule of thumb...
Horizontal distance between the leach pit and water
source can be 9 times the depth of leach pit (or
approximately 40 feet).
Vertical distance between the leach pit bottom and
ground water table should be 3 times the depth of leach
pit (or approximately 15 ft).
Leach pitd
9d (or) 45ft.Horizontal distance
3d (or) 15ft.Vertical distance
Groundwater table
Ground level
Drinking water source Toilet
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
8a simple guide for
the construction of “affordable &
cost effective” latrine9
Fixing the layout & earth work
Using lime powder, mark the layout on the ground before
earthwork.
After marking, excavate the soil for the basement
foundation and leach pit. 1-1½ft. deep pit is sufficient for
basement foundation. The leach pit depth can be over
6ft.
3’
4½
inch
Honey
com
b b
rick
work
or
CC r
ings
2 inch
dia
wast
e w
ate
r pip
e
9”
9”
9”
4’-0”
1½’x2
’
9”
9”
5”
3’-0”
4’-0”
BB
Bath
Att
ach
ed S
ingle
Leach
Pit T
oilet
Dra
win
g
36”
1:3
:6 C
oncr
ete
Pla
stering
3in
ch C
C/F
err
o C
em
ent
Sla
b L
9”
9”
Sand F
illin
g
“P”
Trap
3”
1’0
”
12”
15”
15”
6” 4
½”
Brick
work
3”
6’-0”
1”
Honey
Com
b
9”
12”
15”
GL
C.R
. Mas
onry
(C
M 1
:5)
1:2:
4 C
emen
t C
oncr
ete
wit
h Sm
ooth
Fin
ishi
ng
Sand
fill
ing
1:5:
10 C
oncr
ete
R.R
. Mas
onry
(C
M 1
:5)
1’3
”1’0
”
1’0
” 3”
PLA
NSEC
TIO
N -
AA
SEC
TIO
N -
BB
Leach
pit i
nner
dia
mete
r: 3
ft.;
Leach
pit h
eig
ht:
over
6ft
.; B
ase
ment
size
: 7ft
x 4
ft (
refe
r desi
gn).
Sto
new
are
pip
e
(slo
pe 1
:12 c
m)
Step 3
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
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lining with boulders
lining with bricks
lining with cement rings
Construction of basement &
lining of leach pit
Use locally available construction materials for the
basement and leach pit lining construction - mud or
cement mortar can be used.
Materials normally used for basement construction are:
l Rough stone/boulders
l Brick/fly ash brick
l Hollow blocks/solid blocks
Materials that can be used for leach pit lining include:
l Rough stone/boulders
l Brick/fly ash brick
l Cement/ferrocement rings
l Bamboo mats etc.
Step 4
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
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the construction of “affordable &
cost effective” latrine13
Step 5Selection of Pan
There are two types of Indian water closets (pans)
available in the market (footrest attached and without
footrest attachment)
l Use a pan with the footrest attached to avoid
construction faults wherever possible.
l For children toilets use small pans (20 inches size)
l For the convenience of physically challenged people
use western type pans.
Various types of pans such as ceramic, mosaic, micro
concrete and fibre/plastic are available in the market.
While constructing the leach pit, take care of the
following:
l Weep holes or honeycomb arrangements in the lining
of leach pits are to be made only below the topsoil
level.
l The lining of the leach pit should be sealed completely
by top soil if the formation is loose (max. up to 2 feet).
l Raise the lining 3-6 inches above ground level to
prevent runoff entry into the leach pit.
l Soil/stoneware pipe from the P-trap should extend
well inside leach pit (minimum of 3 inches projection)
l Leach pit should be covered with RCC or ferrocement
slab and sealed thoroughly.
l Do not provide a vent pipe to the leach pit like septic
tanks.
2ft.
over 4ft.
Top Soil (seal completely)
Cover slab (seal properly)
Runoff buffer
Weep holes orHoney comb arrangements
Stoneware pipe (slope 1:12 cm)
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
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cost effective” latrine15
Step 6 Step 7Placing Pan, P-trap (water seal) and
stoneware pipe
Assembling of pan, p-trap and stoneware pipe is an
important part of toilet construction. Use a sprit level to
carefully level the pan and fix the P-trap to it. Fix the pan
in such a way that the back edge of the pan is located at a
distance 9 inches from backside wall of the toilet.
Sealing of joints
The joints between the pan & p-trap and p-trap &
stoneware pipe should be sealed properly to prevent any
leakages. Wet cloths/gunny bags dipped in cement slurry
can be used to seal these joints.
After fixing and sealing the joints, fill the basement with
brick ballast and sand. Ensure tight packing around the
pan assembly.
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
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While fixing the basin, proper alignment is essential.
Avoid following mistakes.
Right set-up
Very close to back wall
Reversal
Very close to door
Similarly, if you are fixing the footrests yourself, avoid the
following construction faults.
Fixing the footrest wrongly makes use
uncomfortable.
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
18a simple guide for
the construction of “affordable &
cost effective” latrine19
Superstructure construction
Depending on what you can afford, select the right
materials for the superstructure construction. Materials
such as thatch, palm leaf, reeds, fertiliser/gunny bags,
hollow blocks, solid blocks, bricks, ferrocement slab, etc.,
can all be used.
If your area receives normal rainfall and has no high
raised buildings surrounding your toilet, roof cover for
the toilet is not really necessary.
Floor finishing
Floor finishing can be done with good cement mortar.
Provide proper slope towards the pan. Please note that
the top edges of the toilet pan should be below floor level.
Step 8 Step 9
How to use your toilet
Before use, pour a litre of
water to wet the pan.
Position yourself
properly over the pan.
After defecation, flush the
toilet. Ensure Feacal matter
passes into the water seal.
Wash your hands
using soap, ash or mud.
Keep your toilet
neat & clean.
After use, keep the
toilet door shut.
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
20a simple guide for
the construction of “affordable &
cost effective” latrine21
Please note
Do not put a vent
pipe on your leach
pit. The vent pipe
is only needed for
septic tanks and
not for leach pits.
A deeper leach pit
lasts longer than
the shallow pit, it is
advisable to go for
a deeper pit (over 6
ft.)
A leach pit model is
not advisable for
water logged or
wa t e r s c a r c i t y
areas. In such
conditions, eco-
san is a preferable
design.
over 4ft.
2ft.
over 4ft.
2ft.
a simple guide for the construction of “affordable & cost effective” latrine
22
The construction materials required up to basement level
for single toilet unit are:
Cost Estimate
Since materials cost varies from place to place, no cost
details are incorporated in this booklet. Experience
shows that a bath attached, thatched superstructure
model costs around Rs.1,250/- and bath attached hollow
block model costs around Rs.2,500/-
Component Materials Required
Leach pit
Leach pit
cover slab
Using cement rings: 6 rings of 3 ft.
diameter and 1 ft. height (or)
Using honey comb brick construction:
225 bricks, 15kg cement and 0.7 cft. sand
6mm rod (steel) - 5kg, binding wire,
cover slabcement 14kg, sand 0.7 cft and
broken stone chips 1.41 cft.
Basement
550 bricks, cement 40 kg, 15 cft
Basementsand, 3.50cft brick ballest, 1 pan,
1 p-trap and 1 stoneware pipe.
Produced by
5/296, Anandagiri 7th Street, Kodaikanal 624 101,Tamilnadu, Ph: +91 4542 240881, Fax: +91 4542 240882
email: [email protected] l www.washinstitute.org
WAter Sanitation and Hygiene Institute
Rural Education and Action for Liberation (REAL)thM-2/179, R.M. Colony, 12 Cross, Dindigul - 624 008,
Tamilnadu, India. Ph: +91 451 2432242 Fax: +91 451 2427799 email: [email protected] l www.realsocialservice.org
Designed and developed by
Supported by
Water For PeopleM-18, First Floor, Green Park Extension, New Delhi - 110016
Telefax : +91 11 2617 8868 l www.waterforpeople.org
Water For People West Bengal Program Office26/1/1, Gariahar Road, South, Kolkata – 700031, West Bengal
Telefax : +91 33 241 87 600
Water For People Bihar Program OfficeGround Floor (House of Shri. Raghunath Jha), Opp. to Central Bank of India,Ward# 15, Sheohar, Sheohar District – 843329, Bihar. Tel: +91 6222 257321
A simple
for
the construction of
“Affordable
&
Cost effective”
Sanitary Latrine