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Foreign Policy Foreign Policy at the at the Turn of the Turn of the Century Century

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Page 1: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Foreign Policy Foreign Policy at the at the

Turn of the Turn of the CenturyCentury

Page 2: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Island PossessionsIsland Possessions

Page 3: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Fallout of the Spanish-Fallout of the Spanish-American WarAmerican War Filipino Insurrection (1898)Savage guerilla warfare

4000 Americans killed50,000? Filipinos killed

1901: Ended with Aguinaldo captured

Page 4: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions
Page 5: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Philippine Commission (1901)Governor William Taft led

Sought reforms for his “little brown brothers”

Page 6: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

William H. Taft – 1William H. Taft – 1stst Governor-General of the Governor-General of the PhilippinesPhilippines

Page 7: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

McKinley’s “Benevolent Assimilation”Argued that the Americans must educate, civilize, & uplift the conditions of the Filipinos

Page 8: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Open Door in ChinaOpen Door in China Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) weakens China

Russia, Germany, & Japan move in seeking control

America wants access to trade & missionary work

Page 9: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Spheres Spheres of of

InfluencInfluencee

Page 10: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

1899: Secretary of State John Hay sends “Open Door Policy” message Great Powers would respect Chinese rights & ideal of fair competition

Page 11: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

All foreign powers considered to agree

Uncle Sam to the European powers:

“Gentlemen, you may cut up the map as much as like; but remember that I’m here to stay and that you can’t divide me up

into spheres of influence”

Page 12: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion (1900)(1900)

Society of the Righteous & Harmonious Fist stage rebellion Seek to kill or oust all “foreign devils”

Page 13: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

200 Foreigners die - many injured & besieged

18,000 man foreign force invades & ends siegesUS sends 2500 man force from Philippines

Page 14: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Foreign governments demand $333 million in reparations US returns $18 of the $24.5 million received which becomes college fund

Page 15: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Hay extends open door policy to cover Chinese territorial integrity as well

Page 16: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions
Page 17: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Election of 1900 Election of 1900 Republicans re-nominate McKinleyEndorsed prosperity & expansion60-88% of Americans poor or very poor

Page 18: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Teddy Roosevelt nominated as VPPoliticos in New York want him out as governor - too reformist

Page 19: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

William Jennings Bryan back for DemocratsStill wants silver plank, but anti-imperialism is the major issue

Page 20: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Republican offer of “Full Dinner Pail” & “Staying the Course” helps McKinley win big

Page 21: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

September 1901September 1901

McKinley McKinley assassinated assassinated by a by a anarchist anarchist Leon Leon CzolgoszCzolgosz

Page 22: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt becomes Roosevelt becomes youngest President to date youngest President to date

(age 42)(age 42)

Page 23: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Foreign Policy under Foreign Policy under Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Page 24: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt’s policy = “Speak softly & carry a big

stick.”

Page 25: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Panama CanalPanama Canal

Spanish-American War showed the need for an Isthmus Canal

Page 26: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

1850: treaty with Great BritainSaid US did not have the exclusive right to control a trans-isthmus canal

Clayton-Bulwar Clayton-Bulwar TreatyTreaty

Page 27: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Hay-Pauncefote Hay-Pauncefote TreatyTreaty

1901: Britain involved in Boer War

Agrees to allow US to build & protect a canal

Page 28: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Debate ensues over canal siteNicaragua vs. PanamaVolcano explodes on Martinique Island

Page 29: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Congress sent postage stamps of Nicaraguan volcanoes by French construction company with rights in Panama

Congress agrees to Panamanian site

Page 30: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Hay-Herran TreatyHay-Herran Treaty

US & Columbia sign Granted lease of 6 mile wide canal zone

$40 million at $10 million down & $250,000 a year

Page 31: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Columbian Senate refuses to ratify - wants more money

Page 32: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt wants to “make the dirt fly” & win the election in 1904

Page 33: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Creation of Creation of PanamaPanama Nov. 3, 1903: Phillpe Bunau-Varilla of the Pananma Canal Company leads revolt against Columbia

Page 34: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt uses US Navy to block Columbia from sending troops“gunboat diplomacy”Cites treaty that insured Panama’s “perfect neutrality”

Page 35: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

15 days after revolt, US recognizes Independent Panama

Page 36: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyTreaty

Nov. 1903: pays $40 million to French canal company for a 10 mile wide zone

Page 37: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Years later Roosevelt said he “took the Canal & let Congress debate”

Page 38: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

““Colossus of the Colossus of the North”North”

US looked on as “Big Brother” willing to use a “Big Stick” on his “little brown brothers”

Europe sees US hypocrisy

Page 39: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Making the dirt fly…Making the dirt fly…

Page 40: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

US made breakthroughs in tropical medicine with information learned in Cuba Yellow Fever & Malaria are fought through mosquito abatement

Page 41: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Canal completed in 1914 for $400 million

Page 42: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

quick access to Atlantic & Pacific military protection of territories trade & economic value would increase

Page 43: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt Corollary to Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrinethe Monroe Doctrine

Latin American countries defaulting on foreign debts led to European Creditors (Britain & Germany) seeking to collect payments

Page 44: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

1902: German warships attack Venezuela

Roosevelt sees debt collection as violating Monroe Doctrine

Page 45: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt has policy of “Preventive Intervention”US would intervene to force payment of delinquent debts

Page 46: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by require intervention by some civilized nation, and some civilized nation, and in the Western in the Western Hemisphere the Hemisphere the adherence of the United adherence of the United States to the Monroe States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the Doctrine may force the United States, however United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the or impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Roosevelt Corollary (1905)Roosevelt Corollary (1905)

Page 47: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Not allow European powers to get foot in the door (called the Roosevelt Corollary)

US to be “Policeman of the Western Hemisphere”

US becomes “Bad Neighbor”

Page 48: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary

Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.carry a big stick.”

Also referred to as “Roosevelt’s Corollary”“Roosevelt’s Corollary”

Page 49: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

1905: US intervenes in Dominican Republic & takes over tariff collection

Over time US intervenes in Cuba (1906); Nicaragua (1909); & Mexico (1913)

Page 50: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions
Page 51: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Speak softly, but carry a Big Stick!Speak softly, but carry a Big Stick!

Page 52: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)(1904-05)

Russia & Japan go to war over Manchuria & Korea Japan defeats Russian Fleet at Port Arthur

Defeats a second fleet sent from Archangel in Russia

Page 53: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Japan afraid of over extending itself & seeks arbitration

1905: Roosevelt meets with both parties at Portsmouth, New Hampshire

Page 54: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions
Page 55: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Portsmouth Treaty Portsmouth Treaty (1905)(1905)

Ends the war 1906: Roosevelt gets Nobel Peace Prize

Relations between US & both Japan & Russia soured by deal

Page 56: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

““Gentlemen’s Gentlemen’s Agreement”Agreement”

1906: Tax burden of Russo-Japanese War causes 70,000 Japanese Laborers to seek work in California

Page 57: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

California, having dealt with Chinese immigrants, fears another “yellow peril” invasion

Page 58: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

City of San Francisco (after 1906 earthquake) wants Japanese Children to go to “Oriental Only” schools

Page 59: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Japanese press calls for war over racial discrimination

TR invites SF School Board to White House

Page 60: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt calls for a “Gentleman’s Agreement” California will repeal the school order if Japan will stop the flow of immigrant workers

Page 61: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt’s Great White Roosevelt’s Great White FleetFleet

To avoid future trouble with Japan, Roosevelt decides to show them his “Big Stick” of a navy

Page 62: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Asks Congress to appropriate $$$ to send battle fleet on “Peace Cruise” around the world

Congress refuses to allocate funds

Page 63: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Roosevelt uses executive budget to send 16 white battleships around the world

Page 64: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Congress agrees to pay to “bring the fleet home”

Page 65: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Great White FleetGreat White Fleet

Page 66: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

““Join the Navy & See the Join the Navy & See the World”World”

Page 67: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century. Island Possessions

Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement

Fleets appearance in Japan leads to signing

1908: US & Japan will respect each other’s territories in the Pacific


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