forest resources - fsi resourcers of koraput... · india undertook inventory of forest resources of...

FOREST RESOURCES

OF

KORAPUT DISTRICT

OF

ORISSA STATE

(

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA

CENTRAL ZONE

NAGP(D"R _

1.9SV--

FOREST RESOURCES .

OF

KORAPUT DISTRIGT

OF

ORISSA STATE

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA

CENTRAL ZONE

NAGPUR

1989

PREFACE

Koraput is ·the largest district of Orissa State with about 45% of its land area under forest. Most of the forests of the district have been brought under scientific management only after the abolition of the Zamindaris in 1952, and not much information was available on tbe status of forest in the district. The Central Zone of Forest Survey of India undertook inventory of forest resources of the district in 1~82-84. The data was collected from 1354 sample plots laid out allover the district.

The study reveals a rather dism.al picture of the status of forests in this district. Only 36% of the forest is found to be of density cover over 0.3. About 32% of the forest land is devoid of any vegetation and are forests in the name only. They include lands under shifting cultivation and under permanent cultivation.

The district has some good bamboo forests but these forests need to be saved from over exploitation and managed under sound silvicultural practice.

This report Forest Survey of India.

was compiled by the Central Zone The work deserves cownendation.

J.B.Lal Director

Forest Survey of India 25-Subhash Road

Dehradun.

of

Paragraph No.

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

1.9 1. 10

2.0

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

3.0 3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3 :~7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No .

Foreword

Map of India showing Koraput district

Map of Koraput district.

CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION.

General Location and boundaries Area and Administrative units Climate Monthly variation of temperature and rainfall ib Koraput district. Topography I Geology anf rocks Soils Mineral wealth Land use pattern and socio-economic conditions Transport and Communication facilities Forest Produce and Forest based industries.

CHAPTER - II : THE FORESTS. 1

General description Vegetation map of Koraput district Forest types Damage to the forests Rights and Concessions Forest Management Wild life

CHAPTER - III RESOURCES SURVEY METHODOLOGY.

Objectives of the survey Area considered for survey Inventory design Diagram showing inventory desing Location of plot on the ground Format for data collection Field work Field checking Maps

1 2 2 2

3 4 4 4 5

5 6

7

8 9

10 11 11 11 12

13 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 19

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5 4.7.6

5.0 5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

5.7

5.8

CHAPTER - IV: DATA PROCESSING.

Sampling design Data Data process ing Area Volume estimation General volume equations Sample tree·· volume Local volume equation Enumerated tree volume Plot volume Stand tables Stock tables Sampling error Bamboo Bamboo area Bamboo clumps per hectare Culms per clump Culms per hectare Total number of culms Bamboo weight

CHAPTER - V INVENTORY RESULTS.

21 21 21 22 22 23 V'1

25 25\/ 28 28 28

. 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31

Area 32 Forest area and Land uses 32 Map no. 5.1M showing land use classes in Koraput district • 33

. Area by crop composition 34 Map no. 5.2M showing distribution of crop compositions in Koraput district 35 Area by topography & crop composition 36 Map no. 5.3M showing distribution of topographic classes in Koraput distt .. 37 Area by crop composition and slope 38 percentage Map no. 5.4M showing distribution of slope classes in Koraput district 39 Map no. 5.5M showing distribution of soil depth classes in koraput district 40 Area by crop composition and soil depth classes 41 Area under different crop compositions by top height classes 41 Map no. 5.6M shoing distribution of top height classes in Koraput distt. 42 Area by crop compositions and size classes 43 Map no. 5.7M showing distribution of timber size classes in Koraput disstt. 44 Area by crop compositions and canopy layers. 45

5.9

5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15

6.0 6.1

j 6.2

I 6.3.

6.4

6.5' I

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

Table

Table Table

Table Table

Table Table

Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

Utilisation pattern of Govt. forest land .. Plantable area in Govt. forest. Regeneration status Soil erosion Fire incidence Grazing incidence Bamboo occurrence Map No. 5.15M showing distribution of bamboo by density

CHAPTER - VI : INVENTORY RESULTS -GRm'HNG STOCK.

General Total no. of stems and stems/ha; Stratum · Teak. · Total no. of stems and stems/ha; Stratum · Sal. · Total .no. of stems and stems/ha; Stratum · Miscellaneous · Total no. of stems and stems/he.; (All forest types combined) Total volume and volume/he.; Stratum:

Teak. Total volume and volume/ha; Stratum

Sal. Total volume and volume/ha.; Stratum:

Misc. Total volume and volume/ha; (All forest types combined) Estimation of standard error for area and growing stock

46 47 47 48 48 48 49

50

51

51

51

52

52

52

53

53

53

54 No.6.1T(A): Total no. of stems ( 000) : Stratum

Teak. 55 No.6. IT(B): Stems/ha; Stratum: Teak 56 No.

No. No .

No. No.

No. No. No . No . No. Ho. No.

6. 2T(A): Total no. of stems ( 000) : Stratum: Sal. 57

6.2T(B): Stems/ha; Stratum: Sal 58 6.3T(A): Total no. of stem(000) : Stratum

Misc. 59 6.3T(B): Sterns/ha; Stratum: Misc. 60 6.4T : Total no. of stems(000) and stems/ha

(All forest types combined). 61-62 6.5T(A): Total volume (000) Stratum: Teak. 63 6.5T(B): Volume/ha; Stratum: Teak. 64 6.6T(A): Total volume(000) Stratum: Sal. 65 6.6T(B): Volume/ha; Stratum: Sal. 66 6.7T(A): Total volume(000) Stratum: Misc. 67 6.7T(B): Volume/ha; Stratum: Misc. 68 6.8T : Total volume(000) and volume/ha

(All forest types combined). 69-70

Map no. 6.8M showing volumetric distribution in Koraput district 71

7.0 7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7 7.8

7.9

7.10

CHAPTER - VI I INVENTORY RESULTS ; GROWING STOCK; BAMBOO.

General 72 Bamboo clumps/ha by quality and clump size classes -72 Total bamboo clumps by quality and clump sizes 72 No. of culms/cluIDP by clump size and quality. 73 Culms/ha by soundness, bamboo quality and clump sizes. 73 Total culms by soundness, quality and clump sizes. 74 Bamboo stock by soundness, quality and and clump sizes. 75 Bamboo stock by quality & clump sizes 75 Green bamboo stock by quality, clump sizes, age and soundness of culm and clump sizes. 76 Dry brunboo stock by quality, size,age and soundness. 77 Bamboo dry stock corresponding to bamboo green stock by quality, sound-ness and clump sizes. 79

"ANNEXURE - I

Glossary of Vernacular (Oriya) names with corresponding Botanical names of common species met with in Koraput district. 80-83

ANNEXURE - I I

Bibliography. 84

************

7.0 7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7 7.8

7.9

7.10

CHAPTER - VI I INVENTORY RESULTS ; GROWING STOCK; BAMBOO.

General 72 Bamboo clumps/ha by quality and clump size classes 72 Total bamboo clumps by quality and clump sizes 72 No. of culms/clump by clump size and quality. 73 Culras/ha by soundness, bamboo quality and clump sizes. 73 Total culms by soundness, quality and clump sizes. 74 Bamboo stock by soundness, quality and and clump sizes. 75 Bamboo stock by quality & clump sizes 75 Green bamboo stock'by quality, clump sizes, age and soundness of culm and clump sizes. 76 Dry bamboo stock by quality, size,age and soundness. 77 Bamboo dry stock corresponding to bamboo green stock by quality, sound-ness and clump sizes. 79

ANNEXURE - I

Glossary of Vernacular (Oriya) names with corresponding Botanical names of common species met with in Koraput district. 80-83

ANNEXURE - II

Bibliography. 84

************

MAP OF INDIA. SHOWING 'SURVEY AREA

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1.0 GENERAL: ,

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

The district of Koraput derives its name from its Headquarter, the present tovm of Koraput. The whole of the district of Koraput comprises the ex-zamindaries of Jeypore and Kashipur. In the medieval times Nandapur was the capital city of this tract. The capital was changed to Jeypo~e in the middle of the 17th century by the King Viravikram Deo. The Britishers chose Koraput as the capital of the district in 1870 because of its better climate.

This district is full of paradoxes. On one hand it presents a picture of scenic beauty with rolling mountains, roaring rivers~ beautiful valleys and pleasant climate and on the other hand it shows abject poverty of its tribal population which has hardly been touched by the modern developments taking place in the country. The bullock-cart civilization of the district is h~rdly affected by the air crafts civilization of the outer world. This district produces sophisticated air craft engines, paper and other goods required by modern civilization but the local population has hardly any use for it.

Until very recently the development of this region was limited only to the utilisation or more rightly we can say, exploitation of the abundant natural resources available here. The developments have hardly taken into conGideration the main resource which is the people of t he district. These conditions are now changing very fast. However, the district still presents a picture of one of the most backward districts in the country.

The planning process is mainly based on information about the resources available. These must cover all the aspects which touch .the people. of multi disciplinary approach can only be helpful planning for development.

accurate resources Such type in proper

The present report on the forest resources of Koraput district attempts to provide data on Forest Resources of the district as a whole in addition to information on various aspects related to the forest like soi l s, topography, biotic factors etc. The information in this report is collected from hundreds of sample plots and compiled by following appropriate statistical methods based on use of sophisticated computer for data analysis. The information collected is therefore,not only of satisfactory quality but has also uniform standard base applicable to the ent i re country. This would enable the planners to compare information collected from different par~s of the country as district is the primary unit for planning.

1

,

The Central Zone of Forest Survey of India undertook the inventory of forest resources of Koraput district of Orissa during November 1982 to May 1983 and November 1983 to January 1984. rhe---present report is essentially--based on the data ~llected during that period.

1.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES:

Koraput is the southern 'most district of Orissa and is located between 17 0 50' & 20 0 30' north latitudes and 81 0 27' and 84" 10' east longitudes. On the extreme north it 1S bounded by Kalahandi district of Orissa and Ra'ipur district of Madhya Pradesh, on the west by Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, on the south by the districts of East Godavari and Vishakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh and on the east by the districts of Srikakulam of Andhra Pradesh and Ganjam of Orissa. Koraput district is very much irregular In shape and resembles the letter 'Y' in Roman script,

1.2 AREA AND ~NISTRATlYE UNITS:

The geographical area of Koraput district is ~ sq.km. It is the largest district in Orissa State and .also one of the largest in India. There are six subdivisions in the district namely Koraput, Nowarangpur, Jeypore, Malkangiri, Rayagada and Gunapur.

Out of total 27020 sq.km. of the geographical area, -11719.26 sq. kIn. is the forest area. fa.ll ing under various forest divisions which form 43.37% of the total area. The break up of forest areas of~ the district by div.isions and legal status is given below:--

Area in sq.km. /------------~---------------------------------------------\ [Name of R.F. Fores t demar D.P.F . Unclassed Total :division -cated for l reservation : :----------------------------------------------------------: : Nowrangpur 143 . 73 157 L 23 849.19 0. 11 2564.26 lRayagada 338.68 2821~.25 2434.18 0.16 5600.27 : lJeypore 215.18 1652.10 1687.41 0.04 3554.73 : __________________________________________________________ I

I

lTotal 697.59 6050.58 4970.78 0.31 11719.26 : \----------------------------------------------------------/ Source: Annual Administrat ion Report of Forest Department,

Govt. of Orissa, Year 1980- 81 .

1.3 CLIMATE:

Since the major portion of the Koraput district is a mountainous terrain, it h a s much mild climate compared to the plains of the district. In the hills t he summers are cooler, rainfall higher and the winter prolonged than the main Deccan plateau. The low plains of the district are hotter and drier and are quite uncomfortable in the summer

2

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season. The normal rainfall at Koraput which is the headquarters of the district is 1521.8 mm in about 76 rainy days in a year. Nearly 80% of the annual rainfall occurs in monsoon season i. e. from June to September. The distribution of rainfall is largely influenced by the Eastern Ghats running south-west to north-east. \ Areas to the east of the ghats receive less rainfall than those on the ghats and to its west. Mean monthly temperature and rainfall at Koraput are given in Figure 1.

1.4 TOPOGRAPHY:

As already stated, large portion of the district is a mountainous terrain of the Eastern Ghats. There are number of peaks ranging from 1500 m to 1600 Tn in this district. The Eastern Ghats give rise to range after range of hills ultimately rolling down to the east coast . There are number of plateaus ~nd minor valleys in the district . East Jeypore plateau or I{oraput plateau is 900 m high whereas North Jeypore peateau is 600 Ttl high and is clearly distinguished from Koraput plateau. Malkangiri sub-division comprises of low plains. The main rivers of the Koraput district are Machkund, Sabari, Kholab, Sileru, Vansadhara, Muram, Porgar Nadi, Indravati, Tel, Bhaskel etc. Since these rivers flow through hilly terrain having steep slopes, they form water falls at several places on their routes and as such none of them is navigable.

1.5 GEOLOGY AND ROCKS:

. Hilly tracts of this district are composed of Archeans which have been completely altered by process of metamorphism. Since their original nature is obliterated they are commonly known as crystalline or metamorphics belonging to Archean Era. These Archeans consist of Charnockites and various gneisses, schists and banded haemntite quartzites. Above these Archeans are the Cuddapah formations which comptise'of shales, slates, dolomitic lime stones, quartzites etc. There a~e also Cuddalore sand stones belonging to tertiary age in this district. Large areas are covered by laterites. Alluvium of recent origin is t"ound along the river banks at places.

1.6 SOILS:

Parent rocks and materials influence the soils of this district very much. Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks generally give rise to the red soil after weathering of the ferromagnesian minerals. .Even the Cuddapah formations contribute to development of red soil in places due to their iron contents. Laterite and lateritic soils are also found in this district at number.of places. Black soils with kankar are found in some areas· like Chandahandi. Alluvial soils are mostly found along the courses of the rivers and valleys of the Indravati, Tel, Bhaskel etc. These

4

soils are mostly under cultivation and are hardly of any importance from forestry point of view.

Dandakarnya Project authorities conducted some soil survey and analysed soils in Umerkote area. This survey reveals that most of the soils of the area are of acidic nature, Organic matter content in these soils was found to be normal. Half of them were found to be medium textured and about ~th of them' were light textured.

1.7 MINERAL WEALTH:

This district is rich in mineral deposits . Iron ore 15 found near Pittatung and Malkangiri. Extensive deposits of limestones occur in this district . Kaolin deposits fit for manufacture of coarse porcelain also occur in some areas. Placer gold is found in small quantities in some of the tracts. Iron and manganese ores have also been traced in this district.

1.8 LbllQ USE PATTERN AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:

Salient features affecting the socia-economic conditions of the people are:

i) Fairly large percentage of geographical area i . e. 43.74% is under forest. However, large areas are affected by shifting cultivation.

i i) This district has very high percentage (1. e . more than 78%) of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population but literacy percentage is very low.

iii} Emplo~Qent facilities are inadequate resulting in dependence of tribal population on agriculture which is under -developed because of shifting cultivation and low literacy.

iv) There are insuffi6ient communication facilities in the district making transport of agricultural and other produce from one area to another difficult.

The following table gives the idea of various socia-economic features of the district:-

1. Total cultivable area 1980-81 928000 hectares 2. Net area sown 863000 3. Irrigated 33000 4. Unirrigated 830000 5. Percentage of net irrigated 3.82%

area sown. 6. Total population as per 1981 census 2,484,005 7. Rural population -do- 2,203,043 8. Urban population -do- 280,962 9. Rural population in percentage· 88.68%

5

10 a. Scheduled Caste population 349,307 b. ------do----------- percentage 14.06

11.a. Scheduled Tribe population-1981 1,371,550 b. -------do------ percentage 55.21

12. Density of population per sq.km. 92 13. Literacy as percentage of total population

a) Persons 15.83% b) Males 23.17% c) Females 8.44% ..

---~-----------------------~-----~-------------Source:- District Statistical Office, Koraput.

1.9 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION FACILITIES:

Transport and communications is lone of the most important factors co~tributing to the develloprnent of the economy. This district being hilly, doe~ not have good communication facilities. Railway line frern Bailadila to Vishakhapatnam passes through Jeypore and Koraput. There is 154 kms. of National Highway passing through this district. In addition,there are 385.45 kms. of State Highways 404 . 451 kms. of major district roads, 22.500 kms. of other district roads and 307.100 kIDs. of other classified village roads. In addition, there are more than 400 kms. of forest roads in the district.

Table H.Q_,_ ~

Length of roads (Km.) by types maintained by different authorities in Koraput district as per report collected from Superintending Engineer (R&B), Jeypore. --------------------------------------------~----------------Type of Road

Maintained by

Black Top Metalled Gravell ------------- -ed Single Double

Earthen (Kachha) Road

-------------------------------------------------------------Surfaced Road (Pucca)

"

Surfaced and Unsur -faced Rd

National 154.000 Highway

State 384.700 0.700 Highway

Major Distt. Road Other Distt. Road

Classified village road

374.651

14.000

37.800

21. 800 8.000

2.500 9.000

100.000 6.500 162.800

-------- ------------------- ----------------------------------Total 811.151 154.700 121.800 17.000 171.800 -------------------------------------~-----------------------

6

1. 10 FOREST PRODUCE AND FOREST BASED INDUSTRIES:

Important forest produce of the' district are timber, fuelwood and brunboos. Other minor forest produce include Tendu leaves, charcoal, Mahua flowers and seeds & various types of grasses used for fodder and broom making. Lac is also obtained from the forest areas. In addition, there are other minor forest produce like medicinal plants, honey, soap nuts etc. I

\ Forest based industries in the district comprise of saw-mills, paper and straw products mill and a plywood factorY. Forest Development Corporation also runs a number of sawmills. Among these forest based industries, Sewa paper wills Jeypore, J.K. Paper Mills Rayagada, Plywood factory in Nowrangpur are the major timber industries.

**********

2.0

CHAPTER -ll

THE FORESTS

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

...... .. .. ~ .....

The forests of Koraput district can broadly be classified into two types i.e . Miscellaneous and Sal forests which occur interspersed throughout the district .. Bamboo also occurs overlapping particularly in north-east~rn and southwestern parts of the district while in remaining areas of the district it " occurs sparingly in association with tree species.

Sal constitutes the most important forest type mainly located on Koraput plateau, Jeypore plateau and low Malkangiri plains. There is no marked difference in the types of Sal forests'tfound in different local ities of the district yet they are distinctly of a moist forest type or semi-evergreen type Jod find optimum conditions for growth and development in this- district. The areas are well drained and have lateritic soils with very favourable climatic and rainfall conditions. Sal comes up spontaneously on any land that is spared by axe and fire for a few years but it looses its robustness and J.;oftiness in the areas affected by shifting cultivation. · Heavy and irregular exploitation in the past also had its impact on the crop.

Sal i.e.Shorea,robusta in this district is by far the most important economic tree species . Other common associates are : Pterocarpus marsupium, Anogeissus latifolia, Adina cordifolia, Tectonu. grandis, Mitragyna parvifolia, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Dalbergia latifolia. Gmelina arborea, Schleichera oleosa. Syzyz ium cumini, Diospyros melanoxylon, Boswellia serrata, Albizzia species, Salmalia malabar icum, Termina lia arjuna, Bute~ rnonosperma etc. Bamboo is found only sporadically in Sal forest .

Miscellaneous; forest occurs throughout the tract. It is mai nly an association of Terminalia tomentosa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Xylia xylocarpa, Adina c ordifolia, Dalbergia latifolia alongwith other species. Some good forest are as are submerged under various reserviors while others are under shifting cultivation. Bamboo has good stocking in Mi s cellaneous fore s t .

Sandal(Santalurn album) is found occurring nat urally in s ome areas of the districtJparticularly in Rayagada forest divisi on . To prot ect and propogate such valuable speci es a s c h eme is under active imple mentation by t h e State Forest De part ment.

Natur al teak also oc curs at s ome places 1n the district. Most of t he teak f orests have been rep laced by a poor c rop of mixed d e ciduous forests due:to illicit removal.

8

I I

i I I I I ~ II ~

~ .. -0

The forests are quite open and their remoteness from the centre of consumption, difficulties of c.ommun~cation and long distances from·rail head make their extraction problematic. -

A vegetation map of Koraput district prepared by the Forest Survey.of India based on M. S.S. data of Landsat. satellite for the period 1981-83 has been extracted from the vegetation map of Orissa state on 1: 1,0130,000 scale and appended as page no.9.

2.1 FOREST TYPES :

Based on the classification of Chrunpion & Seth the forest of Koraput district can be broadly classified into following major groups namely:-

1. MOIST TROPICAL FORESTS;

Group L Tropical Moi st Deciduous Forests .1 I

Subgroup .;l C: North Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.

2c Moist peninsular sal forests. ,

Subgroup 3B: South Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.

2S1 Southern moist mixed deciduous ,forests and dry bamboo brakes.

2. DRY TROPICAL FORESTS:

Group li..;_

CI C3

E9

Subgroup 5B:

Cl

C2

E2

Tropical Dry Decidous Forests

Dry Teak Forests Southern Dry mixed deciduous forests.

Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous fores t.

Dry Bamboo brakes. (All three s ub-types intricate ly mixed)

No r t he rn Tropical dry dec iduous f orests .

(c) Dry peninsular sal

Northern d ry mixed deciduous forest.

Boswellia serrata forests.

In addit ion to the above major groups, two subgroups are also f ound:

fo l l owing

10

Subgroup 8A:

C3

Subgroup 2B:

Edaphic variations:

El E2

Southern sub-tropical wet hill forests

Central Ind i.an sub-tropical hi 11 forests with sal practically non-existent in Koraput district.

Northern semi-evergreen

Cane brakes Moist bamboo brakes.

2.2 DAMAGE TO THE FORESTS:

The forests of this district have been extensively damaged by the practice of shifting cultivation. This continues to take its toll even now. This practice has reduced once rich forest of this district to open forests and scrub jungles over large areas. Forest fires are also very common because of shifting cultivation. Lot of damage has been done by domestic animals, near human habitations.

2.3 RIGHTS AND CONCESSIONS:

Protected & unreserved forests are heavily burdened with rights and concessions granted to the tribals. Moreover the policy of the Government is to interfere with the tribals to the minimum extent~ This has affected the well being of the forests. Privilege holders who are the residents of numerous tribal villages have been granted number of concessions and are allowed to remove timber from inside the protected forests and unreserved lands adjoining the villages. Concessional rates are also allowed for meeting their fire wood requirements from the reserved forests. Grazing is allowed in the forests at very nominal rates to the villagers. As a result of all these concessions, forests in this district in almost all accessible areas,are very much depleted and are now only relics of their glorious past.

2.4 FOREST MANAGEMENT:

Most of the forest areas of Koraput district were untouched by scientific management till almost late fifties. Prior to this period the forest management was in the hands of the local Rulers and tenants had unrestricted rights of removal of timber and use of forest for shifintg cultivation. Some check over collection of timber was imposed by collecting nominal rents from the tenants. After abolition of Zamindari in 1952, management of forests came under the Gontrol of Orissa Forest Department. No systematic management cotiid be introduced for quite a few years as the main occupation of the forest officials was demarcation and reservation of forest areas.

11

Sin.ce most of the ar.eas· were under sal and miscellaneous forests,· the forest management· plans for the three forest divisions which cover Koraput district, prescribe management of the forests under various working circles as mentioned below:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

Sal Sele'ction Working circle. Sal Conversion Working circle. Coppice Working circle. Plantation Working circle. Protection-Working circle . Selection Working circle for miscellaneous forests. Minor Forest Produce Working Circle. Bamboo{overlappling) Working Circle.

I Sal selection workingl circle includes good quality

sal forests capable of yielding large size commercial timber . Sal conversion working circle ~as created for conversion of uneven aged forests into more even crops by adopting periodi'c blocks. The conversion period was fixed as 100 years. Most of the areas requiring' clear felling because of the shifting cultivation and other biotic interferences were included in the coppice working circle. Clear felled areas were closed for 6 ,years and piotected from fire. Wherever degraded forests have a chance to recover and where clear felling can not be resorted to due to steep slopes and other silvicultural considerations, those are put under Protection -cum-Rehabilitation Working Circle.

Valuable miscellaneous forests were brought under Selection Working Circle for miscellaneous species.

2.5

Forests of Koraput district are rich in variety of fauna but their number is reduced due to depradation by tribal people. Some of the important wild animals found in the,se forests are tiger, panther, gaur, nilgai, wild boar, deer, sambar, barking deer,sloth bear, wild buffaloes, mousedeer and various species of monkeys .

Wild birds comnonly seen are peacocks and other common indian birds like mynah, bulbul , parrots etc. Wildlife in this district needs strict prot ect ion particularly in tribal areas where it always suffers very badly due to dominant hunting instinct amongst the tribals. Wiith the strict enforcement of protection under the Wildlife Prreservation Act and creation of a few Wildlife Sanctuaries in this district the position of wild life has improved a lot.

***********

12

3.0

CHAPTER - III

RESOURCES SURVEY METHODOLOGY

OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY:

The object~ve~ of this resource~ survey were:

1. To collect information on distribution of forest with reference to general topography, altitude, aspect, slope, depth of soil etc.

2. To collect information on crop data including origin of crop, its composition, height, size, quantum of regeneration, injuries to crop, fire and grazing incidence, presence of weeds and grasses etc.

3. To collect information on bamboo occurrence such as species found,their density, quality, stage of flowering and regneration etc.

4. To estimate the areas falling under various land uses (in'green wash' areas shown on Survey of India maps).

5. To estimate the growing stock of trees and bamboos 1n areas having fore~t cover.

6. To determine the plantation potential of the land.

,7 To focus attention on critical aspects about the condition of the forest for national planning.

3.1 ARE6 CONSIDERED FOR SURVEY:

For the purpose of this inventory, the forest areas falling under Koraput district were considered. For the purpose of deciding forest areas the Survey of India maps, preferably more recently published on 1:50,000 scale and in case of their non-availability, those on 1" = 1 mile scale were used for the survey. All tho~e areas which are

.;1 demarcated by· double dotted for.e~t boundarie~ on these maps having green wash within or outside such boundaries were taken a~ forest areas for undertaking this inventory.

3 . 2 INVENTORY DESIGN:

The inventory design adopted for this survey was evolved 1n con~ultation with the Central Statistical Organisation (Govt. of India). The design envisage~ the survey of two randomly selected plots each of 0.1 ha area, in each grid of 21.2' x 2}f' on 1:50,000 toposheets. One grid of 2~'x 2)2' in this area rough ly cover~ ~ sq.km. The sampling inten~ity of the inventory, thus, come~ to 0. Ihn for 10 sq.km. area i.e. 0.01%. The method of marking the plot centre on the map wit hin the grid is as follows:

13

o 23 15

05 ,

04

0:;

02

01

z3 4

~I 000

01

75~5'

,

GRID NO.O~ bl ..

02 03 04 05

DIAGRAM -2 04

DIAGRAM SHOWING LAY-OUT OF PLOT IN 2 II2'X 2 1/2' GRID

. IX' a 'y' ARE THE DISTANCES ALONG

IX' a 'yl AXES WITH SW CORNER AS

THE ORIGIN

DIAGRAM-I DIAGRAM SHOWING IDENTIFICATION OF GRIDS

ON I: 50,000 OR 1:63,360 SCALE.TOPOSHEETS

, '\.

.'\. /

/ /

/ /

/ //

/

~GR1D CENTRE

X I /, ~ P.2 -it- , . tC'J\ C

: / / y 0 "\.l.:f.. I ,'\.

./I , / I ,

/ I ,

/ : , 01 ORIOIN

DIAGRAM-3

DIAGRAM SHOWING

LAY-OUT OF A..OT

Two sides (X-axis & Y-axis) of a 2)2' ,x 2)2' grid are measu~ed in millimeters. The length of these sides is divided by 0.6324 rom (side of 0.1 ha square plot) in case the map is on 1:50,000 scale or by 0.4990 mm in case the map is on 1:63,360 scale. The quotient obtained is rounded. Let the numbers for X-axis be X and that for Y -axis be Y. One set of three random numbers are selected from random numbers table. If the random number selected for X-axis is less than x then it is retained and if the random number is more than x then it is divided by x and the remainder is retained. Similar exercise has to be done for Y-axis also. The figures so obtained for X and Y axis are the coordinates of the centre of plot no.1 which has to be reckoned from south-west corner of the grid as the origin. The distance along X-axis is measured towards east and along Y-axis towards north. Thus, the location of plot 1 is marked on the map at the crossing of these two coordinates. Similar exercise has to be done for plot 1 of each grid. For marking the centre of the second plot of each grid, the plot centre of the first plot and the centre of the grid(2~ ~x2)f ~ )are joined and the line extended to the same distance in opposite direction beyond the grid centre. The point so reached is the plot centre of the second plot. The location-of second plot is thus, linked with that of the first plot. The layout of 2~ 'x2Yz' grid and the plots is shown in the diag~ams 1, 2. and 3. The plots so marked are to be visited only when they fall in forest areas i.e. the areas covered by green wash in the Survey of India toposheets on 1:50,000 scale or 1:63.360 scale.

3.3 LOCATION QE PLOT ON 1HE GROUND:

As stated earlie~. the survey is confined to the forest areas only as decided on the basis of forest boundaries and green wash on the toposheets. The plot has to be visited only when it has fallen in some forest area. All the forested plots of the survey area. duly ma~ked on the toposheets were allotted to different crews. The crews had to draw up their programme to halt at some convenient place in order to tackle maximum plots from that place. The plot on the toposheet has to be exactly located on the ground with the help of some conspicuous feature near by it. The exact location of the plot was made by calculating the bearing and distance of the plot 'from the reference point i. e. conspicuous feature identified on the map and exactly located on the ground. Further traversing of distance was made by following the compass bearing and measuring the distance to the plot. While traversing to the plot the magnetic declination found in the area, as indicated on the map, was also taken into account. Similarly while traversing the distance, slope oorrections were also made in order to i..Joasure correct horizontal distance.

15

On reaching the plot centre, a square plot was laid out by taking distance of 22.36 meters in all the four directions (i.e.north, south, east and west) from the plot centre. Thus, an exact plot of 0.1 ha area (having each side of 31.62 meters) was laid out horizontally after making corrections for slope with the help of Blumeliess hypsometer.

3.4 FORMAT FOR DATA COLLECTION:

After laying out the plot in the field,. various data were collected in the following field forms in codified manner(except in Plot Approach Form)as described in the field manual lin detai Is which was issued to the crews for data collectibn purposes. This facilitated the transfer of data on punch! cards, consistency checking of collected data as per field mrnual and finally processing of data on electronic computer,at a later stage. The field forms used are:

1.

1. I 2. I 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Plot Approach Form, Plot Description Form, Plot Enumeration Form. Sample Tree Form, Bamboo Enumeration-cum-Clurnp Analysis Bamboo Enumeration Form for Non-clump Bamboos. Bamboo Height Form. Herbs and Shrubs Data Form. Special Study Form for Volume and Classes.

Form, Forming

Utility

As the title suggests, this form is a record of approach to the plot centre from the field camp o f a crew. It. 1S filled in by the crew l eader 'as h e 'proceeds from his camp to some conspicuous feature existing near by the plot. The distance and bearing from the well defined refe r en ce point to the plot centre is also recorded on it. The exact location of plot centre i . e. bearing and distance from two trees t o the plot centre is also mentioned together with the time of departure from camp, time taken in various studies and time of arrival in the camp. This form helps t he check crew or a.ny other person to relocate the p lot easily whenever required. The data on this form i s recorded in descriptive. manner with a neatly drawn sketch showing the location of· reference point, plot centre etc. whenever necessary.

2. Plot Description Form.

Thi s d e scription of

form 2 ha

is designed for recording area around the plot

qualitative centre . The

information regarding administrative units, legal status, land-use, topogr.aphy, soil, vegetation, bamboo, regeneration, biotic influences, accessibility, plantation potentiality etc. were recorded. The data was recorded in codified manner and was transferred to punch cards for further computer analysis. The stratification of area and classification of growing stock was done on the basis of these descriptions only.

3. Plot Enumeration Form.

In this form, all the trees having dia. 10 cm. over bark and above and all' the bamboo clumps occuring in the 0.1 ha. sample plot were recorded by species. This was meant for computing total growing stock existing in all such plots and finally in whole of the surve:>\, area which were estimated on the basis of these plots.

4. Sample Tree Form.

Detailed information regarding the species, dia. at breast height (over bark), height, clear bole, bark thickness dominance, defects etc. of all trees occuring in NW quadrant of all the plots were recorded in this form. On the basis of these parameters, (i. e. height, dia. and clear bole) J we got volume of the plots which further enabled us to estimate the total growing stock of the area falling under various strata.

I.

5. Bamboo Enumeration-cum-Clump Analysis Form.

In this form. the data of individual culms occurring in the selected clumps bearing S.No. 1 , 9, 17, 25, 33 etc. i.e. first and every eighth clump appearing in plot enumeration form was recorded. Thus, information abo~t the' age, soundness, size, condition etc. of the culms was obtained and analysed in various columns of this form. This information gave the position of total bamboo stock by clumps occurring under various conditions.

6. Bamboo Enumeration Form for Non-clump Forming Species.

This form was not used in this survey since nonclump ,forming bamboos were not found in the tract. The same are generally found in the North-eastern region of the country. The Mooli bamboo (Melocanna bambusoides) is the main species of this kind profusely found in Manipur & Tripura etc. of North-eastern region of the country.

17

7. Bamboo Weight Form.

This form was designed for collecting data to determine the green.weight of bamboo of different species and sizes and further for establishing relationship between green and dry weight of a bamboo culm. The data was recorded in respect of two selected culJils from each dia. class i. e. 2-5, 5-8 and 8+cm and the green weight of three 50 crn. long subsamples, each taken from the bottom, the middle and the top portions of the culm. Further, these three samples were dried in air and finally in the oven in order to remove their moisture contents and to get their dry weights~ This facilitated to establish relationship between the green and the dry weights to know the total growing stock of bamboo in terms of weight.

8. Herbs and Shrubs Data Form.

Data regarding shrubs & herbs occurring in 4!Sq.m. (2mx2m)area around the plot centre was recorded in this' form .

9. Special Study Form for Volume and Utility Classes

In order to calculate cull and utility volumes under various dia. classes ranging from 10 em. d.b.h . . over bark and above for all imporatant species occurring. in- the tract, a special volume study wns conducted and .;lata on various aspects recorded in this form. Unfortunately these data could not be analysed and used in this report on r account of dismantling of 332 System of N. F. C. C., F. R. I. Dehrad'~n.

3.5 FIELD WORK:

Field work of Koraput district was completed between Nov. 82 to May 83 and Nov.83 to Jan. 84 (two field seasons) keeping the base camps respectively at Jeyp0t.;e and Rayagada. Initially, six cre~s were deployed on this work each. consisting of one Jr. Technical Assistant as Crew leader, one Deputy Ranger and two Fieldmen. One vehacle was provided between two parties to undertake the field work. Afterwards, from April 83 four more crews were deplbyed in this survey after completion of field work in Dhulia district of Maharashtra which was simultaneously undertaken iby the Central Zone. In the second field season only eight crews were deployed for the inventory survey.

, 3.6 FIELD CHECKING:

During the course of field work, the checking of the surveyed plots was done by the Dy.Director incharge of the survey and the Sr. Technical Assistant (check crew). About 10% of the total number of plots tackled by. various crews were checked and mistakes, if any, found dur1ng the checking were removed from the field forms.

18

3.7 MAPS:

The ~aps covering the survey area used during the inventory work, their scale and year of survey (on the basis of which these maps ""ere prepared by Survey of India ) and no. of plots falling in each are given below:-

List of Mapsheets Covering Koraput District. ------------------------------------------------------------S.No. Mapsheet No. Scale Year of

Survey. No. of plots

------------------~-----------------------------------------

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1l. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 3l. 32 .. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

64 H/16 64 L/4 65 E/13 65 F/8 65 Fill 65 F/12 65 F/1t! 65 FilS 65 F/16 65 G/5 65 G/9 65 G/13 65 III ~5 1/2 65 1/3 65 1/4 65 1/5 65 1/6 65 1/7 65 Ii'8 65 1/9 65 1/10 65 1/11 65 1/12 65 1/15 65 1/16 65 J/l 65 J/2 65 J/3 65 J/4 65 J/5 65 J/6 65 J/7 65 J/8 65 J/9 65 J/10 65 Jill 65 J/12 65 J/13 65 J/14 65 J/15 65 M/2

1:50,OOO 1974-75 I 1978-79

1::1 mile 1:50,000 1=1 mile 1=1 mile

I' 1937-38 1974-75 1974-75 1929-30 1974-75 1929-30 1929-30

1:50,000

1=1 mile 1=1 mile 1=1 mile 1=1 mile 1=1 mile 1:50,000 1=1 mile 1"=1 mile 1"=1 mile 1"=1 mile 1"=1 mile 1"=1 mile 1"=1 mile 1"=1 mile

19

I 1930-31 1928-29 1974-75 1967-68 1966-67 ,

I I 1975-76 1967-68 1967-68 1967-68

I 1968-69 !, 1968-69

1967-68 1967-68 1968-69 ..1968-69 1966-69 1968-69 1972-73 1932-33 1930-31 1930-32 1932-33 1932 -33 1930-32 1978-79 1931-32 1931-32 1931-32 1931-32 1931-32 1931-32 1931-32 1936-37

7 2 14 2 9 21 7 31 32 7 30 10 35 27 6 3 30 30 24 18 6 16 21 12 6 33 18 40 60 59 22 40 23 12 24 10 10

4 13 7 5

43. 65 M/3 1"=1 mile 1935-36 58

44. 65 M/4 1"=1 mile 1935-36 45

45. 65 M/5 1"=1 mile 1936-37 13

46. 65 M/6 1"=1 mile 1936-37 35

47. 65 H/7 1"=1 mile 1935-36 40

48. 65 M/8 1"=1 mile 1935-36 47

49. 65 M/9 1"=1 mile 1935-36 9

50. 65 M/10 1"=1 mile 1935-36 39

51. 65 Mill 1"=1 mile 1935-36 41

52. 65 M/12 1"=1 mile 1935-36 29

53. 65 Milt! 1"=1 mile 1935-36 43

54. 65 M/15 1"=1 mile 1935-36 54

55. 65 M/16 1"=1 mile 1935-36 29

56. 65 Nil 1"=1 mile 1933-34 55

57. 65 N/2 1"=1 mile 1933-34 14

58. 65 N/3 1"=1 mile 1933-34 , "6

59. 65 N/5 1:50,000 1976-77 7

60. 74 A/3 1:50,000 1975-76 3

61. 74 A/4 1:50,O00 1975-76 1 --------

Total 1354 ---------

***********

20

(

CHAPTER - IV

DATA PROCESSING.

4.0 SAMPLING DESIGN:

Grids were marked at 2~ 'x 21'2.' interval in green wash areas ~f Survey of India mapsheets relating to the area falling in Koraput. district. Two sample plots were laid in each grid,' one at random and other linked to the first in the opposite quadrant at an equal distance from the grid centre. The plots were square in shape having an area of 0.1 ha each.

4.1

The basic data of inventory was collected in Plot description form, Plo,t enumeration form, Sample tree form, Bamboo enumeration form and Bamboo weight form. The field forms were precoded so that the data are transferred on to the card directly. There were, in all 4686 field forms which involved punching of the following number of card design.

Card design --------------

1. Plot description form 2. Plot enumeration form 3. Sample tree form 4. Bamboo enumeration form 5. Bamboo weight form

4.2 DATA PROCESSING:

Total

No. of cards.

1354 2844 4627

623 275

19723

The field forms received in the Data Processing Unit were checked with the list supplied by the zone. Entries of the field forms were made in the r egister regarding the number of field forms relating to each map sheet, grid and plot. The total number of cards to be punched in each card design were also estimated and indicated in the register for future reference. Job number. card design and left hand zeros wherever missing were filled up in the field forms.

~Rch entry of the field form was checked for consistency in the data. The main checks applied were the range check for codes and logical check for inter-relation between the entries for two and more fields.

Listing taken out of the data loads on tape/disk were checked to ensure complete loading and proper sequence of data.

21

Sample statistics were calculated and checked with the computer output to see if the calculation on computer are correct. These 'involved volume of enumerated tree from local volume equation, plot volume and standard error etc. Immediate computer output were checked for consistency and relevance of the results, Tables were also prepared

mannually.

II. Processing Qn Unit Record Machines.

The data of field forms was p l,mched on cards using card punching machine. The punched data were verified to detect punching mistakes with the help of card verifier. The card were then sorted for proper input to the computer.

I III. Processi!'lIt gn Electronic Computer,

, I The: punched data on card after verification and

sorting were loaded on magnetic tapes/disk and listings of the loaded data taken out to check if complete data have been loaded in proper sequence.

Volume of each enulllerated tree was estimated from the local volume equation used for the species. Contribution of the volume of each enumerated tree towards per hectare volume was derived and a tree/plot volume file created f or further processing. Using the tree/plot volume file, growing stock tables were prepared and standard error of the estimate of growing stock in each forest type calculated.

The data of this su~vey was mainly processed on 332 system of N.F.C,C., F.R. I. The computer has the following

configuration.

4.3

1. Memory 2, Card Reader 3. ' Tape drives 4. Disk drives 5. Line printer

AREA:

- 256K bytes 1

-, 2 2 1

Area figures were not available from interpret ed aerial photographs. The map sheets of geographical area and forested area covered in Koraput district were also supplied by the zonal office and were taken as oorrect and the weightage of each plot was calculated on the basis of total plots falling in the total geographical area.

The total forested area was calculated on the above basis and classified by land use class and given in Table

5.1T. The area falling in land-use 'dense tree forest, open forest, young plantation of forestry species and young crop of natural and artificial regeneration wa~ con~idered

22

a;o_" tre~ v~g~ta~iOt1 _ C_OVf3r and was. classified by crop composit~oI1 (For~st, types), classes on :t?he ba.sis of the number of sample plots in each separate estimate for three crop compositions viz; Teak, Sal and Miscellaneous as given in Table 5.2 T. The area. under each crop composition (Forest type) was further classified by Topography (Table 5.3 T), Slope class (Table 5.4T), Soil depth(Table 5.5T},Top height (Table 5.6T), Size class (Table 5.7T), Canopy layer (Table 5.8 'i'), Govt. forest land utilisation pattern(Table ,5.9 T)& Estimated plantable area in Govt. forest land (Table 5.10 T).

However, it may be noted that the area estimates are based on ground observations i.e. on a limited number of sample plots and carry a large sampling error. Therefore, the areas under different categories given in tables described above may be considered as indicative only and used with due caution.

4.4 VOLUME ESTIMATION:

4.4. l. GENERAL VOLUME EQUATIONS;

Under bark volume of each 'felled tree was computed to develop the general volume equation. After discarding the abnormal tree (if any) regression ,equations were fitted, taking volume or its transformal form.- as dependent variable and diameter height or their transfoNn~d forms as in indepen-dent variable. ."

The following types of regression functions were

tried. i.' v = a +

2. V = a + bD + cD2H

3. V .- a'+ bH + cD2H

4. ~og V = a + bLog D + Clog H.

5. V/~2 H :; a + b/D2H

6. v = a + bD2 + cD2 H

7. V = a. + bD2H + c(D2H)2'

8. v = a + b/D2H + cD2H

• After a. careful scrutiny of the

following equations were selected, cons~dering (a) the standard error of estimate· t .. · (b) the multiple deteLrninant co-efficient, (c) the applicability of the equation .in the

data.

23

result, the

entire range of

1. Adina cordifolia {39}

V = -0.117924 + 1.041595 D + 0.256368 D2H

2. Anogeissus latifolia {76}

V = -0.009211 + 0.500013 D2H - 0.022211(D2H}2/

3. Bombax ceiba (28)

4.

5.

V/D2H = 0.311630 -0.004022/D2H

or V = -0.004022 + 0.311630 D2H ~

Boswellia serrata (34) \

V ~.0.004783 + 0.3~1536D2H + 0.021818{D2H)2y/

Bridelia retusa (58)

Log V = 0.794669 + 2.315417 Log D + 0.534416 Log H . ./

6. Cleistanthus collinus(35)

Log V = 0.'594183 + 2.267380 Log D + 0.562626 Log H-/'

7. Dalbergia l~tifolia (39) !

V ~ 0.009238 + 0.376711 D2H + 0.016492 (D2ff)2.../'"

8. Diospyros melanoxylon (67) t

V/D2H = 0.445716 - 0.007106/D2H - 0.005929~p2H

or V = - 0.007106 + 0.445716D2H - 0.005929 (D2H)2~

9. Garuga pinnata (61) ~

Log V = 0. 262489 + 2.277 143 Log D + 0.686867 L?g H-/

10. Lagerstroemia parviflora (45) t

V = 0.009491 + 0. 352882D2H + 0.015283(D2H)2~

11. Lannea coromandel ica (65)

D2H ,,__....

V = - 0.055367 + 0.422394 D + 0.338742 r

12. Madhuca latifolia (32)

V ~ 0.001526 + 0.391284 D2H ~

24

13. Mitragyna parvifolia (40)

Log V = - 0.097172 + 2.050903 Log D + 0.678458 Log H ~

14. Ougeinia dalbergioides (39)

V = 0.00398 + 0.384313 D2H ~

15. Pterocarpus marsupium (69)

V = - 0.014390 +1.332840 D2 + 0.328477 D2H ~ 16. Shorea robusta(77)

\ !

\

V/D2H = 0.338574 - 0.001775/02

H

V = - 0.001775 + 0.338574 02H ~ 17. Syz~gium cumini(41)

or

Log V = 0.842866 + 2.412125 Log D + 0.521065 Log H../ ..

18. Terminalia belerica (31)

V = - 0.093639 + 7.384277 02 + 0.070648 D2H ~ 19. Terminalia crenulata (98)

V/D2H = 0.361631 + 0.001254/02

H - 0.001864D2+r

Y.: f'). .......

V = 0 . 001254 + 0.361631 D H - 0.001864 (D H) , or

20. Rest of species (77)

V = - 0.002909 + 0.376517 02H J 4.4.2 SAMPLE TREE VOLUME;

Sample tree vo.lumes are obtained by substituting height and diameter of sample trees in the general volume equations of the species presented above and a sample tree volume file was created.

4 .5 LOCAL VOLUME EQUATION;

The estimated sample tree volume or its transformed form is considered as dependent variable and the diameter or its transformed form as an independent variable for the regression.

The following types of regression were verified for each species.

2 V = a + b D

25

functions

v :;:: a + bD + cD2

V :;:: a + bD· = cD'2+ dD3

V :;:: a + b'JD + cD2

{i= a + bD

/V= a + bD + c D

V/D2 = a + biD +

f)

c/D£.

V/D2 = a + b/D2 + c/D + dD

I One of these equations is selected

species on the basis of \

Log V = a + b Log D

(a) Standard error of the estimate,

(b) Coefficient of determinator, I

for each

(c) Applicability of the equation in the entire range of data.

The following local volume equations were selected on the above criteri a fo r different species as under.

Loc!il _Volume Eguations:

1~'t Adina cordifol ia (32) (2,'<

V/D2:;:: 7.16812 + 0. 19669/D - 0.08507/D2

or V ::: - 0.08507 + 0.~9669 D + 7.16812 D2

/

2. Anogeissus lutifolia (357)

v :;:: 0.13928 - 2.87067 D + 20.22404 D2

_ 13.80572.D3 ~ {,}

3. Bombax ceiba (17)

J)4 V ::: 0.02834 + 4.68381 D2/,

4. Boswellia serrata (29) \\y V ::: 0.36432 _ 1. 32768JD + 9 .48471 D2 ~

5. Bridellia retusa (81) \\~ // JV::: 0.11620 + 4.12711 D - 1.08508!D./'

26

'to. - Cleistantus co 11 inus (350) 1

./v = 0.,12956 + 3.78190 D - 1.04671

7. Dalbergia latifolia (27)

I

/D/

It V/D = - 2.56050 - 0.00965/D + 0. 58546/D +24.34215 D ~~~r· , 2 2 or

v= - 0.00965+ 0.58546 D - 2.56050 D2 +24.34215 D3 ../

8. Diospyros melanoxylon (168)

IV = 0.06728 + 4.06351 D - 0.99816 JD/ Garuga pinnata (77) ,

V /D2= _ 5.53172 _.10.09144/D2+ 1. 485;.88/D +24.04851 D

or I ~ 2 3 V = -0.09144+1.48588D~- 5.53172D + 24.04851 D ~

10. Lagerstroemia parviflora (89) \ V/D2 = 9.28416 -1: 25923/D + 0.07199/D

2 or

2 V = 0.07199 - 1.25923 D + 9.28416 D ~

11. Lannea corornandelica (12<1)

"'.:; V/D2

= 9.54478 2

- 0.01071/D - 0.66528/D - '1. 58876

F/ or V - - 0.01071 - 0.66528 D + 9.54478 D2 _ 4.58876

12. MadbucD.. latifolia (66)

l<'\')" 2 ~ V = 0.10423 - 1.38429 D + 8.39379 D ~

13. Mitragyna parvifolia (28) -..~{." , 2

V ':: 0.084404 - 1.268v)1 D + 8.75274 D""""

~ 14. Ougeinia dalbergioides (69)

JV = 0.03'156 + 3.81921 D - 0.80884 .!D ./ 15. Pterocarpus marsupium (184)

~l '1

IV = - 0,16276 + 2.82002 D + 0.04034 JD V

16. Shorea robust a (599)

;v-= 0.19994 + 4.57179 D - 1.56823JI)~

17. Syzygium cumini (85)

\r.( IV = 0.'30706 + 5.12731 D - 2.09870 !D v

2'7

D

D3 .........

18. Terminalia belerica (40)

lq_? v :: - 0.14823+2.44138 D -6.86434 D2 +18 . 05444 D~v' q ,

i 19. Terminal ia crenulata (289)

y \/~\ 20. Rest

V := 0.05061 - 1. 1199-,+. 8.77839 D2../

of species (1786)

IV = 0.06063 + 3.43666 D - 0.75571 JD v The figures in the brackets against the species is

the number of observations on which the regression equation is based.

4.5.1 IENUMEHATED TREE VOLUME;

IAn estimate of the volume of each enumerated tree in a plot 'was obtained by substituting the breast height over bark diameter of the tree in the local volume equation selected for the species. The enumerated tree volumes were converted ·to per hectare volume and stored on a magnetic tape/disk' in a tree/plot volume file form together with species code, Tree diameter, parameters of the plot description form, per hectare sterns and vohirne in the plot . This file helped in the tabulation of results by species diameter class for different forest types.

4.5.2 ,PLOT VOLUME;

The estimated volume of each enumerated tree when added up over the whole plot volume. Thcfie were also stored in tree/plot volume file. The plot volumes in the form of per hectare helped to estimate per hectare volume 1n different classes in table computer output.

Average volumes per hectare were calculated in different classes of topography, slope, soil depth, canopy layer, top height, and Slze class under each crop composition. These are given in computer output tables. The plot volumes were also 1.med to estimate the sampling error of the growing ~.>tock for' each forest type.

4.5.3 STAND TABLES;

The elements of the tree/plot volume were utilized "to classify the trees. Estimate of number of stems per hectare and total stems by species and diameter classes were obtained from tree/plot volume file for each forest type and are gi~en as tables 6.1T(A) & (B) to 6.3T (A) .& (B).

j The stems per hectare and total stems over all forest type were also derived; these are "given as table 6.4T.

28

4.5.4 STOCK TABLES;

Estimates of volume per hectare and total volume by species and diameter classes were obtained from tree/ plot volume file fer each forest type and are given as tables 6 . 5 T (A) & (B) to 6. 7 T (A) & (B).

Estimates of volume per hectare and total volume by species and diameter OVer all forest types were also calculated from tree/plot volume file. This is given as table 6 . 8T.

4.6 SAMPLING ERROR:

The sample was considered as systematic cluster sample having two sample plots in each cluster. In order to estimate sampling error, the sample was considered to constitute a simple random sample of unequal cluster, and ratio method of estimation was used as in many cases only one plot was enumerated from a grid.

Let = n = Total number of cluster (grids) in the sample.

Yi = The total of per hectare volume in the ith cluster' .

Xi = Number of plots in ith cluster

L :x. X ::: _L-=..t ____ ..!-______ _

1\

R

=

/\

v

or

n

::: Average number of plots per cluster. ~n

_f;l ____ ~~ ____ _ = .L i.-I

Estimate clusters.

.x. 1.

of average volume per hectare over all

Estimate of variance of R /'.

/\

R N-n ~n (Yi-R Xi)2

::: -----------=2 -------------------N x n x X ;'=1 n-1

1 1\

(){- R 2

X.) l

= L_n --------=-2 n(n-1) X 1.=1

(Ignoring the finite population correction factor) .

29

= 1 ~ 2. 1\ y\ 1\2 Y\ '2) . ________ -: ___ r_YJ Y. -2R L X- ll. +R L X·

2 . 1 1. '\. at. 1.. n (n-1) x t~ \.=1 t.".l

Estimate of the standard error of R

SE = [IT R

SE SE:?~ = ----- x 100

R

4.7

4.7. 1 BAMBOO AREA;

The occurrence of bamboo species was examined in an area of about 2 ha around the plot centre and its density and quality recorded in the Plot description form. The area under bamboo was estimated from this information by giving proper 'v1eightage to the plot. Area under each quality of bamboo was. also estimated from the number of plots fall ing in each quality. It is given in para 5.15. Dendrocalarnus strictus mainly occurs in the area.

4.7.2 'BAMBOO CLUMPS PER HECTARE;

The bamboo clumps occurrine in each sample plot were enumerated by species and diameter in plot enumeration form . This information was utilized to estimate the number of clumps per hectare by species and clump size classes (diameter). _ Since quality is recorded in Plot description form . only, this information was merged with the Plot enumeration form to estimate the number of clumps per hectare in each quality and clump size class. It is given in t~ble 7.1T & 7.2T.

4.7.3 CULMS PER CLUMP;

Bamboo enumeration forro contains the information of number of culms by age (current year, one to two years and over two years) and soundness (green sound, green damaged, dry sound, dry damaged and decayed). The culms were further classified by culm diameter class (2 - 5 em, 5 - 8 crn and 8 em and above). This information was used to estimate the number of culms per clump in different classes . It is given in table 7.3T.

30

4.7.4

hectare number classes

4.7.5

CULMS PER HECTARE; . \ From the estimate of the number

and the number of eulms per clump, of culms' per hectare was obtained of each species. It is given tab 1e

TOTAL NUMBER OF CULMS;

of " clumps per the estimate ' of under different in 7.4T.

The estimates of the number of eulms per- hectare and the area provided an estimate of the total number of bamboo culms under different classes. It is given in table

7.5T.

4.7.6 BAMBOQ WEIGHT;

Weight of freshly felled culms of diameter 2-5 cm, . 5-6 cm and 8 em and above are given in Bamboo weight form together with diameter, total height, utilisable height up to 1 em and upto 2 em top diameter, This information was used to estimate the green weight of bamboo culms by culm size class (em), These weights when applied to the number of eulms per hectare provided per hectare greeri tonnage of bamboo. This is given in tables 7.6T to 7.10T.

The ~ollowing factors were used to obtain green equivalent weight of different categories of culms.

Dry Sound 1.0

Dry damage 1. 0

Green Sound - 1,0

Green damaged -0.5 •

Decay~d - 0.0

****:jI.*********

31

5.0 AREA:

CHAPTER - V

INVENTORY RESULTS

The forest resources of Koraput district have been estimated on the basis of data collected from 1354 randomly selected sample plots falling in all kinds of forest lands as determined from green wash and forest boundaries etc. on Survey of India toposheets. Various parameters have been calculated based on the number of plots falling in each category and the data collected from such sample plots during the course of field work. Area in each category was calculated by finding out the number of plots falling in that category out o£ the total number of plots distributed over the entire forest area of Koraput district and by giving due weightage in terms of area to each plot. Weightage for each sample plot works out to be approximately 10 sq.km.

5.1 FOREST AREA AND LAND USRS:

On the basis of random lay out of plots on toposheets, 1354 forested sample plots were selected and visited. The se plots fell in Govt. forest land as well as in private forest lands which could be confirmed from field visit s only. Table no. 5.1 T gives the picture of how the forest land of Koraput district (including private forest land) 1S being used . It indicates that about 50.66% of forest land is under tree veget ation out of which 36% is under dense and moderately dense forest having canopy density

.above 30% and 15% is under open forest having canopy density 5to30~~. In all 9200 sq. km . (68%) of forest land is under some vegetation including tre e forest, young plantations, P8U!90o brakes, ~crubs('iith 9.ensity below 5,%). , young crop of natural or artificial regeneration etc. The inaccessible terrain is also included here as it has been observed that such terrain does h a ve some kind of vegetation. The scrub forests which occupy 5% of the forest land consist of inferiortree growth mainly of small stunted trees with canopy density less than 5% associated with bushy growth. Remaining

/

4340 s q.km. (32%) of forest land is devoid of any v egetation. Such lands are occupied by s hifting cultivation (10.41%), grass lands,ba rren lands, agricultural lands with or without trees in surround, habitation, water bodies etc. These lands are being u~ed for non-forestry purposes. The areas under shifting cultivati on g o on changing their position every year. The local people, particularly tribals, clear fell and burn the forest, raise agri cultural crops for one or two seasons and then leave the locality. They subsequently sel ect new are a for this operation . Shifting cultivation (podu) is a major problem faced by the forest department in t his district due to which forest wealth i s depleting at a very fas t rate . Encroachme nt of forest land fo r permane nt

32

e

sJ , 13' I

"I "- i

'" ' ,

Q~ANDUSE MAP OF ,KORA PUT DISTRICT SCA~E ' . -. 100: 0000

9

"

DENSE a MODERATELY DENSE' FOREST

,OPEN FOREST

~"¥----+---lo.-:-'f---+---'---h-__ --.J SCRUB FOREST

, 12

S3

-_ .~ ,....,-.,- , ~5RTnING-C'(j[TIVAfiON--

AGRI. LANDS

GOVT. GRASS LANDS

YOUNG PLANTATION

WATER BODIES

I

I,

I" I I

Ii" 11111 1111111 11 _ L I '

~ b J I I ' I

u ! .J "_:' " ,

.lj , ~". "2l , I Imljtffttll I 1

, rL221mQ .. ~.~ I

J

cultivation and habitation was also noticed over 18.61% of forest area. Some of these forest lands have been allotted to the encroachers as per the policy of State Govt. 's but some are still, occupied by the encroachers illegally. The areas falling outside the forest boundary or the green wash in the Survey of India toposheets were not taken into account for the purpose of this survey.

Table No.5. 1 .T

Distribution of total forest Qy land use classes

---------------------------------~---------------------------

S.No. Land use No.of Area in sample sq. km. plots.

Percentage

----------------------~--------------------------------------

1. Tree forest 686 , 6860.0 50.66

2. Young plantation 4" 40.0 0.30

3. Baraboo brakes 3 .,. 30.0 0.22

4. Scrub forest 69 -.t 690.0 5.10

5. Shifting cultivation 141 'J(. 1410.0 10.41

6. Grass lands 1 v: 10.0 0.07

7. Barren lands 4 '- 40.0 0.30

8. Agri. land with & without trees and non-forestry plantations 252 ~ 2520.0 18 . 61

9. Habitation 13 ~ 13v).0 0.96

10. Water bodies 21 ~ 210.0 1. 55

11. Young crop of natural 95,., 950.0 7.02

" or lITtificial reg ene-tion

12. Other lands 2 '10. 20.0 0.15

13. Inaccessible 63 " 630.0 4.65

------ ---1354 13540.0 v" 100%

------------------~....:;~-";.._.~.:---.----------...':.---. ....:.---_.:..---------------~

A map no. 5.1 M,representing the distribution of plots falling under various categories of land uses has been prepared and appended as page no. 36. The map shows that the dense and moderately dense forest areas are confined to northern and north-eastern parts of the district. The southeastern part of the district also nas some patches of dense forest. The central part mainly has agricultural land with open and poor forest vegetation.

5.2 ~ BY CROP COMPOSITIONS:

Table no. 5.2. T gives picture of tree forest under various crops/forest types. Out of 9200 sq.km. of vegetated area of the total forest land ( 13540 sq. km. ), the tree forests i.e. dense forest, moderately dense forest, open forest, young plantation and young crop of natural or artificial regeneration together constitute 58% of the area

34

CI)

5 LIJ Z

X j LLI 0 LIJ ~ -

I&.

~

z 0 ..J ~ ..J

0

I/) ~ LIJ

'" i I/) l- V!

~ c:t: 2 ~ z ~ o!!

N

- Q ~ -II) o~ g' ~ 2 00. .......

UCI: 4.0: 00

bJ ..J

N

0: ~

-

()¥ ~

or 7850 sq.km. These forests were classified under different crop compositions i.e. Teak forest, Sal forest and Miscellaneous forest. The table reveals that that major part of tree forest (72.23%) is under miscellaneous species having no dominance of a particular species to form its own forest type except sal which constitutes 26.62% of the forest. Teak has very little contribution i.e. just 1.15% of the total tree forest which is quite insignificant.

Table No. 5.2 1.

Break ~ of the vegetated tree forest ~ ~ compositions

------------------------------------------------------------S.No. Crop composition Area in

sq.km. Percentage No. of

plots -----------------------------~-.--------------------------~-

L

2.

3.

Sal

Miscellaneous

9

209

567 ---------------------------------

785

~ 1. 15

2090 . 0 26.62

5670.0 72.23 ,

-------------~------------------------------------~----------

A map no. 5.2M was prepared on the basis of sample plots falling in various forest types during the course of field work. The map indicates that the north-eastern and western parts of the district bordering Ganjam district of

·Orissa and Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh respectively have sal forests. These two bordering districts have sal over fairly large areus. Hest of the foref;t areas have no dominance of a particular species to form its own forest type.

5.3 AREA BY TOPOGRAPHY AND CROP COMPOSITIONS:

Table no.5.3T shows distribution of vegetated forest areas under different forest types by topographic classes . It indicates that major part of the vegetation mainly exists on hilly terrain. However. forests are sparingly present on undulating lands also. The flat lands have very litt le vegetation due to the pressure of habitation subjecting the forests to excessive felling and biotic interference . Such forest areas lands are being converted to agricultural lands day by day.

36

0 ~ It)

0 0 o~

It) 0

i '0 t-:-: 1&1 (Jw U)

_.J

en o:~ c t-C/) ..I

U) _ U Q

c Z <t .J

® x

c z CI c

W « z z ~ .J

~ « .J

0 .J

Z .J l:

Z « ::> ~ c >-.J Z .J 0:

tl. ;:) W

l: >

N

~ \Jill

Table No. 5.3 .T

Break YQ of vegetated forest area under different crop compositions ~ topographic classes (area in s9.km. )

------------------------------------------------------------Flat Gently

rolling Hilly Very

hilly Total

----------~-------------------------------------~-----------

Teak

Sal

Misc.

. 20.0 (2 )

670.0 (67) 540.0 (54)

10.0 (1)

380.0 (38)

610.0" (61)

60.0 (6 )

1010.0 (101)

4350.0 (435) ,

30.0 (3)

170.0 (17)

90.0 (9)

2090.0 (209)

5670.0 (567 )

------------------------------------------------------------

A map no. 5.3M based on t~ble no.5.3T shows the distribution of vegetated plots by topographic classes 1n whole of ' the district. It shows that forest vegetation is mainly present in eastern part of the district which is hilly. The central and western parts are plain lands with some undulation which have very little forest vegetation.

I

5.4 AREA BY CROP COMPOSITIONS AND SLOPE PERCENTAGE:

Table no. 5.4T indicates the distribution of vegetated areas by different forest types and slope classes. It indicates that the v egetat ion mainly (91%) exists on moderate slopes i.e. slopes less than 60%. Teak and Sal forests mostly grow on l ower slopes (upto 60%) whereas Miscellaneous forests are found over'higher slopes (above 60%) also . The forest areas of Koraput district have mainly moderate slopes where most of the vegetation exists. Map no. 5.4M indicates the localities of various slope classes in the forest areas of Koraput district.

Table No. 5.4.T

Break yp of the vegetated forest area under different crop compositions Qy slope classes (area in S9 . km.)

------------------------------~-~---------------------------Below 10:?~ 10-60~~ 60 -100% Above

100% Not Total record-ed.

--------------------- - - ---------------------------- - --------Teak 30. 0 60.0 90.0

(3 ) (6) (9)

Sal 1040. 0 1020.0 30.0 2090.0 (104) ( 102) (3 ) (209)

Misc. 1140.0 3880.0 620.0 30 . 0 5670.0 ( 114) (388) (62) (3) (567)

--------------------------------------------~---------------

38

~ or .n

, I

',0 __ :Z'

IL. o ' < 1-' ~o. CJ ee·-':& a:: CI)~ 1&.10 CI)

~~ I-..I:::;)

'\ (Jo-

.,' ee ~l&l Q.a::

So CI)~

..,

.r.

.1.

X en w

0 Z

C\I

0 0

°A 0 g _-.I. 1&1 .J q: 0 CI)

@}

:E 10 .0 .'. .0 z

tO -0:: Ii;

01 I

X IJ.I 0 Z

nnu~ ~ 0._ ..J _, .:t

..J :r::~ (1),,0 %

0 )- ..J ::J Q. en ..J e 0: < ILl 0 ILl :r: ILl z > (I) 2! a

CD

Map no.5.4M,appended as page no.39, shows the distribution of various slope classes in Koraput district.

5.5 AREA BY CROP COMPOSITIONS AND SOIL DEPTH CLASSES:

Table no. 5.5T indicates the distribution of vegetation by forest types supported by various soil depths. It indicates that the soils which have depth above 30 cm, support maximum vegetation. However, the Miscellaneous forest was found to be supported even in the soils which have depths below 30 cm. Teak. and Sal require deep soil but Miscellaneous forests are found to be growing even on soils having shallow depth. However, almost all the vegetated areas have soil depth more than 15 cm.

Table No.5 . 5 1

Break ~ of the vegetated forest area under different crop composition Qy soil depth classes{area iq S9. km.) -----------------------------------~---------------------_---

No Very Shallow soi 1 shallow

Medium Deep Not Total record-ed.

--------------------- - --------------------- - --------- --------Teak 80.0 10.0 90.0

(8 ) ( 1 ) (9 )

Sal 10. 0 60.0 1000.0 1020.0 2090 .0 ( 1 ) (6 ) (100) ( 102) (209)

Misq. 10.0 40.0 690.0 3780.0 1130.0 200.0 5670.0 ( 1 ) (4 ) (69) (378) (113) (20) (567 )

-------------------------------------------------------------

Map no. 5. 5M shows the forest areas wi t h different soil depths. It indicates that most of the forest lands (62:?;) have medium soil depth. About 27% have deep soil.

5.6 AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROP COMPOSITIONS BY TOP HEIGHT CLASSES:

Table no . 5.6T gives distributi on of vegetated area by crop compos i tions and top height c lasses . It indicate s that the Miscellaneous forest type which accounts for major part of vegetative cover has top height b e tween 10-20 m. The representation of trees in hig her height classes is less in Miscellaneous forest whereas in Sal forest type the representation of trees in higher height classes is more . Thi~ means that the Miscel laneous forest is of moderate height, mos tly between 10-20 Tn. whereas sal has height between 10-30 m. and forms upper canopy of the forest. Te ak f o rest has hardly any signi f i cance as i t contribute very little to the vegetation of Koraput district.

41

"

II) ...

!2

,/7

'" .I. X W 0 Z

I_~

l! = % 0 0 _ . N

0 0 t- t-

O 0

I

:

0 I")

0 t-0 N

,,- ......

N ..

Table No. 5.6 .T

Break gQ of the veqetated tree forest area under different crop compositions Qy top height classes(area in sq.kfIh-l

------------------~------~-----------------------------------1-510 6-10m 11-15m 16-20m 21-25m 26-30m 31m Not re Total

+ corded

----------------------------------~--------------------------90.0 Teak 20.0 20.0 10.0 30.0 10.0

(2) (2 ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 ) (9)

Sal 160.0 230.0 350.0 680.0 400.0 260.0 10 . 0 2090.0

( 16) (23) (35) (68) (40) (26) ( 1 ) (209)

Misc.460.0 640.0 1560.0 2290.0 580.0 120 . 0 20.0 5670.0

(156) (229) (58) ( 12) (2 ) (567) (46) (64)

-------------------------------------------------------------

Map no. 5.6M indicates that major forest vegetation is having top height between 10-20 m. which is evenly distributed allover the forest area. The vegetatio~ of small height is mainly concentrated in plain areas near habitations. About 18% vegetation has top height above 20 m which is evenly distributed over the forest areas but mainly in Sal forest type.

5.7 ARt~ BY CROP COMPOSITION~ AND SIZE CLASSES:

Table no. 5.7 T gives the distribution of vegetation by crop composition and size classes namely regenerat ion crop (between 0- bJ em d. b. h. ), po le crop (10-20 em d.b.h.), small timber (20-30 ern d.b.h.), big timber (30 em d.b.h and over) and mixed sized crop (having no marked dominance of any particular size class). The table indicat es that about 13% crop is at regeneration- stage, 28% at pole stage, 19% small t~rnber) 8% big timber and 32% has mixed SIzes having no marked dominance of any particular size class.

In case of Sal there is a progressive reduction of area as we go from regeneraiion crop to the big sized timber class whereas in case of Miscellaneous forest there is a sudden fall in area under big size timber class. It indicates that the Miscellaneous forest is mostly found under smal l diameter classes or has mixed size crop.

43

·. o z

La.. 0 a.. « :e tJ) tJ) ,« _J 0 IJJ

li5

~ () -a:: I-tJ) -a .... :> a. « 0::

~

N .. .. -I

LIJ _, ct 0 ~

~

®

~IIID ~ 0

~ 2; ::r Q:

I 2 1&.1 ~ ... ~ CIt 0: (,) .. ~ 0 ! 1&.1

)( III a: ... 1&.1 IAJ 1&.1 0 =l '" ::c: .... - ~ Q ~ '"

... .... ;;c: .... i ~ )( 1&.1 C)

~ It: CL en to

Table No. 5.7 I

Break ~ of the vegetated forest area under different crop compositions .Qy size classes{area in 59. kIn. )

-----------------------------------------------~-------------Regeneration

Pole crop

Small Timber

Big Timber

Mixed Slze class.

Not recorded.

Total

-------------------------------------------------------------Teak 30.0 30.0 10.0 20.0 90.0

(3) (3) ( 1 ) (2 ) .( 9)

Sal 260.0 450.0 350.0 260.0 770.0 2090.0 (26 ) (45) (35) (26) (77) (209)

Misc. 720:.0 1690.0 1180.0 360.0 1710.0 10.0 5670.0 (169) (118) (36) (171) ( 1 ) (567) ( 72

1)

----------------------------------------------------------

Map no. 5.7 M gi-V~Jj al~tJ.l.'· t:licl1..1"j.·~ ~b(:it4~ tJm l(:,lp#-f;.im~ of various forest crops in Koraput district under different size classes. The distribution reveals that most of the vegetation' 1S in small size class. The big sized timber class occupies only 8% forest area.

5 . 0 AREA BY CROP COMPOSITIONS AND CANOPY LAYERS:

On the basis of 785 sample plots inventoried the survey, it is concluded that 12% vegetated area regeneration stage because it does not form any 46% vegetated area is having one storeyed forest vegetated area has two storeyed f o r est.

Tab l e No, S.8T

during 1S at

ca.nopy. and 47%

Break ~ of the vegetated .forest area ~nder different crop compositions .Qy canopY layers (area in 59· km .)

------------- - - -- --------~-----------------------------------

No One storeyed storey forest

Two storeyed forest

Three or more storeyed forest

Total

------ - - ------------------------------ -----------------------Teak 30.0 40.0 20.0 90 . 0

(3) (4 ) (2) (9 )

Sal 220.0 1010.0 860.0 2090.0 (22) ( 101) (86) (209)

Misc. 660.0 2590.0 2420.0 5670.0 (66) (259) (242) (567)

---------------------------------~---------------------------

45

5.9 UTILISATION PATTERN OF GOVT. FOREST LAND:

Out of 1354 sample plots visited in the entire forest area based on'green wash' in Koraput district only 1245 plots were found to be located in govt. forest land covering about 12450 sq.km. area as calculated on the basis of the sample plots falling in such forest lands. The remaining 109 plots representing about 1090 sq.km. area were initially considered as forested on the basis of green wash on the Survey of India toposheets but on visit they were found to be located on private lands which are presently being used mainly for cultivation. Out of the Govt. forest land, 39% is covered by dense and moderately dense forest having density above 30% and 17% land by open forest having density of 5-30%. In all 9200 sq.km. of govt. forest land (74%) is under some vegetation. 25% govt. forest land is being used for culti~ation and the remaining 1% govt. forest land is blank and lying waste. The break up of govt. forest land by utilisation pattern has been indicated in Table 5.9T.

Table No.5. 9 1

Govt. Forest Land Utilisation Pattern of Koraput (area in S9.km}

-------------------------------------------------------------Utility Dense Moderate Open Scrub Agri. Non Barren

tree -ly tree forest tree fore- area + forest dense forest < 5% land+ stry others 70% & tree 5%-29% Agri. plan-above forest crop land tat ion

32-69:r~ +shifting cultivation.

-------------- - -------------------------- - ---------- -------- -540.0 (54)

4270.0 (427~

2090.0 (209)

620.0 (62)

3070.0 (307)

20.0 (2 )

60.0 (6 ~-

- - - - ---- - - - ------ - - ---.-_.----- ._., - --- - --- - - --- - - - - - -- - -_ ..... ---- --~

Table 5.9 T (contd.) --------------------------------~----------------------------

Young crop of natural or artificial regeneration.

Bamboo brakes

Young Govt. planta- grass tion of lands forestry species.

Water bodies + habi tation.

Inaccessi ble.

Total

------------------------------------------------------------~

910.0 (91)

30.0 (3)

40.0 (4)

10.0 ( 1 )

250.0 (25)

540.0 (54)

12450.0 (1245)

------------------ --------- - ---------------------------- - ----

46

5.10 PLANTABLE AREA IN GOVT. FOREST:

For the purpose of calculating plantable area in Govt . forest land of Koraput district, all those areas which have forest having density less than 30% and the areas which are devoid of any forest cover were taken into account. Table no.5.10 T gives an account of such areas. The table indicates that out of 12450 Sq.km of Govt. foret area, about 5870 sq.km. (47%) is plantable by one or the other species. Out of this, 4050 sq.km. area is available from the poor forest, 176 sq.km. from agricultura.l crop land or tree land which are under private occupation irregularly and the rest 60 sq.krn. from barren lands. Such areas can be easily planted with some suitable species depending upon various locality factors and brought under vegetal cover.

Table No.5. 10.T Estimated plantable ~ In the Govt. forest land

( a re a ins q . km. )

---------------------------~---------------------------------

Present land use.

Vegetated forest land

Agri. crop land + Agri. tree land.

Barren area+ others.

Total

---------------~---------------------------------------------

4050.0 (405)

Plantable area = 1760.0 (176)

4440.0 (444)

5. 11 REGENERATION STATUS:

60.0 (6)

5870.0 (587)

An assessment of state of regeneration of commercially important species was made during the inventory work. It . was done by counting the number of· seedlings of commercial species found in 16 sq .m. area around the centre of the plot. Commercially important species taken into consideration for this purpose were, Acacia catechu, Adina cordifolia, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizzia spp., Anogeissus latifoia, Bombax malabaricum, B()swellia serrata, Dalbergia latifolia. Dalbergia sissoo, Diospyros melanoxYlon, Eucalyptus spp., Garuga pinnata, Gmelina arborea, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Lannea coromandelica, Mitragyna parvifolia,' Ougeinia dalbergioides, Pterocarpus marsupium, Shorea robusta, Syz igium curoini, Schleichera oleosa, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna and Tectona grandis.

The assessment made during the inventory survey reveals that only 2% of the forest area has adequate regenertion of commercially important species . 32% forest area has inadequate number of commercially important species and the rest 66% forest area lacks regeneration of commercially important species. However, regenertion of

47

other unimportant species was found in some areas but these species have hardly any contribution towards 'the timber. They are utilizable only for fuel purpose. Such inadequate regeneration of· commercial species is because of the heavy felling, grazing and burning of forest for collection of minor forest produce and for converting forest land to agricultural land. Map no. 5.11 M shows the regenerat ion status of forests of Koraput district.

5.12 SOIL EROSION:

From the data relating to soil erosion collected during the field work of Koraput district, it is observed that about 89% of forest area is subjected to mild erosion, 9% to moderate erosion and about 2% to heavy erosion which is especially noticed in south-eastern parts of the dstrict. Moderate soil erosion has been noticed in eastern part of the district. Mild erosion is noticed in hilly~ tracts where fairly good vegetal cover exists. This erosion can be checked effectively by undertaking afforestation with suitable species. Map no. 5.12. M shows the areas subjected to soil erosion.

5.13 FIRE INCIDENCE:

Fire incidence of varying intensity was noticed during the inventory survey of Koraput district. It was observed that 1% area is subjected to heavy annual fire, 7.6% to frequent fire and 61% to occass ional fire. About 30% area is not affected. by annual fire. Main reason for annual fire 1S the grazing and seed collection by l oca l peopl'e. For clearing weeds and grasses the local people set the forest to fire during summer which adversely affects t he regeneration and the standing vegetation. A map depicting fire incidence is annexed as no. 5.13 M.

5.14 GRAZING INCIDENCE:

The extent of grazing incidence has been depicted on Map no. 5.14 M b~sed on the data col l ected from the sample plots s pread over the district. The survey reveals that' about 20% forest land is subjected to heavy grazing, 29% to medium grazing, and 34% to light grazing. Only 17% forest land is unaffected by grazing. Such ungrazed forests are found to be quite away from habitation e. g. in hilly and r emote areas. Grazing has adverse effect on the establ ishmen"t of regeneration in the forest. Goats and sheep are the biggest enemy of r egeneration. They do not spare even the small herbs in the forest. Due to heavy g razing incidence, the forests of plain areas o r those near habitations are deteriorating very rapidly day by day.

48

5.15 BAMBOO OCCURRENCE:

Data on the occurrence and quality of bamboos was also collected during the survey work. These results are presented in the table no. 5.19T. 318 plots representing about 3180 sq.km. area in Koraput district were found to have bamboo growth.' Out of these, 76% plots had first quality, 9% had second quality and 2% had third quality bamboos. Remaining 13% area was under bamboo regeneration wherein the clump ~ormation had not yet taken place. The bamboo species available in Koraput distirct is mainly Dendrocalamus strictus. Out of these bamboo areas, 7% area has pure bamboos (having 200 or more clumps/ha), 8% area ha.s very dense bamboos (having 150-200 clumps/ha), 12% dense barnboos(having 100-150 clumps/ ha). 14% moderately dense (having 50-100 clumps/ ha), 23% scattered (having 20-50 clurnps/ha), 19% sparse (having 0-20 clumps/ha) and 7% area has some bamboos which have been hacked by the local people. The rest of the bamboo area is under regeneration crop where clump formation is absent. These results have

'been depicted on Map no. 5 . .15 M which shows the localities where bamboos, are present. In all 25% area of the Govt. forest land has brunboo vegetation, out of which only 50 sq.km. area was estimated to have pure bamboos and the remaining 3130 sq.krn. forest area has tree vegetation associated with bamboos. The occurrence of bamboo is mainly confined to north-eastern and south-wostern parts of the district.

Table No.5 . 15_ .T

Break ~ of area(ha} ~ pamboo density and quality --------------------- - ------------- ----------- - ------------ - -Density/Quality 1 2 3 4 Total --- ------~---------------------------------------------------

1. 21000 1000 22000 (21) ( 1 ) (22)

2; 26000 1000 27000 (26) ( 1 ) .( 27.)

3. .38000 1000 :;39000 (38) ( 1 ) (39)

4. 42000 4000 46000. (42) (4 ) (46)

5. 65000 7000 72000 (65) (7) (72)

6., 47000 11000 100(1) 59000 (47) (11) ( 1 ) , , ( 59)

7. 1

1000 3000 6000 13000 23000 ( 1 ) (3) (6) (13) (23)

8. 9. 1000 29000 3~000

( 1 ) (29) (30) ------------- ~ --------------------------------~--------------

Total 240000 (240)

28000 {28)

8000 (8)

42000 (42)

318000 (318)

-----------~-~-----------------------------------------------

49

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.Q H .8 E .T E .R - VI

INVENTORY RESULTS - GROWING STOCK (TREES)

6.0 GENERAL:

The forests of Koraput district have been assigned three strata namely Teak (90 sq.km.). Sal (2090 sq.km.) and Miscellaneous (5670 sq.krn.) based on dominance of each of these species observed in any particular area during field visits as already indicated in Table no. 5.2 T in the preceeding chapter. The distribution of growing stock (trees), total number of stems, no. of stems/ha, total volume and volume/ha falling in each stratum have been calculated for various species with regard to their oocurrence in each diameter class which are described below in details.

I

Q.l TOTAL NO. OF STEMS AND STEMS/HA; STRATUM :TEAK

Though stratum Teak was separately identified on the basis of occurrence of teak trees in the vicinity of 9 sample plots, yet there were no teak trees available for enumeration in such plots and as such no volume of teak was found. The reason for this is that teak vegetation was found' mostly at regeneration/pole stage. However, a few teak trees Wf~re f ound to occur in the 2 ha area around the plot. In~· this stratum, the miscellaneous species occurring in the plots were enumerated. In the whole of this stratum (90 sq.km . : area), about 260000 trees of various species and s izes were fou~d to be present. Anogeissus latifolia,Salmalia malabari c um Bridelia retusa, Diospyros rnelanoxylon, Pterocarpus marsupium, Shorea robusta and Syzygium cumini, have almost equal share in the growing stock in this stratum,

Table no. 6.1 T (A) and 6.1 T (B) indicate distribution of total stems and stems/ha as found In this ,stratum. It further ind icates that on an average 28.889 stems of various species in different diameter classes occur per he(;tare i n this stratum. Even though referred as Teak stratum, the vegetation does not s h ow any dominance of teak in the growing stock as teak is disappearing at a faster rate and may ultimately vanish if the present situation is allowed to oontinue.

6.2\ TOTAL NO. OF STEMS AND STEMS/HAi STRATUM: SAL

Table no. 6.2 T(A) and 6.2 l' (B) show the distribution of total number of stems and stems/ha 1n each diameter class for individual species occurring in Sal stratuw which covers 2090 sq.km. vegetated area. The distribl..ltion reveal s that in this stratum Sal is predominant with 19905234 sterns of different sizes constituting 38% of the growing stock present. Other dominant speices in this stratum are Termina lia crenulata, Anogeiss~s latifolia,

51

Cleistanthus call inus, Pterocarpus marsupiurIl, Syzygium cumini and Diospyros melanoxylon. Their distribution with regard to di'ameter classes is almost uniform. Number of stems are gradually reduced in higher diameter classes. Some of the species are totally absent in higher diameter classes. In th is stratum, 248. 2'21 sterns of various species and sizes were found per hectare. As compared to Teak, Sal stratum has much better stocking.

6.3 TOTAL NO. OF STEMS AND STEMS/HA; STRATUM:MISC.

Table no. 6.3 T(A) and 6.3 T(B) show 'the distribution of various species by their diruneter classes found in Miscellaneous stratum which covers 5670 sq.km. of vegetated area l.n Koraput district. In this stratum, 127469125 sterns of various species and sizes were found. There is no marked dominance of any species and that is why this I area was classified as Miscellaneous forest. However, the .specl es I ike Cleistanthus colI inus ( 12831. 543 stems) , Anogeissus latifolia (1163187 stems), Terminalia crenulata(7658727 sterns), Pterocarpus marsupium, Lannea coromandelica and Diospyros melanoxylon etc . were found prominently. Scattered Sal{3416809 stems)also exists in this straium. Occurrence of all these species in this stratum was mainly in lower classes i.e. between 10-15 cm. The species like Adina cordifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Madhuca latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Shorea robusta and Terminalia crenulata were found to be existing in higher diameter classes also. In all 224.813 trees of different species and of various diameter classes were found per hectare in this stratum. This stratum has better stocking than that of Teak stratum but less than that of Sal stratum.

6.4 TOTAL NO. OF STEMS ANQ STEMS/HA;( ALL FOREST TYPES COMBHiED) :

Table 0.0. 6.4 T gives distribution of stems and stems/ha fqr all the species by their diameter classes irrespective of the stratum over 7850 sq. km. In the whole of this area,~bout 179607312 stems of different species under various diruneter classes were found. This gives 'the ~verage of 228.799 stems/ha for the entire forest area. There l.S a progressive reduction in no. of stems as we go from lower diameter classes to higher diameter classes. Some of the species like Bridelia retusa, Cleistanthus col1inus, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Ol.lgeinia dalbergioides etc. do not have representation in diameter classes above 40-50 cras.

6.5 TOTAL VOLUME AND VOLUME/HAj STRATUM: TEAK

Table no. 6.5 T(A) and 6.5 T(B) show the distribution of total volume and volume/ha for all the species by their diameter classes found in Tea..~ stratum. The table shows that in all 250,000 cU.m. volume of various species is found in this stratum. As stated earlier

52

in para 6.1,though it is classified as Teak stratum, it does not' have any volume of teak as teak trees are mostly at regeneration or pole stage and as such they were not enumerated. Tois clearly shows that teak is disappearing from the areas where it occurred prominently in the past. Even other miscellaneous species occur sporadically in this stratum. These forest areas are subjected to much biotic interferences resulting in poor condition of the forest. Per hectare volume in this stratum was estimated to be 27.802 cU.m.

6.6 TOTAL VOLUME AND VOLUME/HA; STRATUM: SAL

Table no. 6.6 T(A) and 6.6 T(B) show the distribution of total volume and volume per ha for all species 'by their diameter classes in Sal stratum. The table indicates that 15,325,148 cU.m. of volume exists in Sal stratum out of which contribution of sal alone is 8,600,715 cu.ru.i.~. 56% of the total volume. Other prominent species which contribute significantly towards total volume of this stratum are Terminalia crenulata, Anogeissus latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Syzygium cumin i, Madhuc.a lati fo 1 ia, and Diospyros melanoxylon. Most of the species have volumetr,ic representation upto 50 em. diameter. Beyond that very few species are found. Total volume of all the species in this stratum increases upto diameter class of 40-5(1) em. but the volume goes on decreasing in higher diameter classes. Most of the commercial species except Shorea robusta, Adina cordifolia and Terminalia crenulata have no representation in higher diameter classes . Per hectare volume is 73.326 cU.m. in this stratum as compared to 27.802 cU.m . in Teak stratum.

6.7 TOTAL VOLUME AND VOLUME IPER HA; STRATUM:MISC.

Table no. 6.7 T(A) and 6.7T(B) show the distribution of total volume and volume per hectare for all the species by their diameter classes found in Miscellaneous stratum covering abol..,lt 5670 sq.km. of forest land. The table reveals that there is total growing stock of 32319926 cU . m. in this stratum. Volume per hectare in this stratum is about 57.002 cU.m. which is less than that in Sal stratum but more than in Teak stratl.lm. There is gradual increase in volume from lower diameter classes to higher diameter classes upto 50 crn. 'd iamter and afterwards there is rapid decrease in volume. The predominant species contributing to the volume are Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia crenulata, Cleistanthus collinus, Diospyros melanoxylon, Shorea robusta, Ptercarpus marsupium and Madhuca latifolia.

6.8 TOTAL VOLUME AND VOL/HA;(ALL FOREST TYPES COMBINED):

Table no.6.8T gives distribution of total volume & volume per hectare of different species by diruneter classes for all the three strata I.e . Teak, Sal and Miscellaneous cowbi'ned. In all 47895296 cu. rn. volume was estimated to

53

be existing in these forests. It comes to 61.0~u.m. volume per hectare for all the forest types comb~rrea.

The map no. 6.8 M appended at the end of this Chapter, gives distribution of growing stock throughout the district. This maps shows that except for the Central part of the district rest of the forest areas are better stocked.

6.9 ESTIMATIon OF STANDARD ERROR FOR AREA AND GROWING STOCK:

Table no. 6.9T gives percentage standard error for various strata i.e. (Teak, Sal and Miscellaneous) found in Koraput district. From the table it is seen that percentage of standard error is very high for both the parffineters 1.e. for area (33.216%) and for growing stock (47.999%) for Teak stratum. For Sal the figures is 6.898% and 6.188% and for Miscellaneous the figures is 3.242% and 4.411% respectively. The reason for abnormally high percentage of standard error in case of Teak is paucity of plots in this stratum i.e. just 9 only which is not adequate to get the results within permissible limits. On the other hand, the number of sample plots falling under Sal and Miscellanuous strata are quite large and therefore the S.E.% for them was found to be well within precision limits. Volume and area figures for Teak staratum should therefore be taken as indicative only as these figures lack required precision on account of paucity of plots falling in this stratum.

Table No. ~

Growing stock of forest types with standard error

Crop composition.

Area (ha)

SE% Vol./ha SE%

----- - ------------------------- ----- - --------------------- ---

Teak 9000 33.22 27.802 48.00

Sal 209000 6.90 73.326 6.19

Misc. 56700 3.24 57.002 4.41 -------------------------------------------------------~----

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I- c::( ::I: z: ...J ...J :z: UJ ...J :::c ...J ::r a ...J :c u. a::c::( CClc::( ~c::( ...... :.u~ ~oc::( C( ~ « ...... c::(1-'X _H- a:: I- a:: Vll- a:: ~ all- ex: U I- ex: Vll-O:: 1-0:: I- 0.. 0 I.U c::(OLIJ Vl 0 LL.J :::>0 lu :=l o l.LJ o LIJ lJ.J 0 ~ (.I') Ow c::( ..... 0.. 01- 0.. :=l J- 0.. f§1-~ U oc::(l-a.. ~I-o.. .... 1- a.. r..u 1-0.. ...J 'C( a... ..... ...... u ..... z oc::( 0:: 0:: ~- ...J ...J W U .<:.. oc::( >- ...... oc::( ;::) "l: <:( 0.. ~ U C.!) z: u ~ ...... z :z VI 0.. :=l c::( ...... 0 LLJ .:..!) ...... ...... Vl x ex: I.U ex: 0:: >- ~ ::E: u 0 l- e.!) LIJ 0 N ::l::: a: Vl ...J oc::( ...... :::> I- :z: >- '.t.J l.LJ ..... ...J ::E: :4 0 0.. Vl Vl l- I- ::E: <:(

i

f VOLUME IN M3 I Ha

MAP OF K 0 RAP U T 'DISTT

SCALE : I: 1,000,000

9'

I'

4

9 13

I NDE X :

3 0-10 'II! i j! Iii! J

Ip -20

20-30 wzmvi

30 -50 tsssssssSl

50-70

70 a ABOVE til'" IQ

71

~ !:l h £ .T E R - VII

INVENTORY RESULTS ~ GROWING STOCK BAMBOOS

7.0 GENERAL:

As stated. in Chapter V para 5.15, about 3180 sq. km. of forest area of Koraput district has baraboo, out of which 30 sq.km .• area has pure bamboo and the rest 3150 sq.km. has brunboo in association with tree vegetation. The species of bamboo occuring in these area's is Dendrocalamus str:ictus. The classification of bamboo forest has been made by bamboo quality, clump sizes, no. of culms/cluIDp, soundness and age classes. Estimation of bamboo growing stock was made on the basis of data collected from 318 sample plots where bamboos were found during the course of inventory survey. The following paragraphs deal with the bamboo growing stock.

7.1 i BAMBOO CLUMPS/HA BY QUALITY AND CLUMP SIZE CLASSES:

Table no. 7.1 T gives distribution of bamboo clumps/ha by quality and clump sizes. The table indiates that majority of bamboo areas have first quality bamboo. About 157.5 clumps/ha of first quality and 95.39 clumps/ha of s'econd and third quality bamboos were found to occur in Koraput district. [l.

Table ~ LJ..T

Bamboo clumps/hn h:i quality and clump size classes

---------------------------------------------------------~---

Qual,i ty Clump sizse classes Total ---------------------------------

1 2 3 -------------------------------------------------------------Quality 1 122.22 31. 16 4.12 157.5

Quality 2 & 3 82.31 13.08 95.39 ------~-~----------~-----------------------------------------

7.2 TOTAL BAMBOO CLUMPS BY QUALITY AND CLUMP SIZES:

Table no.7.2 T gives the distribution of total bamboo clumps by quality and clump sizes found in Koraput district. The distribution reveals that total 37,800,000 clumps of different size classes (i.e . diaraetet" upto 1 m, 1-2 m and more than 2 m) under first quality bamboo and 3,434,040 clumps of different size classes under second quality bamboos were found to occur in these forests.

72

Table No.7.2 .1:

Total bamboo clumps ~ quality and clump size classes

----------------r-----------------------------~--------------Quality Clump size classes Total

1 2 3

1 29,332,800 7,478,400 .. 988,800 37,800,000

2 + 3 2,963,160 470,860 3,434,040

7.3 NO. OF CULMS/CLUMP BY CLUMP SIZE AND QUALITY: I

I Table no. 7.3 T gives further distribution of total

culros per clump by clump size class and qual:i]ty of bamboo. The distribution reveals that the first quality bamboo clumps have more culms per clump as compared to 2nd and 3rd quality. Number of culros/ciump increases as we proceed from lower clump size class to higher clump size· classes.

Table l.isL.. L._1 .T

No. of culms/cluIDP Qy clump size class and qyality

Quality

1

2 + 3

Clump size classes

1

7.3925

4.9149

2

'22.4767

8.6666

3

50.2143

-------------------------------------------------------- -----. 7.4 CfJLMS/HA

SIZES: BY SOUNDNESS. BAMBOO QUALITY AND CLUMP

Table no. 7.4 T givc:s distribution of culms per ha by soundness of culms, bamboo quality and clump size classes . The distribution reveals that in all 903.52, 700.38 and 206.88 culms per hectare respectively were found in various cluTap sizes of first quality bamboos. In second and third quality bamboo 404.55 and 113.37 culms / ha were found respectively in two different clump sizes. The distribution further indicates that the no . of culms per hectate in lower size of clumps is more as the small sized clumps occur more commonly than the big sized clumps.

73

Table No. 7.4 1.

Culms/ha classes

Q.:l soundness. bamboo quality and clump size

-------------------------------------------------------------Qual i ty Clump Gr'een

size sound class

Green Dry Dry Decayed daruaged sound damaged

Total

-------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 448.55 211. 14 71.20 139,.94 32.69 ,903.52 2 321.21 144.16 56.79 125.51 52.71 700.38 3 91. 23 19.13 24.13 43.26 29.13 206.88

2+3 1 232.93 131.34 7.00 32.28 404.55 2 42.15 17.44 13.08 37.70 2.91 113.37

---------------------------T---------------------------------7.5 TOTAL CULMS BY SOUNDNESS.QUALITY AND CLUMP SIZES:

Table no. 7.5 T gives the distribution of total culms by soundness, quality and clump f.lizes. The distribution reveals that in all 434,587,200 culms of first quality and 18,645,120 culms of second and third quality bamboos were estimated to occur in Koraput district. These culms were classified as green sound, green damaged, dry sound, dry damaged and decayed culms depending upon their condition and soundness. The table indicates that out of total 453,232,320 culms, 216,.540,480 culms (48%) are green sound and 37,504,680 culms are dry sound.Remaining 95,220,280 are green damaged and 76,648,920 culms are dry damaged but utilizable and the rest 27,591,960 culms (6%) are decayed which have no utility.

Table No. 7.5 I

Total no.of culrns in '000' ~ soundness of culms. quality and clump size classes

-------------------------------------------------------------Qua Clump Green li size sound ty class

Green damaged

Dry sound

Dry damaged

Decayed .Total

-----------------------------~-------------------------------

1 1 107652.0 50673.60 17088.00 33585.60 7845.60 216844 . 80

2 77090.40 34598.40 13629.60 30122.40 12650. 40 168091.20

3 21895.20 4591.20 5791 . 20 10382.'40 6991.20 49651.20

2+3 1 8385.48 4728.24 252.00 1198.08 14563.80

2 1517.40 627.84 470.88 1360.44 104.76 4081. 32 -----------------~-----~--~----------------------------------

74

7.6 BAMBOO STOCK BY SOUNDNESS, QUALITY AND CLUMP SIZES:

Table no. 7.6 T gives the distribution of bamboo stock (green) in tonnes by soundness of culros, their quality and clump sizes.. The distribution indicates that, in all 1,060,298.4 tonnes of green bamboos(sound + damaged) exist under various qualities. Remaining 698,442.4 tonnes are dry sound and dry damaged bamboo under various qualities. In all 1,758,740.8 tonnes of green bamboo stock was estimated to be found in Koraput district. The weight of dr:y bamboos (sound + damaged) has been converted to green Weight as pex the factor taken for various types of bamboos as explained in sub-para 4.7.6 of Chapter IV on Data Processing.

Table No. 7.6.T

Bsmboo(green stock) in tonnes ~ soundness of culm, quality and clump size classes. , -------------------------------------------------------1-----

Qua- Clump Green Green Dry Dry Total Ii ty size sound damaged sound damaged

class. -------------------------------------------------------------1 1 403686.9 108103.0 154314.0 15Q305.7 822409.6

2 330315.7 72394.7 126555.5 140187.8 669453.7 3 95663.6 13005.8 56343.3 47410.8 212423.5

2+3 1 22431. 1 9038.8 2182.1 5183.2 38835.2 2 4474.7 1184.1 4074.7 5885.3 15618.8

------------------ ----------------- --------

Total 1060298.4 698442.4 ::;1758740.8 . ------------------------------------~~-------------------_---

7.7 BAMBOO STOCK BY QUALITY AND CLUMP SIZE:

Table no. 7.7 T gives distribution of bamboo stock (green) in tonnes by quality and clump sizes. The distribution reveals that in various clump sizes (i.e. below 1 m diameter, 1-2 m diameter and over 2 m diameter at the base of the clump) there is respectively 822409.6, 669453.7 and 212423.5 tonnes of first quality green bamboo stock. The second and third quality green bamboo stock being 38832.2 and 15616.5 tonnes in the first two clump sizes.

Table No.7. 7 1:

Bamboo (green stock) in tonnes Qy quality amd clump size classes

-------------------------------------------------------------Quality Clump Size class

1 2 3 -------------------------------------------------------------

1 2 + 3

822409.6 38032.2

669453.7 15618.5

212423.5

----------------------------------------------~--------------

75

7.8 GREEN BAMBOO STOCK BY ~UALITY, CLUMP SIZES, AGE AND SOUNDNESS OF CULM AND CLUMP SIZES:

Table no. 7.8 T gives distribution of green bamboo {;tock by quality, clump sizes, age and soundness of culms. The distribution further reveals that 46813 . 6 tonnes of sound culms and 6824.8 tonnes of damaged culms of current year were estimated to be existing in the district . The current year ' s culms contribute about 0.3% to the bamboo stock. The culras having age one year and more were further distributed by their diameter elasses(b. h.) L e. 2-5 em, 5-8 em, and over 8 em. The table indicates that in all the bamboo qual i ties 1492137.3 tonnes (85:r~) of the total stock exists under diameter class 2-5 I ern. Remaining 209694.9 tonnes (12%) is under diameter class 5-8 em. The higher diameter class (8 cm + ) was found Ito be absent. From the distribution it can be concluded that though the major bamboo crop is of 1st quality, the size of the bamboos is small and there is deterioration in quality day· by day. The reason for this is the over exploitation of brunboos by various agencies without regards to the sound silvicultural practices prescribed for harvesting of bamboos

Table No, L..a.I

Green bamboo stock in tonnes ~ bamboo quality, clump size classes, ~ soundness and diameter classes

f

, ------------------------------_------------------------------Qua- Clump lity size

class

Current year

Green sound culms

One season old Over two season old

2< 5 5<8 8+ 2<5 5<8 8+

-~-----------------------------------------------------------

1 1 25226.2 139855.9 15429.1 205819.5 17356.2

2 14467.7 71030.6 11032.9 177724.2 56060.3

3 2330.7 12523.2 1857.9 67807.9 11143 . 9

2+3 1 4161. 2 11724.0 6545.9

2 627.8 1810.5 2036.4 -------------------------------------------------------------

Total 46813.6 236944.2 459933.9 -------------------------------- -----------------------------

76

Table No. 7.0 T (contd.) -~----~------------------------------------------------------

Green damaged Qua.- Clump lity size

class -----------------------------------------------

One season old Over two season old -----------------------------------------------Curre~ 2<5 5<8 8+ 2< 5 5<8 8+ year

-------------------------------------------------------------1 1 3079.9 45685.8 3857.3 46319.4 9160.6

2 3145 . 4 17992.3 3677.9 39309.5 8269.6

3 106.0 1527.9 1857.3 6264.1 3250.5

2+3 1 441.2 6409 . 9 414.8 1772.9

2 52.3 339.5 792.3 I ------------------------------------------------------------r'

Total 6824.8 71955.4 94458.2 -----------------------------~------------------------------~

Table No. 7.8 T (contd.) -------------------------~-----------------------------------Qua- Clump Dry sound Dry damaged Total lity size -------------------------------~---

class 2<5 5<8 8+ 2<5 5<8 8+ ---------------~-----------------------------------------_---1 1 144672.3 9641. 7 - 139914.5 16391. 2 822409.6

2 113693.4 12862.1 - 125486 . 8 14701. 0 669453.7.

3 47057.4 9285.9 - 43696.2 3714.6 212423.5

2+3 1 2182.1 5183.2 38835.2

2 4074.4 5885.3 15618.5 ------ ------------------- - - -----------------------------------Total 311679.6 320166 . 0 1758740.q

------------------------------------~------------------------Grand total' of 2 <5 = 1495137.3.

- --------------------------------------- ---------------------

7.9 DRY BAMBOO STOCK BY QUALITY, SOUNDNESS:

SIZE,AGE

Tabl e no. 7.9 T gives distribution of dry bamboo stock (in tonnes) by bamboo quality, clump size classes, age and soundn ess. For obtaining a conversion 'factor from green bamboo weight to dry bamboo weight, 126 bamboo samples of different diameter classes were collected from various sample plots of Koraput district during the survey work. These samples were weighed and cut in small pieces so as to completely dry them up in oven to get oven dry weight. After

77

removal of qomplete moisture, a constant oven dry:weight was obtained. 10% of the oven dry weight was added to the oven dry weight to get standard air dry weight as indicated below.

Size class of culm

Oven dry weight in % Air dry weight in % (Oven dry + 10% of oven dry weight)

--------------------- ---------------------------------53.08% 55.84%

58.38% 61. 38% 2 to 5 cm.dia.

5 to 8 em. dia. ------------------------------~----------------------------~-

On the basis of the above air dry weight factors, the green weight of the bamboo stock found in Koraput district were reduced in terms of dry weight and the same is given in Table no. 7.9 T.

\

bamboo stock in classes. ~

Table No.7. 9 I \

tonnes Qy bamboo ~ clump soundness and diameter classes

-------------------------------------------------------------Qua- Class Green sound lity size ------------------------------------------------

class One to two season ' Over two season old old

-------------------------~---------------

Current 2 <5 5<8 8+ . 2<5 5<8 8+

----------------------~-----~--------------------------------yearv

10653.2 1 1 14727.1 81647.9 9470.4 120157.4

2 8446.2 41467.7 6772.0 103755.4 34409.8

3 1360.7 7311.0 1140.4 ,39586.3 6840.1

1 2429.3 684Jl, 5 3821. 5

2 366.5 1056.9 1188:9 2

----------------~--------------------------------------------

-------------~-----------------------------------~------------Qua- Clump Green ,damaged lity size --- ----------- -------------------- ---------------

class

Current y e ar

One-two season old Over two season old ------------------ ------~------------

2<5 5<8 8+ 2<5 5<8 8+

-------------~-----~-------------------------~---------------5622.8

1 1 1798.0 26671. 4 2367.6 27041. 3

2 1836.3 10503.9 2257.5 22948.9 5075.9

3 61.9 892.0 1140.0 3657.0 1995.2

1 257.6 3742.1 254 . 6 1035 . 0

2 30 . 5 198.2 462.5 2

---------- ---------------------------------------------------

78

Table No. 7.9 T(gontd.}

Qua- Class Dry sound Dry d ama.ged Total lity Slze -----------------

class 2<5 5<8 8+ 2<5 5<8, 8+ -------------------------------------------------------------, 1 1 84459.7 5918.1 81682 . 1 10060.9 482277.9

2. 66374.2 7894.8 73259.2 9023.5 394025.3 3 27472.1 5699.7 25509.8 2280.0 124946 . 2

2. 1 1273.9 3025.9 22684 . 4 2 2378.6 3435.8 . 9117.9

7.10 BABMOO DRY STOCK CORRESPONDING TO BAMBOO GREEN STOCK BY QUALITY. SOUNDNESS AND CLUMP SIZES:

I Table no. 7.10 T gives distribution of dry bamboo

stock 1n tonnes corresponding to bambob green stock by soundness, quality and clump Slze classes. The table indicates that the first quality bamboos have dry stock of 482277.9, 39 11025 . 3 and 122946.2 tonnes under clump size class 1.1 2! and:3 respect iva ly whe reas the second qua 1 i ty ba.mboos have dry bamboo stock of 22684.4 and 91·17.9 tonnes under clump size 1 and 2 respectively. The culm size over 8 ems under 2nd class bamboo was found to be a.bsent.

Table 7. 10 1:

Bamboo __(_gu stock) in tonnes corresponding to Bamboo(green stock) Qy soundness of culms. quality and clump size class .

---------------------------------------~---------------------

Quality Clump Green Green Dry Dry Total Slze sound damaged sound damaged class

-------------------------------------------------------------1 1 236656;0 63501. 1 90377.8 91743.0 482277.9

2 194851.1 42622.5 74269.0 82282.7 394025.5

3 56238.5 7746.1 33171.8 27789.8 122946.2

2 1 13095.3 5289.3 1273.9 3025 . 9 22684.4

2 2612.3 691. 2 2378.6 3435.8 9117.9

**********

79

Annexure .= 1.

Glossary of vernacular (OriYa) names with corresponding Botanical names of common species met with ~n Koraput district.

-------------------------------------------------------------S. No. Local Name Botanical Name -------------------------------------------------------------

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ,22. 23. 24. 25. 26. '(.7. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43.

Andiri Atundi Aonla Arakh Arnba Ankhu-kolt Anchu Akanabindhi As an Ananta-mula Arjun Amda Amthi Ankula Arkala Bahada Bela Barangi Bija Baincha Behenta Bamur Ban-khajuri Ban-capasia Ban-tulsi Bandhan Bhantl;i Budel-mal Bat-guri Bam-oda Bans(Dongor) Bans (Fani) Bans (Pats i) Bans (Topi) Bet Bara Bod-kurhein Barbakulia Benimonj Ban-kandul Bankadel i Bhalia Bhersinga

80

Bursera serrata Comb return decandrum Emblica officinal is Calotropis procera Mangifera indica Carrisa spinarum Morinda tinctoria Cissampelos pareira Terminalia crenulata Hemidesmus indicus Terminalia arjuna Spondias mangifera Bauhinia retusa Alangium lamarckii Millettia auriculata Terminalia belerica Aegle marmelos Albizzia stipulata Pterocarpus marsupium Flacourtia sepiaria Limonia acidissima Acacia arabica Phoenix acaulis Kydia calycina Perilla ocimoides Ougeinia dalbergioides Clerodendron infortunatum Spatholobus roxburghii Ardisia solenasea Zingiber casumunar Dendrocalamus strictus Oxytenanthe ra albociliata Oxytenanthera monostigma Cephalostachyum purgracile Calamus species Ficus bengalensis Wrightia tomentosa Dalbergia paniculata Casearia tomentose. Atylosia volubilis Muse. superbe. Semice.rpus e.ne.cardium Murraya koenigii

44. Bheru 45. Baidhanka 46. Boro 47. Baruna 48. Chadel gudi 49. Chauli 50. Chara 51. Chandan 52 .. Chhatian 53. Chhai patoli 54. Chhota Rai 55. Chun -koli 56. Bengasag(Brahmi buti} 57. Dam kurudu 58. Dhatki

.59. Dhauranjan 60. Dharnan 6l. Dumtari(Chilli-mal) 62. Dhaura 63. Dimiri 64. Dudhi-mal (Gar) 65 . Gambhari 66. Girli 67. Garkhair 68 . Gila 69. Genduli 70. Gurudu(kurlu) 71. Ghanto 72. Gonairi 73. Giringa 74. Gohira 75, Gud mari 76, Gutikbadika 77. Gad panas 78. Gandh palas 79, Barida 80. Haldi (Ban) 81. Hinjala 82. Had kinkali 83. Hatkan 84. Iswar-jata 85. Jatjotia 86. Jamu 87. Jamarla 88. Jamia 89. .]aphra 90. Kaitha 91. Khurdu 92. Kendu

93. Kamalagundi 94. Kanteikoli 95. Karada 96. Khus-khus (Bena) 97. Karanjo

81

Chloroxylon swietenia Mucuna prurita Callicarpa lanata Crataeva religiosa Vitex peduncularis Elaeodendron glaucum Buchanania latifolia Santalum album Alsotonia scholaris Stereospermum angustifolium Di llenia aurea Zizyphus funiculosa Hydrocotyle asiatica Gardenia latifolia Woodfordia fruticosa Hoioptelia integrifolia Grewia tiIiaefolia Acacia pinnata Anogeissus latifolia Ficus glomerata Cryptolepsis buchanani Gmelina arborea Indigofera pulchella Aibizzia procera Entada scandens Stercul ia urens Gardenia gummifera Zizyphus xylopyra Cochlospermum gossipium Pterospermum heyneanum Acacia leucophloea Premna herbacea Nyctanthes arbortristis Litsia macrophylla Miliusa velutina Terminalia chebuia Curcuma amada Barringtonia acutangula Murraya exotica Leea macrophylla Asparagus racemosus Urena species SyzygiuTfl cumini Antidesma diandrum Homonoia riparia Bixa orellana Feronia elephantum Gardenia turgida Diospyros melanoxylon

sylvatica Mallotus philippinensis Zizyphus oenoplia Cleistanthus collinus Vetiveria zizanioides Pongarnia glabra

98. 99. 100.

'101. 102. '103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145 146, 147. 148. 149. 150 . 15l. 152,

Kirkichi Kodali Kansa (Budhimahul) Kasi Kochila Koilakha , Khair Kansari Iota Katak Kumbhi Kekad Kundo-phul Kusum Kalami sag Kurum Kulhia kanda Kandei Laipalas Mahalimba Mardha-rnal Mahul Madang Moi Muturi Makadkendu Mur-muri Mundi Mali (bara) Mohana Malpi Makha Murga Nalbali Nim Nirmuli Oluo (Ban) Palasa Patmasu(Gandha palas) Paldhua Papuni Padhel Palua Phasi Pengu- mal Pipal Purhei(Padeikoli) Poi-gam Panas Petchurimal Panasi Phul badhuni Pita alu Rani-kathi Rai Rohini

82

Mimosa himalayana Sterculia villosa Hymenodictyon excelsum Bridellia retusa Strychnos nux-vomica Asteracantha longifolia Acacia catechu Ipomoea pes-caprae Strychnos potatorum Careya arborea Garuga pinnata Jasminum humile Schleichera 01eosa' Ipomoea reptans Adina cordif01ia Dioscorea spp. Urginea ~ indica Butea superb a AilanthJs exce1sa Spatholobus roxburghii Bassia latifolia Loranthus Spp. Lannea coromandelica Smilax macrophylla Diospyros embryopteris Helicteres isora Mitragyna parvifolia Hiptage madablota Randie dumatorum Patalidium barlerioides Schrebera swietenoides Agave species Cipadessa futicosa Azadirachta indica Cuscuta reflexa Arnorphophallus species Butea monosperma Miliusa ~elutina Erythrina suberosa OroxYlon indicum Stereospernum suaveolens Curcuma aromatica Anogeissus acuminata Celastrus paniculata Ficus religiosa Ficus cunia Eugenia operculata Artocarpus integrifolia Ventilago madaraspatana Eulaliopsis binata Thysanolaena agrostis Dioscorea spp. Flemingia chappar Dillenia pentagyna Soymida febrifuga

153 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 16l. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167.

168. 169. 170. 17l. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177~

178.

Raj simal Runjo Saguan Sahada Sal (Sargi) Salai Sena(Sidha) Siali Siju. Simul Sinkulia (Sweeper grass) Si17is Sisoo Sunari Suna-ragoda

Sugandh i-mal . Sigakai (Chirli) Salap Saru (Bono) Tentuli Tal Telkuran Thelka Tilai Tangini Tandi (Kasatandi)

Xanthoxylon rhetsa Abrus precatorius Tectona grandis Streblus asper-Shorea robusta Boswellia serrata Largerstroemia parviflora Bauhinia vahlii Euphorbia royaleana Salrualia malabarica Heteropogon contortus Albizzia lebbek Dalbergia latifolia Cassia fistula Grewia hirsuta Strobilanthes circarensis

. Strobilanthes jeyporensis Strobilanthes auriculatu s Ichnocarpus frutescenes Acacia concinna Caryota urens Colocasia spp. Tamarindus indica Borassus flabellifer Ixora parviflora Randia uliginosa Wendlandia tinctoria Xylia xylocarpa Saccharum spontaneum

***********

83

ANNEXURE = II BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Working p for the forests of Nawrangpur Forest Division ( -71 to 1989-90).

2.

3.

4.

5.

Working Lands of and also (1971-72

for the Reserved & Protected (Forest) ore Forest Division (1971-72 to 1990-91) Scheme for the unreserved (Forest) Lands 980-81) .

tistical Hand Book of Koraput district

Annual inistrativel Report of Departm for the year 1980-81.

Orissa Forest

Botany tmd Orissa - H.H. Haines.

*********

84

forest resources - fsi resourcers of koraput... · india undertook inventory of forest resources of...

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