forestry technologies for adaptationto climate change.pptx

Forestry Technologies for Adaptation to and

Mitigation of Climate Change

Ippei and Janine Naoi

CTCN webinar 20 May 2015

Henry Neufeldt World Agroforestry Centre

(ICRAF)

The importance of forests

h=p://www.alternet.org/hot-‐news-‐views/why-‐tree-‐plantaDons-‐are-‐problem-‐not-‐soluDon

ICRAF

CIFOR

ICRAF

Children's Charity

v  1.6b people rely on forest products; 300m people, most of them very poor, depend s u b s t a nD a l l y o n f o r e s t ecosystems; 60m indigenous people rely enDrely on forests

v  More than three quarters of the world’s accessible freshwater comes from forested catchments

v  Forests host more than 70% of terrestrial biodiversity

v  Wood provides about 20% of all energy in Asia and LaDn America, and about 50% of all energy in Africa is wood generated (FAO)

Chuck

Natural forests

v  Virgin forest, essenDally unmodified by human acDvity. This will contain gaps caused by the normal death and regeneraDon of trees and may include areas of phases which have been affected by natural events such as landslides, typhoons and volcanic acDvity;

v  Forest, modified by the hunHng and gathering acHviHes of indigenous peoples; v  Forests with a full tree cover of indigenous species.

Poore 2009

CIFOR

Peat forests

v  Peat swamp forests are tropical moist forests where waterlogged soil prevents dead leaves and wood from fully decomposing;

UNDP 2006

v Worldwide, peat swamp forests have been esDmated to cover around 350,000 km2;

v  About 62% of the world’s tropical peat lands occur in the Indo-‐Malayan region (80% in Indonesia, 11% in Malaysia, 6% in Papua New Guinea, with small pockets and remnants in Brunei, Viet Nam, the Philippines and Thailand.

Peat soil forest in Indonesia

v  Over the past decade, the government of Indonesia has drained over 1 million hectares of the Borneo peat swamp forests for conversion to agricultural land under the Mega Rice Project (MRP), but abandoned the project for lack of sustainable irrigaDon.

v  Indonesia is currently the world's third largest carbon emi=er due to clearing of peat forests, mainly for agricultural producDon and Dmber

Pearce 2007 CIFOR

Why is conserva9on of peat swamp forests important?

Pearce 2007

v Sediment removal v Nutrient removal v Carbon storage and sequestraHon

v Flood miHgaHon v Maintenance of base flows in rivers v PrevenHon of saline water intrusion

h=p://parkinmycity.blogspot.com

Planta9ons

Forest crops raised arDficially either by sowing or planDng, which are in general areas in which the naturally occurring tree species have been totally replaced by planted trees.

Poore 2009 CIFOR

h=p://blog.cifor.org/12135/clocking-‐the-‐worlds-‐forests#.U2tcJ_dZpdg

Per minute

tons CO2 ha ha GWh Million USD

AFOLU emission-‐WGII/AR5/ Sector

GHG miDgaDon through agroforestry by regions

Region Annual rate 2000-‐2010 2011-‐2030 (Mt CO2/yr) (Mt CO2) (Mt CO2)

North America 24.6 270 491 Central America 10.1 111 201 South America 157.3 1,730 3,145 Europe 7.2 79 144 N Africa + W Asia 2.7 29 53 Sub-‐Saharan Africa 10.0 110 201 N + Central Asia -‐4.0 -‐44 -‐79 South Asia 23.5 258 469 South-‐East Asia 23.8 262 477 East Asia 36.2 398 723 Oceania 19.2 211 384 Globe 262.8 2,891 5,256

% Gt CO2/yr 0 0.26 20 0.37 25 0.39 30 0.41 50 0.47

Impact of climate change on land cover

IPCC

AR5

WG2

chapter 4

What is adapta9on? AdaptaDon means anDcipaDng the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate acDon to prevent or minimize the damage they can cause, or taking advantage of opportuniDes that may arise.

Adapta9on requires to: v  Establish objecDves for the future forest under climate change. v  Increase awareness and educaDon within the forestry community about

adaptaDon to climate change. v  Determine the vulnerability of forest ecosystems, forest communiDes, and

society. v  Develop present and future cost-‐effecDve adapDve acDons. v  Manage the forest to reduce vulnerability and enhance recovery. v  Monitor to determine the state of the forest and idenDfy when criDcal

thresholds are reached. v  Manage to reduce the impact when it occurs, speed recovery, and reduce

vulnerability to further climate change.

Spi=lehouse and Stewart 2003

Forests facilitate adapta9on

v  Forests are important safety nets for communiHes, helping them cope with climate shocks

v  Trees on farms protect the soil and regulate water and microclimate, and help protect crops and livestock from climate variability

v  Forests contribute to regulaHng river flows minimising risks related to water scarcity and floods

v  Coastal forests such as mangroves help reduce risks from weather extremes (storms or cyclones) and sea-‐level rise (coastal flooding)

v  Urban forests and trees provide green infrastructure in ciHes, reducing temperatures during heat waves

v  Tropical forests influence precipitaHon and can have a cooling effect on a region through increased evaporaDon and cloud cover.

CIFOR

What is mi9ga9on?

The term miDgaDon refers to efforts to cut or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases -‐ limiDng the magnitude of future warming. It may also encompass a=empts to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere such as through the enhancement of sinks.

h=p://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?opDon=com_content&task=arDcle&id=147

Mi9ga9on may require us to: v  Use new technologies, v  Use clean energy sources, v  Change people's behaviour, v  Make older technology more

energy efficient.

ICRAF

Drivers of deforesta9on v  Economic: agriculture, commercial acDviDes, fuel wood collecDon, charcoal producDon,

livestock grazing; v  InsHtuHonal: weak forest sector governance and insDtuDons, lack of cross-‐sectoral

coordinaDon, and illegal acDvity; v  Behavioral: meat-‐based diets, long-‐term populaDon trends v  Natural hazards (e.g. forest fires, floods, landslides).

Kissinger et al 2012 CIFOR

Forest definiDons are ambiguous so oten forest loss is not officially counted as deforestaDon. As well, ground-‐level implicaDons of REDD+ will depend on the operaDonal definiDon. ApplicaDon of AFOLU accounDng rules can bypass the need for clear definiDons, reduce leakage and promote mulDfuncDonal landscapes in an equitable, efficient and effecDve way

What is a forest?

Dewi et al. in prep.

Forest TransiHon Stages (Dewi et al. in prep.)

FOREST_CORE FOREST_FRONTIER_1 FOREST_FRONTIER_3 FOREST_MOSAICS_1 FOREST_MOSAICS_2

FOREST_FRONTIER1

FOREST_FRONTIER2

FOREST_MOS_2

FOREST_CORE

FOREST_MOS_1

Jambi

Lampung

E.Kalimantan

Agriculture as driver of deforestation and forest degradation

•  Increased demand for food, fiber and fuel for rising population = clearing of forested lands

•  80% of farm establishments in 1980s & 90s in developing countries came from intact forests

•  With 3-4x more GHG emissions than temperate areas

•  80% of deforestation is driven by agriculture

How true is Borlaug -Global IV?

•  Some six countries have succeeded in increasing both Agric production area and Forest area (China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Vietnam);

•  But not from intensification only but through a combination of policies- (Lambin and Mefroidt, 2011- REDD ALERT Project);

•  Most have done through displacement of Land use to other countries ( Mefroidt et al. 2010 and ASB PB 17)

Lambin and Mefroidt, 2011

Impact of Tenure on Tree Cover and Agroforestry

Adjudicated Unadjudicated

Rates of illegal logging

v  Between August 2003 and 2004, the deforestaDon rate for the Amazon, the world's largest tropical forest, was the second highest ever recorded. An area of 26,130 square kilometers -‐ around the size of Belgium -‐ was destroyed, most of it illegally,

v  In Indonesia it is esDmated that up to 90 percent of logging is illegal. Illegal logging is esDmated to cost Indonesia more than $1 billion a year in unpaid taxes. That could pay for health coverage for 50 million of the country’s poor (CIFOR 2014);

v  In the Brazilian Amazon it is esDmated that 60-‐80 percent of logging is illegal, v  In Cameroon 50 percent of logging between 1999 and 2004 is esDmated to have been illegal.

CIFOR

Integrated landscape management …is based on…

v  Alignment of sectoral policies and their coordinated implementaDon v  AdopDon of parDcipatory and people-‐centred approaches and management structures v  Adequate governance structures and market environment v  Improved knowledge management v  Context specificity

Silvia Silvestri ICRAF

FAO 2013

Linking emission reduc9on and development based scenarios in pan-‐tropical landscapes: emission scenarios Cameroon

BAU= Business as Usual CF= Community Forestry FR MNG= Forest Management

Ext= ExtensificaDon Cocoa MNG= Cocoa IntensificaDon&diversificaDon

Managing Forests: Adap9ve Ac9ons (1) v  Gen e man a g emen t p r a c H c e s :

Developing climate-‐based seed zones, breeding for pest resistance and for a wider tolerance to a range of climate stresses, increasing reliance on the use of wild-‐stand seed, planHng a mixture of provenances at a site, re-‐evaluaHng conservaHon and recovery programs;

v  Forest protecHon pracHces: Developing “fire-‐smart” landscapes, enhancing forest recovery, parHal cubng or thinning, Reducing disease losses through sanitaHon cuts, shortening the rotaHon length;

v  Forest regeneraHon is the act of renewing tree cover by establishing young trees, generally promptly ater the previous stand or forest has been removed. The method, species, and density are chosen to meet the goal of the landowner. It may be divided into natural regeneraDon and arDficial regeneraDon.


Sagor

v  Forest operaHons pracHces: increasing the amount of Dmber from salvage logging of fi re -‐ o r i n sec t -‐d i s tu rbed s tands ; maintaining, decommissioning, and rehabilitaDng roads to minimize sediment runoff due to increased precipitaDon;

v  Non-‐Hmber resource pracHces: minimizing fragmentaDon of habitat and maintaining connecDvity; maintaining representaDve forest types across environmental gradients and protecDng primary forests ; maintaining diversity of funcDonal groups as well as species within groups

v  Park and wilderness area management pracHces: idenDfying and planDng alternate tree species; conserving biodiversity and maintaining connecDvity in a varied, dynamic landscape to aid vegetaDon and wildlife migraDon as the climate changes;


Managing Forests: Adap9ve Ac9ons (2)

BriDsh Columbia

Silvicultural prac9ces Enrichment planHng: A strategy for increasing the planDng density (i.e., the numbers of plants per hectare) in an already growing forest stand. Weeding: A process that involves gexng rid of the sampling's or seedling's compeDDon by it being mowed, removed from around it/them, or using herbicides against the compeDDon. Cleaning: Release of select saplings from compeDDon by overtopping trees of a comparable age. The treatment favors trees of a desired species and stem quality. LiberaHon Cubng: A treatment that releases tree seedling or saplings by removing older overtopping trees. Thinning: An operaDon that arDficially reduces the number of trees growing in a stand with the aim of hastening the development of the remainder Pruning: Removal of the lower branches of the young trees (also giving the shape to the tree) so clear knot-‐free wood can subsequently grow over the branch stubs.


ValleyCrest

Agroforestry

Agroforestry or agro-‐silviculture is an integrated approach of using the interacDve benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, producDve, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-‐use systems. A narrow definiDon of agroforestry is "trees on farms."

Sthapit

Evergreen agriculture with Faidherbia albida

ICRAF

Integrated livestock – forest systems

Advantages: v  increased producDon of meat without the opening up of large new areas of land; v  reduced weeding costs; v  reduced surface erosion; v  producDon of organic manure to ferDlize the trees and reduce the cost of inorganic ferDlizers; v  speeded rate of nutrient cycle through urine and manure; v  provision of addiDonal income to plantaDon culDvators through increased producDvity per unit of land;

and v  savings in foreign exchange on ferDlizer and meat imports.

h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6543E/X6543E04.htm

reurinkjan

Ecosystem approach to forest management An ecosystem approach considers the

enDre range of goods and services and a=empts to opDmize the mix of benefits within a given ecosystem and across ecosystems.

h=p://undp.org.my

An ecosystem approach reorients the boundaries that tradiDonally have defined management of ecosystems.

An ecosystem approach takes the wider and longer view.

An ecosystem approach includes people.

An ecosystem approach maintains the producDve potenDal of ecosystems.

CIFOR

CIFOR

CIFOR

Managing planta9ons

The restoraDon of degraded forest within Ecosystem RestoraDon Concessions (ERCs) is an important approach by the government of Indonesia.

Establishing plantaDons is a necessary step in moving from the use of mixed hardwood to eventual 100% use of renewable plantaDon fibre.

PlantaDons account for less than 0.5% of Indonesia’s forest areas

Safeguarding the Kampar Peninsula, Riau’s last remaining large tract of peat forest

aprildialog.com

ChrisDne Jarvis

ConvenDonal Monocrop vs. Diversified Oil Palm + Agroforestry Systems?

Oil palm + agroforestry experiment, Year 5, Tomé Açu, Pará, Brazil. Photo: Debora Castellani

ConvenDonal oil palm monocrop system

Sustainable management of tree planta9ons for wood and fiber produc9on

v  Intensive management pracDces: e.g. minimum soil disturbance, r e ta in ing l ogg ing r e s i dues , reforestaDon of mined land;

v  Improved watershed control, biodiversity, wildlife habitat, carbon s e q u e s t r a D o n a n d w o o d producDon;

v  High-‐yielding, environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable.

h=p://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0187757-‐sustainable-‐management-‐of-‐tree-‐plantaDons-‐for-‐wood-‐and-‐fiber-‐producDon.html

Barney Wilczak

v  Reduce wind speed v  Reduce soil erosion and nutrient loss v  Protect against storm surge (mangroves) v  Bio-‐drainage

ICRAF ICRAF

Shelterbelts

Reten9on management Variable retenHon is a relaDvely new silvicultural system that retains forest structural elements (stumps, logs, snags, trees, understory species and undisturbed layers of forest floor) for at least one rotaDon in order to preserve environmental values associated with structurally complex forests.

lindsatomica

Advantages v RetenDon management minimizes the impact of logging operaDon by leaving biological legacies such as coarse woody debris(nurse logs and snags), v It maintains habitat and biodiversity in managed forests.

Disadvantages Variable retenDon is much more Dme-‐consuming and expensive than clear-‐cuxng.

Franklin et al 1997

Which Trees and Where?

h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestree

Nipa palm v  Grows in saline and poorly drained

land – no food compeDDon v  Also suitable in freshwater, with

rice and other crops v  NaDve to Philippines and SE Asia v  Produces sugary sap, suitable for

bioethanol v  Possible future applicaDons for pig

feed, duck feed v MulD-‐Purpose v  Environmentally beneficial v  Very high yields ICRAF

ICRAF

POLICY CHALLENGES

High Opportunity

CostsFood

InsecurityMarket Access

Access to farm

implements & capital

Access to knowledge & training

Insecure land tenure

Farmer Involvement

Communication

Inclusion within REDD+

ICRAF

Governance architectures for enhancing the CSA effecHveness, efficiency, and equity comprise: v  Trans-‐boundary forms of

regulaDon, v  Forest use rights, v  Land tenure, v  Public policy alignment, v  InsDtuDonal coordinaDon, v  Access to informaDon and v  Stakeholder engagement

Na9onal and subna9onal policy instruments and mechanisms (1)

h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-‐themes/governance/

Good Governance

and Sustainable Landscape

Land-‐use sector policies

Crosscubng policies

directed at environmental goods

Policies within a specific

policy field

Crosscubng policies

comprising several sectors

Crosscubng issues with a lack of policies

Stakeholder parHcipaHon is crucial for achieving success in sustainable management of forests. Internet blogs, open-‐access databases, conferences, workshops and round tables for open discussions can facilitate this process. Need to explore the condiHons under which large-‐scale investments and government intervenHons can contribute to equitable smallholder parHcipaHon.

Na9onal and subna9onal policy instruments and mechanisms (2)

h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-‐themes/governance/

Promote bilateral and mulDlateral exchanges to improve the implementaDon of Green Growth policy;

Strengthen law enforcement and governance relaDng to land tenure, land use and trade;

Develop a low-‐carbon economy and enhance adaptaDon capacity to achieve win-‐win synergies between climate change and economic development;

Re-‐affirm the potenDal for REDD+ and lessons learned thus far for climate change miDgaDon, biodiversity conservaDon and livelihoods;

Find the balance between economic growth and social development to reduce and prevent negaDve impacts to food security;

IdenDfy regulatory opDons to reconcile environment and trade to engender opDmal long-‐term environmental and developmental outcomes.

3 4

1 2

5 6

Case Study: Social Forestry for sustainable forest management in Indonesia Key determinants of success: v  Good governance, v  Clear land ownership v  Community involvement in managing forests

Suyanto et al 2005

Policy implicaHons: v  Policy cannot rely on an authoritarian approach v  A partnership approach in protecDon and sustainable management of forest

land involving local communiHes and other stakeholders is best v  Secure land tenure is a key determinant in improving sustainable land

management v  Forest protecDon and ecosystem conservaDon can only take place if the poor

people are compensated for their effort v  The government also benefits from reduced social conflict

Priority AcHons: v  Improve networking and partnership

building for climate adaptaDon along the value chain by strengthening exisDng pla�orms at all levels and explore the role of market incenDves in supporDng such acDviDes,

v  Develop new, flexible financial products to support climate-‐resilient and inclusive agro-‐value chains through capac i ty bui ld ing and innovaDve public-‐private partnerships,

v  I n v e s t i n c l i m a t e -‐ r e s i l i e n t infrastructures such as roads, irrigaDon systems, storage fac i l iDes and telecommunicaDons should remain a top priority to support agro-‐value chain development and build producDve capaciDes in a changing climate.

CRCV iniDaDve

Value chains: a case of climate-‐resilient coffee

Researching, learning, impacHng together!

hgps://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostRecent=&trk=&gid=6657402

hgp://ccsl.wikispaces.com/Sandbox

h=p://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline/faces/StudyLisDngPage.xhtml;jsessionid=efc0985167adbf520e185e5a39b1?mode=1&collecDonId=4844

–  Moving from sex disaggregated diagnosDc research towards informing, catalyzing and targeDng adaptaDon and miDgaDon soluDons to women

–  Finding: Gender norms must be addressed to achieve the SDGs

Gender and inclusion for resilience

Need for research

Measurement/Modeling, repor9ng and verifica9on (MRV) The UN-‐REDD Programme brings together technical teams from around the world to develop common approaches, analyses and guidelines on issues such as: v  Measurement, reporHng and verificaHon (MRV) of carbon emissions and flows, v  Remote sensing, and v  Greenhouse gas inventories. It provides guidance on how best to design and implement REDD+, to ensure that: v  Forests provide mulHple benefits for livelihoods and biodiversity to socieDes while

storing carbon at the same Dme. v  Indigenous Peoples and Civil Society organizaDons are engaged in the design and

implementaDon of REDD+ strategies.

Timber RegulaHon (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligaDons of operators who place Dmber and Dmber products on the market through three key obligaDons: v  It prohibits the placing on the EU market of illegally harvested Hmber and

products derived from such Dmber; v  It requires EU traders who place Dmber products on the EU market for the

first Dme to exercise ‘due diligence’. v  Once on the market, the Dmber and Dmber products may be sold on and/or

transformed before they reach the final consumer. To facilitate the traceability of Dmber products economic operators in this part of the supply chain (referred to as traders in the regulaDon) have an obligaDon to keep records of their suppliers and customers.

Interna9onal policy instruments and mechanisms (1)

h=p://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/Dmber_regulaDon.htm

Forest Law, Enforcement, Governance and Trade (EU FAO FLEGT Programme) Addresses the presence of illegal Dmber in global markets and stops it from entering the European market, the European Union adopted the European Union (EU) Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) AcDon Plan, 2003

Interna9onal policy instruments and mechanisms (2)

h=p://www.fao.org/forestry/eu-‐flegt/en/

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)

FSC is a global, not-‐for-‐profit organizaDon dedicated to the promoDon of responsible forest management worldwide. FSC strategy: Goal 1: Advance globally responsible forest management Goal 2: Ensure equitable access to the benefits of FSC systems Goal 3: Ensure integrity, credibility and transparency of the FSC system Goal 4: Create business value for products from FSC cerDfied forests Goal 5: Strengthen the global network to deliver on goals 1 through 4

h=ps://ic.fsc.org/about-‐us.1.htm

Verified Carbon Standard

h=p://www.v-‐c-‐s.org/who-‐we-‐are

The Verified Carbon Standard is the world’s leading voluntary greenhouse gas offsexng verifier. It was founded by a collecDon of business and environmental leaders who saw a need for greater quality assurance in voluntary carbon markets. v  Ensure exisDng and new requirements reflect state-‐of-‐the art knowledge and global best pracDce v  Guide the development of fresh requirements. v  Expand the scope of the program �to respond to the need for new, innovaHve and trusted carbon

accounHng tools.

IncenHves for planHng trees through biocarbon projects

v  Up-‐front public sector finance needed to turn projects viable v  Projects build insDtuDonal capacity v  Projects deliver food security and adaptaDon with miDgaDon co-‐benefits v  Insurance schemes provide safety nets against falling into the poverty trap v  Combining many and diverse investments in land can increase returns and drive

large-‐scale investment in sustainable NRM v  Robust M+E frameworks are needed to quanDfy how different CSA pracDces

reduce climate risk

Foster et al 2012

Interna9onal policy instruments and mechanisms to promote REDD

REDD: Reducing emissions from deforestaDon and forest degradaDon REDD VISION: Developing countries have significantly reduced their forest and land-‐based emissions, as a result of incenDves from a performance-‐based REDD+ mechanism, while achieving naDonal developmental goals in a sustainable and equitable manner. REDD MISSION: To support countries’ efforts to reduce emissions from deforestaDon and forest degradaDon through naDonal REDD+ strategies that transform their forest sectors so as to contribute to human well-‐being and meet climate change miDgaDon and adaptaDon aspiraDons.

h=p://www.un-‐redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx

REDD and REDD+ scale and scope The Programme supports naDonal REDD+ readiness efforts in 51 partner countries, spanning Africa, Asia-‐Pacific and LaDn America, in two ways: (i) Direct support to the design and implementaDon of UN-‐REDD NaDonal Programmes; and (ii) Complementary support to naDonal REDD+ acDon through common approaches, analyses, methodologies, tools, data and best pracDces developed through the UN-‐REDD Global Programme.

h=p://www.un-‐redd.org/AboutUN-‐REDDProgramme/tabid/102613/Default.aspx

REDD+ readiness

REDD+ readiness relates to the efforts a country is undertaking, with the support of mulDlateral or bilateral iniDaDves, to build its capacity to be ready for a REDD+ mechanism. •  REDD+ implementaHon phases •  Phase 1:Developing a REDD+ strategy supported by grants •  Phase 2:ImplemenDng a REDD+ strategy, supported by (a) grants or other financial

support for capability building, and enabling policies and measures and (b) payments for emission reducDons measured by proxies.

•  Phase 3:ConDnued implementaDon of REDD+ strategy in the context of low-‐carbon development, payments for verified emission reducDons and removals.

h=p://www.un-‐redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx

Output Example 2: REDD Analysis of Readiness in Four Countries

ICRAF

Percep'ons on Fairness and

Efficiency of the REDD Value Chain REDD will require development of a value chain that links local emission reducDon and carbon enhancement

acDviDes with global carbon markets. A REDD deal must be fair for the

providers of those services, effecDve at reducing emissions and be cost-‐

efficient.

Country challenges for REDD +

v  Strengthening naDonal governance structures so that REDD+ policies and regulatory frameworks can work for development

v  Ensuring equitable and efficient benefit distribuDon mechanisms and subsidiarity at the various levels in a country

v  Ability to secure effecDve, sustainable and predictable fast-‐start financing for REDD+ v  Unpredictability of Dme span for reaching agreement on a new climate change pact

UN-‐REDD Programme Strategy 2011-‐2015

h=p://www.norlarnet.uio.no/

h=p://wrm.org.uy/

REDD: Lessons Learned

v  The UN-‐REDD Programme’s relaDvely expediDous access to funds has been criDcal v  The formulaDon of REDD+ “roadmaps” has greatly helped to clarify required

intervenDons, and those for which the UN-‐REDD Programme has a comparaDve advantage

v  The process of developing a REDD+ strategy is as important as the end product v  REDD+ readiness requires cross-‐sectoral coordinaHon within mulDple government

agencies, including forestry and environmental authoriDes, land management authoriDes, finance ministries, sub-‐naDonal government agencies

v  Stakeholder parHcipaHon and engagement is criDcal v  REDD+ strategies should include the discussion of tradeoffs and costs-‐-‐ including

opportunity costs-‐-‐ and benefits at various scales. v  Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) for REDD+ is an on-‐going process v  The design of naDonal REDD+ strategies needs to build upon previous experiences v  Technical and insHtuHonal capaciHes are weak in potenDal REDD+ countries

UN-‐REDD Programme Strategy 2011-‐2015

Na9onally Appropriate Mi9ga9on Ac9ons (NAMA) DefiniHon: A set of policies and acDons that countries undertake as part of a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Ø  Different countries, different naDonally appropriate acDon on the basis of equity and in

accordance with common but differenDated responsibiliDes and respecDve capabiliDes, Ø  Developing countries will effecDvely implement naDonal acDon depends on the effecDve

implementaDon of the commitments by developed countries in provision of financial resources and transfer of technology,

Ø  The prioriDes of developing countries are economic and social development and poverty eradicaDon.

h=p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arDcles/PMC3357889/ and h=p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaDonally_Appropriate_MiDgaDon_AcDon

Green Climate Fund (GCF)

Thanks for a future

To learn more …

Ippei and Janine Naoi

Publica9ons (1) Achard, F. et al., 2002. DeterminaDon of deforestaDon rates of the world’s humid tropical forests. Science (New York, N.Y.), 297, pp.999–1002. Alonso-‐Betanzos, A. et al., 2003. An intelligent system for forest fire risk predicDon and fire fighDng management in Galicia. Expert Systems with Applica'ons, 25, pp.545–554. Bonazountas, M. et al., 2007. 2007_Bonazountas_A decision support system for managing forest fire casualDes.pdf. Journal of environmental management, 84, pp.412–418. Available at: h=p://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.06.016. Calkin, D.E. et al., 2011. A Real-‐Time Risk Assessment Tool SupporDng Wildland Fire Decisionmaking. Journal of Forestry, 109, pp.274–280. Available at: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000292952500004. Collins, B.M. et al., 2013. Modeling hazardous fire potenDal within a completed fuel treatment network in the northern Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management, 310, pp.156–166. Degrande, A. et al., 2014. Improving smallholders’ parDcipaDon in tree product value chains: experiences from the Congo Basin. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods , pp.1–14. Available at: h=p://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-‐s2.0-‐84894024691&partnerID=tZOtx3y1. FAO 2013. Climate-‐Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Available at: h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A. & Tappeiner, J.C., 1997. AlternaDve silvicultural approaches to Dmber harvesDng: Variable retenDon harvest systems. In textbook: CreaDng a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. (eds K.A. Kohn & J.F. Franklin), pp. 111. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Available at: h=p://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publicaDons/00095/note_07.pdf

Fuller, D. and Chowdhury, R. , 2006. Monitoring and modelling tropical deforesta'on: Introduc'on to the Special Issue. ICRAF publicaDon, Kenya. Gerwing, J.J., 2002. DegradaDon of forests through logging and fire in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 157, pp.131–141. IPCC , 2014. Drivers, Trends and MiDgaDon. Chapter 5.Working Group III – MiDgaDon of Climate Change. in the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Climate Change 2014: Mi'ga'on of Climate Change. Islam, K.K. et al., 2012. Economic contribuDon of parDcipatory agroforestry program to poverty alleviaDon: A case from Sal forests, Bangladesh. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, pp.323–332. Kalaugher. L. , 2012. Mapping tropical forest loss in Sumatra. Available at: h=p://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/arDcle/news/50622 Kissinger et al., 2012. Drivers of deforesta'on. Available at: h=ps://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/a=achment_data/file/66151/Drivers_of_deforestaDon_and_forest_degradaDon.pdf Poore, D., 2009. No Timber without Trees: Sustainability in the Tropical Forest. Routledge Available at: h=p://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781315066868/ Silvius M. and Suryadiputra, N., 2013. Review of policies and prac'ces in tropical peat swamp forest management in Indonesia. Wetlands InternaDonal. Available at: h=p://portals.wdi.wur.nl/files/docs/File/wffae/ReviewPoliciesPracDcesPeatswampManagement.pdf

Publica9ons (2)

Spi=lehouse, D. and Stewart, R., 2003. AdaptaDon to climate change inforest management BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management. Volume 4, Number 1, Available at: h=p://www.forrex.org/jem/2003/vol4/no1/art1.pdf Suyanto, S., Permana, R., Khususiyah, N. and Joshi, L., 2005. Land tenure, agroforestry adopDon, and reducDon of fire hazard in a forest zone: A case study from Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia. Agroforestry System 65:1–11. Tacconi, L., Moore, P. andKaimowitz, D. , 2007. Fires in tropical forests – what is really the problem? Lessons from Indonesia. Mi'g Adapt Strat Glob Change: 12:55–66. Thorlakson, T. and Neufeldt, H., 2012. Reducing subsistence farmers’ vulnerability to climate change: evaluaDng the potenDal contribuDons of agroforestry in western Kenya. Agriculture & Food Security: 1:15. Available at: h=p://www.agricultureandfoodsecurity.com/content/1/1/15. van Noordwijk, M., Tomich, T. and Verbist, B. , 2001. NegoDaDon Support Models for Integrated Natural Resource Management in Tropical Forest Margins. Interna'onal Centre for Research in Agroforestry, ICRAF SE Asia. Available at: h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/PublicaDons/files/journal/JA0186-‐04.PDF UNDP, 2006. Malaysia’s Peat Swamp Forests: ConservaDon and Sustainable Use. Available at: h=p://undp.org.my UN REDD, 2011. The United NaDons CollaboraDve Programmeon Reducing Emissions from DeforestaDon and Forest DegradaDon in Developing Countries The UN-‐REDD Programme Strategy 2011-‐2015. Available at: h=p://www.un-‐redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx and h=p://www.un-‐redd.org/AboutUN-‐REDDProgramme/tabid/102613/Default.aspx

Publica9ons (3)

Web links antaDons-‐for-‐wood-‐and-‐fiber-‐producDon.html h=p://aprildialog.com/2013/09/19/ecosystem-‐restoraDon-‐another-‐way-‐to-‐sustainably-‐manage-‐forests/ h=p://blog.cifor.org/12135/clocking-‐the-‐worlds-‐forests#.U2tcJ_dZpdg h=p://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/Dmber_regulaDon.htm h=p://environment.naDonalgeographic.com/environment/global-‐warming/deforestaDon-‐overview/ h=p://ipcc-‐wg2.gov/AR5/report/final-‐drats/ h=p://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?opDon=com_content&task=arDcle&id=147 h=p://sd-‐report.mondigroup.com/2012/environment/responsible-‐forestry/managing-‐plantaDon-‐forests h=p://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/mechanisms/clean_development_mechanism/items/2718.php h=p://worldagroforestry.org/regions/eastern-‐africa/our-‐projects/conservaDon_agriculture_with_trees h=p://www.alternet.org/hot-‐news-‐views/why-‐tree-‐plantaDons-‐are-‐problem-‐not-‐soluDon h=p://www.asb.cgiar.org/Regions h=p://www.cifor.org/events/upcoming-‐events/forests-‐asia/about-‐the-‐conference.html h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-‐themes/governance/ h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/about/summit-‐themes/governance/ h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/infographics-‐southeast-‐asia-‐burning/ h=p://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/wp-‐content/uploads/files/ForestAsia_Brief-‐Theme1_web.pdf h=p://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/ h=p://www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/79527/en/ h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/004/X6543E/X6543E04.htm h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y3796E/y3796e07.htm h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9345e/j9345e08.htm h=p://www.fao.org/docrep/u5610e/u5610e04.htm h=p://www.fao.org/forestry/eu-‐flegt/en/ h=p://www.forestrycarbon.net/tag/redd-‐and-‐redd/ h=p://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html h=p://www.greenpeace.org/internaDonal/en/campaigns/forests/threats/illegal-‐logging/ h=p://www.ipcc.ch/publicaDons_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms4.html h=p://www.ipcc.ch/publicaDons_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch2s2-‐5-‐2.html h=p://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0187757-‐sustainable-‐management-‐of-‐tree-‐pl h=p://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/27/climate-‐change-‐adaptaDon h=p://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/14/fires-‐indonesia-‐highest-‐levels-‐2012-‐haze-‐emergency h=p://www.v-‐c-‐s.org/who-‐we-‐are h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/resources/databases/agroforestree h=ps://ic.fsc.org/about-‐us.1.htm

h=p://www.cgiar.org/ h=p://www.cifor.org/ h=p://www.worldagroforestry.org/ h=ps://www.flickr.com/search?sort=relevance&text=tree%20bud

Illustra9ons

Videos

Vital role of world's forests 36 sec h=p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbYkh2rIhr0 1 min 25 sec h=p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4l6z-‐8Vwazs AdaptaHon and MiHgaHon | Climate Wisconsin 2min37 sec h=p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjnV8-‐oo12A

Please see a separate ppt file for video opHons for Web2! Install Apple QuickTime

forestry technologies for adaptationto climate change.pptx

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naturalforests v virgin

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