Foreword

A Google search “Australians at War” brings up a wealth of information aboutmilitary conflicts that Australians have been involved in but all of these conflictshave been overseas, fighting alongside our overseas allies. The wars onAustralian soil are rarely mentioned1 because they usually did not involve themilitary. However, there was “undeclared war” between European settlers andAustralia’s Indigenous inhabitants whose lands were being stolen. This war waswaged for at least 100 years!

Unlike most military wars, there has been no armistice and no negotiation ofpeace. Arguably, the “war” continued for another 100 years as successive stateand federal governments sanctioned the dispossession and exclusion of manyIndigenous Australians from mainstream society through the legalised denial ofboth their human rights and natural justice.

A previous Governor-General, Sir William Deane, reflected the views of manyAustralians when he said that “until true reconciliation with its Indigenouspeoples is reached, Australia is a diminished nation2“. A dictionary meaning ofreconciliation is “the re-establishing of cordial relations”. Reconciliation includesacknowledging the wrongs that have been done to Australia’s first inhabitantswho suffered unspeakable hardships during and after invasion by the Englishand other Europeans. Reconciliation also includes understanding!

Supporting reconciliation means working to overcome the reasons why there isdivision and inequality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.3

Achieving reconciliation involves learning about Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander histories and cultures. Achieving reconciliation is also aboutacknowledging the right of all people, no matter what their origins, to justiceand equality of opportunity in all aspects of today’s Australian society.

It is hoped that the activities in this book will contribute to this reconciliationprocess in some small way.

M.M. Watts

1 http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/colonial.asp2 http://www.mabonativetitle.com/info/australiaIsDiminishedNation.htm3 http://web.archive.org/web/20130513193746/http://reconciliaction.org.au/nsw/education-kit/what-is-reconciliation

Chapter 1 – A Short History of Interaction

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Teachers’ Notes: Why is active reconciliation necessary?

The extraordinarily brutal treatment of Aboriginal peoples had its foundations inthe attitudes of the ruling English classes towards their own workers, legitimateland owners, and any other interested individuals such as Scottish crofters andIrish farmers who believed that they had rights to land and property that theyhad previously developed.

Darwin applied his theories of NaturalSelection specifically to people in The Descentof Man (1871). This work become acornerstone for Social Darwinism whichjustifies imbalances of power betweenindividuals, races, and nations because itsproponents consider some people more fit tosurvive than others. Cruel social policies athome and imperialism abroad could bejustified under the idea of Social Darwinism.

Readings of commentaries from the late 19th

and early 20th centuries in Australia indicatea strong acceptance of Social Darwinism bythe English. Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander people were perceived as weak anddiminished with their cultures delimited. Thisperception supported the colonialist attitudeof exerting power and cultural influence over

the “weak” by all means available.

This chapter is designed to enable students to develop an understanding of thereasons behind the invasion of Australia as well develop some understanding ofthe attitude of entitlement of the English towards land acquisition with anyconcurrent use of force to achieve these outcomes.

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Activity 1.1: English Society in the 18th century

The eighteenth century saw continuous and accelerating population growth.Women married at an earlier age, and the number of illegitimate birthsincreased. As fertility rates improved - death rates fell!

Despite the availability of greater supplies of food, additional housing, andmore generous welfare, poverty was more prevalent than ever before—especially in the cities. As more people were born and survived the rigours ofearly childhood, the numbers of poor people increased and nearly half of themwere unemployed and living on the edge of starvation. The value of labour fellas the price of necessities such as food rose.

Land was less available as more people sought to establish households. Povertyin the countryside forced those without access to land to emigrate to the cities orthe New World. Squalor in the overcrowded ghettoes of eighteenth-centurycities was appalling. Crime soared in the cities, with the poor the most commonvictims. There was a rising tide of misery in the crowded jails, poor houses andhospitals.

Against this background of English society, the government as well as wealthypatrons sent explorers around the globe to find new lands with new resourcesto exploit in the resultant colonies that were to spring up. The behaviour of theEnglish as they colonised other countries reflected the attitude that Englishmorals, beliefs and values were superior.

The stereotypes of white supremacy that the colonists brought with them wereobvious in early descriptions of Aboriginal Australians such as “Those poorcreatures to all appearances the Lowest in Rank among the Human Race”; “Ithink, the most miserable of the human form under heaven;” “more like monkies(sic) than warriors”; “altogether a most stupid insensible set of beings”.4

4 Quotes and attributions can be found in The History of Indifference Thus Begins W.E.H. Stanner, Aboriginal HistoryVolume 1 1977 page 7 available for download at http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/aboriginal-history-journal

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This drawing is a copy of anengraving done of Gnoung-a-gnoung-a, mour-re-mour-ga (alsoknown as Collins.) by BarthelemyRoger (1767-1841) from a drawingby Nicolas-Martin Petit (1777-1804).

The drawing suggests that this mandid not fit the English stereotype inany way at all.

Read more about Gnoung-a-gnoung-a, mour-re-mour-ga at

http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/events/exhibitions/2006/eora/images/s1.html

Profound racism supported genocide. For example, in Tasmania, colonists whoseized Aboriginal children and dashed their brains out or lined Aborigines up astargets for musket practice likely considered their victims less than human.Whites spoke of Aborigines as “horribly disgusting,” lacking “any traces ofcivilization,” “constituting in a measure the link between man and the monkeytribe,” or “undoubtedly in the lowest possible scale of human nature, both inform and intellect”.5

IInn tthheeiirr qquueesstt ttoouunnddeerrssttaanndd hhuummaanneevvoolluuttiioonn,, 1199tthh cceennttuurryyaanntthhrrooppoollooggiissttss aavviiddllyyccoolllleecctteedd tthhee sskkuullllss ooffIInnddiiggeennoouuss ppeeooppllee ffrroommaarroouunndd tthhee wwoorrlldd.. MMaannyysseeaarrcchheedd iinn vvaaiinn ffoorreevviiddeennccee tthhaatt wwhhiitteeppeeooppllee wweerree ssuuppeerriioorr..

5 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1462352042000225930#preview page 169 edited

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European science at the time supported these false ideas about the nature andorigins of Aboriginal people. Human bones were often collected along withsamples of Australian flora and fauna, reflecting a 19th century world view thatsaw native peoples as less than fully human. Many scientists acted illegally.Graves were plundered; there is even a report of one foreign collector inMackay, Queensland, asking a trooper to “shoot a native boy to furnish acomplete exhibit of an Australian Aboriginal skeleton, skin and skull.”6

From the 1860s onwards, Aboriginal people were represented as a “low” or“primitive” race, whose peculiar physical and intellectual attributes renderedthem fit only for carefully limited participation in the English settler society. Theseattitudes that justified cruel and inhuman treatment of people of racial, cultural,religious and social differences, continue to impact on the lives of Aboriginaland Torres Strait Islander peoples in many ways.

TTaasskkss:: YYoouu wwiillll nneeeedd aacccceessss ttoo tthhee IInntteerrnneett ffoorr ttaasskk 33

1. What is the meaning of each of the following sentences?

a. The value of labour fell as the price of necessities such as food rose.

b. The behaviour of the English as they colonised other countries reflectedthe attitude that English morals, beliefs and values were superior.

2. Do you know the meanings of all the words in the text?

a. Go through the text again, highlight words that you are not sure about,and then search for the meanings of these words.

Hint: Some words will have more than meaning so you will need tojudge which meaning fits best with the rest of the its sentence.

b. If you have completed this task well, you should be able to complete thewordsearch on the next page as all the answers are words in the text.

6 http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/articles/turnbull.htm includes another account of what might have takenplace.

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3. Find the Word

Fill in the blank spaces below. Can you find these words in the puzzle below?

R D I S C R I M I N A T I O N

E H G G I P N H S L M Z I R F

C L K D I U V D V B D R F M L

O I R E C O N C I L E R Z Z R

N L J A N T H R O P O L O G Y

C W N J V T R I B E Z I G H V

I I S I N D I G E N O U S Q J

L T U O W Y Y V M G V I Q A Y

I Q P M R N N J P T H O Q E T

A P E A C E E M I R J M T L K

T U R A J A G Y K R W N M G I

I E I I S O F D H A R M O N Y

O J O E N W L Z N G R U J D B

N J R Y O J M K T U O P F W L

U U I F R P R E J U D I C E F

1. To restore a friendly relationship,to restore mutual respect, tobring back harmony is to_____________________

2. Aboriginal, native are otherwords for ____________________

3. ___________ occurs when peoplemake a distinction or discriminatein favour or against a person

4. ______________ occurs when anadverse judgement or opinion isformed beforehand or withoutknowledge of the facts

5. ________________ occurs whenthere is agreement and everyoneis in unity

6. ___________ is a state oftranquillity, quiet and harmonyand absence of violence

7. The scientific and social study ofhumanity is called___________________

8. __________________ is a wordthat means higher in quality

9. A group of people who arecohesive who are similar and geton well socially: ______________

10. _______________ is theestablishment of friendlyrelationships and conciliation

RECONCILE

INDIGENOUS

DISCRIMINATION

PREJUDICE

HARMONY

PEACE

ANTHROPOLOGY

SUPERIOR

TRIBE

RECONCILIATION

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4. A step towards reconciliation with the repatriation of Aboriginal remains:discussion essay.

In their ignorance, previous generations of European scientists failed to appreciate the religioussignificance of the remains of their ancestors for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI)people. Formore than 150 years, ancestral remains and secret sacred objects were removed to museums,universities and private collections in Australia and overseas.

However, across the world, anthropologists, archaeologists and scientists are finally“catching up” and developing some understanding of the long cultures, traditions andspiritual beliefs of Indigenous peoples, including Australian aboriginals. With understandingcomes respect! Nowadays, many feel that no good scientific argument for the preservationand continued scientific use of remains could outweigh Aboriginal claims. Others still arguethat the remains should be kept in museums for further research.

This is a lengthy article that includes both sides of the argument.

http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/articles/turnbull.htm

There are many other sites available with further information such as:

IImmppoorrttaannccee ooff rreeppaattrriiaattiioonn ttoo ccoouunnttrryy

http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/people/aboriginal-remains-repatriationhttp://nma.gov.au/research/understanding-museums/MPickering_PGordon_2011.htmlhttp://treatyrepublic.net/content/indigenous-remains-coming-home-uk

http://web.archive.org/web/20130524131211/http://mgnsw.org.au/uploaded/Publications/Aboriginal%20summit/keeping%20places%20and%20beyondnew.pdf

http://www.elginism.com/similar-cases/the-importance-of-repatriation-for-museums/20111128/3835/ has extra links worth following.IImmppoorrttaannccee ooff mmaaiinnttaaiinniinngg IInnddiiggeennoouuss ccoolllleeccttiioonnsshttp://www-tc.pbs.org/warrior/content/modules/artifacts.pdf for an American view.

ht tp://www.wel lcome.ac.uk/About-us/Pol icy/Pol icy-and-posi t ion-statements/wtx033469.htm

http://www.pcc.edu/library/sites/default/files/science-v-tradition.pdf

TThhee ssttaatteemmeenntt ttoo ddiissccuussss: When it comes to making decisions about the fate ofAboriginal human remains and artefacts, it is more important to respect thewishes of Australian Aboriginal people than those of researchers who wish tokeep them for study purposes.

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Aim

To identify and expand on the arguments for and against about the repatriationof Aboriginal remains.

Instruction

You are a journalist and have been given the job to write a newspaper articleabout the repatriation of Aboriginal remains.

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Activity 1.2: A time of unrest in Britain

In Georgian England, between 1750 and 1770 the population doubled. Thisrising population put pressure on land and jobs so people in other parts ofBritain suffered as a result.

Industrialisation brought the growth of overcrowded cities and towns, often withmany suffering in extreme poverty. Hunger and oppression forced many intopetty crime. With soaring crime rates came extreme punishments: the deathpenalty was applied for fairly minor crimes such as stealing a handkerchief or asheep.

Convicts

Believing that crime was out of control, Britain began to transport convicts to theAmerican colonies in 1611. After 1717 transportation was stepped up andmany convicts were sent to the American colonies as cheap labour.

Defendants found guilty of a capital offence were spared the death penalty andsentenced instead to punishments such as branding, transportation, orimprisonment. Even minor offenders were transported for seven years toAmerica and later to Australia. Seventy per cent of the Irish and fifty-nine percent of other convicts were first offenders. Petty theft was the main offence. Forexample, stealing a loaf of bread usually resulted in a seven year sentenceinvolving transportation to the colonies.

After 1776 when the American colonies fought their War of Independence theyhalted the transportation of convicts and thus the free labour that they hadsupplied. This is when Britain searched for another land to use as a penalsettlement, to form a colony and to exploit for its riches.

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Tasks: you will need access to the Internet for part 1

i Use the information at http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/index.jsp to helpanswer the following questions:

a. What was the “Old Bailey”?

b. What is meant by the term “the bloody code”?9

c. What was “branding” and how did it relate to “benefit of clergy”?

d. Why was imprisonment with hard labour introduced?

e. Explain why transportation of criminals was introduced.

9 Read more about “the bloody code” here http://www.dur.ac.uk/4schools/Crime/Bloodycode.htm

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2. The calendar on the opposite page contains the records of the trials ofseveral people, including their crimes and their punishments, in 1786 inDurham, England.10

a. Summarise the information available in the table below

b. What is the difference between the terms “acquitted” and “no bill” usedon the calendar above?

c. The law makers and law enforcers came from the well-off and businessclasses whilst the law breakers were often the poorest in society. How isthis situation reflected in the crimes listed and their punishments?

10 A scan of the original document can be viewed at http://www.dur.ac.uk/4schools/Crime/Durhamprisoners1.htm You will notethat the letter “f” is often used as an “s” in the original text as was the custom in the 18th century. For ease of reading, this usagehas been adjusted in the transcription on page 10.

PPuunniisshhmmeenntt CCrriimmee PPrriissoonneerr’’ss NNaammee((ss))

DDeeaatthh

TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn

WWhhiippppiinngg

Activity 1.3: The first dispossession

Captain Arthur Phillip, when he set outfrom England with the First Fleet wrote,“I shall think it a great point if I canproceed in this business without havingany dispute with the natives, a few ofwhich I shall endeavour to persuade tosettle near us, and who I mean to furnishwith everything that can tend to civilizethem and to give them a high opinion oftheir new guests.”11

Phillip from all reports behaved in adecent way towards the Aboriginalpeople. He did persuade someAboriginal people to “settle near us” buttheir general experience was not ahappy one.

With reference to the arrival of the First Fleet, Stanner wrote, “Not even the scaleof the visitation could have been clear until the nineteenth day, when the last ofthe convicts were herded ashore. The Aborigines had had no experiences bywhich to judge such things, or to see in them shapes of permanence. Therealization that it was an invasion, and that the strangers meant to stay, couldonly have come slowly. When at last it came, the dismay must have beenprofound.12

The Aboriginal people of Botany Bay and Sydney Cove soon came tounderstand the nature of these strangers. They watched the first flogging of aconvict (29 January), the first hanging of a convict (27 February), thedrunkenness, the fighting and the attempts to escape. They watched the sailorsand convicts tear down trees, clear bushes and dig pits without any regard forthe interests of the Aboriginal people.

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11 Quoted in The History of Indifference Thus Begins W.E.H. Stanner, Aboriginal History Volume 1 1977 page 3available for download at http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/aboriginal-history-journal

12 Quoted from The History of Indifference Thus Begins W.E.H. Stanner, Aboriginal History Volume 1 1977 page 8available for download at http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/aboriginal-history-journal

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SSiiddnneeyy NNeeww SSoouutthh WWaalleess.. JJ.. LLyycceetttt ccaa.. 11777755--11882288Source: State Library of New South Wales, Call number DG V1 / 80, digital order no a928342

Stanner went on to write, They (the English) had no idea, it seems, that they werecrowding at every place on to a confined estate whose every feature and objectentailed proprietary rights and religious significances. Nor did they suspect forsome time that they were upsetting a delicate balance between population andfood supplies.13

The first complaint about English maltreatment didn’t take long; an Aboriginalman told Phillip of a beating he had received. Shortly afterwards it becameobvious that the Aboriginal women were fearful and that Aboriginal men wereincreasingly protective of their women around the convicts. In a few shortmonths, racial relations had thus passed through three phases – the ‘cautiousfriendship of the first few days; the ‘neither frequent nor cordial’ intermezzo14ofthe late summer and autumn; and the often open animosity of the winter and

13 Quoted from The History of Indifference Thus Begins W.E.H. Stanner, Aboriginal History Volume 1 1977 page 9available for download at http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/aboriginal-history-journal

14 Interval or pause in proceedings

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spring.15 Guerilla warfare began with a series of incidences that escalated intoincreasing violence. With the armed conflict came food shortages.

The large white population raided the “natural larder” of Port Jackson. Theynetted huge catches of fish, reduced the kangaroo population withunsustainable hunting, cleared the land, and polluted the water. As a result, theAboriginal people throughout the Sydney Basin lost their food sources and weresoon close to starvation. Add to this was the terrible impact of diseasesintroduced by the colonialists and, in less than a year after their arrival, morethan half of the Aboriginal people of the Port Jackson area were dead.

Any Aboriginals remaining in the area were forced to mix in with the English,were introduced to the English diet, including alcohol and were generallytreated as inferior pagan people to be settled into townships, educated inEnglish ways and converted to Christianity.

TTaasskkss:: The internet is needed to complete these two tasks.11.. http://www.myplace.edu.au/TLF_resources/R4051/description.html shows

a painting of early Sydney titled ‘‘NNaattiivveess ooff NN..SS..WWaalleess aass sseeeenn iinn tthhee ssttrreeeettssooff SSyyddnneeyy’’,, 11883300

http://epress.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Aboriginal+History+Volume+35,+2011/7171/Text/G01Karskens.html has a series ofpaintings of Aboriginal people in early colonial Sydney16. How do theseimages describe the impact of English invasion on the Aboriginal way oflife?

15 Quoted from The History of Indifference Thus Begins W.E.H. Stanner, Aboriginal History Volume 1 1977 page 16 available fordownload at http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/aboriginal-history-journal

16 Older students who are better readers could be provided with the full article as it analyses both the use of images to describe historyand the various interpretations that can be given to images, depending on the point of view of the historian. The journal containingthis article is available for download from http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/aboriginal-history-journal/ah35_citation

2. Aboriginal people of the Sydney area

a. Use the map of Sydney below to identify and label the areas in whichthe clans of Sydney lived before the English arrived. You can get theinformation you need from

http://www.aboriginalheritage.org/history/history/

b. Now go to http://www.abc.net.au/indigenous/map/ and zoom in onthe areas around Sydney.

What is the difference between the information on this map and thatwhich you have used to fill in the map above?

c. What conclusion can you draw from the two sets of information aboutthe Aboriginal people of the Sydney region?

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Activity 1.4: Resistance and massacres

The first historically significant act of English colonisation was the widespreaddispossession of Australia’s Aboriginal people of their land and customs.Resistance to the invasion began almost immediately, with Aboriginal peopleusing small-scale guerrilla tactics against the heavily armed English. Earlyattacks were against single offenders and individuals at a local level. This was areflection of how Aboriginal people defended their land. Small groups wereresponsible for specific regions and strips of land which they cared for anddefended. Early colonial newspapers labelled such hit-and-run strategies as‘treacherous’ and colonial authorities declared martial law.

The localised skirmishes escalated to large-scale frontier conflict occurred inresponse to the increasing swell of settlers. Aboriginal people developed a newform of warfare that differed from their traditional methods. Already expert inraids and ambush, the Aborigines now used these skills to attack the settlers’crops, stock and farmhouses. Raiding parties took goods and foodstuffs whenthey were useful, and destroyed them when they were not. When the terrainassisted these tactics, Aborigines were able to temporarily stop settlersoccupying their land.

Early settlers lived in constant fear of attacks from local Aboriginalpeople and Aboriginal people l ived in constant fear of reprisalattacks. Aboriginal tactics had overcome English muskets, andAboriginal warriors had evaded settlers and soldiers. However, oncethe English began using horses, they were able to track and attackAboriginal groups, and gained the advantage that would bring themvictory. Any resistance to the settlement process was then met withbrutal repression and punishment, including horrific massacres. Thisviolence was not merely sanctioned but often mandated by the state.

Eventually Aboriginal forces were weakened by a combination of factors. In thelate 1800s, they faced increasing numbers of English military forces with theirbetter guns and the raids of the brutal Native Police. With the help of thecolonial laws, Aboriginal people were forced off their land by white settlers andbecame economically and socially marginalised.

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In 1901, C.J.M Scallon17 expressed indignation about the ingratitude thatAboriginal people displayed to whites for the improved conditions of civilisation.He was bothered by Indigenous Australians’ remembrance of the butchery theyendured by the hands of the white. He wrote,

It seems a fair means of deduction and elucidation to review the first generation ofwhite man’s occupation of the country and the history relating to it and from it togather the facts that unmerciful and unnecessary butchery and punishment wereoften inflicted on them to bring them to subjection. In other words, the dawn oftheir civilisation presents a picture to the blacks, handed down from theirforefathers till now, of a hunted beast of the field whose very existence was only atthe white man’s will.

In spite of the improved civilisation to the present day, the better welfare andcondition of the blacks, and the now most generally humane treatment by thewhites, there stands this hereditary barrier of inappreciation and ingratitude – theremembrance of the blood red dawn of their civilisation. The ‘contempt’ of thewhite man in the early days of their occupation is now reflected in the ‘contempt’ ofthe black for every benefit he receives, so that whatever a white man may do togain fidelity in his black employees, by kind and just reward, he is baulked andbaffled in all his endeavours by the traditions of the past – the hereditary hatred ofthe whites through the butchery of their ancestors.

It is therefore a question of speculation whether the Queensland blacks are thelowest type of blacks in the world, or whether the hereditary biased prejudice theyhave against ourselves is the result of inhumanity to man handed down by theirforefathers, which may account for the ingratitude of the present generation.

TTaasskkss

a. Read the paragraphs written by C.J.M. Scallon again.

a. Do you agree that the arrival of the English was the “dawn ofcivilisation” for Aboriginal Australians? Explain.

b. Do you agree that “black employees” should have been grateful totheir employers? Explain.

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17 C.J.M. Scallon, “Aborigine Hereditary Ingratitude”, Science of Man, 21 August 1901 page 115 quoted in HenryReynolds, Forgotten War, 2013, University of NSW Press Ltd ISBN 9781742233925 page 119 and also inTheofanis Costas, Dino Verinakis Barbaric Sovereignty: States of Emergency and Their Colonial Legacies 2008ProQuest, ISBN 0549567216, 9780549567219 page 196

“Dirty wars” were fought on Australian soil for over one hundred years. Whitesettlers simply ignored the possibility that this country had been successfullymanaged by the Aboriginal people and viewed the land as empty and ready tobe exploited. Long erased from official accounts, the clashes and massacres thattook place on the frontier remain a contested area of history, often replaced bymore palatable stories of rugged pioneers conquering an inhospitable land.18

b. The Warriors: There are many stories of bravery in the oral histories ofIndigenous people as they resisted the onslaught of the English. Aboriginalmen were summarily executed when captured and often their remains weretreated with blatant disrespect, but very few English were prosecuted fortheir war crimes. Why? Five warriors of the resistance are listed below.Select one of these men and use the links provided as a starting point toprepare a presentation on their feats of bravery and leadership.

Warriors

PPeemmuullwwuuyy

http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pemulwuy-13147

http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/11/01/1067597158244.html

JJaannddaammaarrrraa

http://www.kimberleyaustralia.com/story-of-jandamarra.html

http://treatyrepublic.net/node/702

WWyynnddrraaddyynnee

http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/windradyne-13251

http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/transgressions/mobile_devices/ch08s07.html

YYaaggaann

http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/yagan-2826

http://www.creativespirits.info/australia/western-australia/perth/perths-aboriginal-history

CCaallyyuuttee

http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/calyute-12832

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyute

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18 http://treatyrepublic.net/content/australias-dirty-little-colonial-wars

c. War can be defined as “A state of armed conflict between different nations or states ordifferent groups within a nation or state.” This definition suits the relationship betweenAboriginal Australians and the English for almost all of the 19th century. The Englisharmed themselves with horses, guns and poison; the Aboriginal people had theirspears as well as a tactical advantage in having an intimate knowledge of country.

Five examples of the wars that were fought in Australia are listed below. Asno state of Australia was settled peacefully, your task is to research one ofthe examples provided below or another from your state. Having gatheredthe information, organise and prepare a presentation on the progress andoutcome of this war.

Wars

TThhee bbllaacckk wwaarrss ooff TTaassmmaanniiaa

http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/rose/tasmania.htmlhttp://epress.anu.edu.au/apps/bookworm/view/Passionate+Histories%3A+Myth,+Memory+and+Indigenous+Australia/8271/Text/ch02.html for better readers

TThhee mmaassssaaccrree ooff tthhee YYeeeemmaann ppeeooppllee

http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:212961/s18378366_1957_5_5_1306.pdfhttp://higherhistory.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/5/1/15519086/australia_article_2.pdf

TThhee MMyyaallll CCrreeeekk MMaassssaaccrree

http://www.myallcreek.info/massacre/article/the-story-of-the-myall-creek-massacrehttp://www.bingara.com.au/index.cfm?page_id=1059

TThhee KKiillccooyy ppooiissoonniinngg

http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/Researchers/CommsDownloads/Documents/CooloolaHistoricalOveriew.pdf (page 7)http://redlandsu3a.pbworks.com/w/page/9724968/Kilcoy%20Station

TThhee CCoonniissttoonn KKiilllliinnggss

http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/first_australians/resistance/coniston_massacrehttp://epress.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ch0452.pdf for betterreaders.

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Finding Information about Aboriginal Warriors

Pemulwuy

Instructions: Fill in the answers in the space provided

Go to: AustralianDictionary of Biography

http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pemulwuy-13147

What area of Australiadid Pemulwuy live?

What date in Australia’shistory did these eventshappen?

What did Pemulwuy do?

Draw some of theweapons Pemulwuy mayhave used.

Choose words to describewhat you liked or dislikedabout Pemulwuy’sactions

I liked Pemulwuy’s actions...

I disliked Pemulwuy’s actions...

What tribe did Pemulwuybelong to?

What state in Australiadid Pemulwuy live?