formulating and clarifying the research topic
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Saunders book slides...TRANSCRIPT
Slide 2.1
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Chapter 2Formulating and clarifying the research
topic
Slide 2.2
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Learning outcomes
• By the end of this chapter you should be able to:• Generate ideas that will help in the choice of a
suitable research topic; • Identify the attributes of a good research topic;• Turn research ideas into a research project that has
clear research question (s) and objectives;• Draft a research proposal
Slide 2.3
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Formulating and clarifying your research topic
The important steps
• Identifying the attributes of a good research topic
• Generating ideas that help you select a suitable topic
• Turning ideas into clear research questions and objectives
• Writing your research proposal
Slide 2.4
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Attributes of a good research topic (1)Capability: is it feasible?
• Are you fascinated by the topic?
• Do you have the necessary research skills?
• Can you complete the project in the time available?
• Will the research still be current when you finish?
• Do you have sufficient financial and other resources?
• Will you be able to gain access to data?
Slide 2.5
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Attributes of a good research topic (2)
Appropriateness: is it worthwhile?
• Will the examining institute's standards be met?• Does the topic contain issues with clear links to theory?• Are the research questions and objectives clearly
stated?• Will the proposed research provide fresh insights into
the topic?• Are the findings likely to be symmetrical?• Does the research topic match your career goals?
Slide 2.6
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Attributes of a good research topic (3)
And - (if relevant)
Does the topic relate clearly to an idea you were given -
possibly by your organisation ?
Slide 2.7
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Generating research ideas
Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Creative thinking
Searching the literature Scanning the media
Brainstorming Relevance Trees
Exploring past projects Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook
Slide 2.8
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Rational thinking
• Examining your own strengths and interests• Looking at past project titles • Discussion• Searching the literature• Scanning the media
Slide 2.9
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Creative thinking
• Keeping a notebook of ideas• Exploring personal preferences using past
projects• Relevance trees• Brainstorming
Slide 2.10
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Rational thinking and creative thinking
• These techniques will generate possible project one of two outcomes:
• One or more possible project ideas that you might undertake;
• Absolute panic because nothing in which you are interested or which seems suitable has come to mind.
Slide 2.11
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Examining own strengths and interests
• Having some academic knowledge• Look at those assignments for which you have
received good grade.• You may, as part of your reading, be able to
focus more precisely on the sort of ideas about which you wish to conduct your research
• There is a need to think about your future
Slide 2.12
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Looking at past project title
• Dissertations; • Theses. Scan your university’s list of past project titles for
anything that captures your imagination• Scanning actual research projects.You need to beware. The fact that a project is in your
library is no guarantee of the quality of the arguments and observations it contains.
Slide 2.13
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Discussion
• Colleagues, friends, university tutors, practitioner and professional groups
Slide 2.14
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Searching the literature
• As part of your discussions, relevant literature may also be suggested. Sharp et al, (2002) discuss types of literature that are of particular use for generating research ideas. These include:
• Article in academic and professional journals;• Reports;• Books.
Slide 2.15
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Scanning the media
• Keeping up to date with items in the news can be a very rich source of ideas
Slide 2.16
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Keeping a notebook of ideas
• One of the more creative techniques that we all use is to keep a notebook of ideas. All this involves is simply noting down any interesting research ideas as you think of them and, of equal importance, what sparked off your thought. You can then pursue the idea using more rational thinking technique later.
Slide 2.17
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Exploring personal preferences using past project
1. Select six projects that you like2. For each of these six projects, note down your first
thoughts in response to three questions(if responses for different projects are the same this does not matter);
What appeals to you about the project? What is good about the project? Why is the project good?
Slide 2.18
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Exploring personal preferences using past project
3. Select three projects you do not like.4. For each of these three projects that you do
not like. What do you dislike about the project? What is bad about the project? Why is the project bad?
Slide 2.19
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Relevance tree
• You start with a broad concept from which you generate further (usually more specific) topics. Each of these topics forms a separate branch from which you can generate further, more detailed sub branches. As you proceed down the sub branches more ideas are generated and recorded. These can then be examined and a number selected and combined to provide a research idea
Slide 2.20
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.21
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Brainstorming• Define your problem – that is, the sorts of ideas you are interested in –
as precisely as possible.• Ask for suggestions, relating to the problem • Record all suggestions, observing the following rules: No suggestion should be criticized or evaluated in any way before all
ideas have been considered; All suggestions, however wild, should be recorded and considered As many suggestions as possible should be recorded.• Review all the suggestions and explore what is meant by each.• Analyze the list of suggestions and decide which appeal to to you
most as research ideas why.
Slide 2.22
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Refining research ideas
• Using the Delphi Technique
• Conducting a preliminary study
• Continually testing out your ideas
• Integrating ideas
• Refining topics given to you by your organisation
Slide 2.23
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Delphi technique• This involves using a group of people who are either
involved or interested in the research idea to generate and choose a more specific research idea. To use this technique you need:
1. To brief the members of the group about the research idea;2. At the end of the briefing to encourage group members to
seek clarification and more information as appropriate;3. To ask each member of the group including the originator
of the research ideas based on the idea that has been described (justification)
Slide 2.24
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The Delphi technique
1. To collect the research ideas in unedited and non-attributable form and to distribute them to all members of the group;
2. A second cycle of the process (steps 2 to 4)in which comment on the research ideas and revise their own contributions in the light of what others have said;
3. Subsequence cycles of the process until a consensus is reached . These either follow a similar pattern (steps 2 to 4)in or use discussion. Voting or some other method.
Slide 2.25
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Writing research questions
Write research questions that are
• Consistent with expected standards
• Able to produce clear conclusions
• At the right level ( not too difficult )
• Not too descriptive
• Use the ‘Goldilocks Test’
Clough and Nutbrown (2002)
Slide 2.26
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Goldilocks test• Clough and Nutbrown use what they call the Goldilocks test
to decide if research questions are either too big two small too hot or just right/
• Too big need significant funding • Too small are likely to be insufficient material • Too hot maybe so because sensitivities that may be aroused
as a result of doing the research . This may be because of the timing of the research or the many other reasons that may be upset key people who have a role to play.
• Just right are those just right for investigation at this time by this research in this setting
Slide 2.27
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Turning ideas into research projects (1)
Examples of research ideas and their derived focus questions
Table 2.2 Examples of research ideas and their derived focus research questions
Slide 2.28
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Turning ideas into research projects (2)
Useful techniques
• Start with a general focus question
• Discuss areas of interest with your tutor
Slide 2.29
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Turning ideas into research projects (3)
Writing clear research objectives
• Check your examining body’s preferences for stated objectives
• Use a general focus question to achieve precise objectives
Saunders et al. (2009)
Slide 2.30
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Turning ideas into research projects (4)
Include SMART Personal objectives
Specific: What precisely do you hope to achieve from undertaking the research?
Measurable: What measures will you use to determine whether you have achieved your objectives?(Secured a career-level first job in software design)
Achievable: Are the targets you have set for yourself achievable given all the possible constraints?
Realistic: Given all other demands upon your time, will you have the time and energy to complete the research on time?
Timely: Will you have time to accomplish all your objectives?
Slide 2.31
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
The importance of theory
• Asking for opinions and gathering facts – 'what' questions (descriptive research)
• Using questions that go beyond description and require analysis – 'why' questions
Phillips and Pugh (2005)
In order to:
Explain phenomena Analyse relationships
Predict outcomes Compare and generalise
Slide 2.32
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Theory
• “ A formulation regarding the cause and effect relationship between two or more variables, which may or may not have been tested”
Slide 2.33
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Threefold typology of theories
Grand, middle range and substantive theories
Creswell (2002)
Figure 2.1 Grand, middle-range and substantive theories
Slide 2.34
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Threefold typology of theories
• Grand theories: Usually thought to be province of natural scientists . (that will lead to a whole new way of thinking about management)
• Middle range theories: which lack the capacity to change the way in which we think about the world but are nonetheless of significance . (some of the theories of human motivation well known to manager would be in this category.
• Substantive theories : that are restricted to a particular time, research setting, group or population or problem
•
Slide 2.35
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Deductive approach and inductive approach
• This discussion of theory dose assume that a clear theoretical position is developed prior to the collection of data (the deductive approach).
• This will not always be the case. It may be that your study is based on the principle of developing theory after data have been collected (the inductive approach)
Slide 2.36
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Writing your research proposal
Purposes of the research proposal
• To organise your ideas
• To convince your audience
• To contract with your client (your tutor)
• To meet ethical requirements
Slide 2.37
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Content of your research proposal (1)
• Title - likely to change during the process
• Background - context within the literature
• Research questions and objectives - what you seek to achieve
Slide 2.38
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Content of your research proposal (2)
• Method - can be in two parts: research design and data collection
• Timescale and Resources - (finance, data access, equipment)
• References - include some key literature sources
Slide 2.39
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Evaluating research proposals
• How the components of the proposal fit together
• Viability of the proposal
• Absence of preconceived ideas
Slide 2.40
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Summary: Chapter 2
The best research topics
• Formulate and clarify the topic
• Meet the requirements of the examining body
• Use a variety of techniques when generating research ideas
• Are focused on clear questions based on relevant literature
Slide 2.41
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Summary: Chapter 2
The best research topics
• Are theory dependent
• Have a proposal containing organised ideas
Tell the reader:
• What will be done and why
• How it will be achieved