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Forward Genetic Screens: Strategies and challenges Harwin GoFish 22 July 2015

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Page 1: Forward Genetic Screens: Strategies challenges › ... › gofish_forward_genetic_screen.… · Forward genetics Phenotype Gene Several advantages: ‐Starting point is a strong phenotype

Forward Genetic Screens:Strategies and challenges

HarwinGoFish

22 July 2015

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Page 3: Forward Genetic Screens: Strategies challenges › ... › gofish_forward_genetic_screen.… · Forward genetics Phenotype Gene Several advantages: ‐Starting point is a strong phenotype

Forward genetics

Phenotype  Gene

Several advantages:‐ Starting point is a strong phenotype

‐ Unbiased approach  possibility to find new regulators of certain process

‐ Able to obtain large number of genes involved in the same process

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Things to consider

1. Phenotypes to screen for2. Methods of mutagenesis3. Identification of mutagenized gene4. Degree of saturation5. Proof of candidate gene

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1. Phenotypes to screen for

1. Morphology, lethality2. Maternal phenotypes3. Specific embryonic phenotype (Ab staining, 

ISH, nervous and hematopoietic systems)4. Modifier screens5. Temperature sensitive screen6. Regulatory elements

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2. Methods of mutagenesis

Gamma‐ray irradiation

Chemical mutagenesis

Insertional mutagenesis

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Gamma‐ray irradiation

Kimmel, 1989

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Time: Mutagenized sperm or embryos at mid‐blastula stage

Effect: Large deletions / translocations

Pros:Relatively fastHigh mutagenic rate  (~1.2 hit per 100,000 genome/rad, higher with increasing rad)

Cons:High lethality (non‐specific)Hard to map/maintain lines

Gamma‐ray irradiation

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Chemical mutagenesis

Lawson and Wolfe, 2011

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Chemical mutagenesisTime: Premeiotic sperm

Effect: Point mutations

Pros:Fast mutagenesis and family generationHighest mutagenic rate (3 hits/gene/1000 genomes screened)More random than insertional mutagenesis

Cons:Lots of silent missense mutationsPositional cloning takes FOREVERNeed multiple outcrosses to divergent background for mapping

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Insertional mutagenesis

Lawson and Wolfe, 2011

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Insertional mutagenesis

Amsterdam et al., 1999

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Insertional mutagenesisTime: Midblastula embryos

Effect: Large insertion and gene silencing

Pros:Positional cloning is super easyEvery integration results in silencing

Cons:Mutagenesis rate is lower than ENUMutagenesis is very labor intensiveSlight bias towards open regions of the genome (higher insertion rate at 5’ ends)

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Summary: mutagenesis methods

Amsterdam and Hopkins, 2006

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3. Identification of mutagenized gene

Insertional mutagenesis has the upperhand!

Inverse PCR + BLASTing known sequence = rapid mapping!

Some technical problems with highly similar regions in the past, but with better genome sequence this is minimized

Amsterdam and Hopkins, 2006

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Positional Cloning

3. Identification of mutagenized gene

Chromosomes with mutation

mutation

‐ Polymorphic markers close to mutation will segregate with mutation more frequently than markers further away

= Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs)

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Positional cloning

Zhou and Zon, 2011

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• Labor intensive• Need ~2000 mutants to be able to map to 0.1cM

• With better genome, still needs ~400 mutants to map to 1cM, and sequence genes in between

• There are sites with minimal recombination in the genome!

Positional cloning

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Mutagenesis + Whole genome‐seq

Zebrafish Mutation Project (ZMP)

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Problems with ZMP

1. Low depth of sequence‐ Sequencing gametes is less sensitive

2. Difficulty in recovering found mutations, husbandry

3. Space constraints

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Positional cloning + Seq: A better approach?

Obholzer et al., 2012

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4. Degree of SaturationA. How efficient is the mutagenesis?

Mullins et al., 1994B. How many hits on the same gene? 

Also depends on the gene size

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5. Proof of Candidate Genes

1. In case of multiple alleles: complementation2. Rescue assays3. Morpholino4. Reverse genetics