foucault, discourse and truth- the problematization of parrhesia copy
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Discourse and Truth: The Problematization of Parrhesia.
(six lectures given by Michel Foucault at Berkeley, Oct-Nov. 1983)
THE MEANING OF THE WORD "PARRHESIA"
1. Parrhesia and Frankness
2. Parrhesia and Truth
3. Parrhesia and Danger
4. Parrhesia and Criticism
5. Parrhesia and Duty
THE EVOLUTION OF THE WORD PARRHESIA
1.
Parrhesia and Rhetoric2. Parrhesia and Politics
3. Parrhesia and Philosophy
PARRHESIA IN THE TRAGEDIES OF EURIPIDES
1. Phoenician Women
2. Hippolytus
3. The Bacchae
4. Electra
5. Ion
6.
Orestes
7. Problematization of parrhesia
PARRHESIA AND THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
PRACTICES OF PARRHESIA
1. Socratic Parrhesia
2. Parrhesia and Community Life
3. Parrhesia and Public Life
4.
Parrhesia and Personal Relationships
TECHNIQUES OF THE PARRHESIASTIC GAMES
1. Seneca & evening examination
2. Serenus & general self-scrutiny
3. Epictetus & control of representations
4. Conclusion
CONCLUDING REMARKS
"#$%&$'()*+,# - . //
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The Meaning of the Word " Parrhesia "
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3. Parrhesia and Danger
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The Evolution of the Word " parrhesia "
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PARRHESIA IN THE TRAGEDIES OF EURIPIDES
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&,(243&45:Q
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42U$*42!"##$%&'"(# 9'2&5 ,#4 124 #3+ 52,2+:2 *+ =*''*+G KG&;2;+#+) D$( >'2%(4&n31# *: *+
(12 :*($&(*#+ #, & :'&S2F 31# 9'&H: (12 4#'2 #, & :'&S2 *+ (1*: :%2+2F 31# %&+ +# '#+G24 '*S2 *+
124 ,&(124o: 1#$:2 $+524 124 ,&(124o: 94#(2%(*#+F &+5 31# &5542::2: 124 ;#(124 c$:( &: &
:24S&+( 3#$'5 &5542:: (12 U$22+n>'2%(4& +225: (12 4*G1( #,!"##$%&'")
K+5 :# &+#(124 9&4412:*&:(*% %#+(4&%( *: 54&3+ I2(322+ E'H(2;+2:(4& &+5 >'2%(4&Q
E'H(2;+2:(4& 94#;*:2: :12 3*'' +#( 9$+*:1 >'2%(4& ,#4 124 ,4&+=+2:: c$:( &: W2+(12$: 94#;*:251*: ;2::2+G24 *+ /$% N"
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5. Ion [c.418-4171]
b2 ($4+ +#3 (#9).F & 9&4412:*&:(*% 9'&H)
012 ;H(1#'#G*%&' ,4&;23#4= #, (12 9'&H *+S#'S2: (12 '2G2+5&4H ,#$+5*+G #, K(12+:)
K%%#45*+G (# K((*% ;H(1F >42%(12$: 3&: (12 ,*4:( =*+G #, K(12+:AI#4+ & :#+ #, >&4(1 &+5
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F &I#$( (12 (*;2 312+ (1*: 9'&H 3&: 34*((2+F :$%1 ;H(1#'#G*%&' 42,242+%2 1&5 9#'*(*%&'
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1*: &$5*2+%2 (1&( (12 K(12+*&+: &42 42'&(25F (14#$G1 (1*: ;&44*&G2F (# (12 92#9'2 #, (12
W2'#9#+2:2F &+5 :92%*,*%&''H (# K%1&*&n+&;25 ,4#; #+2 #, (12 :#+: #, k$(1$: &+5 E42$:&Q
K%1&2$:) "#4 >$4*9*52:o &%%#$+( #, (12 W&+Ag2''2+*% +&($42 #, K(12+*&+ G2+2&'#GH ;&=2: Y#+
(12 :#+ #, K9#''# &+5 E42$:& Z5&$G1(24 (# K(12+: &+%*2+( =*+G >42(12$:\) E42$:& '&(24 ;&44*2:
k$(1$: Z31# 3&: &+ &''H #, (12 K(12+*&+: *+ (12*4 3&4 &G&*+:( (12 >$I#2&+: 7':) P@A/e8) 03#
:#+: &42 I#4+ ,4#; (1*: ;&44*&G2Q L#4$: &+5 K%1&2$:) Y#+ 3&: :&*5 (# I2 (12 ,#$+524 #, (12Y#+*% 92#9'2R L#4$:F (12 ,#$+524 #, (12 L#4*&+:R &+5 K%1&2$:F (12 ,#$+524 #, (12 K%1&2&+:)
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b2 :1&'' :22 (1&( K9#''# =229: :*'2+( (14#$G1#$( (12 54&;&R (1&( N$(1$: *: 52%2*S25 IH
(12 G#5F I$( *: &':# & 52%2*S24) K+5 32 :1&'' &':# :22 1#3 E42$:& &+5 Y#+ I#(1 :92&= (12 (4$(1
&G&*+:( K9#''#o: :*'2+%2F ,#4 #+'H (12H &42 %#++2%(25 (# (12 K(12+*&+ 2&4(1 31*%1 2+5#3:
(12; 3*(1!"##$%&'")
a.
Hermes Prologue
Y 3#$'5 ,*4:( '*=2 (# I4*2,'H 42%#$+( (12 2S2+(:F G*S2+ *+ g24;2:o 94#'#G$2F 31*%1 1&S2
(&=2+ 9'&%2 I2,#42 (12 9'&H I2G*+:)
K,(24 (12 52&(1 #, >42%(12$:o #(124 %1*'542+ ZE2%4#9:F h4*(1H*&F &+5 W4#%4*:\F E42$:& *:
(12 #+'H :$4S*S*+G #,,:94*+G #, (12 K(12+*&+ 5H+&:(H) h+2 5&HF &: & H#$+G G*4'F 31*'2 9*%=*+G
H2''#3 ,'#324: IH (12 X#+G V#%=:F K9#''# 4&92: #4 :25$%2: 124)
Y: *( & 4&92 #4 & :25$%(*#+a "#4 (12
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K+5 Y +225 (# =+#3 +#3 312(124 12 *: :(*'' '*S*+G #4 +#() b1&(F K9#''#F 1&: I2%#;2 #, #$4
:#+ao
K9#''#o: (2;9'2F (12 #4&%'2 &( L2'91*F 3&: (12 9'&%2 31242 (12 (4$(1 3&: (#'5 IH (12 G#5:
(# &+H ;#4(&': 31# %&;2 (# %#+:$'( *() D#(1 k$(1$: &+5 E42$:& &44*S2 (#G2(124 *+ ,4#+( #, (12
(2;9'2 5##4 &+5F #, %#$4:2F (12 ,*4:( 924:#+ (12H ;22( *: Y#+AK9#''#o: :24S&+( &+5 :#+ (#
E42$:&) D$( +&($4&''H E42$:& 5#2: +#( 42%#G+*M2 124 :#+F +#4 5#2: Y#+ 42%#G+*M2 1*: ;#(124)012H &42 :(4&+G24: (# #+2 &+#(124F c$:( &: h25*9$: &+5 N#%&:(& 3242 *+*(*&''H *+ d#91#%'2:o
:%7'!8& +$% b'.6)
V2;2;I24 (1&( h25*9$: 3&: &':# :&S25 ,4#; 52&(1 *+ :9*(2 #, (12 3*'' #, 1*: ;#(124) K+5
12F (##F 3&: $+&I'2 (# 42%#G+*M2 1*: 42&' ,&(124 &+5 ;#(124) 012 :(4$%($42 #, Y#+o: 9'#( *:
:#;231&( :*;*'&4 (# (12 h25*9$: :(#4H) D$( (12 5H+&;*%: #, (4$(1 *+ (12 (3# 9'&H: &42 2J&%('H
42S24:25)
"#4 *+ :%7'!8& +$% b'.6F W1#2I$: K9#''# :92&=: (12 (4$(1 ,4#; (12 S24H I2G*++*+GF
(4$(1,$''H ,#42(2''*+G 31&( 3*'' 1&992+) K+5 1$;&+ I2*+G: &42 (12 #+2: 31# %#+(*+$&''H 1*52
,4#; #4 &S#*5 :22*+G (12 (4$(1F (4H*+G (# 2:%&92 (12 52:(*+H ,#42(#'5 IH (12 G#5) D$( *+ (12 2+5F
(14#$G1 (12 :*G+: K9#''# 1&: G*S2+ (12;F h25*9$: &+5 N#%&:(& 5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1 *+ :9*(2 #,
(12;:2'S2:) Y+ (12 942:2+( 9'&HF 1$;&+ I2*+G: &42 (4H*+G (# 5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1Q Y#+ 3&+(: (#=+#3 31# 12 *: &+5 31242 12 %#;2: ,4#;R E42$:& 3&+(: (# =+#3 (12 ,&(2 #, 124 :#+) q2( *( *:
K9#''# 31# S#'$+(&4*'H %#+%2&': (12 (4$(1) 012 h25*9&' 94#I'2; #, (4$(1 *: 42:#'S25 IH
:1#3*+G 1#3 ;#4(&':F *+ :9*(2 #, (12*4 #3+ I'*+5+2::F 3*'' :22 (12 '*G1( #, (4$(1 31*%1 *:
:9#=2+ IH (12 G#5F &+5 31*%1 (12H 5# +#( 3*:1 (# :22) 012 Y#+*% 94#I'2; #, (4$(1 *: 42:#'S25
IH :1#3*+G 1#3 1$;&+ I2*+G:F *+ :9*(2 #, (12 :*'2+%2 #, K9#''#F 3*'' 5*:%#S24 (12 (4$(1 (12H
&42 :# 2&G24 (# =+#3)
012 (12;2 #, G#5o: :*'2+%2 942S&*': (14#$G1#$( 9).[ Y( &992&4: &( (12 I2G*++*+G #, (12
(4&G25H 312+ E42$:& 2+%#$+(24: Y#+) E42$:& *: :(*'' &:1&;25 #, 31&( 1&992+25 (# 124F :# :12
:92&=: (# Y#+ &: *, :12 1&5 %#;2 (# %#+:$'( (12 #4&%'2 ,#4 124 p,4*2+5o) d12 (12+ (2'': 1*; 9&4(
#, 124 #3+ :(#4HF &((4*I$(*+G *( (# 124 &''2G25 G*4',4*2+5F &+5 &:=: 1*; 312(124 12 (1*+=:
K9#''# 3*'' G*S2 124 p,4*2+5o &+ &+:324 (# 124 U$2:(*#+:) K: & G##5 :24S&+( (# (12 G#5F Y#+
(2'': 124 (1&( K9#''# 3*'' +#( G*S2 &+ &+:324) "#4 *, 12 1&: 5#+2 31&( E42$:&o: p,4*2+5o %'&*;:F
(12+ 12 3*'' I2 (## &:1&;25Q
9:ZV [[[ '& A!)44) +) #%E%"4 I$"+ $% '.+%.7& &$)847 #%*"'. " *B&+%#BX
T^P`UAV U8#%4B $'& )#"
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+#( &992&4) Y+:(2&5F K(12+2 &44*S2: (# %#+S2H 1*: ;2::&G2) K+5 :12 &992&4: &I#S2 (12 4##, #,
(12 L2'91*% (2;9'2F ,#4 (12 (2;9'2 5##4: &42 +#( #92+) >J9'&*+*+G 31H :12 1&: %#;2F :12
:&H:Q
A/LPZPV [[[ 9 "* B)8# 1#'%.7 $%#% "& '. A+$%.&@ +$% %6%+ B)8@ >8+ A!)44) 6"E% B)8 +) $'* &) +$"+ B)8 *'6$+ >%+G'*:1 25*(*#+:) 012 B >'#+$@ )# *%#%4B >B 6'1+X
e`/L`UV A 6'1+@ B%&J >8+ *'.% >B >'#+$ +))
"#$%&$'()*+,# -P . //
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d# H#$ :22 (1&( K9#''# 5#2: +#( G*S2 &+ #I:%$42 &+5 &;I*G$#$: #4&%$'&4 94#+#$+%2;2+( &:
12 3&: 3#+( (# 5# 3*(1 *+5*:%42(2 U$2:(*#+24:) 012 G#5o: &+:324 *: & 9$42 '*2) "#4 Y#+ *: +#(
k$(1$:o :#+ 6IH +&($426 #4 6IH I*4(16) K9#''# *: +#( &+ &;I*G$#$: (4$(1A(2''24 *+ (1*: %&:2) g2
*: & '*&4) K+5 k$(1$:F 52%2*S25 IH K9#''#F %&+5*5'H I2'*2S2: (1&( Y#+A(12 ,*4:( 924:#+ 12 ;2(A*:
42&''HF IH +&($42F 1*: #3+ :#+)
b1&( ,#''#3: *: (12 ,*4:( ;&*+ 9&4412:*&:(*% :%2+2 #, (12 9'&HF 31*%1 %&+ I2 5*S*525 *+(#(1422 9&4(:)
012 ,*4:( 9&4( %#+%24+: (12 ;*:$+524:(&+5*+G I2(322+ Y#+ &+5 k$(1$:) k$(1$: '2&S2: (12
(2;9'2F :22: Y#+F &+5A*+ '*G1( #, K9#''#o: &+:324nI2'*2S2: (1&( 12 *: 1*: :#+) "$'' #, %1224F 12
G#2: (# 1*; &+5 3&+(: (# =*:: 1*; ) Y#+n 31# 5#2: +#( =+#3 31# k$(1$: *:F &+5 5#2: +#(
=+#3 31H 12 3&+(: (# =*:: 1*;n;*:$+524:(&+5: k$(1$: I21&S*#4 &+5 (1*+=: (1&( k$(1$:
3&+(: (# 1&S2 :2J 3*(1 1*; Z&: &+H H#$+G $4*9*52:o (4&G25*2:) Y+ &+H %&:2F Y#+ :&H: (# k$(1$:Q pY, H#$ %#+(*+$2 1&4&::*+G ;2F Yo'' :1##(
&+ &44#3 *+ H#$4 %12:()o 01*: *: :*;*'&4 (# :%7'!8& +$% b'.6F 31242 h25*9$: 5#2: +#( =+#3
(1&( X&*$: F l*+G #, 012I2: F *: 1*: ,&(124) K+5 12 &':# ;*:$+524:(&+5: (12 +&($42 #, 1*:2+%#$+(24 3*(1 1*;R & U$&442' 2+:$2:F &+5 X&*$: *: =*''25 IH h25*9$:) D$( *+ Y#+ (1242 *: (1*:
42S24:&'Q k$(1$:F l*+G #, K(12+:F 5#2: +#( =+#3 (1&( Y#+ *: +#( 1*: :#+F &+5 Y#+ 5#2: +#(
=+#3 (1&( k$(1$: (1*+=: (1&( 12 *: Y#+o: ,&(124) d# &: & %#+:2U$2+%2 #, K9#''#o: '*2: 32 &42 *+
& 3#4'5 #, 52%29(*#+)
012 :2%#+5 9&4( #, (1*: :%2+2 %#+%24+: (12 ;*:(4$:( #, Y#+ (#3&45: k$(1$:) k$(1$: (2'':
Y#+Q p0&=2 *( 2&:HR *, Y 3&+( (# =*:: H#$F *( *: I2%&$:2 Y &; H#$4 ,&(124)o D$( 4&(124 (1&+
42c#*%*+G &( (12 5*:%#S24H #, =+#3*+G 31# 1*: ,&(124 *:F Y#+o: ,*4:( U$2:(*#+ (# k$(1$: *:Q
pb1#F (12+F *: ;H ;#(124ao) "#4 :#;2 $+=+#3+ 42&:#+F Y#+o: 94*+%*9'2 %#+%24+ *: (12
=+#3'25G2 #, 1*: ;#(124o: *52+(*(H) D$( (12+ 12 &:=: k$(1$:Q pg#3 %&+ Y I2 H#$4 :#+ao K+5
k$(1$: 429'*2:Q pY 5#+o( =+#3 1#3R Y 42,24 H#$ (# (12 G#5 K9#''# ,#4 31&( 12 1&: :&*5o) Y#+
(12+ $((24: & S24H *+(242:(*+G '*+2 31*%1 1&: I22+ %#;9'2(2'H ;*:(4&+:'&(25 *+ (12 "42+%1
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;2&+:A'25 &: (12H &42 IH K9#''#o: '*2:) "#''#3*+G (1*: *+U$*4HF Y#+ 4&(124 42'$%(&+('H &+5
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012 (1*45 9&4( #, (12 9&4412:*&:(*% :%2+2 I2(322+ k$(1$: &+5 Y#+ %#+%24+: Y#+o: 9#'*(*%&'
52:(*+HF &+5 1*: 9#(2+(*&' 9#'*(*%&' ;*:,#4($+2: *, 12 &44*S2: *+ K(12+: &: (12 :#+ &+5 12*4 #,
k$(1$: ) "#4 &,(24 924:$&5*+G Y#+ (1&( 12 *: 1*: :#+F k$(1$: 94#;*:2: (# I4*+G Y#+ I&%= (#
K(12+: 31242F &: (12 :#+ #, & =*+GF 12 3#$'5 I2 4*%1 &+5 9#324,$') D$( Y#+ *: +#( S24H2+(1$:*&:(*% &I#$( (1*: 94#:92%(R ,#4 12 =+#3: (1&( 12 3#$'5 I2 %#;*+G (# K(12+: &: (12 :#+
#, k$(1$: Z& ,#42*G+24 (# K(12+*&+ 2&4(1\F &+5 3*(1 &+ $+=+#3+ ;#(124) K+5 &%%#45*+G (#
K(12+*&+ '2G*:'&(*#+F #+2 %&++#( I2 & 42G$'&4 %*(*M2+ *+ K(12+: *, #+2 *: +#( (12 #,,:94*+G #,
9&42+(: I#(1 #, 31#; 3242 I#4+ *+ K(12+:) d# Y#+ (2'': k$(1$: (1&( 12 3#$'5 I2 %#+:*52425 &
,#42*G+24 &+5 & I&:(&45F *)2)F &: & +#I#5H)
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52;#%4&%H &+5 %#+%24+*+G (12 9#'*(*%&' '*,2 #, & ;#+&4%1)
Y#+ 2J9'&*+: (1&( *+ & 52;#%4&%H (1242 &42 (1422 %&(2G#4*2: #, %*(*M2+:Q Z-\ (1#:2 K(12+*&+
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G##5 K(12+*&+: 31# &42 %&9&I'2 #, 2J24%*:*+G 9#324F I2%&$:2 (12H &42 3*:2 F (12H =229 :*'2+(&+5 5# +#( 3#44H &I#$( (12 9#'*(*%&' &,,&*4: #, (12 %*(H ZO\ (1#:2 429$(&I'2 ;2+ 31# &42
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;&+ 31# 3*:12: (# I2 42G&4525 &: #+2 #, (12 "*4:( E*(*M2+: #, K(12+:R &+5 (12 '&:( G4#$9F (12
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'*,2A 3*(1 & :(29;#(124 31#F 124:2', %1*'5'2::F 3#$'5 +#( &%%29( 1*:A 942:2+%2 &: 12*4 (# (12
K(12+*&+ (14#+2) D$( (12+ Y#+ 42($4+: (# (12 9#'*(*%&' 9*%($42F G*S*+G 1*: 9#4(4&H&' #, (12 '*,2 #,
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9:ZV [[[A& 1)# >%'.6 " 3'.6@ '+ '& )E%##"+%7[ ^)B"4+B B &)+$ $".7&@ >%&%+ >B
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9#4(4&H&':)
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"#$%&$'()*+,# eB . //
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6. Orestes [408 BC]
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7.
The Problematization of parrhesia in Euripides
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"#$%&$'()*+,# e/ . //
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"#$%&$'()*+,# e@ . //
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PARRHESIA AND THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS
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The Practices of Parrhesia
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"#$%&$'()*+,# ?e . //
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3. Parrhesia and public life
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"#$%&$'()*+,# ?O . //
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"#$%&$'()*+,# ?? . //
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