Foundations of Health ScienceWhitney Brack

To understand how the human body works, it is necessary to understand its systems. The smallest element of the body is the cell; a group of cells makes tissue; various tissues make organs; and a group of organs makes a system.

Cells combine to form tissues. Tissues are specialized cells that

function together to form organs. Organs work cooperatively to form

systems. Systems work together to make up the

human body.

Food Water Oxygen

1. Cell membrane – the outer covering of the cell (holds the cell together). Note – Humans DO NOT have cell walls.

2. Nucleus – the central portion of each cell (directs cell activities & contains chromosomes).

3. Cytoplasm – the substance that surrounds the nucleus (performs the work of the cell).

4. Nuclear membrane – the covering of the nucleus.

5. Chromosomes – genes for inherited traits.

Connective Tissue

Holds body parts

together and

connects them.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers the internal

and external body

surfaces.

Muscle Tissue

Expands and

contracts, allowing

the body to move.

Nervous Tissue

Carries messages

from all parts of the

body to and from

The brain and spinal

cord.

What type of tissue covers the intestines?A.ConnectiveB.EpithelialC.MuscleD.Nervous

What type of tissue covers the intestines?B. Epithelial

Kidneys Stomach

Respiratory System Sensory System

Circulatory System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Integumentary System

Lymphatic and Immune System

Reproductive System

It would be difficult to apply these terms to the human body and other directional terms have been applied.

Anterior or ventral – front side of the body.

Posterior or dorsal – back side of the body.

Inferior – below another structure. Superior – above another structure.

Imaginary lines drawn through the body @ various parts to separate the body into sections.

Sagittal plane – divides the body into 2 parts, right and left.

Midsagittal plane – divides the body into 2 equal halves (parts); divides the body into equal right and left sides.

Frontal or coronal plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse plane – divides the body horizontally into a top, or superior, part and a bottom, or inferior, part.

Proximal & Distal Direction in reference to extremities in relationship to main trunk.

Proximal – body parts close to point of interest

Distal – body parts away from the point of reference

Inferior

Midsagittal

Transverse

Frontal

Superior

AnteriorLateral

Posterior

Distal

Proximal

Medial

Spaces within the body that contains vital organs.

Dorsal cavity - one long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body; also known as the posterior or back cavity.

Ventral cavities – larger than the dorsal cavities; also known as anterior or front cavity.

Epigastric region. Hypochondriac regions, left and right. Umbilical region. Lumbar regions, left and right. Hypogastric region. Illiac, or inguinal, regions left and right.

Regions Epigastric

Above the stomach Umbilical

Near the umbilicus or belly button Hypogastric

Below the stomach Lumbar

Near the spinal cord Inguinal

Near the groin

Abdominal is a LARGE cavity and can be divided into sections.

4 Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant – RUQ Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ Left Upper Quadrant – LUQ Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Body is standing erect, facing forward, with the arms at the sides, palms facing forward.

To provide a method for locating areas on the body for diagnosis and treatments.