foundations of individual behavior-prince dudhatra-9724949948

8/7/2019 Foundations of Individual Behavior-Prince Dudhatra-9724949948

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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N SS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S

E L E V E N T H E D I T I O NE L E V E N T H E D I T I O N

W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N SW W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.All rights reserved. 2005 Prentice Hall Inc.All rights reserved.

PowerPoint Presentationby Charlie Cook

PowerPoint Presentationby Charlie Cook

Foundations ofIndividual Behavior

Chapter 2Chapter 2


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pRiNcE Dudhatra-9724949948

Ability and Intelligence

Ability and Intelligence

Ability

An individuals capacity to performthe various tasks in a job.

Intellectual Ability

The capacity to do mental activities.

Physical AbilityThe capacity to do physical activities.


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Number aptitude

Verbal comprehension

Perceptual speed

Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

Spatial visualization

Memory

Number aptitude

Verbal comprehension

Perceptual speed

Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

Spatial visualization

Memory

Dimensions of


Dimensions of


E X H I B I T 21

E X H I B I T 21


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Physical Abilities

Physical Abilities

Physical Abilities

The capacity to do tasksdemanding stamina, dexterity,

strength, and similarcharacteristics.


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Ability-JobFit

The Ability-Job Fit

The Ability-Job Fit

EmployeesEmployees

AbilitiesAbilities

Jobs AbilityJobs Ability

RequirementsRequirements


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Biographical Characteristics

Biographical Characteristics

Personal characteristicssuch as

age

Gender

marital status

Race

Social group

Tenure

Religion

Sexual orientation


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LearningLearning

Learning

Involves change

Is relatively permanent

Is acquired through experience

Learning

Involves change

Is relatively permanent

Is acquired through experience

Learning

Any relatively permanent change in behaviorthat occurs as a result of experience.


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Theories of LearningTheories of Learning

Key Concepts

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Key Concepts

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Classical Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which an individualresponds to some stimulus that would notordinarily produce such a response.


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Theories of Learning (contd)Theories of Learning (contd)

Key Concepts

Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

Conditioned (learned) behavior

Reinforcement

Key Concepts

Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

Conditioned (learned) behavior

Reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntarybehavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.


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Key Concepts

Attentional processes

Retention processes

Motor reproduction processes

Reinforcement processes

Key Concepts

Attentional processes

Retention processes

Motor reproduction processes

Reinforcement processes

Social-Learning Theory

People can learn through observationand direct experience.


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Key Concepts

Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

Some rewards are more effective than others.

The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.

Key Concepts

Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

Some rewards are more effective than others.

The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.

Shaping Behavior

Systematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.


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Types of ReinforcementTypes of Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant consequence when the

desired behavior occurs. Punishment

Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate anundesirable behavior.

Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its

cessation.


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Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforcedeach time it is demonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced

often enough to make thebehavior worth repeating but notevery time it is demonstrated.


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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Rewards are spaced atuniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Rewards are initiated after afixed or constant number ofresponses.


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Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

Fixed-ratio

E X H I B I T 24E X H I B I T 24


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Intermittent Schedules of ReinforcementIntermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

E X H I B I T 25E X H I B I T 25


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Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)

E X H I B I T 25 (contd)E X H I B I T 25 (contd)


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Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

OB Mod

The application of reinforcement conceptsto individuals in the work setting.


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OB MOD Organizational ApplicationsOB MOD Organizational Applications

Well Pay versus Sick Pay

Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, notabsence.

Employee Discipline

The use of punishment can be counter-productive.

Developing Training Programs

OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.

Self-management

Reduces the need for external management control.

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