fp7 contract number: 233786 · transfeu wp2-d2.1.1 p version: v3 p - date: 15/11/2012 security:...

TRANSFEU WP2_D2.1.1 P

Date – 12/11/2012 Version 3 P Security: Confidential /44

Medium scale Collaborative project

TRANSFEU

Transport Fire Safety Engineering in the European Union

FP7 Contract Number: 233786

WP2 – Fire test for toxicity of fire effluents

Deliverable report D2.1.1 - Review of fire tests for fire effluents from transport products

Document Information

Document Name: TRANSFEU WP2_D2.1.1 P Document ID: TRANSFEU WP2_D2.1.1_v3 P Version: V3 Final Version Date: 27/08/2009 Authors: Peter Briggs, Beth Dean, Janet Murrell, Alain Sainrat, Eric Guillaume,

Per Blomqvist, Maria Hjohlman, Silvio Messa, Claudio Baiocchi, Jolanta Radziszewska-Wolinska, Michael Halfmann, Esko Mikkola, Tuula Hakkarainen, Izaskun Martinez

Security: Confidential

TRANSFEU WP2-D2.1.1 P

Version: V3 P - Date: 15/11/2012 Security: Confidential

Page II

Approvals

Name Organization Date Visa

Coordinator Alain Sainrat LNE 15/11/2012

Scientific panel Scientific Panel TRANSFEU 15/11/2012

Document history

Revision Date Modification Reviewer

V3 F 28/08/09 Validation Scientific Panel


Version: V3 P - Date: 15/11/2012 Security: Confidential

Page III

Contents

Executive summary ............................................................................................................... 4

1. Description of the deliverable content and purpose .................................................... 4

2. Brief description of the state of the art and the innovation brought ............................. 4

3. Deviation from objectives ........................................................................................... 5

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 6

2. European Transport Regulations ................................................................................... 6

1. Railway vehicles ........................................................................................................ 6

2. Marine and other vessels ........................................................................................... 7

3. Road vehicles ............................................................................................................ 9

4. Aircraft ......................................................................................................................10

3. National tests for toxicity of fire effluents for railway vehicles .........................................10

1. France ......................................................................................................................11

2. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................12

3. Italy ...........................................................................................................................12

4. Poland ......................................................................................................................14

5. Germany ...................................................................................................................15

6. National tests of non-EU countries ............................................................................18

4. European tests for toxicity of fire effluents for railway vehicles ......................................22

5. International tests for toxicity of fire effluents .................................................................26

1. International Standards Organization (ISO) ..............................................................26

2. International Maritime Organization (IMO) ................................................................29

3. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ......................................................31

4. Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (UIC) ........................................................33

6. Gas analysis methods ...................................................................................................34

1. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FTIR) ....................................................34

2. Other gas analysis methods ......................................................................................34

7. Precision of test methods ..............................................................................................35

8. Validation of test methods .............................................................................................36

9. Conclusions and recommendations ...............................................................................38

10. References ...............................................................................................................40

1. National tests ............................................................................................................40

2. European tests..........................................................................................................41

3. International tests .....................................................................................................41

4. Regulations ...............................................................................................................43

5. Research ..................................................................................................................44


V3 P - Date: 15/11/2012 Security: Confidential

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Executive summary

1. Description of the deliverable content and purpose

This report describes the results of a review by the fire laboratory partners of the Transfeu Project into the toxicity test methods that are currently available for gaseous fire effluents generated by products installed in surface transportation. The review covered national tests (European and global) and international tests (especially those of ISO, IEC and IMO). These tests are used for regulating fire safety in railway vehicles, marine vessels and road vehicles. The review has critically studied the fire models used in the current tests and the type of products that can be assessed by these methods. It is particularly pertinent to consider size and geometry of the test specimen, temperature and ventilation in the test chamber, the thermal attack of ignition sources and the duration of combustion. It is important to simulate the end-use conditions of transport products in laboratory testing as closely as possible. The relevance of the test conditions to the installed product does not appear to have been considered by the designers of many smoke and toxicity tests for transport products. Many tests that are in current use are potency tests that are conducted on small specimens. The tests proposed in the Transfeu Project should allow more relevant laboratory conditions to be simulated. The validation of the smaller laboratory tests by real scale tests and by the applied principles of fire safety engineering (FSE) should help the development of an improved classification methodology. The analysis of fire gases has developed significantly in recent years and the application of Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FTIR) to the assessment of combustion products should allow better predictive methods, especially those that can use FSE modelling techniques. Few national or international methods exist today that can continuously analyse the composition of gaseous mixtures in smoke. This project will help the European surface transport industry to provide more fire safe vehicles. It will develop new tools and classification criteria to assist vehicle designers in the provision of means for safe evacuation in the event of fires on board surface transport, especially trains and ships.

2. Brief description of the state of the art and the innovation brought

This review has confirmed the important role that ISO/TC92 ‘Fire Safety’ has in developing improved fire safety standards for buildings as well as surface transport. The current work programmes of all four subcommittees of ISO/TC92 are relevant to the objectives of the Transfeu Project. The review has identified work items and publications that should contribute to the work of other standardization bodies involved in the fire safety of products fitted to surface transport; these bodies are both European (such as CEN/TC256 and CENELEC/TC9X) and International (such as IEC, IMO and ISO/TC61). The review has also shown that some previous European fire research projects (such as SAFIR, FIRESTARR, CBUF, BENEFEU and FIPEC) have provided valuable scientific knowledge, which will ensure better recommendations to European regulators, specifiers and industry. Many of the fire laboratories that participated in these fire research projects are providing their experimental and FSE experience to the Transfeu Project. This review has recommended five key requirements for fire test tooling and five requirements for a classification system for fire effluents from transport products. It is



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proposed that these recommendations will form the basis for the objectives of the other Work Packages of the Transfeu project.

3. Deviation from objectives

No deviation to highlight.



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1. Introduction

In this Task, the current tests, which have been developed for the determination of the toxicity of fire effluents, have been reviewed. The laboratories have set out to justify which test (or tests) may be suitable for further development for characterising the smoke emission properties of transport products, especially railway products. Emphasis has been placed on test methods that have been standardized internationally or within Europe. The TRANSFEU fire research and testing partners contributed to this review and brought their national and international experience to the project. The fire models (including size and geometry of test specimen, temperature and ventilation within test apparatus, heat exposure and ignition sources, duration of combustion) have been examined. Mass-based combustion tube methods and area-based methods (both cumulative and well-ventilated) are considered as candidates for the applied research in this project. The sampling procedure of effluent gases was considered. Continuous gas analysis is required since this procedure generates test-data that may be more readily related to the stages of fire growth and will enable more relevant application of fire models to various fire scenarios on railway vehicles. Methods of analysis of effluent gases were examined. These methods included Non Dispersive Infra-Red Spectrometry (NDIR), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FTIR), Ion Chromatography and Chemiluminescence. The preferred technique is FTIR and this method has been compared with other proven analytical techniques. FTIR is a technique for measuring concentrations of multiple species simultaneously using the mathematics of Fourier transforms. Studies were made on the determination of toxicity data and the calculation of suitable derivations (or indices) for classification of gaseous fire effluents. In this exercise, particular guidance was provided by the latest publications of ISO/TC92/SC3 ‘Fire threat to people and the environment’ (ref.C.9 to C.19). It is important to note that the measure of toxicity is not just a property of a material, but it also subject to testing conditions (especially ventilation). All these characteristics should be considered when the toxicity of fire effluents from products in transport vehicles is assessed for defined scenarios (ref. E.4 and E.5).

2. European Transport Regulations

1. Railway vehicles

Since the early 1990s, the European Commission has been developing Directives for the operational and technical harmonisation of the European rail system. The new Rail Directives should allow train operators and train builders an open market with a standardised rail infra structure and harmonised standards for all products fitted to European trains. The regulations for European trains may be represented as a 4-tier system: 1. Rail Directives These documents are the railway legislation that is law. They are made and published by the European Commission.



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2. Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) These documents are the regulatory statutes of the law and they function as the interpretative documents for the Rail Directives. They are made by the European Commission and the European Railway Agency (ERA). 3. European Standards (ENs) These documents are the European rules. They are made by CEN and CENELEC fire committees. 4. Local and Regional rules These documents are required for specific train operations and localities. Examples are the metropolitan systems operated by London Underground and SNCF/RATP in Paris. The European Rail Directives are published for both high-speed rail and conventional rail systems (ref. D.1, D.2, D.3 and D.4). Various Technical Specifications for Interoperability have been published (ref. D.5 and D.6) and further TSIs are being prepared that will cover both HS-rail and CR-rail requirements as well as safety in rail tunnels (SRT-TSI). Materials and components selection for railway vehicles shall take into account their reaction to fire properties, especially their fire initiation and fire growth parameters. In addition, an essential requirement of the TSI for most operating systems is that the choice of materials installed in European trains must aim to limit the generation of smoke and toxic fumes so that passengers and crew can escape safely from a train with a fire on board. The present situation is that pending publication of EN 45545 Part 2 or of an annex to the HS-TSI (ref. D.6), conformity with the EC requirements for prevention of fire on European trains on the high-speed network is deemed to be satisfied by verification of conformity to the material fire safety requirements of the notified national rules from one of 5 member states (France, UK, Italy, Poland or Germany). When applying these rules, it is always necessary to use the appropriate operation category for the railway vehicle. In addition, until the CR-TSI is confirmed, conventional rolling stock shall conform to existing national requirements. The aim for future European railway specifications is that EN 45545 Part 2 will be used to decide if materials are safe for use in terms of their reaction to fire properties, including a revised test and analytical methodology.

2. Marine and other vessels

2.1 EC Directives for Marine Vessels Sailing International Waters (MED) 2.1.1 General The Marine Equipment Directive (ref.D.7) published in 1996 first came into force on 1 January 1999 and covers certain equipment carried on ships registered under the flags of the European Union Member States. It was established to ensure that equipment which must comply with the requirements of International Conventions i.e. Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS) (ref.D.8) agreed by the International Maritime Organisation also meets common standards of safety and performance across the EU. Approval requirements were harmonised which ensures that certificates issued in one Member State are accepted by all States across the EU. The Directive applies to all ‘Community Registered Ships’. Thus, all



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equipment listed in Annex 1 of the MED and placed on EU ships, must carry a Wheel Mark showing compliance with the Directive.

A listing of the Equipment covered is provided in the Annexes of the Directive. This includes:

• Life saving appliances

• Marine Pollution Prevention

• Fire Protection

• Navigation Equipment

• Radio Communication Equipment The Directive is currently undergoing its 6th revision.

2.1.2 Proving Compliance Annex A.1 of the Marine Equipment Directive lists the required Modules, type examination and attestation requirements for each product. Compliance of the equipment with the relevant Modules must be determined by an organisation ‘notified’ by the European Commission on the recommendation of a European Flag State Authority. These organisations are known as Notified Bodies and each has a unique identification number. For example, Warrington Certification Limited has the number 1121.

Constructional products, décor and living area contents are all classed as fire protection equipment.

The Manufacturer has the option to select from a combination of modules: B+D, B+E or B+F.

Detailed information on the requirements of each Module is given in Annex B of the Marine Equipment Directive, which is summarised below:

Module B

This is the EC Type Examination (formally Type Approval) and is the procedure by which the Notified Body ascertains and attests that a specimen of the product, representative of the envisaged production, meets the relevant provisions of the MED and also SOLAS. The Notified Body either tests or witnesses tests and certifies (via a Type Examination Certificate) that the specimen complies with the criteria given in the Fire Test Procedures Code 1998 (IMO MSC 61(67)).

Modules D and E

These modules relate to production quality assurance and are linked to ISO 9000 certification. The manufacturer must operate to an approved quality system which itself is subject to periodic surveillance. The quality system must apply to the production process, final product inspection and to quality control testing, or must relate to final product inspection and testing.

Module F

This module is used when the manufacturer does not operate a standardised quality assurance procedure. Approval is given by a Notified Body on a batch by batch basis according to a statistical procedure and based on inspection and test.



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2.1.3 The Wheel Mark A mark of conformity must be affixed to products in compliance with the Marine Equipment Directive and consists of a ships wheel together with the identification number of the Notified Body that carries out the production surveillance together with the last 2 digits of the year of manufacture.

3. Road vehicles

European Directive 95/28/EC concerns the fire safety of coaches. No smoke or toxicity tests are specified in this Directive or in the widely used FMVSS 302 flammability test for road vehicles. In Japan, JIS D 1201 specifies a flammability test for organic materials used in car interiors. Two methods are used: a) Flammability test similar to FMVSS 302 b) Fire retardant test similar to Oxygen Index method. A test for determining smoke density using the same apparatus fixed to the above equipment is appended to both methods. It consists of a light source, a smoke column traversed obliquely from bottom to top by a light beam, a photoelectric cell and a chart recorder. The smoke column is a 995 mm long steel tube with an internal diameter of 72 mm and the length of the light path in the smoke column is 500 mm. The light attenuation coefficient Cs is used to classify materials in 4 smoke categories. No gas analysis measurements are required in the JIS D 1201 tests. In USA, fire research has been carried out on automotive materials and this has shown that the test conditions have to be carefully considered with respect to the fire scenario. The paper by Griffith, Janssens and Willson (ref.50) examines the role of inhalation toxicity of the products of combustion that are generated in post-collision motor vehicle fires by automotive materials used under the hood. Small-scale toxic gas measurements were performed at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) on eighteen components of two of the vehicles that were tested previously at the Factory Mutual Test Centre (FMTC). The small-scale toxic gas measurements were obtained under dynamic flow-through conditions in the Cone Calorimeter (ASTM E 1354) and under static conditions in two smoke chamber methods (ASTM E 662 and ASTM E 1995); all methods were supplemented with FTIR gas analysis. Average yields of toxic gases measured in the Cone Calorimeter are comparable to but consistently lower than values reported in the literature for the Fire Propagation Apparatus (ASTM E 2058). Toxic gas yields are higher in the smoke chamber methods than in the Cone Calorimeter, but the ranking order of materials based on the concentrations of CO and other toxic gases is different between the dynamic and static methods. Materials were tested individually, and the results do not account for the interaction between multiple components installed in a vehicle.



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4. Aircraft

Whilst the Transfeu project is concerned with combustion toxicity of materials installed in surface transportation, it is also pertinent to consider whether the practices used in the determination of performance of combustion toxicity in aircraft offer any procedures that may be applied to surface transportation. There is no international regulation for smoke toxicity in aeronautics. Nevertheless, the main regulation used is FAR25, from USA Federal Aviation Administration. The European equivalent to FAR25 (which is actually a transcription) is CS-25, established under the responsibility of EASA (www.easa.eu.int). The FAR25 regulation does not consider toxicity testing, but aircraft manufacturers have such requirements. Their main requirements are listed in the table below: -

Aircraft manufacturer Airbus British

Aerospace Boeing Douglas

Toxicity test reference

ABD 0031 AITM 3.0005

BAEP 4623 BSS 7239 DMS 2294

All these requirements are based on FAR 25-72 § 853(c), app. F part V / FAR 25-72 § 853(d), app. F part V smoke box test, which is similar to ASTM E662 / NF X 10-702 smoke box (irradiance of 25 kW/m², vertical test specimen). Sampling of gaseous effluents is made after 4 minutes of test (that is, after the smoke measurement, because the FAR25 smoke criteria is Ds4). Analysis can be made by colorimetric tubes or analytical methods (HPIC and titrimetry mainly). The analytical techniques allowed are specified in the manufacturer’s regulations listed above. For the main manufacturers, the following table presents the gases analyzed and the toxicity limits used. The stricter requirement is for aircraft built by Airbus.

Limit (ppm) CO HCl SO2 NO + NO2 HCN HF

Airbus

1000

150 100 100 150 100

Boeing - 500

100

(200 for flooring)

100 150 200

Fokker 3500 150

100

(for SO2 + H2S)

100 150 150

3. National tests for toxicity of fire effluents for railway vehicles



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1. France

NF F 16-101 and NF F 16-102 provide the reaction to fire requirements. France introduced toxicity measurements to complement reaction-to-fire tests in 1980 (ref. SNCF/RATP docs 10-3000960 and 10-5084838) at the origin of the development of NF F 16-101. NF F 16-101 was published in 1988. European harmonization work started in CEN and CENELEC in 1991. There was a decision to start pre-normative work on a European standard for reaction to fire, including smoke opacity and toxicity. Because of this work, the European regulator asked national bodies to stop the evolution of their national standards. France chose to prepare an additional document (STMS001) to take into account some needed modifications. NF X 70-100 details the toxicity test method: - Part 1 – Analysis methods Part 2 – Burn procedure with a tube furnace technique The gases analysed are CO, CO2, HF, HCl, HBr, SO2 and HCN for French railway vehicles in accordance with NF F16-101. There is no requirement to measure NOx. The key details of the test method are as follows: -

• 1g test specimen

• Tube furnace 800oC for electrical items & 600oC for all other materials

• 2L/min air (well ventilated)

• 20 minutes: specimen in heated zone

• After specimen removed, test continued until tube furnace clear

• All products of combustion collected for analysis

• Triplicate testing for each gas The methods of analysis are as follows: -

• Cl and Br are collected in H2O and analysed by ILC (HPLC) and titration.

• CO and CO2 can be analysed continuously.

• SO2 can be obtained in H2O2 and analysed by HPLC. SO2 is also determined as sulphate ions by ILC (HPIC).

• Fluoride is analyzed by ion selective electrode or colorimetry.

• CN can be obtained in NaOH 0.1 MOL/l and analysed by photocolorimetry.

CN can also be analyzed by HPIC or photometry (sodium picrate technique).

• Accessory type1 followed by type 2 configuration for Cl, Br, CO, CO2 and CN (with glass wool into the tube).

• Accessory type 2 for F with no glass wool (obtained solution must be neutralized and coloration system added).

• All the above techniques have been fully evaluated in terms of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility, trueness, interferences in fire matrix, etc.

The key details of the classification system are as follows: -

• Units of concentration are mg/g Total mass of toxic gas emitted (mg) per 1g of product tested

• Calculate Conventional Index of Toxicity (CIT)

• Weighted summation of the species analysed

• The toxicity limits used come from IDLH 1987 (NIOSH Book), which are the most used values at these times



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• Result must be combined with the smoke density results obtained to NF X 10-702 in order to obtain an F rating

• F0 best, F5 worst

• F rating requirement is found in NF X 16-101 and NF X 16-102, dependant upon the product use and the operation category of the rolling stock.

2. United Kingdom

BS 6853 Code of Practice provides the reaction to fire requirements for passenger carrying trains. Annex B details the toxicity test methods. The gases analysed are CO, CO2, NOx, HF, HCl, HBr, SO2 and HCN. Annex B.1: NF X 70-100 tube furnace This method is used for testing small electrical components, cables and minor usage products. The Annex B.1 burn and analysis procedures are identical to those in NF X 70-100 used for French rolling stock, with the addition of the analysis of NOx which can be measured by chemiluminescence. Annex B.2: The main method is the smoke chamber analysed by a number of methods for products with significant surface areas (such as walls, ceilings, floorings, seat trims). The key details of the test method are as follows: -

• 75mm by 75mm test specimen

• Sealed 0.5m3 chamber (ISO 5659-2)

• Test mode: 25 kW/m2 with a pilot flame

• First specimen tested to provide smoke density versus time curve

• From curve, determine the time at which products of combustion should be sampled from subsequent three test specimens. This is the time when 85% of the peak smoke emission is reached.

• The method of analysis is described in prEN 2826 (colorimetric tubes and wet chemistry). However, other validated and approved techniques may also be used.

The key details of the classification system are as follows: -

• Units of concentration are g/m2

• Mass of toxic gas emitted (g) per m2 of product tested

• Calculate R value, which is a weighted summation of the species analysed

• Lower the R value, the better

• R value requirement is specified in BS 6853 and it is dependant upon the product use and the operation category of the rolling stock.

3. Italy

UNI CEI 11170-1 and UNI CEI 11170-3 provide the reaction to fire requirements. NF X 70-100 details the main toxicity test method; see section 3.1. In addition: - o Application: all types of materials and products, including cables where the smoke

classification is required.



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o Temperature of furnace: 600oC or 800 °C o Gases analysed and methods: see section 3.1 (NFX 70-100.1 and NFX 70-100.2) o Results: mg of gases on g of material. According to the Standard NF F 16-101, the CIT

value is calculated. o Classification:

1) CIT index and results from smoke density test (NFX 10-702) give an IF index calculated according Standard NF F 16-101. The F classes are determined by IF value. For different application risk levels, a specific F class is required.

2) Cables: In some cases a CIT value only is required and it must be less than 20. IEC 20-37 part 7 details the toxicity test method for electrical components. The key details of the test method are as follows: - o Tube furnace method in which the tube has the same dimensions as NFX 70-100

Standard) o Application: electrical cables o Flow rate: 2 l/min o Duration of test: 20 minutes o Temperature of tube furnace: 400oC or 800 °C o Gas analysed: CO, CO2, HCN, HCl, HBr, HF, H2S, NH3, SO2, Formaldehyde,

Acrylonitrile, NO, NO2 o Test specimen: 1g of combustible part of cable o Analysis methods: NDIR, I.S.E. potentiometry, Spectrometry VS, Gas Chromatography. o Alternative method: FTIR (after validation) o Result: Index of Toxicity (Summation of the ratio of total concentration of each gas

detected, expressed in ppm, over its reference value)

Classification: Toxicity Index T shall be equal or less than 2 for all classification risk levels. EN 50305 details the toxicity test method for cable components: - o Gases analysed: - CO & CO2 (plus SO2, HCN & NOx where appropriate) o Must be halogen free (proven to specified fire test methods) o The standard is used as a general reference to comply the acid and corrosive gas

emission requirements for cable. The required toxicity test methods are EN 50267-2-1 and EN 50267-2-2.

EN 50267-2-1 The key details of this tube furnace method are: - o Application: electrical cable o Flow rate: 2 l/min o Duration of test: 40 min + 20min o Temperature of tube furnace: From ambient temperature to 800 °C within 40min + 20min

at 800 °C o Gas analysed: HCl o Test specimen: 1g of combustible part of cable o Analysis methods: Titrimetry with AgNO3 o Result: Total amount of HCl conc. Detected, expressed in % weight on material o Classification:

1) EN 50267-2-1 criteria: % HCl shall be equal or less than 0.3 for all classification risk levels 2) EN 50305 criteria: % HCl shall be equal or less than 0.3 for all classification risk levels



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EN 50267-2-2 The key details of this tube furnace method are: - o Application: electrical cables o Flow rate: 0.5 l/min o Duration of test: 30 minutes o Temperature of tube furnace: 935 °C o Analysis: PH and Conductivity o Test specimen: 1g of combustible part of cable o Analysis methods: Conductivity meter and PH meter o Results: PH and conductivity (expressed as µS/mm) referred on 1 litre of water o Classification: -

1) EN 50267-2-2 criteria: PH shall be equal or more than 4.3 for all classification risk levels; the conductivity shall be equal or less than 10 µS/mm for all classification risk levels

2) EN 50305 criteria: PH shall be equal or less than 0.1 for all classification risk levels; the conductivity shall be equal or less than 10 µS/mm for all classification risk levels

EN 50305 Part 9.2 Determination of toxicity index from fire effluents. All materials subject to this test shall be halogen-free, as defined in sub clause 3.3 of EN 50306-1. Key details are: - o Tube furnace method o Application: electrical cables o Flow rate: 2.0 l/min o Duration of test: 20 minutes o Temperature of tube furnace: 800 °C o Analysis: pH and Conductivity o Test Specimen: 1g of combustible part of cable o Analysis methods: NDIR, colorimetric titration, colorimetric detector tube, Spectrometry

VS, Gas Chromatography. o Alternative method: FTIR (after validation)

o Results: Index CIT (Total concentration of gas detected expressed in ppm on its reference value ratio summation x100)

o Classification Criteria:

a) General: Class LR 4 less or equal than 3. Class LR3-LR2 less or equal than 5 b) Cable with sheath type S1 (thin):

Class LR 4 less or equal than 6 Class LR3-LR2 less or equal than 10

4. Poland

PN-K-02511 provides the reaction to fire requirements for most materials. PN-K-02502 provides the test and requirements for seats. PN-K-02505 details the toxicity test method. The key details of the materials test method are as follows: -

• Gases analysed: CO and CO2 only

• Analysis using colorimetric tubes

• Sealed 0.5m3 chamber, which is different from the ISO 5659-2 chamber



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• 1g test specimen (in small pieces) in evaporating dish

• Electric heater at 600oC

• After 5 minutes, the products of combustion are analyzed.

The key details of the classification system for materials are as follows: -

• Units of concentration = ppm

• Weighted summation of the species analysed: (a) 20[CO] + [CO2] (b) Weighted summation < 1200ppm = T1 (c) Weighted summation between 1200 and 6000ppm = T2 (d) Weighted summation >6000ppm = No T classification given The T classification requirement is defined in PN-K-02511. It is dependant upon the product use and the operation category of the rolling stock.

5. Germany

DIN 5510-2 : 2009-05 with the title „Preventive fire protection in railway vehicles – Part 2: Fire behaviour and fire side effects of materials and parts – Classification, requirements and test methods“ provides the reaction to fire requirements.

The combustion gases to be analysed are CO, CO2, NOX, HF, HCL, HBr, SO2 and HCN. The

reference values are based on IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health), which is

the same as in CEN/TS 45545-2.

Method 1: The measurement of toxicity follows the same requirements as given in CEN/TS

45545-2 Annex C “Testing methods for determination of toxic gases from railway products”

with the following variations from CEN/TS 45545-2: -

a) All test specimens shall be exposed to the same radiant heat flux of 25 kW/m² with a pilot

flame. The heat flux of 50 kW/m² without pilot flame is not used in DIN 5510-2.

b) The test could be terminated after the second gas sample is taken at 8min30s.

c) The analytical procedure may use FTIR in a discontinued way (following the procedure

as described in CEN/TS 45545-2), ion chromatography (following the procedure as

described in ISO 19701) or colorimetric tubes (following the procedure as described in

prEN 2824). The use of calorimetric tubes is only allowed until a FED limit < 80 %.

d) There are minor differences regarding the test specimen preparation.

e) A different calculation method is specified, based on fractional effective doses (FED).

Listed products fulfil the requirements if FED (tzul) ≤ 1 (FED)

( ) ( )

1min30

min8min45,0)( 884 ≤

−⋅+⋅+= zul

zul

tCITCITCITtFED

where CIT4 and CIT8 are the calculated CIT-values after 4 and 8 minutes test duration and

tzul is the permitted exposure time in the coach.



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Figure 1: Derivation of CIT values using DIN 5510-2 Method 1

Z e it t (m in )

Ko

nze

ntr

ati

on

c (m

g . m

-3)

40 8 t

c8

c4

measured

values

test duration t (min)

co

ncen

trati

on

c(m

g/m

3)

4 8 t

c4

c8

Z e it t (m in )

Ko

nze

ntr

ati

on

c (m

g . m

-3)

40 8 t

c8

c4

measured

values

measured

values

test duration t (min)

co

ncen

trati

on

c(m

g/m

3)

4 8 t

c4

c8

Method 2: As an alternative for seats and mattresses, the measurement of toxicity is also

possible at the end-use condition test with complete passenger seats, simultaneously to the

measurement of burning behaviour and of smoke development. For this purpose, an

assembly of two full passenger seats, appropriately vandalised, shall be tested in a corner

made from gypsum board. The seats shall include arm and head rests, back and base shell.

The seat in the corner shall be ignited with a 100 g paper cushion. Three tests shall be

carried out.

The test apparatus (hood) is similar to the ISO 9705-2 “Furniture calorimeter method”,

respectively to the hood described in EN 14390.



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Figure 2: General scheme of the DIN 5510-2 Method 2 test method

Key:- 1. Exhaust duct 4. Steel plates 2. Rectifier 5. Photocell system 3. Exhaust duct with probe for gas analysis 6. Hood Dimensions in millimetres

The main details of this method are described in CEN/TS 45545-2 Annex B “Fire test method

for seating” with the following variations:

- 100 g paper cushion as fire source

- Gases collected throughout the test duration

- FTIR technique is used in a continuous way. The filter, the flexible probe and the

FTIR gas cell shall be heated to a temperature of 165 °C. The length of the

flexible probe shall not exceed 4 m. The interval between the gas analyses should

not exceed 60 s.

- Determination of “Total Smoke Production” (TSP) under end-use conditions

- Assessment of the toxicity is done based on fractional effective doses (FED). FED

is calculated for the permitted exposure time in the coach.

Method 3: For cables it is also possible to measure the toxicity simultaneously to the

measurement of burning behaviour in the test according to EN 50266 “Common test

methods for cables under fire conditions – Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-

mounted bunched wires or cables”. The sampling probe is described in EN 50399 “Common

test methods for cables under fire conditions - Heat release and smoke production

measurement on cables during flame spread test - Test apparatus, procedures, results”.



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FTIR technique is used in a continuous way. The filter, the flexible probe and the FTIR gas

cell shall be heated to a temperature of 165 °C. The length of the flexible probe shall not

exceed 4 m. The interval between the gas analyses should not exceed 60 s.

Determination of “Total Smoke Production” (TSP) and assessment of toxicity is done as

described in Method 2.

6. National tests of non-EU countries

6.1 Russia

a) Test method

The method is presented in part 4.20 and requirements prescribed in Part 2.16.2 of GOST 12.1.044-89. The method is defined as a method of experimental definition of a toxicity index of combustion gases of polymeric materials. The essence of a method of definition of a toxicity index consists in combustion of a given material in a combustion chamber at the set density of heat flux and revealing of dependence of lethal effect. The test chamber consists of 3 parts: - Combustion chamber with the decomposition device, with a volume of 0.003 m³, - Pre-chamber containing the test animals , with a volume of 0.015 m³, - Variable exposure chamber, with volume between 0.1 m³ and 0.2 m³. A radiant furnace of size (120х120) mm and the specimen holder of (120х120х25) mm are placed in the combustion chamber. The radiator is fixed on the top wall of the chamber under angle 45 ° to a horizontal. The heated up surface of a specimen and a surface of radiant furnace are parallel; the distance between them is equal to 60 mm. This system is identical to the combustion chamber used for smoke opacity testing. The exposure chamber consists of stationary and mobile sections. In the top of the chamber there is a four-blade stirring fan. On a facing wall of the mobile section, the safety membrane, the pre-chamber, flow nipples for connection of gas analyzers and the thermometer for measurement of temperature in bottom of the chamber are fixed. The movement in the mobile section allows changing the volume of the exposure chamber from 0.1 up to 0.2 m3.



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Figure 3: Toxicity test chamber of GOST 12.1.044-89 Part 4.20

1. Combustion chamber 2. Specimen holder 3. Electro-thermal emitter 4. Damper 5. Transition sleeve 6. Stationary section of exposure

chamber 7. Door of pre-chamber 8. Mobile section of exposure chamber 9. Union 10. Thermometer 11. Cage for experimental animals 12. Pre-chamber 13. Protective diaphragm 14. Ventilator 15. Union 16. Rubber gasket 17. Purge valve 18. Transition sleeve

Test specimens have dimensions of (40х40) mm of end-use thickness, but no more than 10 mm. Preliminary specimens of each material are exposed to heat fluxes of various densities provided by temperature rises of 50 °С. This test is performed to define the smouldering test condition, which is at 50°C below the autoignition temperature. The mode of flame combustion is provided at test temperature 750°С (heat flux density of 65 kW/m²). Materials are tested in one of two modes – smouldering decomposition (thermo-oxidative) or flame combustion. The mode producing the most important toxic effects shall be preferred. In each experiment, not less than 8 white mice of weight (20±2) g are used. Duration of an exposure is 30 minutes, but the exposure time can be modified within the limits of 5 to 60 minutes, depending on test application and customer request. The temperature of air in the pre-chamber during an exposure should not exceed 30 °С, and oxygen concentration shall not be less than 16 %. b) Expression of results The toxicity index Hcl50 is based on the mass concentrations in the fire effluents [g/m³] measured in the chamber leading to the death of 50 % of the animals (Lethal Concentration LC50) within the time of exposure in the chamber (5 to 60 min) and 14 days post-exposure observation. For railways regulation, only exposure time of 30 minutes is considered. The LC50 values used are derived from the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) formed per specimen mass unit [g/g], and the amount bound as carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) in the blood of the animals, which eventually leads to their death. The toxicity of materials is subdivided into four classes with the following requirements prescribed in Part 2.16.2 of GOST 12.1.044-89 : -



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Class Designation

Exposure time [min]

5 15 30 60

Toxicity Index Hcl50 [g/m³]

T4 Extremely high hazard < 25 < 47 < 13 < 10

T3 High hazard 25-70 47-50 13-40 10-30

T2 Moderate hazard 70-210 50-150 40-120 30-90

T1 Low hazard > 210 > 150 > 120 > 90

Analytical determination of components like CO, CO2, HCN, NOx, aldehydes and other substances can also be carried out. Halogen acids like HCl, HBr and HF are not mentioned. However, the main effect is determined from the toxic action of CO, measured as carboxyhaemoglobin and referred to for the toxicity index calculation in this test method. 6.2 India The toxicity tests applied in railways in India depend on the applications of the materials. These tests are at present still evolving. The main test method used is a copy of the NES 713 apparatus, which consists in burning 100 g of a material with a gas burner in a 0.7 m3 enclosure, and analysing the gaseous effluents with colorimetric change tubes. This method was used in the past for British Naval Vessels. The standard procedure includes measurement of CO, CO2, formaldehyde, NOx, HCN, acrylonitrile, phosgene, SO2, H2S, HCI, NH3, HF, HBr and phenol. Corrections are applied for the concentrations of CO, CO2 and NOx produced by the gas flame alone burning for the same period as the test specimen. There are no reported comparisons of toxic gas generation with data from real scale fire tests. The test is performed in well-ventilated conditions at the start of the test. Nevertheless, equivalence ratio is affected by accumulation of smoke in the test chamber. However, this may not relate to a real fire, as the burner is actually a premixed blow torch type flame at about 850°C and not a free burning fire. This test method is an old-generation toxicity test, which is designed to be robust but not representative to other scales.

Figure 4: Apparatus of Indian Standard NCD 1409



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The results are expressed as toxicity indexes specified in Indian Standard NCD 1409, which is issued for use in military ships (Naval Head Quarters, Directorate of Naval Architecture). The materials tested and criterion applied for railways in India are shown in the table below: -

Material Test method Criteria according to NCD

1409

Wood impregnated RD-528

TI < 1

Flexible floor covering MDTS 136 (NES 713)

Upholstery furniture (C9901) NCD 1409

PU foams RD-461

Curtains NCD 1409

Other materials No toxicity requirement

6.3 Japan and China The method used is derived from a standard specified in building codes. The Japanese method is presented in JIS A 1231 (Japanese Toxicity Test Method 1231 of the Japanese Ministry of Construction). The test specimen is a 22 mm side square with a thickness of 15 mm. The method consists in measurement of the times to incapacitation of mice, monitored by the rotation of cages. In addition, gas samples can be extracted for external analysis. After the test, blood samples can be extracted for analysis. The criteria on toxicity are relative to a reference species of wood (Red Lauan).

Figure 5: Toxicity test of JIS A 1231 For the Chinese method, the fire model is similar to the DIN 53436 German test and incapacitation is determined according to JIS A 1231. Three to four test specimens of



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maximum thickness 400 mm are burned and mice are exposed in rotating cages during 30 minutes. Their incapacitation is monitored according to their activity in the cage. Toxicity is observed during a 14 days period after the exposure. Materials are classified as A-class if LC0 ≤ 25 mg/L. For both the Japanese and Chinese methods, the fire model is a small, under ventilated fire. No comparison against real-scale fire tests has been published. 6.4 USA and Canada The US Fire safety requirements for passenger rail cars operated by Amtrack and other rail companies are mandated by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The main regulation is standard Federal Register 49 CFR 238 (1999). This regulation only applies to combustible materials used inside the carriage, and requires flammability and smoke emission tests. A worldwide copy of this regulation was developed by National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) as NFPA 130 code. NFPA does not take combustion toxicity into consideration in NFPA130. This is probably because they estimate that this risk is controlled by their reaction to fire and smoke opacity requirements. Bombardier Transportation has issued the standard SMP 800-C for toxic gas generation. This test method measures the concentrations of 8 gases generated by burning rail car materials using the NBS smoke chamber (ref. NFPA 258-89; ASTM E662-93). The gases specified are CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, HCl, HF, HBr and HCN. One specimen is tested in the flaming mode and one specimen is tested in the non-flaming mode. Boeing support standard BSS 7239 describes the use of Drager colorimetric tubes for the measurement of toxic gases. Since this technique is known to be inaccurate and subject to interference from other gases, other gas sampling and analytical procedures may be used in SMP 800-C provided they can be demonstrated to be equivalent or superior. SMP 800-C specifies maximum critical concentrations (in ppm) determined during testing and these have to be submitted to Bombardier for approval. The time to ignition and duration of burning have also to be reported.

4. European tests for toxicity of fire effluents for railway vehicles

CEN/TS 45545-2 provides the reaction to fire requirements. Annex C details the toxicity test methods. Gases analysed: CO, CO2, NOx, HF, HCl, HBr, SO2 and HCN Method 1: Smoke chamber with FTIR spectrometry This method is specified for testing products with significant surface areas (such as walls, ceilings, floorings, seat trims). The key details of the test method are as follows: -

• ISO 5659-2 standard sealed smoke chamber

• Heating mode: (i) 25 kW/m2 with a pilot flame

or



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(ii) 50 kW/m2 without a pilot flame

• Smoke density versus time curve taken throughout test duration using photometric system

• 20 minutes test duration

• At 4 minutes and at 8 minutes, the concentration of the 8 specified fire gases are measured using FTIR spectrometry.

• The fire effluents are withdrawn from the centre of the chamber at 4 + 0.5 L/min through a heated filter, a heated line, a second heated filter into the FTIR gas cell.

• There is no specification in CEN/TS 45545-2 that the valve shall be heated. This is a shortcoming of the Technical Specification and should be noted when the Transfeu WP2.1 work is done and a revised test method is prepared.

Figure 6: CEN/TS 45545-2 Annex C Method 1 testing scheme

Key (1) cone shape radiating heater and specimen holder (6) pump for gas circulation (2) sampling probe of fire effluents (7) valve (3) heated gas sampling line (8) smoke chamber (4) heated soot filter (9) protecting filter at cell entrance (5) heated measuring cell of the FTIR spectrometer

Note: Other analytical methods than FTIR spectrometry are possible alternatives provided they are shown to give equivalent results to the FTIR procedure.

Toxic fume requirements are defined in terms of the Conventional Index of Toxicity (CIT). CIT comprises two terms:

CIT = [Precursor Term] x [Summation Term]

The precursor term is essentially a model or system parameter. The precursor term that is used in the Technical Specification defines the fire model, such as the area of a product that is perceived to burn and the volume of the space into which the gaseous effluents flow. CIT



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is always dimensionless and the Summation Term is generally produced from ratios of the emission level to the reference level of the gas components.

For general products the following equation defines CITG: -

∑=

=−

−

××

×=

8i

1i3

i

3

i

23

23

GmgmC

mgmc

0,004225m150m

0.1m 0,51mCIT

where the model is 0.1m2 material burning and the gaseous effluents disperse into 150m3: ci is the concentration of the ith gas in the EN ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber; Ci is the reference concentration of the ith gas. This expression simplifies to:

∑=

=

×=8i

1i i

iG

C

c0805,0CIT

NOTE:

• The volume of 150m3 is a nominal volume and does not relate to the end-use carriage. This is understood to be the volume of some of the larger carriages used in Europe.

• The dispersion factor does not consider the effect of stratification, dispersion outside the carriage, ventilation and condensation on cold surfaces, etc.

Method 2: NF X 70-100 tube furnace (always at 600oC) This method is specified for small electrical components, cables and minor non-listed products. The combustion conditions and analysis procedure are identical to NF X 70-100 when used for minor usage materials in UK rolling stock (with the exception that all cables and conductors are tested at 600°C rather than 800°C). The key details of the classification system are as follows: -

Toxic fume requirements are defined in terms of the Conventional Index of Toxicity (CIT). CIT comprises two terms:

CIT = [Precursor Term] x [Summation Term]

The precursor term is essentially a model or system parameter. The precursor term that is used in the Technical Specification defines the fire model, such as the area of a product that is perceived to burn and the volume of the space into which the gaseous effluents flow. CIT is always dimensionless and the Summation Term is generally produced from ratios of the emission level to the reference level of the gas components.

For non listed products the following equation is used to calculate CITNLP: -

∑=

=−

−

××

=8i

1i3

i

1

i

3NLPmgmC

mggc

N150m

450gCIT

where the model is 450g material burning and the gaseous effluents disperse into 150m3; N is a reduction factor with a value of 3 representing the assumed fraction of the toxic potency which is realised in a fire; ci is the (relative) emitted mass of the ith gas in the NF X 70-100-1 tube furnace; Ci is the reference concentration of the ith gas.



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This expression simplifies to: -

∑=

=

=8i

1i i

iNLP

C

cCIT

NOTE:

• The volume of 150m3 is a nominal volume and does not relate to the end-use carriage. This is understood to be the volume of some of the larger carriages used in Europe.

• The dispersion factor does not consider the effect of stratification, dispersion outside the carriage, ventilation and condensation on cold surfaces, etc.

In the case of cables, each single combustible component within the cable, i.e. material (j), the contribution to CITC shall be calculated as shown below. The calculation shall be carried out for each combustible component and the individual contributions shall be summed to give the final CITC. For the jth material:

∑=

=−

−−

×+

××=

8i

1i3

i

1

i

2

6

CmgmC

(j)mggc

d0,03d

w(j)1025(j)CIT

where: 1) the model includes a system parameter based on the diameter of the cable. This system parameter is empirical and is used to ensure that smaller and larger cables of the same basic design using the same materials achieve similar CIT values and hence similar acceptability. The system parameter adjusts the CIT value for: i) The different mass of combustible material ii) The different number of cables that can be fitted within a given cross- section iii) The differing availability of the combustible mass in bundles of smaller cables as compared to lower numbers of larger cables. 2) ci is the (relative) emitted mass of the ith gas in the NF X 70-100-1 tube furnace 3) Ci is the reference concentration of the ith gas. 4) w(j) is the numerical value of mass of combustible material (j) per metre of cable (g) 5) d is the numerical value of the cable diameter (m) NOTE: The value 0,03 also has units of m. The calculation shall be carried out for each of the (N) combustible components (j=1 to N). The individual contributions shall be summed to give the final CITC as follows:

∑=

=

=Nj

1j

CC (j)CITCIT



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5. International tests for toxicity of fire effluents

1. International Standards Organization (ISO)

Standardization of methods for the measurement of optical density and toxicity of smoke from the combustion of materials and products has been done in ISO/TC92 ‘Fire Safety’ and in ISO/TC61/SC4 ‘Burning behaviour of plastics’. The work in ISO/TC92 has been spread across 3 Sub-Committees: ISO/TC92/SC1 ‘Fire initiation and growth’ ISO/TC92/SC3 ‘Fire threat to people and the environment’ ISO/TC92/SC4 ‘Fire safety engineering’ There are many ISO standards that are relevant for the Transfeu research and their references are given in section 10.C. The ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber is standardised by ISO/TC61/SC4 for use with a wide range of polymeric and other products. It is currently specified for measuring optical density for marine products by IMO and for railway products by CEN/TC256. Both of these standards organizations have appreciated the value of measurements of optical density of smoke and gaseous effluents done simultaneously and each organization has specified measurement of combustion gases by single time-point sampling during the test. The use of a 75mm x 75mm test specimen, which can be exposed in the ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber to either 25kW/m2 or 50kW/m2, offers opportunities for fire modelling of transport products. Oxygen vitiation occurs in the smoke chamber during the test and this effect is also observed in real-scale compartment fires. The use of FTIR for continuous analysis of fire effluents is currently being studied in ISO/TC92/SC1. ISO DIS 21489 is based on the ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber and results of a round robin are being analysed ISO/TR 16312-2 “Guidance for assessing the validity of physical fire models for obtaining fire effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment – Part 2: Evaluation of individual physical fire models” should also be noted. This document identified some limitations of ISO 5660 (cone calorimeter) as a procedure for studying combustion gases as well as heat release rate. Due to test method developments, the potential standardization of a vitiated atmosphere cone calorimeter for toxicity assessments is now being discussed in ISO/TC92/SC3.The main evolutions that could influence this work item are as follows: -

• Introduction of vitiated atmosphere with the cone calorimeter allows reproducing various fire stages following ISO 19706.

• Development of ISO 5660-4 shows the possibility to reduce extraction flow rate, and so to limit dilution of effluents in the duct

• Development of calibration standards for heat flux meters allows the use of the cone calorimeter with incident heat flux densities from 10kW/m² to 100kW/m².

ISO/TC92/SC3 and ISO/TC61/SC4 are also considering the effect of scale in fire tests. Each scale of tests allows analyzing various aspects of the fire behaviour of products. This includes toxicity, which is driven by parameters like combustion conditions (in terms of heat flux/temperature and oxygen concentration), by the nature of the material and by its complexity and geometry. Real products are complex and it is impossible to understand their large-scale behaviour only by small-scale tests. What is needed for a rigorous assessment of their fire performance is evaluation at various scales and measurement of the associated test parameters.



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For example, in real construction products, when assessing parameters that drive the release of toxic gases it is necessary to consider joints and mounting and fixing techniques; these cannot be assessed by small-scale tests. Hence, each scale of tests has its own usage and gives additional parameters on fire behaviour and on toxicity. Table 1 presents these aspects and what is checked at increasing scales. For example: - 1) Tube furnace tests are generally considered as ‘Matter’ scale, which allow the determination of toxic potency of matter in given conditions. The standard available is ISO/TS 19700, which is useful because it is the only method at present in ISO TC92/SC3 that is able to provide information on equivalence ratio. Other models from this scale are listed in ISO 16312-2. 2) ISO 5660 cone calorimeter and ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber are considered as ‘Material’ scale. They check surface effects and allow introducing multilayer barrier effect for composites, charring or intumescence. 3) ‘Product’ sizes introduce joints and mounting and fixing effects. No standard for toxicity is developed now, but coupling some devices (such as the open calorimeter ISO 24473) with FTIR is possible and some publications are found in the literature. 4) Large and real scales introduce system parameters and these scales are valuable as reference scenarios, especially when validating smaller scale testing and in some cases where suppliers have disputes requiring verification of their product performance. ISO/TC92/SC1 is now working on introduction of an annex to ISO 9705 (small room test) where FTIR measurement would be used to assess the composition of fire effluents.



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Table 1: Effect of scale in fire tests*

Use Matter and material Product Installed

product/system

Matter Material Semi-finished

Product

Finished

Product

Large/ real

scale

Data obtained Intrinsic properties

Intrinsic properties

+ Layer/char

effects etc

Material fire

behaviour

+ Propagation

+ Joint effects

Product fire

behaviour

+Mounting and fixing

Global system fire behaviour

Main

Characteristics

Heat, smoke

and toxic

potencies

Heat, smoke

and toxic

release at

different

fire stages

Heat and

smoke

release in

well-ventilated

conditions

Heat and

smoke

release in

well-ventilated

conditions

Heat, smoke

and toxic

release in

realistic

situation

Typical test

specimen size

<10g 10 – 500g

~ 0.01m2

500g – 5kg

~ 0.5 – 1m2

5kg – 50kg

>1m2

> 100kg

> 10m2

Usages FSE input data

R & D

Production

control

FSE input data

R & D

Materials

homologation

FSE adjusting

Materials/

products

homologation

FSE adjusting

Products

homologation

FSE validation

Research

Contention

arbitration

Main standards

ISO 4589-2

NF X 70-100

ISO 5659-2

ISO 5660-1

ISO 5660-2

ISO DIS 21489

ISO 5658-2

ISO 21367

EN 13823

EN 50266-1

ISO 24473

ISO 9705-2

ISO 24473

ISO 9705

ISO 9705-2

* The specimen sizes indicated in row 4 are not exclusive for the fire test standards but they

give an indication of test specimen sizes that may be considered to apply to transport materials and products in end-use conditions.



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2. International Maritime Organization (IMO)

Following the sinking of the ‘Titanic’ on 14th April 1912 and the loss of more than 1500 souls, the first version of Safety of Life at Sea, an International Convention used by every Flag State in the world, was published in 1914. This version contained no reference to fire but in a very general way, due to the requirement for compartmentalisation, fire safety was improved as any area of the ship could be closed off whether the problem is fire or water. The latest version of SOLAS was published in 1974 and a consolidated version (including interpretations) was printed in 2001. SOLAS provides general requirements for the ship which will ensure as much as possible the safety of both passengers and crew. It uses the premise that the ship is its own best lifeboat and therefore it is hoped that whatever disaster strikes the ship there are provisions enough to deal with it. Chapter II-2 of SOLAS addresses the fire safety of the ship and provides levels of fire performance required for different areas of the ship, in terms of both structural and material performance.

It should be noted that following the fire in the ‘Star Princess’ in 2006 involving the balconies of the vessel, new requirements have been published by IMO to require that fire safety measures, identical to those applying to the inside of the vessel be also applied to external areas. These areas had previously been ignored.

In support of SOLAS there are three Codes: the FSS code (Fire Safety Systems) dealing with active fire systems, the HSC code (High Speed Craft) and the FTP code (Fire Test Procedures).

Fire Safety Systems Code (ref. D.9)

This code details the performance and installation requirements of fire detection and suppression equipment for use on both traditional shipping and high speed craft.

High Speed Craft Code (ref.D.10)

Traditional shipping uses heavy steel construction producing vessels which plough through the water. High speed craft, which can be quite large in size, need of necessity to be light to be able to skim the water. The materials used in their construction therefore need to be, if metallic of light weight (for example aluminium), but generally they tend to be carbon fibre, reinforced plastics, or composite materials. The traditional test methods assume heavy construction and therefore, for this type of material, a different methodology is used. Chapter 7 of the code deals with Fire Safety and in particular issues of compartmentation, restricting the use of combustible materials and detection and extinction. The code provides for requirements for:

� fire resisting divisions, requirements vary depending on the hazard rating of the area and the category of the vessel,

� separating divisions � use of combustible materials � surfaces in escape routes and � furniture and furnishings

The HSC code references the FTP code for the appropriate fire test methods.



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Fire Test Procedures Code (ref.D.11)

This code details the testing requirements and criteria for materials and divisions which are placed on board ship and which provide the necessary data to enable Type Approval of the products and thus show compliance with SOLAS. The FTP code is currently being revised to take on board the current state of the art for test methodology, to enable modern materials to be tested and used on board ship, which previously could not be addressed, and to deal with the assessment of oversize structural components such as large doors which cannot be tested in full scale. Special attention has been give to addressing light weight class A divisions (i.e. of the honeycomb type) and allowing for the use of these as bulkheads and ceilings.

Divisions are addressed in three ways depending on the functionality and design. Non loadbearing divisions are tested and assessed as B class divisions. Loadbearing divisions with structural metal cores are tested as A class divisions but with additional core temperature requirements if the metal is aluminium. Other loadbearing constructions are tested as B class divisions but with an applied static load.

The Fire Test Procedures Code provides international requirements for laboratory testing and type approval by detailing the following procedures:

� non combustibility test � smoke and toxicity test � test for A, B and F class divisions � test for fire door control assemblies � surface flammability test � test for primary deck coverings � textile test � upholstered furniture test � bedding components test

The revision will expand the testing methodology to include tests for fire restricting materials and it will detail new methodology for the smoke and toxicity test.

Discussions are also ongoing in the revision group to limit the use of ‘old’ fire test data. Proposals have been made to limit the validity of test data for all products (structural and decorative) to 15 years. At present, type approvals are valid for five years and will continue to be so. After five years, the product test results are reviewed and sometimes additional tests may be conducted; it is generally at the discretion of the Approval Body as to what is required.

Smoke and Toxicity Test – Annex 1 Part 2 of the FTP Code

This test method is used for all surface materials where the heat release when tested to Part 5 of the Code is above a certain limit. The method utilizes the ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber, which determines the optical density and is used to generate a fire effluents atmosphere that is analyzed, currently by a ‘traceable’ method and when the revision is published using a Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) technique. Time-point sampling is used when maximum smoke obscuration is reached during the test. Test specimens are 75mm x 75mm size and the test is conducted three times for each of 3 different exposure conditions: -

• 25kW/m2 without a pilot flame

• 25kW/m2 with a pilot flame

• 50 kW/m2 without a pilot flame



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Specific gases are measured; these are CO, HF, HCl, HBr, SO2, HCN and NOx.

The quantity of each gas determined is compared with the Code criteria to determine pass or fail.

It should be noted that in IMO, toxicity limits are considered individually. The specification for each gas must be satisfied without a CIT calculation, and these limits come from IDLH94 with some adjustments. A recent example is the amendment for SO2 at 200 ppm for carpets. This requirement is a pragmatic consideration since not one wool carpet for 1st class cruise ships was able to get under this limit.

3. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

3.1 IEC 60322 IEC 60332 specifies the test requirements for testing the resistance to vertical flame propagation for a single vertical electrical insulated conductor or cable, or optical fibre cable, under fire conditions. IEC 60332 consists of the following parts, under the general title “Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions”:

• Part 1-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Apparatus.

• Part 1-2: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable – Procedure for 1kW pre-mixed flame.

• Part 1-3: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single insulated wire or cable –Procedure for determination of flaming droplets/particles.

• Part 2-1: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single small insulated wire or cable – Apparatus.

• Part 2-2: Test for vertical flame propagation for a single small insulated wire or cable -Procedure for diffusion flame.

3.2 IEC 60322-3-10/EN 50266-1 IEC 60332 - 3 specifies test methods for the assessment of flame spread of vertically mounted bunched wires or cables. IEC 60322-3-10 specifies the test apparatus, for a large-scale test where mounted cables of 3.5 m length are evaluated. CEN has adopted an equivalent test method which is named EN 50266-1. This test standard bases classification on damaged length only which provides a coarse division of different cable fire performance at best. The extended use of cables in buildings has lead to the modification of this method to include not only damaged length but also important parameters such as heat release rate, smoke production rate, and total smoke production. In the supplementary test standard prEN 50399:2007 the measurement of these parameters are described, and FIGRA and SMOGRA are used as part of the product classification. The cables are mounted on a ladder which is vertically mounted inside a test chamber with the dimensions 2 m (L) × 1 m (W) × 4 m (H). A volumetric flow in the exhaust system in the range 0.7 m3/s – 2.0 m3/s is recommended in prEN 50399:2007 depending on the exhaust duct diameter. A schematic of the test set-up is given in Figure 7.



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The test can be easily modified to include the measurement of many toxic species in the same position in the duct where gas measurements are conducted in the prEN 50399:2007 test. These gas samples can be used for fire gas characterization using FTIR or other analytical methods. Figure 7: Schematic view of the large-scale IEC/CEN cable test

3.3 IEC 61034 IEC 61034 is published in two parts, which together specify a method of test for measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions. IEC 61034 consists of the following parts, under the general title “Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions”:

• Part 1: Test apparatus.

• Part 2: Test procedure and requirements

3.4 IEC 60695-6 This series of documents describes smoke test methods in common use to assess the smoke release from electrotechnical products, or from materials used in Electrotechnical products.



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IEC TS 60695-6-1 gives guidance on a) optical measurement of smoke obscuration; b) general aspects of optical smoke test methods; c) consideration of test methods; d) expression of smoke test data; e) relevance of optical smoke data to hazard assessment. IEC TS 60695-6-2 gives a summary of the test methods that are used in the assessment of smoke opacity. It presents a brief summary of static and dynamic test methods in common use, either as international standards or national or industry standards. It includes special observations on their relevance, for electrotechnical products and their materials, to real fire scenarios and gives recommendations on their use. 3.5 IEC TS 60695-7-50 IEC TS 60695-7-50 describes a test method for the generation of fire effluent and the identification and measurement of its constituent combustion products. It uses a moving test specimen and a tube furnace at different temperatures and air flow rates as the fire model. IEC TS 60695-7-50 is designed to reproduce certain decomposition conditions in a range of fire types characterized in ISO 19706. Stage 1b Non-flaming decomposition (oxidative), Stage 2 Developing fire (flaming), Stage 3a Fully developed fire (flaming) relatively low ventilation. The method is designed to model closely all three of these major fire stages, and also has the potential to model others as necessary. In this test, the measurement of fire effluent is made using material test specimens, which may be taken from end-products, or, if the apparatus and method allow, may be an end-product. IEC TS 60695-7-50 is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60695-1-1 and IEC 60695-7-51 which describes how data from the test method described in IEC TS 60695-7-50 can be used to calculate toxic potencies. IEC TS 60695-7-50 is in many parts identical to ISO 19700 “Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of hazardous components of fire effluents” 3.6 IEC 60754 IEC 60754 is published in two parts, which describes methods for determining corrosive combustion products from combustion of cable materials. IEC 60754 consists of the following parts, under the general title “Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables”:

• Part 1: Determination of the amount of halogen acid gas.

• Part 2: Determination of the degree of acidity of gases evolved during the combustion of materials taken from electric cables by measuring pH and conductivity.

• Part 2, Amendment 1. Corrections of clause 8, expression of results and clause 9, recommended values.

4. Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (UIC)

UIC 564-2 specifies reaction to fire test methods, including optical density testing. There is no known developmental activity using FTIR analysis of fire effluents from burning railway vehicles.



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6. Gas analysis methods

1. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrometry (FTIR)

FTIR spectrometry is the preferred analytical technique to use in the Transfeu project since:

• It provides one analytical method for all laboratories and hence, can remove variability between laboratories

• It has the ability to measure all gases of interest at one time

• It offers the possibility to generate time versus concentration curves for each effluent gas that has to be measured

FTIR spectrometers offer a continuous monitoring technique of many gases simultaneously for smoke gas analysis. It is possible using FTIR to set up a calibration and prediction method for each gas that shows a characteristic band in the infra-red region of the spectrum. The EC SAFIR project provided valuable experience in the development of FTIR gas analysis of smoke gases and showed that this technique is a reliable method for the determination of toxic components in combustion gases generated under fire test conditions. The SAFIR project included the following tasks: -

• Small-scale and large-scale sampling procedures

• Analysis, calibration and software techniques

• Verification of the method in different fire test scenarios

• An interlaboratory trial using the cone calorimeter ISO 5660. The conclusions of the SAFIR project are summarised below: - The main problem in measuring toxic components of fire effluents is to have a representative sample of fire gases for the analysis. The principle in defining an optimum sampling system for FTIR is to transfer the fire effluents through the sampling device as quickly as possible and keep them unaltered during the passage. This leads to the optimisation of sampling probe, filter and sampling line materials, and the volume, flow rate and temperature of the sampling system taking into account the characteristics of the specific measurement case. A sufficient number of good-quality calibration spectra are required for reliable analysis of gas components. As a result of a verification study it was concluded that FTIR is capable of making time resolved measurements on many gas species simultaneously. In the interlaboratory trial, the repeatability and reproducibility of the FTIR method of measuring smoke gases were found comparable to those of well-established fire test methods.

2. Other gas analysis methods

Ion chromatography, non-disperse infra-red spectrometry (NDIR) and chemiluminescence have been widely used for the analysis of fire effluents from structural products, furnishings and cables. With the exception of NDIR used for analysis of CO and CO 2, these methods are not suitable for the continuous analysis of gas effluents. 2.1 Ion chromatography Chromatography involves separation due to differences in equilibrium distribution of sample components between two different phases. One of these phases is the mobile stage (the eluent) and the other is the stationary stage (the column). The sample components move through the chromatographic system only when they are in the mobile phase.



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The velocity a component moves at is a function of the equilibrium distribution; factors such as the size of the ions will affect this – larger the ion, slower it moves and the charge on the ion – more negative charge, slower it moves. The components having distributions favouring the stationary phase will move much slower than those favouring the mobile stage (for example, ions which attach strongly to the column (stationary stage) have longer retention times). This means that there is separation due to the speed at which the components move due to their differences in equilibrium distributions.

The eluent should contain ions with similar characteristics to the sample ions. As the eluent and sample pass through the column ion exchange takes place. This is where the eluent ions attach themselves to the active sites of the column forming equilibrium. During the chromatography, the counter ion of the eluent is exchanged for the sample ion. This means that for a short time the sample ions are attached to the active sites. Due to variations in velocity of the sample ions being analysed, separation of the various sample components is possible.

2.2 Non-disperse infra-red spectrometry (NDIR)

NDIR analysers are commonly used for the analysis of CO and CO2. Infrared analysis is possible since the level of energy required to make bonds vibrate in molecules is known. By using a light beam of the specific wavelength required to make specific bonds of interest vibrate, it is possible to confirm if these molecules are present. Quantitative analysis is achieved by measuring the absorption, emission or fluorescence of light directed through the sample compared with that directed through a blank cell.

2.3 Chemiluminescence

The simplest oxide of nitrogen is NO, nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide. It has an odd number of electrons and so is called a free radical, which is a very reactive species. NO is rapidly oxidised in air to nitrogen dioxide, NO2, which is also an odd-electron molecule. The mixture of NO and NO2 is called NOx. Analysers measuring NOx work on the principle of chemiluminescence, which occurs as a consequence of the reaction between Nitric Oxide and Ozone: -

NO + 2O3 = NO + 3O2 + light

The quantity of light produced is directly proportional to the quantity of nitric oxide present.

This technique of analysis is possible as the reaction of NO2* → NO2 produces radiation. Similarly to the infrared method, it is possible to quantify the concentration of gas as this radiation has a wavelength of 1200nm.

7. Precision of test methods

An interlaboratory trial was conducted during the EC SAFIR project on test data from the cone calorimeter. The relative repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations varied in the ranges of 2 – 18% and 6 – 68%, with averages of 9% and 21% respectively. This variability of the cone calorimeter results may be considered typical for well-defined fire tests and are comparable to those of heat release rate and total heat release measurements.



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ISO/TC92/SC1/WG12 ‘Fire safety – Fire initiation and growth’) are currently conducting a round robin on the ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber with FTIR analysis. This exercise is being done using the IMO single point sampling procedure where the fire effluents are sampled when the optical density within the smoke chamber has reached its maximum. Certifer, France operates an annual round robin approval scheme for fire test laboratories, which includes CEN/TS 45545-2 and NF F 16-101.

8. Validation of test methods

Comparative data from small-scale tests and realistically simulated fires involving railway products is valuable since these results give specifiers confidence in the relevance of small-scale test data for product classification purposes. Comparative scalar reaction to fire data on railway seats and wall-coverings was obtained during the EC FIRESTARR project by LSF (Italy) and Warrington Fire Research Centre (UK). Additional smoke chamber data was also obtained during the development of CEN/TS 45545-2 by the CEN/ TC256 & CENELEC/TC9X JWG (see Figures 8 and 9). This data will be reassessed in Transfeu WP3. During the FIRESTARR research, a real-scale SNCF compartment test scenario (see Figure 10) was conducted to determine the toxic gas emission from seats and wall/ceiling linings. The heat release, smoke and toxic fume data was modelled to predict critical conditions in the 150m3 corridor of an SNCF Voiture rail-car.

Figure 8: CIT curves obtained from specimens of FIRESTARR seats tested in the ISO 5659-

2 smoke chamber (exposed at 25 kW/m2 with pilot flame) and using FTIR gas analysis

0.0

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Figure 9: CIT curves obtained from specimens of FIRESTARR wall linings tested in the ISO

5659-2 smoke chamber (exposed at 50 kW/m2 without pilot flame) and using FTIR gas analysis

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Figure 10: Schematic view of 9m3 SNCF train compartment showing test specimen of wall

covering and the air distribution within the compartment (ref. EC FIRESTARR project)

9. Conclusions and recommendations

Toxicity testing of fire effluents is an important and regulated topic due to the fire hazards and high risks that can occur in transport vehicles, especially for mass transportation. Particular attention has to be paid to underground vehicles and those that move through tunnels or on elevated structures. Safe evacuation of passengers and crew from fires on ships (especially ferries and cruise liners) should also be noted for the high risks involved. To enable use of advanced fire safety engineering methods in assessing toxicity hazards of fire effluents, the methods used should provide dynamic data at well-known conditions. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis offers opportunities for continuous measurement of all the important gases simultaneously. The ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber can be used to simulate fire conditions in an enclosure with known exposed area and the cumulative principle of the closed chamber makes the detection of small gas yields also possible. However, further research is required in the Transfeu project to quantify the following points when using the ISO 5659-2 smoke chamber with FTIR analysis methodology: -

• Flow rates/sampling system volume

• Filtering considerations

Test specimen

Test specimen

Steel / mineralwool

Steel benchrepresentingseat bases

Open door

Burner

Heat flux meteron floor

Window

AIR IN



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• Recycling of fumes upon analysis (if needed)

• Selection of regions for analysis

• The uncertainty of HCl concentrations More intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory accuracy and precision checks should be performed on test methods proposed for regulatory control of fire effluents generated from transport products. It should be noted that in Sections 3 and 5 there are details of test methods that are actually in use for development purposes. These tests were designed for ranking materials and all are not suitable for performance-based regulations for surface transport. The requirements for a test method that measures the toxicity of fire effluents from products on European railway and other surface transport vehicles may be summarized as follows: -

1) Small-scale 2) Good repeatability and reproducibility 3) Able to have resolution for various fire conditions 4) Suitable for fire modelling and FSE purposes (such as defined dynamic conditions) 5) Validatable to real/large fires.

The requirements of a classification system for fire effluents from transport products may be summarized as follows: -

1) Robust 2) Applicable to all products on the vehicle 3) Applicable to all operating categories of vehicle 4) Relatable to escape times (critical conditions) on the vehicle. 5) Based on sound fire engineering principles rather than simple prescription.



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10. References

1. National tests

A.1 BS 6853: 1999 Code of practice for fire precautions in the design and construction

of passenger carrying trains (with Amendment 1 effective from 4th December 2002);(UK).

A.2 RSSB GM/RT2130 Issue 1, June 2008 Vehicle fire, safety and evacuation; (UK). A.3 RSSB/ATOC AV/ST9002 Issue 1, December 2002 Vehicle interiors design for evacuation and fire safety; (UK). A.4 NF F 16-101: 1988 Rolling stock – Reaction to fire requirements (France). A.5 NF F 16-102: 1992 Rolling stock - Reaction to fire requirements (France). A.6 NF X 70-100-1: 2006 Fire tests – Analysis of gaseous effluents Part 1: Method for

analyzing gases generated by thermal degradation: (France). A.7 DIN 5510-2: 2009 Preventive fire protection in railway vehicles – Part 2: Fire behaviour and fire side effects of materials and parts – Classification, requirements and test method’; (Germany). A.8 UNI CEI 11170-1: 2005; Railway applications – Fire safety (Italy) A.9 UNI CEI 11170-3: 2005; Railway applications – Fire safety (Italy) A.10 PN-K-02511: 2000 Rolling stock – Fire safety of materials - Requirements; (Poland) A.11 PN-K-02502: 1992 Rolling stock – Susceptibility of seats to flammability – Requirements and tests; (Poland) A.12 PN-K-02505: 1993 Rolling stock – Concentration of carbon monoxide and

carbon dioxide emitted by pyrolysis or combustion of materials – Requirements and tests; (Poland).

A.13 PN-K-02501: 2000 Rolling stock – Smoke properties of materials – Requirements and test method; (Poland/ UIC 564-2 Ap 15). A.14 FTS ZhT CL 01-98: Federal Requirements for certification of railway transportation. Technical regulations - Passenger railway cars - Certification requirements; (Russia). A.15 NB ZhT CT 03-98: Safety norms for railway transport – Certification system on

federal railway transport - Electric trains – Safety norms; (Russia). A.16 NB ZhT CT 03-98: Safety norms for railway transport – Certification system on

federal railway transport - Electric trains – Safety norms – Draft of revision 2, final edition of 12.06.2008; (Russia).



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A.17 GOST 12.1.044-89: Fire and Explosion hazards of substances and materials - Range of Indices and Methods for their determination; (Russia).

A.18 NES 713 Issue 3 March 1985: Determination of the toxicity index of the combustion products from small specimens of materials; (UK and India).

A.19 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49 - Transportation, Subtitle B - Other regulations relating to Transportation, Chapter II: Federal Railroad Administration, Part 238 - Passenger Equipment Safety Standards; (USA).

A.20 NFPA 130: Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems; (USA).

2. European tests

B.1 CEN/TS 45545-1: 2009 Railway applications – Fire protection on railway vehicles – Part 1: General B.2 CEN/TS 45545-2: 2009 Railway applications – Fire protection on railway vehicles – Part 2: Requirements for fire behaviour of materials and components B.3 EN 50305:2002 Railway applications. Railway rolling stock cables having special fire performance. Test methods Part 9.2 Analysis and calculation of toxicity index (CIT).

B.4 EN 50267-2-1:1999 Common test methods for cables under fire conditions. Tests on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables - Procedures - Determination of the amount of halogen acid gas

B.5 EN 50306-2:2002 Railway applications. Railway rolling stock cables having special fire performance. Thin wall. Single core cables B.6 EN 50266-1: 2001 Common test methods for cables under fire conditions. Test

for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables. Procedures. Category A F/R

3. International tests

C.1 ISO 13943 Fire safety - Vocabulary C.2 ISO 5659-2: 2006 Plastics – Smoke generation – Part 2: Determination of optical density by a single-chamber test C.3 ISO DIS 21489: 2006 Fire tests – Method of measurement of gases using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR) in cumulative smoke test C.4 ISO 5660-1: 2002 Reaction to fire tests – Heat release, smoke production and mass

loss rate – Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) C.5 ISO 5660-2: 2002 Reaction to fire tests – Heat release, smoke production and mass

loss rate – Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)



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C.6 ISO 9705-1: 1993 Fire tests – Full scale room test for surface products C.7 ISO TR 9705-2: 2001 Reaction to fire tests – Full scale room tests for surface products – Part 2: Technical background and guidance C.8 ISO 24473:2008 Fire tests – Open calorimetry – Measurement of the rate of production of heat and combustion products for fires of up to 40 MW C.9 ISO TS 19700:2007 Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of

hazardous components of fire effluents C.10 ISO TS 19706: 2004 Hazard to life from fire – General guidance C.11 ISO 13344:2008 Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents C.12 ISO TS 13571:2007 Life threatening components of fires – Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape using fire data C.13 ISO 16312-1:2006 Guidance for assessing the validity of physical fire models for

obtaining effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment Part 1 - Criteria

C.14 ISO TR 16312-2:2007 Guidance for assessing the validity of physical fire

models for obtaining effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment Part 2 – Evaluation of individual physical fire models

C.15 ISO 19701:2005 Methods for sampling and analysis of fire effluents C.16 ISO 19702:2006 Analysis of fire gases using Fourier infra-red technique (FTIR) C.17 ISO 19703:2005 Calculation of species yields, equivalence ratios and combustion

efficiency in experimental fires C.18 ISO 19706: 2007 Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people C.19 ISO TS 13571: 2002 Life threat from fires – Guidance on the estimation of time

available for escape using fire data C.20 ISO 16730: 2008 Fire safety engineering – Assessment, verification and validation of

calculation methods C.21 ISO 16731 Fire safety engineering - Data needed for fire safety engineering C.22 ISO TS 16732:2006 Fire safety engineering – Guidance on fire risk assessment C.23 ISO 16733:2006 Fire safety engineering - Methodology for calculation of design fire scenarios and design fires C.24 ISO 16735 Fire safety engineering – Requirements governing algebraic formulae for

smoke layers



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C.25 IEC 60332-1 Tests on electric cables under fire conditions – Part 1: Test for vertical flame spread of vertically mounted bunched wires or cables, HRR and smoke production measurements – Apparatus and calibrations C.26 IEC 60332-3-10 Tests on electric cables under fire conditions - Part 3-10: Test

for vertical flame spread of vertically mounted bunched wires or cables - Apparatus C.27 IEC 60695-7-50 Fire hazard testing – Toxicity of fire effluents – Estimation of toxic

potency: Apparatus and test method C.28 IEC 61034-2: 2005 Measurement of smoke density of cables burning under defined conditions (3m cube) – Part 2: Test procedure and requirements C.29 IEC 60695-6-1:2005 Fire hazard testing – Part 6-1: Smoke obscuration – General guidance C.30 IEC TS 60695-6-2: 2005 Fire hazard testing – Part 6-2: Smoke obscuration – Summary and relevance of test methods C.31 IEC TS 60695-7-50 Fire hazard testing – Part 7-50: Toxicity of fire effluent – Estimation of toxic potency: Apparatus and test method C.32 IEC 60754-1:1994 Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from

cables – Part 1: Determination of the amount of halogen acid gas C.33 IEC 60754-2:1997 Test on gases evolved during combustion of electric cables –

Part 2: Determination of degree of acidity of gases evolved during the combustion of materials taken from electric cables by measuring pH and conductivity under defined conditions – Test procedure and requirements

C.34 ISO 21367: 2006 Plastics – Reaction to fire – Test method for flame spread and

combustion product release from vertically oriented specimens

C.35 UIC 564-2 Fire protection - railway applications

4. Regulations

D.1 Directive 96/48/EC of 23 July 1996, ‘Interoperability of the trans-European high-

speed rail system’. D.2 Directive 2001/16/EC of 19 March 2001, ‘Interoperability of the trans- European

conventional rail system’. D.3 Directive 2004/50/EC of 29 April 2004, ‘Amendments to Directive 96/48/EC and

to Directive 2001/16/EC’. D.4 Directive 2008/57/EC of 17 June 2008, ‘Interoperability of the rail system within

the Community’. Note: This Directive recasts the Directives 96/48/EC, 2001/16/EC and 2004/57/EC. It applies to both High-speed Rail and Conventional Rail systems. D.5 Official Journal of the European Union L 245, 12,9.2002, p.402, ‘ Commission Decision 2002/735/EC establishing the first technical specification for



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interoperability (TSI) for the trans-European high speed rolling stock sub- system’. Note: Decision 2002/735/EC was repealed from 1st September 2008. D.6 Official Journal of the European Union L 84, 26.3.2008, p.132 – 261, ‘Commission

Decision of 21 February 2008 concerning a technical specification for interoperability relating to the ‘rolling stock’ sub-system of the trans-European high-speed rail system’.

D.7 Council Directive 96/98/EC of 20 December 1996 on marine equipment as

amended (including all amendments and corrections up to Directive 2002/84/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 5 November 2002).

D.8 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 1974)

D.9 International Code for Fire Safety Systems, 2007, IMO London 2007

D.10 International Code for High Speed Craft, 2000, IMO London 2001

D.11 International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures, 1998, IMO London 1998

5. Research

E.1 SMT4-CT96-2136, Smoke gas analysis of fire effluents using Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (SAFIR FP4), 1997 – 1999. E.2 Hakkarainen, Tuula; Mikkola, Esko; Laperre, Jan; et al. Smoke gas analysis by

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - summary of the SAFIR project results. Fire and Materials. Vol. 24 ( 2000) No: 2, 101 – 112.

E.3 Griffith L., Janssens M. and Willson K, Evaluation of smoke toxicity of automotive

materials according to standard small-scale test procedures, SAE Transactions 2005, vol. 114, 6, p.3134. E.4 SMT-CT97-2164, FIRESTARR Project – Report WP1/FS/98002 on Statistical review of fires on railway vehicles. E.5 Guillaume, Eric and Chivas, Carine, Fire models used in toxicity testing, Conference

on Hazards of Combustion Products, London, November 2008. E.6 Le Tallec, Yannick and Guillaume, Eric, Fire gases and their chemical measurement, Conference on Hazards of Combustion Products, London, November 2008. E.7 Blomqvist, Per, Scaling of toxic gas data, Conference on Hazards of Combustion

Products, London, November 2008.

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