frantic about frances richard h. grumm and john lacorte national weather service state college, pa...
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Frantic About Frances
Richard H. Grumm and John LaCorte
National Weather Service
State College, PA 16803
Introduction
• Significant Hurricane as approached Florida– Had a big impact on Florida– Raised issues of impacts as it moved north– Would the track and timing be better than with…Charlie?
• Big issue was the transition stage– Heavy rains, tornadoes, and winds – Frances was a large storm lots of anomalies in wind, moisture and
pressure fields – And timing of heavy rain, tornadoes, and wind– Timing was in doubt due to model differences in the speed of
movement
• Heavy rains on north and west side of the storm in Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio– Cold conveyor rains (heavy) in western New York, PA, and
OH.
Florida and beyond
• Big impact of Big Storm Florida’s East Coast– Winds and rain– Tornadoes
• Expectations of storm as it moved northward– Charlie had a bad “track” record (more on this later!)– Where would it rain and would there be significant
winds etc.– Tornadoes were a problem too
• Mainly in the feeder bands within the warm tropical air mass.• Okay, Ivan, terrible as it was…produced more tornadoes.
Eta 00-hour 850 hPa wind anomalies0000 UTC 8 September
•Extremely anomalous southerly winds ahead of the system
•5-6 Standard Deviation above normal winds
•Strong shear produced tornadoes
•The strong wind anomalies persisted, though weakened as the storm moved northward
•Note evolving easterly jet north of the cyclone…focus for heavy rains
850 Winds 9 September 0000 UTC
•Still had anomalously strong low-level winds in the warm sector east of the surface low center
•Last day of tornadoes in Mid-Atlantic region
•Tornadoes in the feeder bands and in the warm tropical air
•The easterly jet was now well-developed north and west of the main low
•Cold conveyor belt area of heavy rainfall
•Well north of the cyclone center and removed from the tropical air at low-levels
0000 UTC 9 September
•Low up western slopes Appalachians
•Anomalous precipitable water
•Even in the cool air in western PA and OH
•Strong LLJ into Mid-Atlantic
•Strong northeasterly jet
•Cold conveyor
KCCX Storm Total Estimated Rainfall
•Heaviest rains were well to the west
•Western PA and Ohio hard hit
•Not nearly as much rainfall in the warmer air to the east
•The cold conveyor rain effect dominated in this event.
KPBZ estimated Rainfallreal rainfall shown later
•More reliance on tropical Z-R
•There was some very heavy rain in eastern Ohio
•Same overall pattern as KCCX though this extends farther west
0000 UTC 09 September
Heavy rains in cold conveyor belt region
Note temperatures in the 60s.
Tropical air
L
Cold conveyor rain
• Rain shield heavy rain north and west of surface low
• Strongly baroclinic– Northern ageostrophic winds– Strong low- and mid-level forcing
(Frontogensis)
• Not most common concept heavy rain in tropical systems but big in Mid-Atlantic /northeastern US
The Eta and Tropical Storm Tracks
• The Eta was too slow with Frances– The GFS did a better job and was more
consistent– SREFS were good too….– This lead to rainfall forecasts and flood
products talking about rainfall into the day of the 9th in PA
• The rain ended in most locations before 1200 UTC
• Lets look at the woeful Eta forecasts for Charlie
A word about rainfall
• Not very standardized data• We need better means/methods to share data• Post analysis is not so easy with such
sporadic data• We could put together most but not all of the
picture• We really need to improve sharing
– Snowfall and rainfall data for good case reviews– This needs to be done in near real-time
Conclusions
• Frances wreaked some havoc– In Florida as a hurricane– In the southeast-Mid-Atlantic as
• Rain and tornado machine– Central PA had mainly a cold rain
• Remained in cool low-level air when the heavy rains arrived
• Track of the storm– The GFS was faster with storm progression and better than the
track of the Eta– The Eta has this slow bias with moving tropical storms….what's
up with that?– Ensembles (not shown) are a better way to go.