Frederick BarbarossaBy: Danny Hendricks

Period 2

General Facts• Nationality: German• Nickname: Barbarossa or Red-

Beard• Lived: 1122-1190• King of Germany from 1152-

1190• Holy Roman Emperor from

1155-1190• Date of Death: June 10, 1190

at the age of 68

Early Life• He was born to parents Frederick,

Duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of the Duke of Bavaria, in 1121.

• In 1147, he became Duke of Swabia following his father’s death.

• Frederick set out with his uncle, Conrad III (King of Germany/Holy Roman Emperor), on the Second Crusade to the Holy Lands in 1147.

• He married Adelaide, the daughter of the Margrave of Vohburg, in 1149.

Personality• Frederick was a great orator whose

speeches were clear and clever.• He was a charismatic leader who had

both a majestic appearance as well as a kind personality.

• At times, he was very passionate, but could control his anger in times when it could jeopardize a negotiation.

• He was well like by the German people and was unanimously accepted as king after being nominated by Conrad III.

Peace in the Empire• He was crowned as German King

on March 9, 1152 in Aachen, Germany.

• As king, he sought to establish peace within his realm.

• Frederick demanded respect from existing princes and united the interests of their realms with those of the empire.

• In March 1153, he signed the Treaty of Constance with Pope Eugene III, which would crown Frederick as emperor and give him supremacy over the pope in return for help against the pope's enemies.

Expedition into Rome• In 1155, Frederick marched to Rome and allied

with Pope Adrian IV against rebellion in the city.

• The revolutionaries were led by Arnold of Bresecia.

• On June 18, 1155, Frederick delivered Arnold into the hands of Pope Adrian and the rebel leader was hung on the charges of treason and rebellion.

• Frederick was then crowned emperor as per the terms of the Treaty of Constance.

Lombardy Conflict• Frederick sought to control Lombardy,

the northern cities of Italy.• In 1158, he invaded Lombardy, and

besieged and sought to starve the chief city of Milan.

• The city surrendered and many of its buildings and fortifications were destroyed.

• The northern Italian towns formed the Lombardy League to defend themselves against another attack by Frederick.

• The Lombard League defeated the Germans at the Battle of Legnano in 1176 and led to the signing of the Treaty of Venice in 1177.

The Third Crusade• Jerusalem was captured in 1187 by

the Muslims under the lead of Saladin.

• Frederick responded to the call of Pope Gregory VIII for another crusade.

• Frederick raised an army of one hundred fifty thousand men and led them toward Palestine.

• He defeated Muslim forces near Konya in Asia Minor on May 17, 1190.

Barbarossa’s Death

• On June 10, 1190, Frederick and his men came to a river on the plains of Seleucea in Asia Minor.

• He tried to swim across the very swift Calycadmus River, despite the protests of his men.

• The current was too fast and his heavy armor weighed him down and he drowned in the river.

Legend of Barbarossa• People in the German empire mourned Frederick’s for many years.• Some refused to accept his death, believing that he was asleep in

a cave in the mountains of Germany, surrounded by his knights.• He was said to be sitting in his

state chair, with his crown, and a white beard reaching all the way down to the floor.

• The legend said, “When the ravens cease to fly around the mountain, Barbarossa shall awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness.”

Pictures

Resources• Alchin, Linda. "Frederick Barbarossa." Middle Ages. N.p., 20 Sept. 2012.

Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/frederick-barbarossa.htm>.

• "Biography of Frederick Barbarossa." EDigg.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://biography.edigg.com/Frederick_Barbarossa.shtml>.

• Carlson, Cody. “Statue of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.” Photo. Deseret News. 8 Jun. 2012. 27 Jan 2013. <http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865557161/This-week-in-history-The-death-of-Barbarossa.html?pg=all>.

• Cline, Austin. “Frederick Barbarossa.” Drawing. About.com. 22 Nov. 2006. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://atheism.about.com/b/2006/11/22/this-date-in-history-holy-roman-emperor-frederick.htm>.

• “Crown of the Holy Roman Emperor.” Photo. European Royal History. 31 Jul. 2012. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/frederick-barbarossa/>.

• “Frederick Barbarossa.” Drawing. Abovetopsecret.com. 3 Jan. 2013. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread914336/pg1>.

• “Frederick Barbarossa.” Drawing. Claymorslinger.com. N.d. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.claymoreslinger.com/Medieval_Hairstyle.asp>.

Resources• “Frederick Barbarossa.” Drawing. Heritage History. N.d. 27 Jan. 2013 <

http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?R_menu=OFF&Dir=pseudochar&Person=barbarossa&FileName=barbarossa>.

• “Frederick Barbarossa.” Drawing. Monarchus. 24 Jan. 2011. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://monarchus.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/frederick-i-barbarossa-of-the-holy-roman-empire/>.

• “Frederick Barbarossa Awakening From His Long Slumber Under the Kyffhauser Mountain.” Photo. Occidental Observer. 9 Apr. 2011. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/2011/04/the-southern-point-part-2-agrarians-and-cavaliers/>.

• “Frederick Barbarossa Entering Milan After Its Subjugation.” Drawing. Look and Learn. N.d. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/M070860-01/Frederick-Barbarossa-entering-Milan-after-its-Subjugation?img=2&search=subjugation&bool=phrase>.

• "Frederick I of Germany." One Evil. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://one-evil.org/content/people_12c_frederick_i.html>.

• Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06252b.htm>.

Resources• “Lego Frederick Barbarossa.” Photo. Eurobricks.com. 12 Nov. 2012. 27 Jan.

2013 <http://www.eurobricks.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=48476>.• Ripperton, Lisa. "Frederick Barbarossa and Milan." The Baldwin Project.

N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. <http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=morris>.

• Ripperton, Lisa. “Frederick Barbarossa on Horseback.” Drawing. The Baldwin Project. N.d. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=lansing&book=patriots&story=barbarossa>.

• Scarpelli, Tancredi. “Frederick Barbarossa is Wounded at the Battle of Legnano, 1176.” Drawing. Look and Learn. N.d. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/M005285/Frederick-Barbarossa-is-wounded-at-the-battle-of-Legnano-1176?img=0&search=1176&bool=phrase>.

• "The Third Crusade: Death of Frederick Barbarossa, 1190." Internet History Sourcebooks Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

• Thompson, Ben. “Frederick Barbarossa.” Drawing. Badassoftheweek.com. 25 Sep. 2010. 27 Jan. 2013 <http://www.badassoftheweek.com/index.cgi?id=554303921539>.