AnimageofsculpturesinBerlin,publishedunderthefreedomofpanoramaprovisionsinGermancopyrightlaw

FreedomofpanoramaFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Freedomofpanorama(FOP)isaprovisioninthecopyrightlawsofvariousjurisdictionsthatpermitstakingphotographsandvideofootageandcreatingotherimages(suchaspaintings),ofbuildingsandsometimessculpturesandotherartworkswhicharepermanentlylocatedinapublicplace,withoutinfringingonanycopyrightthatmayotherwisesubsistinsuchworks,andtopublishingsuchimages.[1]Panoramafreedomstatutesorcaselawlimittherightofthecopyrightownertotakeactionforbreachofcopyrightagainstthecreatorsanddistributorsofsuchimages.Itisanexceptiontothenormalrulethatthecopyrightownerhastheexclusiverighttoauthorizethecreationanddistributionofderivativeworks.ThephraseisderivedfromtheGermantermPanoramafreiheit("panoramafreedom").

Contents

1Lawsaroundtheworld1.1EuropeanUnion

1.1.1Litigation1.2Australia1.3Canada1.4UnitedStates1.5Armenia

2Twodimensionalworks3Publicspace4Antiterrorismlaws5Seealso6References7Externallinks

Lawsaroundtheworld

Manycountrieshavesimilarprovisionsrestrictingthescopeofcopyrightlawinordertoexplicitlypermitphotographsinvolvingscenesofpublicplacesorscenesphotographedfrompublicplaces.Othercountries,though,differwidelyintheirinterpretationoftheprinciple.[1]

ScopeoffreedomofpanoramainthecountriesofEurope. OK,includingworksofart

OKforbuildingsonly

OKfornoncommercialuseonly

NotOK

Unknown

Freedomofpanoramastatusaroundtheworld

EuropeanUnion

IntheEuropeanUnion,Directive2001/29/ECprovidesforthepossibilityofmemberstateshavingafreedomofpanoramaclauseintheircopyrightlaws,butdoesnotrequiresucharule.[2][3]

Panoramafreiheitisdefinedinarticle59oftheGermanUrheberrechtsgesetz,[4]insection62oftheUnitedKingdomCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,[5]anditexistsinseveralothercountries[6]oreven"alargemajorityofMemberStates".[7]

TherearealsoEuropeancountriessuchasItaly[8]andIceland,[9]wherethereisstillnofreedomofpanoramaatall.InItaly,despitemanyofficialprotests[10]andanationalinitiative[11]ledbythelawyerGuidoScorzaandthejournalistLucaSpinelli(whohighlightedtheissue),[8]thepublishingofphotographicreproductionsofpublicplacesisstillprohibited,inaccordancewiththeoldItaliancopyrightlaws[12][13]mademorerestrictivebyalawcalled"CodiceUrbani"whichstates,amongotherprovisions,thattopublishpicturesof"culturalgoods"(meaningintheoryeveryculturalandartisticalobjectandplace)forcommercialpurposesitismandatorytoobtainanauthorizationfromthelocalbranchoftheMinistryofArtsandCulturalHeritage,theSoprintendenza.

Somecountries,suchasFranceandBelgium,donothaveglobalpermissionformakingimagesofanartisticcreation,likeapieceofarchitectureorsculpture,inpublicspacesandallowimagesofcopyrightedworksonlyunder"incidentalinclusion"clauses.InFrancetheauthorisationoftheauthor,butnotoftheowner,isthusrequiredifthepieceisnotjustusedsecondarilyorasabackgroundontheimagebutintentionallyorasitscentralandessentialmotif.[14]

Litigation

AnexampleoflitigationduetotheheterogeneousEUlegislationisHundertwasserentscheidung,acasewonbyFriedensreichHundertwasserinGermanyagainstaGermancompanyforaphotoofanAustrianbuilding.[15]

Whilenotrelatedtocopyright,buttoCodiceUrbani,acasewhichreachedanationalsupremecourt(CortediCassazione)isMinisterodeiBeniedelleAttivitCulturalivs.StoneageS.r.l.(Cass.civ.Sez.VI1Ordinanza,23042013,n.9757,rv.626365).

Australia

InAustralia,freedomofpanoramaisdealtwithinthefederalCopyrightAct1968,sections65to68.Section65provides:"Thecopyrightinawork...thatissituated,otherwisethantemporarily,inapublicplace,orinpremisesopentothepublic,isnotinfringedbythemakingofapainting,drawing,engravingorphotographoftheworkorbytheinclusionoftheworkinacinematographfilmorinatelevisionbroadcast."Thisappliestoany"artisticwork"asdefinedinparagraph(c)ofsection10:a"workofartisticcraftsmanship"(butnotacircuitlayout).[16]Thismeansthatotherartworks,suchasmurals,arenotcoveredbythisprovision.[17][18]Section66oftheActprovidessimilarexceptionstocopyrightinfringementforbuildings.[16]

Canada

Section32.2(1)oftheCopyrightAct(Canada)statesthefollowing:

Itisnotaninfringementofcopyright

(b)foranypersontoreproduce,inapainting,drawing,engraving,photographorcinematographicwork

(i)anarchitecturalwork,providedthecopyisnotinthenatureofanarchitecturaldrawingorplan,or(ii)asculptureorworkofartisticcraftsmanshiporacastormodelofasculptureorworkofartisticcraftsmanship,thatispermanentlysituatedinapublicplaceorbuilding

TheCopyrightActalsoprovidesspecificprotectionfortheincidentalinclusionofanotherworkseeninthebackgroundofaphoto.Photosthatincidentallyandnotdeliberatelyincludeanotherworkdonotinfringecopyright.

UnitedStates

UndercopyrightlawoftheUnitedStates,thereisnosuchencompassingrule.[19]Theonlysimilararticleis17USC120(a),whichexemptsthecreationofpictorialrepresentationsofbuildingsfromthearchitect'scopyright.[20][21]Thisfreedomofpanoramaforbuildingsdoesnotapplytoart,however.[22]

Armenia

TheArmenianlawoncopyrightwasamendedinApril2013toallowfreedomofpanoramainArmenia.[23]

Twodimensionalworks

Thepreciseextentofthispermissiontomakepicturesinpublicplaceswithouthavingtoworryaboutcopyrightedworksbeingintheimagediffersamongstcountries.[1]Inmostcountries,itappliesonlytoimagesofthreedimensionalworks[24]thatarepermanentlyinstalledinapublicplace,"permanent"typicallymeaning"forthenaturallifetimeofthework".[25][26]InSwitzerland,eventakingandpublishingimagesoftwodimensionalworkssuchasmuralsorgraffitiispermitted,butsuchimagescannotbeusedforthesamepurposeastheoriginals.[25]

Publicspace

Manylawshavesubtledifferencesinregardtopublicspaceandprivateproperty.Whereasthephotographer'slocationisirrelevantinAustria,[1]inGermanythepermissionappliesonlyiftheimagewastakenfrompublicground,andwithoutanyfurtherutilitiessuchasladders,liftingplatforms,airplanesetc.[4]Undercertaincircumstances,thescopeofthepermissionisalsoextendedtoactuallyprivategrounds,e.g.topubliclyaccessibleprivateparksandcastleswithoutentrancecontrol,howeverwiththerestrictionthattheownermaythendemandafeeforcommercialuseoftheimages.[27]

InmanyEasternEuropeancountriesthecopyrightlawslimitthispermissiontononcommercialusesoftheimagesonly.[28]

Therearealsointernationaldifferencesintheparticulardefinitionofa"publicplace".Inmostcountries,thisincludesonlyoutdoorspaces(forinstance,inGermany),[4]whilesomeothercountriesalsoincludeindoorspacessuchaspublicmuseums(thisisforinstancethecaseintheUK[5]andinRussia).[29]

TherehasbeenacontroversyamongFilipinophotographersandestablishmentmanagements.OnJune12,2013,PhilippineIndependenceDay,prophotographygroup,BawalMagShootdito,launchedattheFreedomtoShootDayprotestatLunetaPark.Thegroupisprotestingfortheirrighttotakephotosonhistoricalandpublicplaces,especiallyinLunetaandIntramuros.TheparkmanagementimposesafeeforDSLRphotographerstoshootimagesforcommercialpurposesbutitwasalsoreportedthatsecurityguardsalsocharge500pesostoshootphotosevenfornoncommercialpurposes,anactwhichtheadvocacygroupbrandedas"extortion".ThegroupalsoclaimedthatthereisdiscriminationagainstFilipinophotographersandclaimedthatthemanagementislenientonforeignphotographers.Thereisnoofficialpolicyontakingphotographsofhistoricalplacesandthegrouphascalledlegislatorstocreatealawonthematter.[30]

Antiterrorismlaws

Tensionhasarisenincountrieswherefreedomtotakepicturesinpublicplacesconflictswithmorerecentantiterrorismlegislation.IntheUnitedKingdom,thepowersgrantedtopoliceundersection44oftheTerrorismAct2000havebeenusedonnumerousoccasionstostopamateurandprofessionalphotographersfromtakingphotographsofpublicareas.Undersuchcircumstances,policearerequiredtohave"reasonablesuspicion"thatapersonisaterrorist.[31]WhiletheActdoesnotprohibitphotography,criticshavealleged

thatthesepowershavebeenmisusedtopreventlawfulpublicphotography.[32]Notableinstanceshaveincludedtheinvestigationofaschoolboy,[33]aMemberofParliament[34]andaBBCphotographer.[35]Thescopeofthesepowershassincebeenreduced,andguidancearoundthemissuedtodiscouragetheiruseinrelationtophotography,followinglitigationintheEuropeanCourtofHumanRights.[36]

Seealso

CopyleftFreecontentPublicdomainTrademark

References1. Seiler,D.:GebudefotografieinderEUNeuesvomHundertwasserhaus

(http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/hundertwasserhaus3.html),inPhotopresse1/2(2006),p.16.URLlastaccessed20070920.

2. N.N.:Panoramafreiheit(http://www.fotocommunity.de/info/Panoramafreiheit#Europa_hilft).URllastaccessed20070920.SeealsoArticle5(3)(h)of2001/29/EC(http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTML).

3. "TheIPKat"(http://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/freedomofpanoramawhatisgoingonat.html).ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk.

4. Seiler,D.:FotografierenvonundinGebuden(http://www.fotorecht.de/publikationen/gebaeude.html),invisuell5/2001,p.50.Seealso59UrhG(Germany)(http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__59.html).URLslastaccessed20070920.

5. Lydiate,H.:Advertisingandmarketingart:Copyrightconfusion(http://www.artquest.org.uk/articles/view/advertisingandmarketingartcopyrightconfusion1).Seealsosection62oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988(http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880048_en_4.htm#mdiv62).URLslastaccessed20070920.

6. Koetz,D.:ErlaubniszumAblichtenvonSehenswrdigkeiten(http://web.archive.org/web/20060527190204/http://www.photographie.de/magazin/fotorecht_10_2002.cfm),inPhotographie10/2002.URLlastaccessed20070920.

7. "EuropeanCommissionintheUKEuromythsandLetterstotheEditorBlogArchiveEuropeisnotbanningtouristphotosoftheLondonEye"(http://blogs.ec.europa.eu/ECintheUK/europeisnotbanningtouristphotosofthelondoneye/).europa.eu.

8. Spinelli,L.Wikipediacedealdirittod'autore(http://puntoinformatico.it/2030219/PI/News/wikipediacedealdirittoautoreitaliota.aspx),PuntoInformatico.URLlastaccessed20080821

9. SalvrGissurardttirBannaabirtamyndafHallgrmskirkju(http://salvor.blog.is/blog/salvor/entry/977597/),blogentry.URLlastaccessed20140320

10. Grillini,F."Dirittodipanorama"(http://web.archive.org/web/20081025001151/http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4884).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4884)on20081025.Retrieved20080821.Parliamentaryinterrogation.

11. Scorza,G.,Spinelli,L.,Dareunsensoaldegrado(http://www.diritto.it/all.php?file=25583.pdf).URLlastaccessed20080821

12. Legge22aprile1941n.633(http://www.normattiva.it/urires/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:19410422633!vig=).URLlastaccessed20140707

13. DecretoLegislativo22gennaio2004,n.42(http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/deleghe/testi/04042dl.htm).URLlastaccessed20080821

14. "ArticleL.1122duCodedelapropritintellectuelle"(http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006278875&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069414&dateTexte=20120705&oldAction=rechCodeArticle)(inFrench).Legifrance.gouv.fr.19920701.Retrieved20120720.

15. https://dejure.org/dienste/vernetzung/rechtsprechung?Text=I%20ZR%20192/0016. CopyrightAct1968(Cth)(http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133).URLlastaccessed

20110418.17. "Streetphotographersrights"(http://www.artslaw.com.au/infosheets/infosheet/streetphotographersrights/).

ArtsLawInformationSheet.ArtsLawCentreofAustralia.Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140630101936/http://www.artslaw.com.au/infosheets/infosheet/streetphotographersrights/)fromtheoriginalon30June2014.Retrieved28October2014.Archived(http://www.webcitation.org/6TeN3JrA5)28October2014atWebCite

18. "Photographers&Copyright"(http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cmsacc1/_images/732757805533a4bbed9e2a.pdf)(PDF)(17ed.).AustralianCopyrightCouncil.January2014.p.7.Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140702180313/http://www.copyright.org.au/admin/cmsacc1/_images/732757805533a4bbed9e2a.pdf)(PDF)fromtheoriginalon2July2014.Retrieved28October2014."Youwillgenerallyneedpermissiontophotographotherpublicart,suchasmurals."Archived(http://www.webcitation.org/6TeNKxfbo)28October2014atWebCite

19. Lydiate,H.:"PublicSculpture(http://www.artquest.org.uk/artlaw/copyright/usingotherartistswork/advertisingandmarketingart.htm)",ArtMonthly11/2006.URLlastaccessed20091126.

20. Gorman,R.A.:Copyrightlaw,2nded.(http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/copyright.pdf/$file/copyright.pdf),U.S.FederalJudicialCenter,June19,2006,pp.48,166.URLlastaccessed20070920.

21. Brinson,D.:TheLawforPhotographers:DoINeedPermission?(http://photosecrets.com/doineedpermission).URLlastaccessed20150224.

22. Brinson,Diane."DoINeedPermission?"(http://photosecrets.com/doineedpermission).Retrieved3March2013.

23. "Legislation:NationalAssemblyofRA"(http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=4717).Parliament.am.Retrieved20130426.

24. Seee.g.Lydiate.25. Rehbinder,M.:SchweizerischesUrheberrecht3rded.,p.158,StmpfliVerlag,Berne,2000.ISBN37272

09232.Seealso27URG(Switzerland)(http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/231_1/a27.html).URLlastaccessed20070920.

26. Dix,B.:ChristoundderverhllteReichstag(http://www.rechtpraktisch.de/artikel.html?id=519),February21,2002.URLlastaccessed20070920.

27. "DecisionoftheGermanFederalCourtinfavouroftheStiftungPreuischeSchlsserundGrten,December17,2010"(http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgibin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&Datum=2010&Sort=3&nr=54399&pos=0&anz=241).Juris.bundesgerichtshof.de.20101217.Retrieved20120720.

28. Seee.g.forRussia:Elst,M.:Copyright,FreedomofSpeech,andCulturalPolicyintheRussianFederation,p.432fMartinusNijhoff,Leiden/Boston,2005ISBN9004140875.

29. Elstp.432,footnote268.Alsoseearticle1276ofpartIVoftheCivilCode(http://www.consultant.ru/popular/gkrf4/)(inforceasofJanuary1,2008),clarifyingthis.

30. Tanola,Nadezhda(20130612)."PhotographerstodeclareJune12asFreedomtoShootDayRemate|Remate"(http://www.remate.ph/2013/06/photographerstodeclarejune12asfreedomtoshootday/#.UuMvkxAhLIU).Remate.ph.Retrieved20140218.

31. "PhotographyandCounterTerrorismlegislation"(http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130125102358/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/aboutus/corporatepublicationsstrategy/homeofficecirculars/circulars2009/0122009/).TheHomeOffice.18August2009.Retrieved30November2009.

32. Geoghegan,Tom(17April2008)."Innocentphotographerorterrorist?"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7351252.stm).BBCNews.Retrieved30November2009.

WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoFreedomofpanorama.

Externallinks

Photographingpublicbuildings

(http://www.asmp.org/commerce/legal/copyright/publicbldg.php),fromtheAmericanSocietyofMediaPhotographers.MillenniumParkPhotography:TheOfficialScoop(http://chicagoist.com/2005/02/17/millennium_park_photography_the_official_scoop.php),TheChicagoist,February17,2005.MacPherson,L.:Photographer'sRightsintheUK(http://www.sirimo.co.uk/media/UKPhotographersRights.pdf).Newell,BryceClayton(2011)."FreedomofPanorama:AComparativeLookatInternationalRestrictionsonPublicPhotography"(http://washington.academia.edu/BryceNewell/Papers/535200/Freedom_of_Panorama_A_Comparative_Look_at_International_Restrictions_on_Public_Photography).CreightonLawReview44:405427

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_panorama&oldid=669611396"

Categories: Copyrightlaw Photography

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon2July2015,at09:52.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

33. "TerrorismAct:Photographyfearssparkpoliceresponse"(http://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/latest/photonews/terrorismactphotographyfearssparkpoliceresponse25025).AmateurPhotographerMagazine.30October2008.Retrieved2July2015.

34. "ToryMPstoppedandsearchedbypolicefortakingphotosofcyclepath"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/4144210/ToryMPstoppedandsearchedbypolicefortakingphotosofcyclepath.html).DailyTelegraph.6January2009.Retrieved30November2009.

35. Davenport,Justin(27November2009)."BBCmaninterrorquizforphotographingStPaul'ssunset"(http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article23776068bbcmaninterrorquizforphotographingstpaulssunset.do).London:EveningStandard.Retrieved30November2009.

36. "Section44TerrorismAct"(http://www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk/humanrights/justiceandfairtrials/stopandsearch/section44terrorismact).Liberty.Retrieved23June2014.