freitas and greacen micro grid presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Azure Micro-Grid
Village Power Systems
Prepared By:
Christopher FreitasChris Greacen
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Solar Electric Power Systems are
typically divided into two types:
Grid-Tied Systems
Utility connected
Typically has no energy storage (no batteries)Only is able to operate when the utility is operating
Off-Grid Systems
Remote / Independent of utility gridIncludes energy storage (large batteries)
Typically includes back-up generator for poor weatherperiods
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Micro-Grid Power Systems can use
different configurations:
Can range from being more like a grid-tied or an off-gridtype system or something in-between
Systems can power an entire village or just one facility
Can be made up of a single centralized system or can be
made up of several distributed systems interconnectedtogether
No real agreed upon definition of the term Micro-grid
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Some Micro-Grids use solar power to
reduce a generators fuel consumption:
Generators still operate 24 hours a day
Solar is typically limited to about 25% of the generatorsrating (higher is possible with more sophisticated controls)
Inverters tend to be simpler, smaller and less expensive
Examples:
Greek Islands
Alaskan villages with wind turbines
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Other Micro-Grids use solar to power all
of the loads:
Solar is used to power loads during the daytime and torecharge the battery energy storage system
Batteries are used to power loads at night
Back-up generators are used when weather is poor
Requires that the inverter & battery system be large enoughto power all loads even starting multiple loads at same time
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Micro-Grids can also be a combination of
grid-tie and off-grid configurations:
Some loads may only be powered from the generator
Other loads are powered from the solar and/or batteries all
the time
Often used when large loads are required such as airconditioning or industrial equipment
Example:
Hospitals in Haiti (USAID / Solar Electric Light Fund)
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Micro-Grid System Configurations and
Terminology:
DC Coupled Systems
AC Coupled Systems
Combined AC and DC Coupled Systems
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DC Coupled Micro-Grids:
Solar power sources are interconnected together as DC andpower is only converted into AC power only when loadsconsume it
Traditional configuration for off-grid systems
High power DC wiring and safety equipment can be difficultto source and expensive
Power electronics tend to be smaller and cheaper
Higher efficiency for loads operating at night
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DC Coupled Micro-Grid:
Solar Array
Controller
Batteries
Controller Controller
Solar Array Solar Array
AC Distribution and Loads
Inverter/ChargerGenerator
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AC Coupled Micro-Grids:
Solar power sources are immediately converted into AC andare then interconnected with the AC loads
Power is converted back into DC to recharge the batteries
High power AC wiring and equipment can be easier to sourceand less expensive
Power electronics tend to be larger and more expensive
Can allow for solar to be distributed around the village
May be easier to grid interconnect if utility becomes available
Higher efficiency for loads operating during the daytime
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AC Coupled Micro-Grid:
Solar Array
Grid-Tie Inverter
AC Distribution System and Loads
Solar Array Solar Array
Batteries
Inverter/ChargerGenerator
Grid-Tie Inverter Grid-Tie Inverter
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AC and DC Coupled Micro-Grids:
Some of the solar power is immediately converted into ACand are then interconnected with the AC loads while othersolar power is kept as DC to recharge the battery to powerloads at night
Highest efficiency for both day and night loads
Complex design
Can be difficult to coordinate with growth in loads
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AC and DC Coupled Micro-Grid:
Solar Array
Grid-Tie Inverter
AC Distribution System and Loads
Solar Array Solar Array
Batteries
Inverter/ChargerGenerator
Grid-Tie Inverter Controller
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Examples of Micro-grids
Partner in Health Hospitals (Haiti)
Beaconhouse School Campuses (Pakistan)
Alcatraz Island (San Francisco)
MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
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Partners-In-Health (Haiti)
Designed and Installed by Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF)
Remote locations with difficult fuel delivery no utility power
DC coupled configuration
Thirteen facilities installed - 15 to 60 kW of PV array
Power Electronics by OutBack Power Systems (USA)
Rooftop mounted for security
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Partners-In-Health (Haiti)
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Partners-In-Health (Haiti)
New university teaching hospital in Mirebalis, Haiti
Located on good power quality power line direct from mainhydro generator
AC coupled configuration with generators
Not able to operate stand-alone without generator
400 kW PV array rooftop mounted
Power Electronics by Solectria Renewables (USA)
Utility cost $0.35 / kWh Three year payback expected.
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Partners-In-Health (Haiti)
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Beaconhouse Schools (Pakistan)
Private school system located throughout Pakistan
Designed 12 school systems and installed one pilot system
AC coupled configuration with utility and generator
10 kW PV array for pilot system others 100 to 250 kW
Power Electronics by SMA (Germany)
Rooftop mounted for pilot system
Combination of rooftop and ground shade structures planned
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Beaconhouse Schools (Pakistan)
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Alcatraz Island (San Francisco, USA)
No utility power generator only
AC coupled design with back-up generator
307 kW+ PV array
2 MWh battery
Eight 100 kW inverters
Power Electronics by Princeton Power Systems (USA)
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Alcatraz Island (San Francisco, USA)
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Alcatraz Island (San Francisco, USA)
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
Village scale PV + Diesel power systems
Two installed and operating / two more under construction
AC and DC coupled configuration with back-up generator
Power Electronics by Leonics (Thailand)
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
3.2 MW system - RPS Kemar, Gerik, Perak, Malaysia
PV array: 850 kW
Inverter: 850 kW
Battery: 4,800 kWh / 480Vdc
Diesel Generator: 1,600 kW
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
4.2 MW system Tanjung Labian, Sabah, Malaysia
PV array: 1,262 kW
Inverter: 1,650 kW
Battery: 4,320 kWh / 480Vdc
Diesel Generator: 1,350 kW
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
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MW Scale PV Hybrid Systems (Malaysia)
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Other topics
Metering
Funding
PV mounting / land issues Maintenance
Social issues
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