Civil War

The American Civil War

From 1861, to 1865, for four long years Americans fought and killed one another

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The Civil WarWho was involved?

#1 The Confederate States of America

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The Civil WarWho was involved?

#2 The Union (Free States & Territories)

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The Civil WarWho was involved?

#3 The Border States

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The Civil War

Why were the Border States so important?

• Important geographically

Why were the Border States so unusual?

• Slave states that stayed with the Union

“I hope to have God on my side but I have to have Kentucky”

-- Abraham Lincoln

Northern Advantages:The North had a larger population than the South:

North: 21.5 million

South: 9 million

The North had more miles of railroads than the South:

North: 21,700 miles

South: 9000 miles

The North had more factories than the South:

North: 110,100

South: 20,600

Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan3 part plan to

attempt to choke the CSA to deathNaval blockage of

Southern portsCapture the

Mississippi and split the Confederacy in half

Capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA

Anaconda Plan

Winfield Scott General-In-Chief

Southern Advantages:Leadership:

Most of the countries military colleges were in the south Most officers sided with the south South had a military tradition.

Military Tactics: The South had to only repel the North’s attacks Did not have to attack or conquer the North. South knew the terrain

Morale: Southerners were fighting for their way of life Fighting to protect their homes from Northern aggression.

3 Theatres

Eastern (Virginia)

Western (Mississippi River)

Southern

Eastern Theatre

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Abraham Lincoln“A House divided against itself cannot stand” –

-- A. Lincoln

Little political experience (served 1 term in the House of Representatives)

Strong reputation for honesty, temperance, jokes and storytelling

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Northern Commanders

George McClellan

A. E. Burnside

Joseph Hooker

George G. Meade

Irwin McDowell

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Northern CommandersUlysses S. Grant

“When in doubt, fight” - ---U.S. GrantSon of an Ohio tailor & drunken failure until the Civil WarReputation for boldness, resourcefulness, & persistence

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Jefferson Davis“All we ask is to be left alone”

-- J. Davis

West Point graduate, Colonel in Mexican-American war, Secretary of war, & Senator from Mississippi

Not a popular president, especially with big fans of state’s rights

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Southern Commander

Robert E. Lee

“It is a good thing war is so terrible; else we should grow too fond of it” -- R.E. Lee

Offered command of Union armies

Brilliant southern gentleman from one of country’s oldest families

Family plantation occupied early in the war and turned into Arlington National Cemetery

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So how did it begin?

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter lies in the harbor of Charleston, S.C.

Civil War Battles Fort Sumter, SC – Feb 4,

18611st battle of the Civil WarUnion fort taken control

of the ConfederacyFollowing battle VA, AR,

NC, TN secededSlave states of MD, DE,

KY, and MO remain in the Union

Civil War Battles

The Confederate States of AmericaSouth CarolinaMississippiFloridaLouisianaAlabamaGeorgiaTexas

• In response to Lincoln’s victory, the southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, forming the Confederate States of America.

Secession:

Original Confederate flag Confederate flag will change

Civil War: Union vs. Confederacy

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

First Battle of Bull Run, VA(1st Manassas)

July 21, 1861CSA led by General Stonewall Jackson

Never lost a battle

USA led by General Irvin McDowell Loses command after battle to General George McClellan

Both sides were not prepared for war.Both sides had very inexperienced troops.Southern VictoryImportance:

Both sides and spectators realized that the war was not going to be over in a few months

CSA realized they could win

Generals at Bull RunGeneral Irwin McDowell vs. General PGT Beauregard

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, TNFeb, 1862USA led by Gen. Ulysses S Grant against CSA Gen.

Tilghman and Gen. Johnston

Importance-Grant captures strategic forts on Tennessee and

Cumberland Rivers opening avenue’s to attack the South

Grant calls for unconditional surrender

With Congress not in session until July, Lincoln assumed all powers not delegated in the Constitution, including the power to suspend habeas corpus

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Writ of Habeas Corpus

Writ of Habeas Corpus is suspended in respect to all persons arrested, or who are now, or hereafter during the rebellion shall be, imprisoned in any fort, camp, arsenal, military prison, or other place of confinement by any military authority of by the sentence of any Court Martial or Military Commission.

On Feb. 14, 1862, the Lincoln administration ended the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and issued an amnesty to political or state prisoners no longer deemed dangerous.

Finally, in 1866, after the war, the Supreme Court officially restored habeas corpus.

The act of holding prisoners without bringing them before a judge

Violation of a person’s rights

Can lead to false imprisonment

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Battle of Shiloh, TNMar – April 1862USA led by GrantCSA led by A.S. JohnstonOne of the bloodiest battles in the war.

More than 100,000 killed, wounded, or captured; or 1/4 of all those who fought

Day one was won by the CSA on surprise attack, day two was one by the USA.

Importance: Typical of the war, North would win with reinforcements and greater

numbers. Showed importance of sending scouts, digging trenches, and building

fortifications

2nd Battle of Bull Run, VA(2nd Manassas)

Aug 29-30, 1862Union led by Gen. John PopeCSA led by Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson and

James Longstreet

Importance:

Decisive victory for the South

Builds momentum for the South

Battle of Antietam September 1862

Battle of Antietam, MD (Sharpsburg)

September 17, 1862Single bloodiest day of the war – 26K killedA Union soldier found Lee’s battle plan used as wrapper for

three cigarsLee attacks into the northLee splits his army and is overrun McClellan fails to follow Lee and finish off his armyBattle was a drawImportance:

McClellan is fired by Lincoln Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation after this battle.

Abraham Lincoln at Antietam

Emancipation ProclamationJuly 1, 1863Lincoln passes the edict through Congress freeing the

slaves in area in rebellion against the UnionPractically a useless document, because the CSA had

denounced Lincoln’s authority in the SouthSymbolically it is VERY important

Changes the purpose of the war to ending slavery

Emancipation Proclamation

It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.

It did not free slaves in border states.

Fredericksburg, VA

Dec 13, 1862

Bloody victory for CSA General Lee over USA General Ambrose Burnside

Burnside replaced in command by Joseph Hooker because of the failure to win.

Chancellorsville, VAMay 1-4, 1863Another Southern

victoryJEB Steward

commander of the CSA Calvary forces is the hero

Stonewall Jackson shot by friendly fire and dies 8 days later

Huge moral blow to CSA

Change of Strategy

After Chancellorsville, Lee decides to go on the offensive to relieve pressure

Lee once again attempts to take the North by moving his troops into Union territory

The Battle of Atlanta or The March to the Sea

Union General Sherman led army south from Tennessee into Georgia

Pushed to Atlanta, the railroad center of the SouthMuch of Georgia Burned to the groundGoal was to destroy everything that could help the

South in the warBurned homes, stores, crops, animals, bridges,

railroad tracks….everything!Savannah fell to the Union on Dec. 22, 1864

Sherman’s MarchMajor General William

Tecumseh Sherman

On November 12, 1864, Sherman marched out of Atlanta toward the Atlantic coast.

Tracing a line of march between Macon and Augusta, he carved a sixty-mile wide swath of destruction in the Confederacy's heartland.

Battle of Vicksburg – July 1863

Gen. Albert Johnson Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

Grant’s Most Important BattleVicksburg, MississippiSurrounded and lay siege to the city.Starved the people into surrenderKey VictoryGave Union control of the Mississippi RiverLincoln gave Grant command of ALL Union

troops!

Gettysburg – Turning Point Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the

North on its own territory July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm On July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed

them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

•Turing point of the war

•Bloodiest battle of the war

•Famous speech given after the battle

Battle of Gettysburg

Gettysburg Address“That from these honored dead we

take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

Abe Lincoln

Where did the Civil War end?

Appomattox Court House, Virginia

Confederate General ________________ surrendered to Union General ___________________.

Robert E. Lee

Ulysses S. Grant

Lee Surrenders

Lee’s Confederate troops

Starving and clothes were rags

TrappedForced to

surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865

Grant’s Union troops

Well-fed and well supplied

Surrounded the Confederate soldiers

THE WAR WAS OVER!

Technology made the Civil War

Monitor vs. Merrimack

The CSA developed the first ironclad ship.The USA developed an ironclad in response.The two ships met in battle, neither was able to damage

the other.Importance:

New technology in naval warfare

More efficient and deadly

First metal ships in world!

Blacks in the Military

After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army

Initially they were only used for manual labor

Eventually, Blacks saw live combat

54th regiment out of Massachusetts Robert Gould Shaw

The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR

Creation of a single unified countryAbolition of slaveryIncreased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nationA stronger sense of nationalismWest the lands increasingly opened to settlementSouth was economically and physically devastated, with the

plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...