Civil Society

State Private Market

Global

National

Decision-Making Power/Authority

Local

From National Government

To Transnationalized Governance

Civil Society

State Private Market

Global

National

Locus of decision-making

Local

State-Centric Perspective

State I State II

Society I Society II

Simple Transnationalism

State I State II

Society I Society II

Complex Transnationalism

Intl Organizations

State I State II

Society I Society II

Tri-Sectoral/Level Perspective Sector:

Level:

Non-profit Public Private

InternationalInternational NGOs

International agencies

Multinational corporations

NationalNational NGOs National

governmentsNational companies

Local

Community-based organizations

Local governments

Neighborhood businesses

Manifestations of New Governance• Transnational advocacy networks (TANs)

• International/global/world civil society

• Intergovernmental institutions and organizations– WTO, NAFTA– WB, IMF– UN

• New forms of regulation

The Growth Of Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

#Orgs

1953 1963 1973 1983 1993

Human Rights

Environment

Development

Year

Transnational Governance and Networks

• How are networks organized?

• What are effective strategies and tactics?

• Under what conditions are they successful?

Networks

• National • International

– Transnational advocacy networks

• What are networks?– Voluntary, reciprocal patterns of

communication and exchange– Fluid and open relationships among

committed actors working in an issue area

Effective Network Structure

• Organizationally dense• Linked by strong bridging organizations and

shared values• Participatory and mutually accountable • Non-bureaucratic• Driven by strong domestic actors, especially

grassroots

Effective Models for Change• “Boomerang” model of change

– When domestic actors blocked– Transnational actors apply pressure

• “Spiral” model of change & norm adoption– 1) State repression – activists put issue on intl

agenda. States deny norms– 2) States make some concessions under pressure

– Opens up domestic space

– 3) Norms achieve proscriptive status OR states increase repression

Effective Network Strategies

• Employ a range of tactics• Operate at multiple levels across numerous

countries• Wield scientific knowledge• Are linked with scientific groups• Promote democratization (?)

Effective Network Action

• Issues promote the public interest rather than advancing private interests

• Norm promotion or creation is aligned with domestic and international environments

• Monitoring and support of norm implementation is prioritized

Supportive Conditions for Change

• Democratic opportunity structures

• Elite allies inside powerful agencies

• Windows of opportunity

Challenges for Transnational Networks

• Diverse member goals

• Power imbalances

• Secretive or opaque communication

• Loose affiliations, far flung

• Lack of clear goals or activities

What are the tactics?• Information politics

– Create politically usable information

• Symbolic politics– Create symbols that draw people in

• Leverage politics– Use material (economics) or moral (shame)

leverage

• Accountability politics– Hold powerful actors to previous statements

When are advocacy networks most successful?

• Issue characteristics– Have moral salience– Have a causal story– Involve clear harm to people– Involve equality of opportunity

• Actor characteristics– Dense network with many overlapping ties– Targeted actors are vulnerable to activist

incentives or sanctions

North and Institutions

• Institutions: incentive structure of society

• Institutions: ‘rules of the game’

• Organizations: “the teams”

Institutions as Constraints

• Reduce ‘transactions costs’ by reducing uncertainty about outcomes– Less than idea but stable institutions might

support growth and development

• Formal constraints:– Rules, laws, constitutions

• Informal constraints– Norms, conventions, self-imposed codes of

conduct

How do institutions change?

• People’s mental models and categories affect how they define problems and see the world– ‘culture’

• Change occurs:– With shocks or unexpected events– With large scale historical trends like current

wave of global integration– But typically quite slowly – mental models are

slow to change