fruit and pecan culture master gardener program dean mccraw extension horticulturist oklahoma state...
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Fruit and Pecan CultureMaster Gardener Program
Dean McCrawExtension Horticulturist
Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK
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Time (Years) Required to Bear
• Fig 2• Plum 2• Peach 3• Nectarine 3
• Persimmon 4• Apple 4• Pear 5• Apricot 5• Pecan 7
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Pollination
• Fruit– Usually by insects– Cross pollination may be required
• Pecan– Pollen moves by wind– Cross pollination needed– Protandrous vs Protgynous
OCES F-6229 Pollination requirements for fruit and nuts
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Pecan Male Flower• Catkin is male
flower• Produces pollen• Borne at end of last
season’s growth• May release before
female flower is receptive
• Variety selection– OCES F-6201
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Pecan Female Flower• Borne at end of
current season’s growth
• Must be pollinated by male flower (catkin)
• Develops into the nut
• Variety selection– OCES F6201
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Soils For Fruit & Nut Trees
• Depth– Effective rooting depth– May be limited by rock, water– minimum of 3 feet in most cases
• Drainage– Internal: berm, perk test – External: slope to open areaRefer to OCES F-6216 Soils for Fruit Trees
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Tree Spacing
• Fruit trees– About 400 square feet per tree
• Pecan– No closer than 40 feet apart
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Tree Root System
• Tap root– Nut trees e.g. pecan– Generally require deeper soils– Taproot essentially for anchorage only
• Fibrous root systems– Tree fruits e.g. peach, apple– Tolerate more shallow soil
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Peach Tree Planting• Do not prune root
system• Do not let dry• Keep from freezing• Plant before buds
break• Hole big as the root• Bud at ground level
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Pecan Rootstocks
• Important to cold hardiness• May impart some characteristics to
scion– Bud break– Vigor
• Recommendations– Adapted native– Northern variety e.g. Giles
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Pecan Root System
• Tap root for tree stability
• Feeder roots near surface
• Severed taproot re-establishes
• Expansive root system
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Pecan: Bare Root Tree Planting• Plant in Spring• Cut tap root to 18”• Plant in hole large
enough to accommodate roots
• Graft union at or slightly above ground level
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Bare Root Pecan Tree Roots: Two Years After Planting
• Roots regenerate at cut surface
• Tap root re-establishes its self
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Top Pruning of Bare Root Trees
• Cut pecan about half
• Cut peach to about 18”
• Balances top and root
• Can force bud growth
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Container Pecan Trees
• Plant in fall• Graft if seedling• May have air
pruned root system
• Remove any circular roots
• Do not prune top
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Non Air Pruned Container Grown Pecan Trees
• May have taproot• Remove taproot
at planting• Remove any
circular growing roots
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Pruning
• Reasons to prune– Control tree size or shape– Correct injuries– Control bearing
• Types of cuts– Heading– Thinning
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Training Fruit/nut Trees
• Peach - OCES F-6228– Open center
• Apple– Modified leader
• Pecan – OCES F-6245 – Central leader
• Many other specialty methods
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Time of Pruning
• At or after flowering if time allows
• Can alter pruning to account for freeze damage
• Heavy crop, prune more; light crop, prune less
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Peach Tree Pruning
• Remove wood to establish open center structure
• Remove upright, crossover, branches
• Refer to OCES F -6228
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2nd Leaf Pecan Tree Prior to Pruning
• Vigorous growth• Many shoots• Objective is central
leader• Refer to OCES F
6245
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2nd Leaf Pecan Tree After Pruning• Central leader• Temporary scaffolds
spaced along leader• No
– narrow crotches– crow’s feet
• Emphasis on structure
• Refer to OCES F 6245
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Preventative Maintenance
• Pruning to eliminate narrow crotch angle
• Outward pressure with growth forces split
• Proper cut to prevent split and aid wound heal
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Major Pruning Cut• Three point cut
with final outside “collar”
• Pruning paint not necessary
• Callus formation and “healing” or over growth
• Refer to OCES F 6245
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Micro-sprinkler Water Application• Broader pattern
than in line emitters• Apply more water• Subject to wind
blow of pattern• Diameter and gph
varies with type• Mature tree 50
gal/day in August
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Tree vs. Turf• Competition for
– Moisture– Nutrients
• Fescue or Bermuda• Chemical inhibition• Greater grass free
area means better growth
OCES CR-6242 Weed Control in Pecans, Apples, and Peaches
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Mulch Effect on Pecan Tree Mulch Effect on Pecan Tree GrowthGrowth
• Mulch– None– 3 ft square– 6 ft square
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6T
runk
dia
. (in
ches
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1996 1997 1998
None3 ft6 ft
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Tree Nutrition Monitoring
• Soil test (F-2207)– Generally useful for pre-plant needs only– Soil content and tree content usually not
same– Nutrients not always available
• Leaf tissue analysis (F-6232)– Sample collected in July– Measures tissue content– Sample must reflect lab criteria
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First Year Fertilizer Application
• One pound (pint) of complete fertilizer (10-10-10) in band about 6” from trunk
• Apply half at bud break, remainder in May/June
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Sample Fertilizer Schedule (10-10-10 per tree)
• Pre-plant - soil sample, adjust pH, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn as needed
• Year 1 (apply after bud break)– Apple, peach, pecan 1 lb – water and control weeds
• Year 2 (apply before bud break)– Apple, peach 2 lbs– Pecan 2 - 3 lbs
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Sample Fertilizer Schedule (10-10-10 per tree)
• Year 3– Peach - 1.5 lbs March, 1.5 lbs May– Apple 3 lbs in March– Pecan - 3 lbs in March
• Zinc as needed • 36% zinc 1 lb per 50 gallons water
• Year 4 and up– fertilize IAW leaf analysis
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Bearing Pecan Tree General Fertilization
• Complete fertilizer e.g. 10-10-10– 1 lb/inch of diameter up to 15”– 2 lb/inch of diameter up to 25”– 3 lb/inch of diameter over 25”
• Zinc– 2 lbs 36% zinc sulfate in 100 gallons– 2 to 4 applications from bud break to mid
July– OCES F-6232
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Peach Half Bushel Carton
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Common Rootstocks
• Peach: Lovell, Halford• Pear: P. calleryana• Plum: P. besseyi• Apple
– M-111 85% of standard– M106 70% of standard– M9 or M27 30% of standard
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Variety Selection
• Fruit quality• Season of maturity• Pest resistance• Tree characteristics e.g. size• Bearing habit• Climatic adaptability • OCES F-6210 Apple and Peach Varieties for
OK
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Peach Variety Selection
• Many choices– flesh color– pit adherence– maturity– disease resistance
• Individual preferences are key factor
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Peach Variety Ripening Season
• Start in early June• Can continue
through September
• Early are cling, freestone later
• All bloom about the same time
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Peach Variety Selection• White flesh
varieties e.g. ‘Indian Red’, ‘Georgia Belle’, ‘Summer Pearl’
• May be red streaked
• Little disease resistance
• Soft fruit
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Bounty ripens late July,Loring Early August
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Peach Fruit Thinning
• Remove fruit before pit hardens inside the fruit
• Usually about 4 weeks before ripening
• Thin to average 4-6” between fruit
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Peach Fruit Size
• Most common size in OK is 2 1/4 - 2 1/2 inch diameter
• Larger size may be uneconomical for grower
• Larger fruit have more edible peach per bushel
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Apple Variety Selection
• Color• Shape• Use
– Cooking– Dessert
• Clone selections
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Apple Varieties• Good eating
quality • Often have poor
color• Strains of ‘Gala’
and ‘Fuji’ are usually good
• Delicious types are hard to grow in OK
• OCES F-6210
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Specialty Pruning of Apples
• “A frame”, or other shapes
• Require more time
• May require special rootstock e.g. dwarfing
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Dwarfing Apple Rootstocks• Affects only tree
size• Fruit
characteristics remain same
• The most dwarfing stocks (e.g. M-26) require support to prevent lodging under load
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Asian Pears
• Well adapted to Oklahoma
• Susceptible to fire blight
• Shape like apple• Good as dessert
fruit• Not grainy as
common pears
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Early Peach Flowers
• Snow may not be damaging
• Snow can insulate • Usually greatest
chance of injury the day after the snow
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Peach Critical Temp: Shuck Split
• 10% kill @ 31F
• 90% kill @ 29F
• 30 minutes or more
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Peach: Healthy Flower
• Freeze can damage only parts of flower.
• Anther, style,
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Peach: Freeze damaged flower
• Petals intact, ovary dead
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Freeze protection
• Plastic cover• Irrigation prior to
freeze• Irrigation during
freeze• Supplementary
heat
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Propagation
• Sexual– Accomplished through the seed– Variability prevents use on orchards
• Asexual– Without seed– Eliminates variability– Results in clones with identical members
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Pecan Scion Wood
• Good wood must have viable buds
• Primary and secondary buds are visible
• Has two more buds for emergency use by the plant
F-6217 Collecting and Storing Pecan Propagation Wood
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Bark Graft
• Use on stock up to 4 inches
• Top working larger trees
• Put on two, remove one if both take
• F-6204 Bark Grafting Pecans
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Four Flap Graft• Use on stock up to
size of scion wood• Use to convert
seedling trees to variety
• Remove wrapping in late summer and apply brace to prevent blow out
• F-6230 Four-Flap Grafting of Pecans
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Shuck Split
• Nut is mature and ready for harvest
• Nut is released from shuck
• No longer susceptible to freeze
• Nut begins to dry• Time varies with
variety (F-6201)
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Excellent Kernel Quality• Harder to achieve
with large nuts• Requires persistent
management• Usually requires
crop load management
• Usually related to nut load and stress
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Pecan Nut Thinning in Home Situation
• Remove with cane pole
• Nuts at 50% kernel expansion
• About Aug 3 - 10 in Central OK
• Knock nuts from clusters
OCES F 6251 Pecan Crop Load Management
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Home Pecan Harvesting• Wind may cause
drop • Long harvest period
increases loss• Cane pole may be
best option for home owners
• Knock nuts from clusters after shuck split
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Pecan: Kernels• 35-55% of in shell
wt.• 70-75% fat
– 92-97% unsaturated– Healthy diet
• Get rancid with age• Storage
– 700 F 3 Month– 320 F 12 Month– 00 F 6-10 years
‘Maramec’ ‘Pawnee’
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Latest News on Dietary Benefits of Pecans
Pecan oils (fats)56% monounsaturated29% polyunsaturated
Pecans in diet lower cholesterolLoma Linda Univ.; New Mexico State Univ.
Dietary benefits exceed olive oil
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Table Grapes• Non- slip skin
– Jupiter – blue, mid July, hardy, muscat– Neptune – white, Aug, hardy, fruity & pleasant– Saturn – red, late July, mod hardy, sweet & fruity
• Slip skin– Mars – blue, Aug, very hardy, labrusca flavor– Reliance – pink, late July, hardiest, delicate & highest
rated– Venus – blue, mid July, mod hardy, labrusca & muscat– Sunbelt – seeded, blue, mid Aug, hardy, Concord flavor
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Peach: :Physiological Disorders
• Split pit caused by rapid growth in cling varieties
• Color splotches can be caused by shade from leaves or can be variety specific
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Diagnosing Disorders
• Look for patterns of occurrence
• Look for insects• Lawn herbicides?• Variety?
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Beneficial Insects Aid Pest Management
• Lady beetle adult and larva
• Learn what they look like
• Others include– lacewing– assassin bugs
• F-7307 Beneficial Insects
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Peach Tree Borer Control
• Trunk drench in early spring
• Use traps to determine when to apply
F-7319 – Home Fruit Tree Production & Pest Management
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Peach Tree Borer
• Adult moth lays eggs on trunk
• Larva bores into trunk
• Will kill tree
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Peach: Plum Curculio• Larva result from
egg laid on fruit
• Larvae migrate to pit
• Most prominent “worm” in OK peaches
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Peach: Plum Curculio Traps
• Use to time spray application
• Screen or pyramid traps
OCES F-7190 – Monitoring Adult Weevil Populations in Pecan & Fruit Trees
Sources: Blarney Toe Enterprises, Stillwater, OK. 405-743-8116
Gemplers, Weevil top only,1-800-382-8473
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Peach: Bacterial Spot
• Best control is resistant varieties
• Tree loses leaves in mid summer
• Lesion on fruit prior to harvest
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Pecan Weevil Larvae
• Results from egg lay inside nut
• May be in nut at harvest
• Leaves “buckshot” hole at exit
• Must control prior to egg lay
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Pecan Weevil Adult
• Overwinter in soil under tree
• Emerge after rain in July-September
• Must treat soon after emergence
• Must get full tree coverage with spray
F-7190 Monitoring Adult Weevil Populations in Pecan & Fruit
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Circle Traps for Weevil Monitoring
• Instructions in OCES F 7190
• Trap catches adult upon emergence
• No catch, no spray• May help reduce
population in landscape situation
Sources: Blarney Toe Enterprises, Stillwater, OK. 405-743-8116
Gemplers, Weevil top only,1-800-382-8473
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Peach: Spider Mites
• Usually occur in hot, dry summer
• Yellow spots on leaf surface due to mite on lower surface
• Usually associated with broadleaf weeds
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Peach: Scale
• First found on twigs
• Heavy infestation goes to fruit
• Control with dormant oil
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Peach Leaf Curl
• Fungal disease• Infests leaves at
bud break• Control with
copper fungicide before bud break
• Lesions may be various colors
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Pecan Scab
• Black splotches on nuts and leaves
• Results in– leaf drop– poor nut fill– shuck stick
• Treatment– Resistance– Fungicide spray
OCES F 7642 Pecan Diseases Prevention & Control
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Pecan Phylloxera• Galls on stem or
leaf• Stem is more
serious• Insecticide must be
applied shortly after bud break in spring
• Resistance in some varieties
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Pecan Nut Casebearer Damage• Adult is moth• Damage in
May/June• Time sprays based
on egg lay• Use traps to help
scout for eggs• Use Bt formulations
in home landscape
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Pecan Nut Casebearer Trap
• Bait with pheromone
• Hang in tree at convenient height
• Catches adult male moth
• Use along with egg scouting
OCES F 7189 – The Pecan Nut Casebearer