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Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) A physical geographer would likely NOT studyA) the effects of the removal of dams on the Elwha River in Washington.B) the impact of Hurricane Sandy's landfall along the U.S. East Coast.C) the 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011.D) The diffusion of various religions from the so-called Middle East.

1)

2) Geography is described asA) an Earth science. B) a physical science.C) a human science. D) a spatial science.

2)

3) The word spatial refers toA) things that are unique and special.B) items that relate specifically to society.C) eras of time.D) the nature and character of physical space and the distribution of phenomena within it.

3)

4) Which is NOT true of geographers?A) They are concerned with spatial and temporal relationships.B) They use spatial analysis.C) They are Earth systems scientists.D) They are primarily concerned with place names.

4)

5) GeographyA) does not consider process in explaining systems.B) does not use systems analysis.C) is derived from geo and graphein; literally, "to write Earth."D) is not a science.

5)

6) "Geography" literally meansA) place memorization. B) the study of rocks.C) to write (about) Earth. D) map making.

6)

7) The main methodology governing geographic inquiryA) involves spatial analysis. B) is behavioral analysis.C) is field work. D) uses chronological organization.

7)

8) Which of the following best describes the field of physical geography?A) Mapping of rock types.B) The study of weather.C) Understanding soil development.D) The spatial analysis of all the physical elements, processes, and systems that make up the

environment.

8)

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Full file at https://TestBanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-Elemental-Geosystems-8th-Edition-by-Christopherson


https://TestBanku.eu/Test-Bank-for-Elemental-Geosystems-8th-Edition-by-Christopherson

9) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, communication and diffusion refer toA) movement.B) place.C) location.D) human-Earth relationships.E) regions.

9)

10) Which of the following most accurately characterizes the goal of geography?A) Memorization of the names of places on world and regional maps.B) Memorization of the imports and exports of a country.C) The production of maps.D) Understanding distributions and movements across Earth.

10)

11) Which of the following terms characterizes the discipline of geography?A) Eclectic B) UnscientificC) Integrative D) Both eclectic and integrative

11)

12) Which of the following comprise the fundamental duality in the field of geography?A) Political versus environmental B) Economic versus politicalC) Physical versus economic D) Physical versus human/cultural

12)

13) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, resource management and sustainablegrowth refer to

A) location.B) place.C) human-Earth relationships.D) movement.E) regions.

13)

14) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, latitude and longitude refer toA) location.B) place.C) human-Earth relationships.D) movement.E) regions.

14)

15) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, areas that display uniform characteristicsrefer to

A) location.B) place.C) human-Earth relationships.D) movement.E) regions.

15)

16) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, characteristics of a site refers toA) location.B) place.C) human-Earth relationships.D) movement.E) regions.

16)

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17) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, the Cienega de Santa Clara, an ecotourismdestination on the Colorado River delta, is best described within which of the five themes?

A) locationB) placeC) human-Earth relationshipsD) movementE) regions

17)

18) Shale gas extraction using hydraulic fracturing falls within which of the five themes?A) locationB) placeC) human-Earth relationshipsD) movementE) regions

18)

19) Which of the following is the most strongly supported by extensive hypothesis testing?A) Theory B) Educated guess C) Speculation D) Dogma

19)

20) Which of the following is NOT true of scientific theories?A) They are broad in scope because they unify known facts about the world.B) They are based on natural laws (such as those pertaining to gravity, relativity, atomic theory,

etc.).C) They are based on hypothesis testing.D) They are absolute truths and can never be proven wrong.

20)

21) The key idea behind the scientific method isA) an appeal to supernatural explanations when natural explanations have not yet been found

for a phenomenon.B) unbridled speculation about the world.C) the testing of ideas through controlled observations and experiments.D) the use of intuition in testing theories.

21)

22) The scientific method is described by which of the following?A) The development of hypotheses for testing and prediction.B) A single, definitive method for doing science.C) Irreproducible results accepted as theory.D) The acceptance of supernatural explanations for phenomenon until science proves otherwise.

22)

23) ________ is mass that assumes a physical shape and occupies space.A) Entropy B) A system C) Energy D) Matter

23)

24) The capacity to change the motion of, or to do work on, matter is the definition ofA) thermodynamics.B) energy.C) acceleration.D) system.E) plasma.

24)

3





25) Which of the following is an example of a closed system?A) An automobile B) A forestC) A river drainage basin D) Earth (in terms of matter)

25)

26) In terms of matter and resources, Earth is essentially a(n) ________ system; In terms of energy,Earth is a(n) ________ system.

A) closed; open B) closed; closed C) open; closed D) open; open

26)

27) Which of the following is INCORRECT?A) Earth represents an open system in terms of energy.B) Earth represents a closed system in terms of matter.C) Earth represents a vast integrated system.D) New resources and matter are being added to Earth's systems all the time.

27)

28) Systems encountered in nature at Earth's surface, such as a forest, areA) closed systems in terms of energy.B) open systems in terms of energy.C) open systems in terms of matter.D) both open systems in terms of energy and open systems in terms of matter.E) both closed systems in terms of energy and open systems in terms of matter.

28)

29) With respect to air, water, and material resources, which of the following is TRUE?A) A forest is a closed system.B) A forest is an open system in terms of water, but closed in terms of energy resources.C) A forest is an open system.D) A forest is an open system in terms of air, but closed in terms of material resources.

29)

30) What type of feedback maintains stability in a system; i.e., what type of feedback keeps a systemfunctioning properly?

A) Negative B) Positive C) Neutral

30)

31) If feedback information encourages a change in a system, what type of feedback has occurred?A) PositiveB) NeutralC) NegativeD) Not enough information is given to indicate what type of feedback has occurred.

31)

32) Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?A) Thresholdbalance of inputs and outputsB) Tipping pointsame as steady state equilibriumC) Steady state equilibriumsmall fluctuations about an average conditionD) Dynamic equilibriumlarge fluctuations that changes abruptly over time

32)

33) Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-state equilibrium?A) Systems slowly adjust to long-term changes in input and output.B) System inputs always exactly balance outputs so the system never changes.C) System inputs produce large, random fluctuations in output, forcing the system into a new

state of equilibrium.D) System inputs and outputs fluctuate around a stable average so the system does not move far

from its average condition.

33)

4





34) As arctic temperatures rise, summer sea ice and glacial melt accelerates; lighter color surfaces arethereby replaced with darker-colored surfaces leading to more absorption and surface heating.This is an example of a(n) ________ feedback.

A) negative B) dynamic C) positive D) reverse

34)

35) If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting therelease of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that ________ feedback hasoccurred and that the planet is ________.

A) negative; out of equilibrium B) positive; in equilibriumC) positive; out of equilibrium D) negative; in equilibrium

35)

36) The carbon dioxide absorbed by plants is an example of an ________ to a forest and an ________from the atmosphere.

A) output; output B) input; output C) input; input D) output; input

36)

37) A large flood in a river may cause abrupt shifts leading to the carving of a new channel. The pointat which this change occurs is a(n) ________.

A) type of dynamic equilibrium condition B) inputC) type of metastable equilibrium D) threshold

37)

38) If global temperatures increased and caused more water vapor to enter the air and more snow tofall in cooler latitudes, then the initial increase in snowfall would be a ________ feedback, whereasa sustained increase in the temperatures could lead to the loss of snow cover even at thoselatitudes and cause a ________ feedback.

A) positive; negative B) negative; negativeC) negative; positive D) positive; positive

38)

39) Which of the following is TRUE of models?A) They are simplified, idealized representations of the real world.B) They complicate our understanding of Earth system science.C) They are never used in physical geography because of their inherent limitations.D) They perfectly replicate the real world, but at a different scale.

39)

40) According to the text, the three inorganic Earth realms are theA) stratosphere, magnetosphere, and troposphere.B) hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere.C) thermosphere, lithosphere, heterosphere.D) atmosphere, geoid, and homosphere.

40)

41) Which of the following statements regarding the development of models by scientists is NOT true?A) A model is a simplification designed to help us understand complex processes.B) Adjusting the variables in a model simulates different conditions and allows predictions of

possible system operations.C) A model is only as good as the assumptions and accuracy of information upon which it is

based.D) Most scientists believe that any system can eventually be modeled with 100 percent accuracy.

Thus, models can be perfect representations of reality.

41)

5





42) Living systems are consideredA) inorganic. B) biotic.C) part of the lithosphere. D) abiotic.

42)

43) Which of the following is TRUE of the biosphere?A) It extends from the floor of the oceans to 8 km (5 mi.) into the atmosphere.B) It is static, never to rarely changing.C) It is never referred to as the ecosphere.D) It is not connected to the overlapping inorganic spheres.

43)

44) Which of the following is TRUE of the biosphere?A) It is the least important of the four "spheres."B) It only occurs in the hydrosphere.C) It is more a hypothetical concept than an actual "sphere" in physical geography terms.D) Life processes generally are shaped to the abiotic spheres.

44)

45) The realization that Earth was a sphereA) was made by Isaac Newton.B) did not occur in Europe until the first voyages of Columbus.C) had to wait until the modern era (1800s).D) was first made by Pythagoras, 580-500 B.C.

45)

46) Which of the following statements about Earth is CORRECT?A) Earth is the second largest planet in the solar system.B) It is elongated.C) The equatorial diameter is 42 km (26 mi.) greater than the polar diameter.D) Earth is perfectly spherical.

46)

47) The oblateness of Earth occurs at theA) equator. B) poles.C) subtropics. D) prime meridian.

47)

48) The diameter of Earth is largest when measured around theA) prime meridian. B) poles.C) equator. D) subtropics.

48)

49) Isaac Newton reasoned that Earth was NOT perfectly spherical because ofA) gravitational force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the poles.B) centrifugal force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the poles.C) centrifugal force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the equator.D) gravitational force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the equator.

49)

50) The science that specifically attempts to determine Earth's shape and size by surveys andmathematical means is called

A) geology.B) geodesy.C) geography.D) astronomy.E) cartography.

50)

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51) Who made a significant, early contribution to cartography by adding a grid and orienting the mapwith north at the top? He also divided the circumference of Earth into 360 °, with each degreecomprising 60 minutes, and each minute comprising 60 seconds.

A) Pythagorasin the sixth century B.C.B) Magellanin the sixteenth century A.D.C) Sir Isaac Newtonin the seventeenth century A.D.D) Ptolemyin the second century A.D.

51)

52) A parallel of latitudeA) is a line which passes through both poles.B) is used to measure distances east and west of the equator.C) is called a meridian.D) is used to measure distances north or south of the equator.E) measures longitude.

52)

53) An angular distance measured north or south of the equator is termedA) longitude. B) zenith.C) Greenwich distance. D) latitude.

53)

54) An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian is termedA) zenith. B) latitude.C) longitude. D) Greenwich distance.

54)

55) How far north you live from the equator is measured as your ________, whereas an imaginary linemarking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a ________.

A) meridian; longitudeB) longitude; meridianC) parallel; latitudeD) latitude; parallelE) location; place

55)

56) Which of the following is TRUE regarding the 0° prime meridian?A) The prime meridian passes through Paris, France.B) Earth's prime meridian passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, as

set by an 1884 treaty.C) The key to measuring angular distances east and west of the prime meridian was the

development of accurate compasses.D) International agreement regarding the location of the prime meridian was not resolved until

the 1980s when a treaty was completed.

56)

57) The basis for defining the length of a day is the fact thatA) Earth does not rotate; rather, it revolves.B) Earth moves through 365.25 days a year in its orbit about the Sun.C) Earth rotates east to west.D) Earth rotates on its axis in 24 hours; i.e., it rotates 15° of longitude per hour.

57)

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58) As Figure 1.15 shows, the International Dateline follows generally the

A) daylight savings line. B) 180° meridian.C) principal meridian. D) prime (0°) meridian.

58)

59) Latitude isA) the angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian.B) the angular distance measured north or south of the equator.C) the basis for establishing meridians.D) portrayed on a globe as lines that cross the equator at right angles.

59)

60) Longitude isA) the basis for establishing parallels.B) determined by Sun altitude above the horizon.C) an angular distance measured north or south of the equator.D) an angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian.

60)

61) If you were standing at 20° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?A) SubtropicalB) EquatorialC) TropicalD) SubarcticE) Midlatitude

61)

62) If you were standing at 60° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone?A) SubantarcticB) SubtropicalC) AntarcticD) SubarcticE) Midlatitude

62)

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63) A line connecting all points along the same longitudinal angle is called aA) great circle. B) prime latitudinal angle.C) meridian. D) parallel.

63)

64) Which of the following is NOT true of meridians?A) They cross parallels at right angles.B) They are used to measure east-west angular distances along parallels.C) They are lines that run in an east-west direction.D) All meridians are the same length.

64)

65) Which of the following is TRUE of the prime meridian?A) It is used to determine latitude using lines that run east and west.B) It was not established until 1884 and is centered on an observatory near London.C) It is that place on Earth where the days officially change.D) It was first used in the 1500s at the time of initial circumnavigation voyages.

65)

66) Which of the following is TRUE of the 1884 international treaty establishing the prime meridian(0°)?

A) The United States designated the Washington meridian for land maps and marine maps.B) No consensus was met at the 1884 treaty, putting off the decision until a 1907 treaty was

passed.C) Each country selected its own prime meridian for their marine maps.D) The Greenwich meridian was established as the prime meridian by the treaty.

66)

67) A great circle isA) the longest distance between two places on the surface of Earth.B) any parallel of latitude.C) a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth.D) a correct magnetic compass direction on a flat map.

67)

68) Earth's equator is an example ofA) a line of equal longitude. B) a small circle.C) a great circle. D) a prime meridian.

68)

69) The letters A.M. stand forA) after midnight.B) ante majolica.C) after meridian.D) after morning.E) ante meridiem.

69)

70) The letters P.M. stand forA) possible meridian. B) post meridiem.C) previous morning. D) prior majolica.

70)

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71) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) isA) the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).B) two-hours ahead of Zulu time, indicating the single moment when all locations on the planet

are on the same calendar day.C) established 24 standard meridians around the globe at equal intervals from the prime

meridian.D) replaced Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and became the legal reference for official time in all

countries.

71)

72) UTC refers toA) Universal Time Conference. B) Universal Time Circles.C) the International Date Line. D) Coordinated Universal Time.

72)

73) UTC is based onA) average time calculations from atomic clocks collected worldwideB) the pulse rate of pulsar stars.C) very precise pendulum motion in Greenwich, U.K.D) Big Ben

73)

74) If City A is located 35° west of City B, the time at City A is ________ that at City B.A) earlier during daylights saving only than B) later thanC) the same as D) earlier than

74)

75) The difference in Sun time between two places located 30° in longitude apart from one another isA) 30 seconds.B) 30 minutes.C) one hour.D) two hours.E) three hours.

75)

76) If a clock on a ship indicates that it is 2:00 P.M. in its home port, while another clock on the shipindicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship's present location, what is the difference in longitudebetween the ship's position and its home port?

A) The ship is 2° east of its home port.B) The ship is 2° west of its home port.C) The ship is 45° west of its home port.D) The ship is 30° west of its home port.E) The ship is 30° east of its home port.

76)

77) If you began a trip at 60° west, 20° north and traveled 120° farther west and 50° south, your newposition would be

A) the Greenwich meridian at 70° north latitude.B) 30° north, 120° west.C) the International Dateline at 70° north latitude.D) the Greenwich meridian at 30° south latitude.E) the International Dateline at 30° south latitude.

77)

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78) If it is 10:00 PM on July 3rd at 30° west, what date and time is it at 15° east?A) July 3rd; 11 P.M.B) July 4th; 2 A.M.C) July 3rd; 6 P.M.D) July 3rd; 9 P.M.E) July 4th; 1 A.M.

78)

79) Travelers flying west from Los Angeles (118° W) to Tokyo (139° E) will cross the ________ and, as aresult, they will ________ when crossing this meridian.

A) International Dateline; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.)B) prime meridian; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.)C) International Dateline; gain a day (Example: Sunday becomes Saturday.)D) prime meridian; gain a day (Example: Sunday becomes Saturday.)

79)

80) Standard time zonesA) have yet to be generally established.B) are only used in the developed countries.C) are spaced at 5° intervals of longitude in North America.D) are 15° wide because Earth rotates through that distance in one hour.

80)

81) If it is 10:00 A.M. in Miami, Florida (Eastern time zone), what time is it in Los Angeles, California,located 3 time zones to the west in the Pacific Time zone?

A) 7 A.M. B) 2 P.M. C) 1 P.M. D) 8 A.M.

81)

82) The practice of setting time ahead or behind during the year, out of coordination with the Sun, istermed

A) Greenwich Mean Time. B) Standard time.C) Daylight Saving Time. D) Coordinated Universal Time.

82)

83) The part of geography that embodies map making is known asA) cartography. B) calligraphy. C) theodesy. D) geodesy.

83)

84) A scale of 1 inch = 8 miles is an example of aA) written scale. B) representative fraction.C) relative scale. D) graphic scale.

84)

85) A scale of 1:24,000 is regarded asA) an intermediate scale.B) a large scale.C) a small scale compared to a scale of 1:20,900,000.D) a scale appropriate for a world globe.

85)

86) A scale of 1:900,000 is ________a scale of 1:24,000.A) larger than B) smaller thanC) twice as much as D) equal to

86)

87) If you wanted a map with a lot of detail of a small area you would want aA) a small scale map. B) a large scale map.C) an intermediate scale. D) a world globe.

87)

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88) A map scale of 1:63,360 is equivalent toA) one inch on the map equals 2,000 feet on the ground.B) one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground.C) one inch on a map equals 5 miles on the ground.D) one inch on a map equals 1 mile on the ground.

88)

89) A scale given as "one centimeter to one kilometer" is an example of aA) relative scale. B) written scale.C) graphic scale. D) representative fraction.

89)

90) Which type of map scale would be appropriate to use if the map were to be enlarged byphotocopying?

A) Written B) GraphicC) Relative D) Representative fraction

90)

91) The larger the scale of a map, the ________ the area covered by the map and the ________ detail itprovides.

A) smaller; less B) larger; less C) smaller; more D) larger; more

91)

92) The larger the denominator in a representative fraction, the ________ the scale of the map.A) smaller B) larger

92)

93) The amount of detail on large scale maps is generally ________ than on than on small scale maps.A) greaterB) lessC) It is impossible to compare the relative detail of the same features on maps of different scales.

93)

94) The transformation of a spherical global to a 2D surface is aA) cone. B) diagram. C) map projection. D) globe.

94)

95) Which of the following describes the property of equal area on a map?A) Proximity B) Equivalence C) Conformality D) Equidistance

95)

96) Which map project preserves the property of true shape?A) Conformal B) Proximal C) Equidistant D) Equivalent

96)

97) Which of the following possesses all of Earth's properties of area, shape, direction, proximity, anddistance, CORRECTLY?

A) Alber's equal-area conic projection B) Robinson projectionC) Mercator projection D) A world globe

97)

98) Where does the greatest distortion in a Mercator projection occur?A) In the middle latitudesB) The equatorC) Towards the polesD) There is no distortion in a Mercator projection.

98)

99) A line of tangency (also called a standard line) is a lineA) that always corresponds to a great circle. B) along which no distortion occurs.C) along which shearing occurs. D) divides Earth into two equal halves.

99)

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100) On which one of the following projections do great circle routes appear as straight lines?A) Any conic projection B) Goode's homolosine projectionC) A gnomonic projection D) Mercator projection

100)

101) On the Mercator projection, areas at high latitudes appearA) the same size as areas of the same size nearer to the equator.B) larger than areas of the same size nearer to the equator.C) smaller than areas of the same size nearer to the equator.

101)

102) Which map projection is best at eliminating distortion?A) Mercator projection. B) Albers equal-area projection.C) Robinson projection. D) All map projections distort.

102)

103) GPS units areA) not available to the public; they are only available to the military.B) a metric version of longitude and latitude.C) accurately allow determination of longitude and latitude.

D) 160

th of a Greenwich Precision Second.

103)

104) Which of the following is TRUE about Global Positioning System (GPS)?A) GPS has no scientific uses, but are great for recreational purposes.B) GPS helped accurately determined the height of Mt. Everest.C) GPS is the same as remote sensing.D) GPS is used solely by the military, who share information with physical geographers.

104)

105) Remote sensing isA) a subjective determination of temperature.B) based on the principle that surfaces must be physically handled and directly measured for

study.C) an earthbound technique not used in modern satellites.D) the monitoring of a distant object without physical contact.

105)

106) Which of the following satellite remote sensing platforms was launched in 2013?A) Landsat 8 B) Topex PoseidonC) Goes-12 D) Radarsat-1

106)

107) A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at a surface and then records theenergy that is reflected is classified as a(n) ________ system.

A) active B) holographic C) photographic D) passive

107)

108) Which of the following is an example of an active remote sensing device?A) LiDAR B) Video camera C) Film D) Infrared sensor

108)

109) Which of the following is FALSE?A) GIS represents an important planning tool.B) GIS stands for geographic information system.C) A GIS model does not require the use of a map.D) Satellite weather images are an example of remote sensing.

109)

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110) Which of the following best describes Geographic Information Systems?A) Deriving accurate measurements from photographs.B) Computer-based tool for management and analysis of geographic information.C) A constellation of satellites for accurately determining location anywhere near Earth's

surface.D) Acquiring information about objects without having physical contact with them.

110)

111) The adjusting of geospatial datasets in real time to make changes to maps and other visual modelsis called

A) geovisualization. B) global positioning.C) remote sensing. D) geographic synchronization.

111)

112) Which of the following best describes geographic information science (GISci)?A) Field that develops the capabilities of GIS for use within geography and other disciplines.B) Deriving accurate measurements from photographs.C) Computer-based tool for management and analysis of geographic information.D) Techniques for adjusting geospatial datasets in real time.

112)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

113) Geography is a discipline primarily concerned with place names. 113)

114) The essential approach in geographic studies is spatial analysis. 114)

115) The geographic theme of place refers to absolute and relative position on Earth. 115)

116) Areas that display a degree of uniformity are called regions. 116)

117) Migration and diffusion across Earth's surface is described under the principal geographic themeof movement.

117)

118) Conditions that change in an experiment or model are called variables. 118)

119) Photosynthesis in a plant leaf is an example of an open-system operation. 119)

120) Positive feedback tends to amplify or encourage response in system operations. 120)

121) Negative feedback tends to stabilize a system. 121)

122) The "balance of nature" that characterizes well-functioning ecosystems occurs because ofpredominantly positive feedback mechanisms.

122)

123) A model is essentially a simplification of natural systems. 123)

124) Pure science frequently involves the making of value judgments about the moral or politicalcorrectness of a fact, idea, or theory.

124)

125) Scientific theories are capable of generating predictions. 125)

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126) Because scientific ideas are tested, they can be corrected when they are wrong. 126)

127) Longitude measures distances east or west of a prime meridian on Earth's surface. 127)

128) Latitude is the angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earthand it describes a parallel line on the surface.

128)

129) "Longitude" is the name of an angle, and "meridian" is the name of an imaginary line that connectsall points along the same longitude.

129)

130) The Greek astronomer, geography, and mathematician Ptolemy, despite his early works inmapping, has had little lasting impact on cartography.

130)

131) The midlatitudes stretch from approximately 66.5° N/S to the poles. 131)

132) There are 180° of latitude (90° N and S, respectively) and 360° of longitude (180° E and W,respectively).

132)

133) Coordinated Universal Time is the present name for world standard time. 133)

134) The prime meridian and the 180th meridian are opposite halves of the same great circle. 134)

135) A meridian is 360° in length. 135)

136) All parallels are 360° in length. 136)

137) The day officially changes on Earth at the prime meridian. 137)

138) There are 48 time zones, each approximately 7.5° in width. 138)

139) If it is July 3rd in Tokyo (139° E), it is July 4th in Los Angeles (118° W). 139)

140) When Daylight Saving Time is in effect, clocks "spring forward" one hour in the Spring (Example:1:00 A.M. becomes 2:00 A.M.) and "fall back" one hour in the Fall (Example: 2:00 A.M. becomes1:00 A.M.).

140)

141) A great circle route is the shortest distance between any two points on Earth's surface. 141)

142) A map scale of 1:24,000 is considered a small scale as compared to a scale of 1:20,900,000, which isconsidered a large scale.

142)

143) A large scale map shows a large area, but with less detail than a small scale map. 143)

144) The globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristic of Earth'ssurface.

144)

145) An equivalent map projection preserves true shape. 145)

15





146) A Mercator projection preserves area of all poleward geographic features. 146)

147) A standard parallel is a line of tangency. 147)

148) Maps that are intended to show spatial distributions should be based on projections that minimizearea distortion, rather than shape distortion.

148)

149) A rhumb line is a line of constant direction (crosses all meridians at the same angle). 149)

150) A sensor that measures the emitted radiation of an object is an example of passive remote sensing. 150)

151) The Landsat series of satellites is an example of passive remote sensing. 151)

152) GIS use satellites to find locations precisely. 152)

153) GIS can create dynamic maps for visualization purposes. 153)

154) LiDAR is an example of passive remote sensing? 154)

155) A geographic information system is unable to create maps with a three-dimensional perspective. 155)

156) Global positioning systems, while useful in navigation, have little utility in physical geography. 156)

157) Geodesy is the science concerned with the size and shape of Earth. 157)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

158) List the five principal themes of modern geographic education.

159) Briefly describe the difference between a system and a model.

160) What are Earth's abiotic and biotic systems?

161) Describe the differences between matter and energy.

162) What is geodesy?

163) What is a great circle? What are small circles?

164) What are the four classes of map projections?

165) What are the three primary methods of expressing scale on maps?

166) Why is the term "spatial" so important in geography?

167) Describe what distinguishes physical geography from human and cultural geography.

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168) Follow the scientific method from the initial perception of phenomena to a general theory about thephenomena.

169) What is a hypothesis? How does it differ from a theory?

170) Use examples to distinguish an open system from a closed system.

171) Use examples to distinguish positive and negative feedback loops.

172) How can feedback affect a system? Give examples of positive and negative feedback.

173) List and briefly describe Earth's four spheres.

174) What is GPS? Give several examples of its utility in physical geography.

175) Distinguish between active and passive remote sensing, and describe the applications of each.

176) What is a geographic information system? What are some potential GIS applications?

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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED1

1) D2) D3) D4) D5) C6) C7) A8) D9) A

10) D11) D12) D13) C14) A15) E16) B17) B18) C19) A20) D21) C22) A23) D24) B25) D26) A27) D28) D29) C30) A31) A32) C33) D34) C35) C36) B37) D38) C39) A40) B41) D42) B43) A44) D45) D46) C47) B48) C49) C50) B

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51) D52) D53) D54) C55) D56) B57) D58) A59) B60) D61) C62) D63) C64) C65) B66) D67) C68) C69) E70) B71) D72) D73) A74) D75) D76) D77) E78) E79) A80) D81) A82) C83) A84) A85) B86) B87) B88) D89) B90) B91) C92) A93) A94) C95) B96) A97) D98) C99) B

100) C19






101) B102) D103) C104) B105) D106) A107) A108) A109) C110) B111) A112) A113) FALSE114) TRUE115) FALSE116) TRUE117) TRUE118) TRUE119) TRUE120) TRUE121) TRUE122) FALSE123) TRUE124) FALSE125) TRUE126) TRUE127) TRUE128) TRUE129) TRUE130) FALSE131) FALSE132) TRUE133) TRUE134) TRUE135) FALSE136) TRUE137) FALSE138) FALSE139) FALSE140) TRUE141) TRUE142) FALSE143) FALSE144) TRUE145) FALSE146) FALSE147) TRUE148) TRUE149) TRUE150) TRUE

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151) TRUE152) FALSE153) TRUE154) FALSE155) FALSE156) FALSE157) TRUE158) location; place; region; human-Earth relationship; movement159) A model is any ordered, interrelated set of objects and attributes as distinct from their surrounding environment. A

system represents an idealized part of the real world greatly simplified.160) Earth's nonliving systems include include the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. Earth's living system is

called the biosphere and is also sometimes referred to as the ecosphere.161) Matter assumes a physical shape and occupies space, whereas energy is a capacity to do work.162) The science that attempts to determine Earth's shape and size by surveys and mathematical means163) A great circle is any circle of Earth's circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth. All other circles on

Earth constitute small circles.164) The four classes of map projections are called planar, cylindrical, conic, and oval.165) The three primary methods of expressing scale on maps are written (verbal) scale, representative fractions, and

graphic (bar) scale.166) Answer should note that geography is inherently spatial and that physical geography uses an integrative spatial

approach to study entire Earth systems.167) While a continuum, human geography comprises speciality areas that draw largely on the social and cultural sciences,

whereas physical geography draws largely on the physical and life sciences.168) Real wold observationsHypothesis and PredictionsExperimentation and MeasurementPeer ReviewHypothesis

undergoes repeated testing without being shown falseScientific theory developed.169) A hypothesis is a tentative (or proposed) explanation of an observed phenomena. A scientific is a well -substantiated

explanation of a phenomena, repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation.170) An open system is one in which energy and matter flow in and out of the system. A forest is an example of an open

system. A closed system is closed off from surroundings systems and is self-contained. In terms of matter, Earth isessentially a closed system.

171) A feedback loop is an output from a system that influences its own operations. A negative feedback loop discourageschange in the system. An example is predator/prey relationships in which predators keep prey population in check. Apositive feedback loop encourages change in the system. An example is warming temperatures that cause reduction inice and snow cover and, thereby, decrease albedo and increase absorption, leading to more warming.

172) Feedbacks can lead to steady state conditions (negative feedback loops) or disequilibrium (positive feedback loops.The reduction of wolves in Yellowstone, for instance, led to an increase in elk populations, which in turn led to areduction in vegetation cover due to overgrazing.

173) Earth's four spheres (systems) are the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.174) Global Position Systems refers to the constellation of Earth orbiting satellites, the associated ground stations, and the

user segment used to derive precise location and elevation information at or near Earth's surface. There are multipleGPS uses within physical geography.

175) Active remote sensing systems provide their own energy source, emitting radiation towards a target and measuringthe reflected radiation from the target, whereas passive sensors measure the energy emitted from objects underinvestigation.

176) GIS is a computer-based data processing system for gathering, storing, manipulating, and analyzing geographicinformation. There are many GIS uses within physical geography.

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