functional neuroanatomy [email protected] attention language knowledge imagery memory...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Functional neuroanatomy
• Attention• Language• Knowledge• Imagery• Memory
– States ‘of mind’ (and body)– Adaptation/plasticity– Language; visual processing; mental imagery
• How our brains integrate types of information to develop concepts; how previous experience affects processing of new information
![Page 2: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What are we doing with our brains at this moment?
(The student’s brain)
• Feeling your chair
• Squirming (moving)
• Watching
• Listening
• Remembering
• Paying attention
• Sleeping
• Feeling anxious
• Feeling hungry
• What happens when you ask a question?
• Learning
![Page 3: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
5 types of cortical tissue
![Page 4: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Localization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks
5 major brain systems subserving
cognition and behaviorLeft perisylvian language networkParieto-frontal network for spatial attentionOccipitotemporal network for object/face recognitionMedial temporal/limbic network for learning & memoryPrefrontal network for attention & comportment
![Page 5: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
![Page 6: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
![Page 7: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Lesion studies of the language network:The major nodes
Broca’s (production) Wernicke’s (comprehension)
![Page 8: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Lesion studies of the language network:Disconnection syndromes
Alexia without agraphia
Geschwind N & Kaplan E, Neurology, 1962
![Page 9: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Functional neuroimaging of the language network
One to many, many to oneCJ Price, J Anat 2002
![Page 10: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Language function: Using neuroimaging to test hypotheses
CJ Price, J Anat 2002
![Page 11: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What’s in a name?A means to access specific types of
knowledge
![Page 12: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What’s in a name?A means to access specific types of
knowledge
Elephant
![Page 13: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Linguistic access to specific types of knowledge
Damasio H, Nature 1996
![Page 14: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
![Page 15: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Visual processing: Two pathwaysDorsal (Occipito-parietal): Object & object feature recognition
Disorders:
visual object agnosia
prosopagnosia
achromatopsia
Ventral (Occipito-temporal): Visual recognition of spatial location
Disorders: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia (Balint’s); constructional apraxia, akinotopsia
![Page 16: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Visual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimaging
Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998
![Page 17: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Visual processing: Attention influences which stream is used
Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998
![Page 18: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Visual object recognition: Lesion studies
Agnosias may be specific to certain categories of information
![Page 19: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Visual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areas
Haxby JV, Science 2001
![Page 20: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Visual object recognition: Faces & places
Kanwisher N, Science, 2006
![Page 21: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Visual object recognition: Faces
Tsao
![Page 22: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
![Page 23: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Visual perception & imagery
Ganis G, Cog Brain Res 2004
![Page 24: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Auditory imagery
Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001
![Page 25: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Motor imagery
Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001
![Page 26: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge
Name this animal and tell me what you know about it
![Page 27: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge
Name this person and tell me what you know about him
![Page 28: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge
Damasio H, Cognition 2004
Object-specific naming deficits Object-specific recognition deficits
![Page 29: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Encoding & recall of category-specific information
Encoding of category-specific information activates relevant areas of cortex
Polyn SM et al., Science, 2005
Faces: Fusiform gyrus Places: Parahippocampal gyrus
![Page 30: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Encoding & recall of category-specific information
Reactivation of category-specific areas occurs prior to verbal recall Polyn SM et al., Science, 2005
![Page 31: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learning
![Page 32: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Recovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brain
Fernandez B, Stroke 2004
1 year after stroke
1 month after stroke
Plasticity: Many levels of scale in both time & space
![Page 33: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Attention, arousal, awareness
•Focused attention & visuospatial attention
•Arousal
•Coma
•Persistent vegetative state
•Sleep
•Conscious awareness
![Page 34: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Attention
![Page 35: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Attention: Trinodal cortical network
Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999
Hypothesized from patients & animals with lesions
![Page 36: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Attention: Trinodal cortical network
Gitelman DR et al., Ann Neurol 1996;39:174-9Gitelman DR et al., Brain 1999;122:1093-1106
Confirmed with functional neuroimaging (fMRI & PET)
![Page 37: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Attention
Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999
![Page 38: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
State vs channel functions
StatesSleep/arousalNeeds (e.g., hunger)Mood
Channels
![Page 39: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant information
LaBar KS, Behavioral Neuroscience 2001
![Page 40: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Neurotransmitter systems
![Page 41: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Neurotransmitter systems
Genetic variations in neurotransmitter substrates
Enzymes, receptors, etc (e.g., Weinberger DR)
Pharmacologic fMRI
e.g., dopaminergic modulation of attention
PET imaging of receptors & enzymes
![Page 42: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Sleep/Anatomy
ARAS & thalamus
![Page 43: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Sleep/EEG
![Page 44: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Sleep/EEG
![Page 45: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Conscious awareness:Default mode
Raichle M, et al.,
![Page 46: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Conscious awareness:Persistent vegetative state
Owen A, et al., Science, 2006
![Page 47: Functional neuroanatomy bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Attention Language Knowledge Imagery Memory –States ‘of mind’ (and body) –Adaptation/plasticity –Language;](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062519/56649ed45503460f94be509b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
What are we doing with our brains at this moment?
(The student’s brain)
• Feeling your chair
• Squirming (moving)
• Watching
• Listening
• Remembering
• Paying attention
• Sleeping
• Feeling anxious
• Feeling hungry
• What happens when you ask a question?
• Learning