functional neuroanatomy [email protected] overview of brain anatomy & systems...
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Functional neuroanatomy
• Overview of brain anatomy & systems– Localization/networks– Scale in the nervous system– Sensorimotor systems
• How our brains interact with the external world (loops)– States ‘of mind’ (and body)
• Specific functional systems– Memory & emotion
• How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior
• Vision & attention; language
Learning & memory
Where were you on the following day?
Learning & memory
September 11, 2006
Learning & memory
“Knowing that”
Vs.
“Knowing how”
Gilbert Ryle, Oxford philosopher of mind, 1949
The limbic system:Memory & emotion
Medial temporal lobe memory systemMedial temporal lobe memory system
Medial temporal lobe memory systemMedial temporal lobe memory system
Courtesy of S. Heckers (J N Trans, 2002)
Current standard 1mm structural imaging (AD patient)
Trio TIM, 12 channel coil, 1mm3 MPRAGE
High-resolution MR imagingHigh-resolution MR imaging7 Tesla ex vivo7 Tesla ex vivo
Courtesy of Jean Augustinack & Bruce Fischl
100-150um resolution
High-resolution MPRAGE
32 channel coil, 3T Trio 0.38x0.38x1mm MPRAGE (ipat x 2, 10 min acq time, 112 slices), Seven acquisitions were motion-corrected and averaged. Beautiful contrast & anatomic
detail is present, including thalamic nuclei, claustrum, tiny perforating vessels
High-resolution MPRAGE
Excellent grey-white contrast is present in hippocampus; note also tiny pial perforating vessels
Learning & memory: HM
H.M. Control Corkin S, J Nsci, 1997
Learning & memory: HM
Multiple memory systems
Learning & memory
What task would you use to show differential hippocampal activation?(When is the hippocampus “off”?)
Functional MRI ParadigmFunctional MRI ParadigmScene encoding (block design)
+ +
+ ++
Novel NovelRepeated Repeated
Adapted from C.E. Stern et al., PNAS, 1996
5s 40s 25s
Learning & memory: Novelty
Stern CE, PNAS 1996
Learning & memory: Events
Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998
Learning & memory: Individual variability in MTL activation
Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004
Learning & memory: Individual variability in anatomy
Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004
Genetic influences on MTL activationGenetic influences on MTL activation
Hariri et al., J Neurosci, 2003Bookheimer et al.,NEJM, 2000
BDNF val/val > val/met
APOE 4 > 3
Multiple memory systems
Learning & memory: Frontal lobe anatomy
Learning & memory: Frontal lobe & episodic memory
Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998
Learning & memory:Working memory
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex:
Digit span
Delayed match to sample
N-back
Learning & memory:Working memory
D’Esposito M, 2002
Learning & memory:Working memory & sleep deprivation
Drummond SP, Nature 2004
After full night sleep After sleep deprivation
N-back task
Learning & memory:Striatal anatomy
Learning & memory:Striatum & procedural memory
Knowlton BJ, Science 1996
Emotional learning & memory:Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex
Poldrack R, Nature 2001
Emotional conditioning is dependent on amygdala, declarative learning on the hippocampus
Bechara A, Science 1995
Amygdala activation is related to emotional intensity at encoding, and predicts recall
Canli T, J Neurosci 2000
Recognition 3 w
eeks later
‘Unseen’ emotional stimuli activate amygdala & can elicit emotional conditioning
Morris JS, Brain 2001
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Systems for processing facial emotion
Adolphs R, Curr Opn Nbiol 2002
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Learning & memory
Binding information processed by the brain for storage and future use, particularly with relevance to survival & other needs