Fundamental Aspects of Nuclear Safety Fundamental Aspects of Nuclear Safety

Marino MazziniMarino MazziniProfessore OrdinarioProfessore Ordinario

nel s.s.d. “Impianti Nucleari” nel s.s.d. “Impianti Nucleari”

Università di PisaUniversità di Pisa

Facoltà di IngegneriaFacoltà di Ingegneria

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Nucleare e della ProduzioneDipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Nucleare e della Produzione

DOCUMENTAZIONE PER LA LEZIONEDOCUMENTAZIONE PER LA LEZIONESU NUCLEAR SAFETY FUNDAMENTALSSU NUCLEAR SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS

1. Slides (M. Mazzini)

CONTENTCONTENT

• Introduction: Introduction: Major Aspects of Nuclear Major Aspects of Nuclear SafetySafety

• SitingSiting

• Operational SafetyOperational Safety

• Safety CultureSafety Culture

• Conclusions

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Major Major Aspects Aspects

of of Nuclear Nuclear Safety: Safety: SitingSiting

Siting of Nuclear Power PlantsSiting of Nuclear Power Plants• The site choice can have relevant consequences

for the design of NPP and also for the costs of electrical energy distribution.

• The following aspects have to be considered: - Heat sink availability (river, lake or sea) - Population density for defining exclusion area

and the zone at low population density- Meteorology- Impact of natural events (hurrycanes, tornados,

floodings, vulcanic explosions, etc.)

- Sismic characteristics (Design Basis Earthquake)

- Impact of antropic activities (aircraft crashes, dam failure, rail accidents, tossic or flammable clouds, etc.).

IAEA Siting Methodology

Study Phases in the IAEA Methodology

Stage 1: Regional Survey for finding potential sites

Stage 2: Screening of potential sites for finding candidate sites

Stage 3: Analysis and Characterization of candidate sites for the choice of site/s preferred

IAEA Siting Methodology

I Phase: Regional Survey in the

CNEN/ENEL Study of Italy

Application of Exclusion Factors for:

• Distribution of Population

• Sismo-tectonic Characteristics

• Vulcanismus

• Availability of Water for Heat Sink

• Terrain Orografy

I Phase:Regiona

lSurvey,applyin

g exclusio

nfactors

I Phase: Regional Survey Applicazione dei vincoli escludenti

I Phase: RegionalSurvey,applying

exclusion

factors

Major Major Aspects of Aspects of

Nuclear Nuclear Safety: Safety:

Optimization Optimization of of

Operational Operational Safety (1/3)Safety (1/3)

Major Major Aspects of Aspects of

Nuclear Nuclear Safety: Safety:

Optimization Optimization of of

Operational Operational Safety (2/3)Safety (2/3)

Major Major Aspects of Aspects of

Nuclear Nuclear Safety: Safety:

Optimization Optimization of of

Operational Operational Safety (3/3)Safety (3/3)

SAFETY CULTURESAFETY CULTURE

Safety Culture is that Safety Culture is that assembly of assembly of characteristics and attitudescharacteristics and attitudes in in organizations and individuals which organizations and individuals which establishes that, as establishes that, as an overriding an overriding prioritypriority, nuclear plant safety issues , nuclear plant safety issues receive the attention warranted by receive the attention warranted by their significance.their significance.

Elements of Safety Culture

Elements of Safety Culture

An adequate Safety Culture requires:An adequate Safety Culture requires:

Major Major AspectsAspects

of of Nuclear Nuclear Safety:Safety:

Final Final

ConclusionsConclusions

CONCLUDING METAPHORANuclear Safety may be seen as a tree whose shadow has to protect plant, workers and population: the more dense is the shadow, the safer is the plant.The main body and a few principal branches, although fundamental, do not give enough shadow; the tree has to grow and to develop in a myriad of ever smaller branches and leaves in order to give full coverage of protection. The main branches are the main principles and fundamental criteria; the smaller ones are safety guides, review guides and detailed guidance; the filling effect of the leaves can be assimilated to the all pervading effect of a well established safety culture.

Fonti e Letture ConsigliateFonti e Letture Consigliate

Ingegneria Nucleare e SicurezzaIngegneria Nucleare e Sicurezza• D. Bodansky, “Nuclear Energy – Principles, Practices and Prospects”, American D. Bodansky, “Nuclear Energy – Principles, Practices and Prospects”, American

Institute of Physics, New York, 1996.Institute of Physics, New York, 1996.• J.R. Lamarsh, A.J. Baratta, “Introduction to Nuclear Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Prentice J.R. Lamarsh, A.J. Baratta, “Introduction to Nuclear Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Prentice

Hall, New Jersey, 2001. Hall, New Jersey, 2001. • E.E. Lewis, “Nuclear Power Reactor Safety”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1977.E.E. Lewis, “Nuclear Power Reactor Safety”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1977.• Nuclear News, ANS.Nuclear News, ANS.• G. Petrangeli, “Nuclear Safety”, Elsevier Publ., 2006G. Petrangeli, “Nuclear Safety”, Elsevier Publ., 2006

Prospettiva storica sulla nascita dell’era nucleare e nuovo ambientalismoProspettiva storica sulla nascita dell’era nucleare e nuovo ambientalismo• R. Rhodes, “The Making of the Atomic Bomb”, Touchstone, 1988.R. Rhodes, “The Making of the Atomic Bomb”, Touchstone, 1988.• G. Cravens “Power to Save the World”, A.A. Knopf, New York, 2007G. Cravens “Power to Save the World”, A.A. Knopf, New York, 2007• J. Lovelock, “J. Lovelock, “The Revenge of Gaia: Earth's Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity”, The Revenge of Gaia: Earth's Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity”,

Perseus Books GroupPerseus Books Group• Ian Hore-Lacy, Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century, World Nuclear University PressIan Hore-Lacy, Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century, World Nuclear University Press

Informazioni generali sull’energia nucleare e non-nucleareInformazioni generali sull’energia nucleare e non-nucleare• www.world-nuclear.org , , www.uraniumsa.org, , www.iaea.org, , www.eia.doe.gov,,• www.nei.org/

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