fundpwrmea.pdf

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Fundamentalsof

Electrical Power Measurement

2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America

Barry Bolling

Application EngineerYokogawa Corporation of America

Credits: Bill Gatheridge

Presentation: IEEE / UTC Aerospace


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Presenter

Barry Bolling

Application EngineerYokogawa Corporation of AmericaNewnan, GA

1-800-888-6400 Ext [email protected]

http://tmi.yokogawa.com

2

Barry Bolling is a High Frequency Instruments

Application Engineer with Yokogawas Test &

Measurement Group. He began his career in

component-level RF and Analog circuit design and

design verification with additional experience in

power electronics.

Barry is currently responsible for Yokogawas digitaloscilloscope measurement applications support,

including application notes and seminars.

Barry graduated from the Georgia Institute of

Technology with a degree in electrical engineering,

and he enjoys amateur radio, fly fishing, gardening,

and travel with his family.
mailto:[email protected]://tmi.yokogawa.com/http://tmi.yokogawa.com/mailto:[email protected]


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3

Fundamentalsof

Electrical Power Measurements

2012 Yokogawa Corporation of America


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OverviewPart I of III

Part I: Electrical Power Measurements

Review Some Basics

Power Measurements Using a Precision

Power Analyzer

Single-Phase Power Measurements

Current Sensors

Three-Phase Power Measurements

2 & 3 Wattmeter Method

4


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OverviewPart II of III

Part II: Power Factor Measurement

Displacement Power Factor

True Power Factor

Power Factor Measurements in Single-Phase & Three-Phase Circuits

Practical Power Factor Measurement

Applications

5


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Part III: Power Measurements using a

Digital Oscilloscope How to properly use a Digital Oscilloscope to

make Electrical Power Measurements

Some Dos and Donts Measurement Examples Comparison of a DSO and a Power Analyzer

OverviewPart III of III

6


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Yokogawa Corporate History

Founded in 1915. First to produce and sell electric

meters in Japan. North American operationestablished in 1957

World wide sales in excess of $4.3Billion

84 companies world wide

Over 19,000 employees worldwide Operations in 33 Countries

1930 VintageStandard AC Voltmeter0.2% Accuracy Class

WT3000Precision Power Analyzer

7


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Yokogawa Corporation of AmericaNewnan, GA

Yokogawa Corporation of America

8


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Part IElectrical Power Measurements

9

PART I

ELECTRICAL POWER MEASUREMENTS


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First, Some Basics: OHMS LAW

10


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Average and RMS Values

Average, RMS, Peak-to-Peak ValueConversion for Sinusoidal Wave

(multiplication factors)

Known Value Average RMS Peak Peak-to-Peak

Average 1.0 1.11 1.57 3.14

RMS 0.9 1.0 1.414 2.828

Peak 0.637 0.707 1.0 2.0

Peak-to-Peak 0.32 0.3535 0.5 1.0

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Average and RMS Values

12


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Measurement of Power

Whats A Watt ?

DC Source:

AC Source:

W = V x A

W = V x A x PF

A unit of Power equal to oneJoule of Energy per Second

13


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AC Power Measurement

Active Power:

Watts P = Vrms

x Arms

x PF

Also sometimes referred to as True Power or Real Power

Apparent Power:

Volt-Amps S = Vrmsx Arms

14


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Watts P = Vrmsx Armsx PF = Urms1 x Irms1 x 1

Volt-Amps S = Vrmsx Arms = Urms1 x Irms1

Measurement of AC Power

15


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Digital Power Analyzers are entirely electronic

and use some form of DIGITIZING TECHNIQUEto convert analog signals to digital form.

higher end analyzers useDIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSINGtechniques to determine values

Digital Power Oscilloscopes use SPECIALFIRMWAREto make true power measurements

Digitizing instruments are somewhatRESTRICTEDbecause it is a sampled data

technique Many Power Analyzers and Power Scopes apply

FFTalgorithms for additional power andharmonic analysis

16


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Yokogawa Digital Power Analyzers andDigital Power Scopes use the followingmethod to calculate power:

Pavg= 1/T 0v(t) * I (t) dt

Using digitizing techniques, the

INSTANTANEOUSVOLTAGEis multiplied by theINSTANTANEOUS CURRENTand thenINTEGRATEDover some time period.

T

17


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These calculation methods provide a True PowerMeasurement and True RMS Measurement on anytype of waveform, including all the harmoniccontent, up to the bandwidth of the instrument.

T

True RMS Measurements

URMS= 1/T 0v(t)2dt

Ptotal= 1/T

0 v(t) * I (t) dt

T

TIRMS= 1/T 0

i(t)2dt

18


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Single Phase Power Measurement

Wattmeter

One - phase

two - wireLoad

V(t)

I(t)

.

A +

V

+

ACSource

Single WattmeterMethod

W

19


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Single-Phase Two-Wire System

The voltage and current detected by the

METERare the voltage and current

applied directly to the Load.

The indication on the Meter is the POWERbeing dissipated by the load.

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Measurement Results Single-Phase Two-Wire System

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Current Sensors

Ram MeterShunts

Yokogawa

CTs

AEMC

Yokogawa/GMW-LEM/Danfysik CT System

YokogawaScopeProbes

PearsonElectronics

22


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Current Sensors

SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

Accuracy, CT Turns Ratio Accuracy

Phase Shift

1 or 2 Degrees Maximum: Cosine 2 Deg = 0.9994

Frequency Range

DC to line frequency, sine waves: DC Shunts

DC & AC: Hall Effect or Active type CTAC Approximately 30 Hz and higher: Various typesof CTs

23


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Current Sensors

SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

Instrument Compatibility

Output: Millivolts/Amp, Milliamps/Amp; or Amps

Impedance and Load, Burden

Scope Probes - - CAUTION! Use on Scopes, NOTPower Analyzers

Physical Requirements

Size

Connections: Clamp-On or Donut type

Distance from Load to Instrument

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Current Sensors

A WORD OF CAUTION

NEVER Open Circuit the Secondary side of a CurrentTransformer while it is energized!

This could cause serious damage to the CT and could

possibly be harmful to equipment operators.A CT is a Current Source.

By Ohms Law E = I x R

When R is very large, E becomes very high

The High Voltage generated inside the CT will causea magnetic saturation of the core, winding damage, orother damage which could destroy the CT.

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Single-Phase Three-Wire Power Measurement

One - phasethree - wire

Load

Wattmeter 1

V(t)

I(t)

V(t)

I(t)

Wattmeter 2

N

.

PT= W1 + W2

A

+

ACSource

A

+

+

V

V

Two WattmeterMethod

L1

L2

W

W

26


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Single-Phase Three-Wire System

(Split Phase)

The voltage and current detected by the METERSare thevoltage and current applied directly to the Load.

The indication on EACH METER is the power beingdelivered by the LINEto which the meter is connected.

The total power dissipated by the load is theALGEBRAIC

SUMof the two indications.

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Measurement Results Single-Phase Three-Wire System

+

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30

f


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Blondel theory states that total power ismeasured with ONELESSwattmeter than thenumber of WIRES.

1-P 2-W 1Wattmeter

1-P 3-W 2Wattmeters

3-P 3-W 2 Wattmeters

3-P 4-W 3 Wattmeters

Blondel Theorem

31

A d Bl d l


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Andre Blondel

32

Blondel was born in France. He was employed as an engineer by the

Lighthouses and Beacons Service until he retired in 1927 as its general first

class inspector.He became a professor of electrotechnology at the School of

Bridges and Highways and the School of Mines. Very early in his career hesuffered immobility due to a paralysis of his legs, which confined him to his room

for 27 years, but he never stopped working.

In 1893 Andr Blondel sought to solved the problem of integral synchronization.

He determined the conditions under which the curve traced by a high-speed

recording instrument would follow as closely as possible the actual variations of

the physical phenomenon being studied.

This led him to invent the bifilar and soft iron oscillographs. These instruments

won the grand prize at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. They remained the best

way to record high-speed electrical phenomena for more than 40 years when

they were replaced by the cathode ray oscilloscope.

He published Empirical Theory of Synchronous Generatorswhich contained the

basic theory of the two armature reactions (direct and transverse). It was usedextensively to explain the properties of salient-pole AC machines.

In 1909, assisted by M. Mhl, he worked on one of the first long distance

schemes for the transmission of AC power. The project created a (then) large

300,000 hp hydroelectric power plant at Genissiat on the River Rhone, and

transmitted electrical power to Paris more than 350 km away using polyphase

AC current at 120 kV.

Th Ph S


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Three - Phase Systems

van

vbn

vcn

120o

120o

120o n

vab

vbc

vca

33

Three Phase Systems


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PhaseVoltages

MeasuredLine toNeutral


34

Th Ph S t


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a

b

c

n

van

vbnvcn

vab

vbcvca Four - Wire

Three - Phase

System

Vl-n= 120 / 277 Volts

Vl-l= 208 / 480 Volts

Vl-l= 3 * Vl-n

35

M t f P


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a

b

c

n

van

vbnvcn

Four - WireThree - Phase

Load

Wa

Wb

Wc

PT= Wa+ Wb+ Wc

ACSource

A

A

+

A

Three WattmeterMethod

+

+

+

V

V

V

36

M t f P


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Three-Phase Four-Wire System

The three meters use the FOURTHwire as thecommon voltage REFERENCE.

Each meter indicates the PHASEpower.

The TOTAL POWERfor the three phases is theALGEBRAIC SUMof the three meters.

In essence, each meter measures a SINGLEPHASEof the three phase system.

37

Measurement Results Three Phase Four Wire System


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Measurement Results Three-Phase Four-Wire System

PhasePower

PhasePowerFactor

PhaseCurrent

&Voltage

+

+

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Measurement Results Three-Phase Four-Wire System


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PhaseVoltages


Phase

Currents

Measurement Results Three Phase Four Wire System

39

Th Ph F Wi V t Di


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Three-Phase FourWire Vector Diagram

U1

U2U3

PhaseVoltages


40

Three Phase Three Wire Systems


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Three-Phase Three-Wire Systems

a

b

c

vab

vcb

vca Three - WireThree - PhaseSystem

41



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Remember

Blondels Theory

. . . total power is measured withONE LESS

wattmeter than the number ofWIRES.

42

Measurement of Power 3P 3W System


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Measurement of Power 3P-3W System

ACSource

a

b

c

vac

vcb

vab

Three - WireThree - Phase

Load

Wa

Wb

Wc

A

A

A

V

V

+

V

+

+

+

+

+

Two WattmeterMethod

Three - Phase Three - Wire System With Two Meters

PT= Wa+ Wb

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Measurementof Power

Three-Phase Three-Wire System

The wattmeters used for this connection eachmeasure the PHASE CURRENTS

The measured voltages are theLINE-TO-LINEvalues, NOTPhase Voltage.

Thus the indications on each of the metersIS NOT

the power delivered by thePHASEof themeasured current.

This configuration is a veryNON-INTUITIVEconnection!

44

Three Phase Three Wire System


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Three-Phase Three-Wire System

The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of theTWO METERSin Phase 1 and 2. Note that NONEof themeters is indicating the correct PHASE POWER.

+

45



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The Two Wattmeter technique tends to causeless confusion than the three meter techniquesince there is no expectation that a meter willgive an accurate phase indication.

However, with the Yokogawa PowerAnalyzers, on a 3-Phase 3-Wire System, use the3V-3Awiring method. This method will give allthree Voltages and Currents, and correct Total

Power, Total Power Factor and VAMeasurements on either BalancedorUnbalanced3-Wire system.


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Three Phase Three Wire System With Three Meters


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Three-Phase Three-Wire System With Three Meters

The method yields the Total Power as the Sum of theTWO METERSin Phase 1 and 2. Note that NONEof themeters is indicating the correct PHASE POWER.

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Delta Measurements


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48

Delta MeasurementsP3P3W= P3P4W

L-NVoltage

PhasePower

L-LVoltage

+

+

3P3W (3V3A) Connection

NeutralCurren

t

Phase Power Measurement Solution on 3P3W (3V3A) Connection

48

3P 3W and 3P 4W Power Measurements


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3P-3W and 3P-4W Power Measurements

U L-N x 3 = U L-L 55.20 x 3 = 95.60

P3P3W= P3P4W

3P-3W 3P-4W

49

Part II - Power Factor Measurements


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Part II - Power Factor Measurements

50

PART II

POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENTS

Power Factor Measurement


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51


If Power Factor is the Cosine of the Anglebetween Voltage and Current, then howdo we measure Power Factor on a Three

Phase Circuit?

R - L - C Circuit


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R L C Circuit

Vmax*sin(w*t)

Itot IC IR

RC

IL

L

S

52

Current LAGS Voltage in an Inductor


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Current LAGS Voltage in an Inductor

PT= Vrms* IT rms* Cos

= 44.77 Degrees

Cos = 0.70994

53

Current LEADS Voltage in a Capacitor


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Current LEADS Voltage in a Capacitor

PT= Vrms* IT rms* Cos

= 45.09 Degrees

Cos = 0.70599

54

Real World Examples


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Inductive Load

AC Motor

Current LAGSVoltage in anInductor

Capacitive Load

Compact FlorescentLamp

Current LEADSVoltage in aCapacitor

Real World Examples

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PF = COS

Where is the ZeroCrossing for theCurrentWaveform?

How do weaccuratelymeasure between these twowaveforms?

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For SINE WAVES ONLY

PF = Cos

This is defined as the DISPLACEMENTPower Factor

---------------------------------------------------------

For All Waveforms

PF = W/VA

This is defined as TRUEPower Factor

57

Phasor Form of Power


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Phasor Form of Power

P

QS

0

Phasor Diagram of Power for R - L Circuit

VAR

WATTS

VOLT-AMPS

TRUE POWER FACTOR

PF = W / VA

POWER TRIANGLE

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True Power Factor

PF = W / VA

PF = 87.193/113.753

PF = 0.76651

Power Supply Input

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DisplacementPower Factor

Power Supply Input

PF = Cos BetweenFundamentalWaveforms

PF = Cos 21.06PF = 0.9332

PF = P1 / S1

PF = 48.16 / 51.61

PF = 0.9332

Current LAGS Voltage by 21.06 Degrees

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Power Factor on 3-Phase System


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Power Factor on 3 Phase System

3-Phase 4-Wire System

PFTotal= W / VA

PFTotal= ( W1+ W2+ W3 ) / ( VA1+ VA2+ VA3)

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Power Factor on 3-Phase 3-Wire System


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Power Factor on 3 Phase 3 Wire System

Using 2 Wattmeter Method

PFTotal= W / VA

PFTotal

= ( W1+ W

2) / (3/2)( VA

1+ VA

2)

If the load is Unbalanced, that is the Phase Currents aredifferent, this method could result in an error in calculatingtotal Power Factor since only two VA measurements are

used in the calculation.

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Power Factor on 3-Phase 3-Wire System


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Using 3 Wattmeter Method

PFTotal= W / VA

PFTotal= ( W1+ W2 ) / (3/3)( VA1+ VA2+ VA3)

This method will give correct Power Factor calculation oneither Balanced or Unbalanced3-Wire system. Note thatall three VA measurements are used in the calculation.This calculation is performed in the Yokogawa Power

Analyzers when using the 3V-3A wiring method.

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3-Phase 3-Wire Power Factor Measurement


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3V 3AMeasurement Method

P = P1 + P2

PF = P / VA

PF = 49.466 / 93.060

PF = 0.53155

How is VA calculated?

64

Power Measurement Applications


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Power Measurement Applications

65

POWER MEASUREMENTAPPLICATIONS

Standby Power & Energy Star


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Standby Power

Energy Star

&

IEC62301 Testing(Household Applicances)

66

y gy

Overview


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International Standard IEC62301

Household Electrical Appliances

Measurement of Standby Power

Hardware and SoftwareMeasurement Solution

67

Scope of IEC62301


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p

IEC62301 specifies methods of measurement

of electrical power consumption in StandbyMode.

IEC62301 is applicable to mains-powered

electrical household appliances.

The objective of this standard is to provide a

standard method of test to determine thepower consumption of a range of appliances

and equipment in standby mode.

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Terms and Definitions


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The Standard also references Twenty Five

(25) IEC Standards for various Householdelectrical appliances.

These standards define the various test

parameters with the limits for items such as

THD, Power and other items for the

appropriate product.

In the US and North America, the Energy

Starstandard is typically used for the testing

limits.

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Appliance Type


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pp yp

Pulse Power ModeExample: Laser Printer or Copy Machine with Heaters

Terms and Definitions


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Yokogawas Standby Power Measurement:

Energy divided by Time > Watt-Hour/Time.

This is theAverage Active Power

measurement mode.

This is the preferred method as it works on

both steady and fluctuating power sources

and is the most accurate method.

Yokogawa pioneered this method with the

Model WT200 introduced in 2000.

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Other Applications


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pp

72

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Power Measurement Application


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73

3-P 3-W PWM Motor Drive Power Measurement

3V 3AMeasurement

Method

Drive voltage is

typicallymeasured usingthe Mean valuescaled to rms.

DC BusVoltage ismeasured asU+pk

Device Efficiency Measurement


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Device Efficiency is Calculated as Output PowerDivided by Input Power

Usually expressed as a percentage

Use Two Power Meters to Measure the Input andOutput Power

Calculate the Efficiency from the readings of the

two Power MetersProblemInput and Output Readings may not bemade Simultaneously. Possible error due to TimeSkew

Use a Multi-Element Power Analyzer to MeasureInput and Output Power

Calculate the Efficiency in a Single Power Analyzer

Eliminates any Error due to Time Skew ofMeasurements

Device Efficiency Measurements


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DeviceEfficiency:

Output P

Input P

Power Analyzer Setup Menu

Device Efficiency & Power Loss


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Device Efficiency

Device Loss

Input Power

Output

Power

Power Measurement Application


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77

Device Start UpAnalysis

Device Voltage

Device Current

Cycle-by-CycleStart Up Power

OverviewPart III of III


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78

PART IIIBASIC POWER MEASUREMENTS

using a

DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE

Power Analysis with a DSO


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79

Why use a Digital Oscilloscope for

Electrical Power Measurements?We have a Comfort Level using anOscilloscope

Dedicated Probes & Ease of ConnectionsPower Analysis Math Capabilities

High-frequency Bandwidth

Waveform Display & Analysis

Harmonic Analysis to IEC Standards



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Special Note:

When using an oscilloscope, AC Power is notjust connecting a voltage probe to Ch1 anda current probe to Ch2 and then multiplyingCh1 x Ch2.

This will give an AC measurement of VA,

not AC Watts.

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Remember - AC Power Measurement

Active Power:

Watts P = Vrmsx Armsx PF

Also sometimes referred to as True Power or Real Power

Apparent Power:

Volt-Amps S = Vrmsx Arms

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Yokogawa Digital Power Scopes use the

following method to calculate power:

Pavg= 1/T 0v(t) * I (t) dt

Taking advantage of digitizing techniques, theINSTANTANEOUSVOLTAGEis multiplied by theINSTANTANEOUS CURRENTand then

INTEGRATEDover some time period.

T

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Power Analyzer vs. DSO


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Function Power Analyzer DSOBandwidth DC2MHz DC500 MHz

Power DC

50 MHz

Accuracy 0.1 to 0.02% 1.5% at inputterminals, at DC

Calibrated Traceable Power approx 3.5%

Measurement System Based on Probes

DC Accuracy

Ranges Direct connection Probes for highHigh Voltage & frequency & small

High Currents currents

Digitizers Typical 16-Bit Typical 8-Bit

65,536 levels 256 Levels

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Measurement Challenge: SKEW


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Skew = Propagation Delay Difference

Current clamp

e.g. 30 A, 100 MHz

model 701932

Differential probee.g. 1400 V, 100 MHz

model 700924

Successful de-skew!

Deskew Source - model 701936

Auto Deskew function

Synchronousreference signal forvoltage and current

Current Voltage

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Deskew Calibration


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Signal edges are aligned

Signal source used for adjusting the skew between a voltageprobe and a current probe.

- Many different kinds of probes can be used for powermeasurements. Each probe has a differentsignal pathlength.- Signal source generates time-coincident voltage andcurrent signals. This allows you to adjust for skewbetween voltage and current probes.

BEFORE DE-SKEW


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AFTER DE-SKEW


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Yokogawa Solution: Auto De-skewT tl th l i t h i d f t tt h


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Deskew - The difference in the current probe and voltage probesignal propagation time (skew) is automatically corrected.

To correctly measure the analysis parameters such as power, impedance, power factor, watt hour,

and ampere hour from the voltage and current under analysis, the voltage and current signals

must be applied to the Vertical Input channels of the Oscilloscope while preserving the phase

relationship which exists between U & I in the DUT.

One-touch

Auto-Deskew

Voltage Source Current Source

Current

Voltage

Outputsignals with

no delay

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Power Analysis with a DSO


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89

Typical Measurements

Board Lever Power Measurements

Switching Power Loss

Device Power Consumption

Switching Noise Level

Harmonics

Waveform Display & AnalysisInrush & Transients

Power Supply Input with Power Analyzer


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Power Supply Input with DSO


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Power Supply Input Summary


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92

Measurement Comparison

Measurement

Item

Power

Analyzer

Power

DSO

Voltage RMS 118.28 V 117.27 V

Current RMS 1.3323 A 1.3321 A

Watts 97.54 W 96.49 W

Power Factor 0.619 0.617

Switching Loss


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PWM Inverter Output with Power Analyzer


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PWM Inverter Output with Power DSO


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PWM Inverter Output Summary


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96

Measurement Comparison

Measurement

Item

Power

Analyzer

Power

DSO

Voltage RMS 176.18 V 178.56 V

Current RMS 0.3830 A 0.3950 A

Watts 44.75 W 46.37 W

Power Factor 0.6632 0.6602

DSO Power Calculation


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97

DSO Power Calculation


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Line Measurements:

49.5 VA

42.1 W25.9 VAR

PF = 0.85

PF

Harmonic


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Harmonics


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ScopeCorder (Hybrid Instrument) with DSP


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101

What You Will Need


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Power Measurements with a DSO Oscilloscope

Optionspower analysis, probe power Probes

Differential Voltage Probe Current probe High Voltage Probe

Other Isolation line-transformer for non-isolated designs(safety).

Deskew Device

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Yokogawas Power Measuring Solutions


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Yokogawa offers the Most Complete Line of

Power Measurement Products to meet thecustomers Application and Budget.

Product, Application and Software supportprovided from a network of Field Sales Reps,

Factory Regional Sales Managers and FactorySupport Engineers.

NIST Traceable Calibration provided by Factory

Trained technicians in Newnan, GA.

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Precision PowerAnalyzers

104



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Digital Scopes & ScopeCorderswith Power Analysis

105



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Portable Power TestInstruments

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Panel and SwitchboardAnalog Meters

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Power Transducers

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Multi FunctionDigital Meters

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Portable Instruments

110

Overview - What We Hope You Learned


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Helped You With a Better Understanding

of Electrical Power Measurements Review of Some of the Basics

Power Measurements Using a Precision

Power Analyzer and Digital Oscilloscope Single-Phase Power Measurements

Current Sensors

Three-Phase Power Measurements 2 & 3 Wattmeter Method

111



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Part II: Power Factor Measurements

Displacement Power Factor

True Power Factor

Power Factor Measurements in Single-

Phase & Three-Phase Circuits

Practical Power Factor Measurement

Applications

112

i



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Part III: Power Measurements using a

Digital Oscilloscope

How to properly use a Digital Oscilloscope to

make Electrical Power Measurements

De Skew Operation

Measurement Examples on a Power SupplyInput and a PWM Inverter Output Measurement Comparison between the DSO

and a Power Analyzer

Answer your questions concerning


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Invitation to Power Measurement WebinarsPower Analysis: Precision AC Power MeasurementsThis one hour seminar will cover Precision Power
http://tmi.yokogawa.com/us/about/events/archives/power-analysis-precision-ac-power-measurements-03242011-2011-03-24/http://tmi.yokogawa.com/us/about/events/archives/power-analysis-precision-ac-power-measurements-03242011-2011-03-24/


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Measurements and Power Factor Measurements.

Power Measurement & Harmonic AnalysisThis 1-hour seminar is packed with tips and techniques for

making accurate power measurements on distorted waveforms like from a Power Supply, Electronic

Ballast and Variable Speed PWM Motor Drive. We will also cover methods for making and analyzing the

harmonic content of various power waveforms.

Advances in Precision Electrical Power MeasurementThis informative Webinar covers new measurement

techniques and solutions for making precision power measurements to improve product performance

and efficiency designs.

Back to the Basics of Electrical Power Measurement Target audience is Engineers and Technicians that need

to make Power Measurements but may not be experts in the field or may need a refresher course.

Power Analysis: Precision AC Power MeasurementsThis webinar will cover Precision Power Measurements

and Power Factor Measurements.

Digital Oscilloscope Power AnalysisIn this 1-hour seminar you will be introduced to the many specialized

power measurements necessary to evaluate switched-mode power supplies.

Requirements and Easy Solutions for Standby Power MeasurementsThis 30-minute Webinar discusses the

area of Standby Power Measurements.

Power Measurement and AnalysisPower measurement requires much more than a simple measurement of

voltage and current, requiring phase angle as well as harmonic distortion. Government regulations exist

for both. (not yet online)

Fundamentals of Electrical Power MeasurementsThis one hour webinar will provide attendees with

Solutions and Education for making Electrical Power Measurements.

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Webinars & Webinars On Demand
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