g8 hokkaido toyako summit leaders...
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2008/SOM3/HWG/005 Agenda Item: VIII
G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Leaders Declaration
Purpose: Information Submitted by: Japan
Second Health Working Group Meeting Lima, Peru
12–13 August 2008
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G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Leaders Declaration
Hokkaido Toyako, 8 July 2008
Development and Africa (Excerpt)
Health
45. As a result of its growing political and financial commitment to fight infectious diseases, the G8
has raised international awareness on global health issues and contributed to remarkable
improvements on health in partner countries, notably access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and
care; stabilization of tuberculosis incidence; increased coverage of innovative tools such as
insecticide-treated nets against malaria; impressive falls in measles deaths; and considerable
progress on polio which is closer to eradication than ever before. Investment through the Global Fund
to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria together with national efforts, bilateral and other multilateral
programs has enabled recipient countries to save more than 2.5 million lives to date. The Second
Voluntary Replenishment Conference held in Berlin in 2007 raised US$ 9.7 billion for expanded
activities during the period 2008-2010. But many challenges remain toward reaching the health-
related MDGs. G8 members are determined to honor in full their specific commitments to fight
infectious diseases, namely malaria, tuberculosis, polio and working towards the goal of universal
access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care by 2010. In this regard, we welcome the report
submitted by our health experts along with its attached matrices, showing G8 implementation of past
commitments to ensure accountability. Building on the Saint Petersburg commitments to fight
infectious diseases, the experts’ report sets forth the ‘Toyako Framework for Action’, which includes
the principles for action, and actions to be taken on health, drawing on the expertise of international
institutions. We also agreed to establish a follow-up mechanism to monitor our progress on meeting
our commitments.
46. In view of sustainability we aim at ensuring that disease-specific and health systems approaches
are mutually reinforcing and contribute to achieving all of the health MDGs, and will focus on the
following:
(a) We emphasize the importance of comprehensive approaches to address the strengthening of
health systems including social health protection, the improvement of maternal, newborn and
child health, the scaling-up of programs to counter infectious diseases and access to essential
medicines, vaccines and appropriate health-related products. We reiterate our support to our
African partners’ commitment to ensure that by 2015 all children have access to basic health care
(free wherever countries choose to provide this). We underline the need for partner countries to
work toward sustainable and equitable financing of health systems. We also welcome the efforts
of the Providing for Health Initiative as well as the International Health Partnership and the
Catalytic Initiative. We reiterate our commitment to continue efforts, to work towards the goals of
providing at least a projected US$ 60billion over 5 years, to fight infectious diseases and
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strengthen health. Some countries will provide additional resources for health systems including
water.
(b) Reliable health systems require a reliable health workforce. To achieve quantitative and qualitative
improvement of the health workforce, we must work to help train a sufficient number of health
workers, including community health workers and to assure an enabling environment for their
effective retention in developing countries. In this regard, we encourage the World Health
Organization (WHO) work on a voluntary code of practice regarding ethical recruitment of health
workers. The G8 members will work towards increasing health workforce coverage towards the
WHO threshold of 2.3 health workers per 1000 people, initially in partnership with the African
countries where we are currently engaged and that are experiencing a critical shortage of health
workers. We will also support efforts by partner countries and relevant stakeholders, such as
Global Health Workforce Alliance, in developing robust health workforce plans and establishing
specific, country-led milestones as well as for enhanced monitoring and evaluation, especially for
formulating effective health policies. In this context, we take note of the Kampala Declaration and
Agenda for Global Action adopted in March 2008 at the First Global Forum on Human Resources
for Health.
(c) We note that in some developing countries, achieving the MDGs on child mortality and maternal
health is seriously off-track, and therefore, in country-led plans, the continuum of prevention and
care, including nutrition should include a greater focus on maternal, new born and child health.
Reproductive health should be made widely accessible. The G8 will take concrete steps to work
toward improving the link between HIV/AIDS activities and sexual and reproductive health and
voluntary family planning programs, to improve access to health care, including preventing
mother-to-child transmission, and to achieve the MDGs by adopting a multisectoral approach and
by fostering community involvement and participation.
(d) As part of fulfilling our past commitments on malaria, we will continue to expand access to long-
lasting insecticide treated nets, with a view to providing 100 million nets through bilateral and
multilateral assistance, in partnership with other stakeholders by the end of 2010.
(e) To maintain momentum towards the historical achievement of eradicating polio, we will meet our
previous commitments to maintain or increase financial contributions to support the Global Polio
Eradication Initiative, and encourage other public and private donors to do the same.
(f) To build on our commitments made on neglected tropical diseases at St Petersburg, we will work
to support the control or elimination of diseases listed by the WHO through such measures as
research, diagnostics and treatment, prevention, awareness-raising and enhancing access to safe
water and sanitation. In this regard, by expanding health system coverage, alleviating poverty and
social exclusion as well as promoting adequate integrated public health approaches, including
through the mass administration of drugs, we will be able to reach at least 75% of the people
affected by certain major neglected tropical diseases in the most affected countries in Africa, Asia,
and Latin America, bearing in mind the WHO Plan. With sustained action for 3-5 years, this would
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enable a very significant reduction of the current burden with the elimination of some of these
diseases.
(g) We support ongoing work to review travel restrictions for HIV positive people with a view to
facilitating travel and we are committed to follow this issue.
Toyako Framework for Action on Global Health - Report of the G8 Health Experts Group -
8 July 2008
This report is the recommendation from the G8 Health Experts Group to the G8 leaders.
I Introduction 1. In developing this report, the Framework for Action, the Japanese Presidency set up a G8 Health Experts Group. Drawing on inputs from various stakeholders as appropriate, the G8 Experts have produced this report, which outlines the current situation, the principles for action, and actions to be taken on health. To ensure accountability, the report also includes annexes that show G8 implementation of its past commitments, building on what was agreed and initiated at St. Petersburg Summit in 2006 and the work conducted in 2007 during the German Presidency. 2. This year marks the mid-point of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The goal of scaling up towards universal access by 2010 regarding HIV/AIDS is also approaching us. In order to show determination, the G8 will demonstrate progress through annual review, including holding ourselves accountable for meeting past commitments, while maintaining an open dialogue with other key stakeholders. II Current Situation 3. At the G8 Kyushu Okinawa Summit in 2000, infectious disease was taken up for the first time as a major item on the agenda of the Summit. Since then, international awareness of global health issues including infectious diseases has risen and led to increased bilateral support as well as the establishment of new funding mechanisms such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, which we believe are great achievements of the G8. During this time, there has also been a substantial shift of landscape, with the formation of various partnerships and enhancement of activities of private foundations and civil societies.
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4. Substantial progress has been made in helping partner countries make progress on endpoints related to HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and polio. Access to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has expanded to 31% in 2007, while deaths from AIDS have been leveling off since 2003 in Sub-Sahara Africa; some 3 million people now have access and 1 million people started on treatment last year alone, around a 46.5% increase from the previous year. Other achievements include increased coverage of anti-malaria interventions, an overall decline in TB incidence worldwide ranging from 0.5%-3.2% in different regions, 91% fall in the death rate from measles in Africa and the most geographically focused in history in the incidence of polio. But progress is uneven, significant challenges remain and these diseases continue to claim millions of lives. 5. In contrast there has been far less progress in improving maternal health and in reducing the newborn portion of under-five child mortality, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. There has been significant progress in reducing vaccine preventable diseases, notably measles, yet malnutrition still contributes to half of all child deaths. III Principles for Action 6. The G8 will continue to work to meet its previous commitments, while addressing new challenges, through coordinated and complementary action. 7. The G8 will approach the health related MDGs in a comprehensive manner. The health related goals are inter-related as can be seen by the contribution of malaria and mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS to under-five mortality. It is also clear that health systems strengthening is important for effectively addressing health challenges as a whole. Disease specific approaches and health systems strengthening should be mutually reinforcing and both must contribute to achieving all of the health-related MDGs. Furthermore gender-sensitive approaches, focusing on the special needs of girls and women and boys and men are needed to help overcome the remaining health challenges.
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8. In addressing global health challenges, the human security perspective focusing on protection and empowerment of individuals and communities is critical, given that the health challenges directly affect human dignity and, in the words of the preamble to the World Health Organization Constitution, the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which is one of the fundamental human rights of every human being. Local communities are indispensable in tackling such health challenges. 9. In order to effectively address global health challenges, a longer-term perspective which extends beyond the 2015 deadline for the MDGs is needed. In addition to sustained awareness raising and prevention, supporting research and development is essential to identify the root causes of problems, find effective remedies for them and inform evidence based policies. It is equally necessary to strengthen assistance to build the capacity of developing countries to conduct biomedical research to promote the development of new and innovative diagnostics, vaccines and drugs for infectious diseases, behavioral research, and operational research to improve methods of addressing public health problems including research on evaluation methods and indicators. 10. In order to tackle various global health challenges in partner developing countries, financial and human resources need to be mobilized from a wide range of stakeholders, such as partner developing countries themselves, as well as donor countries, civil society, and the private sector. The effective utilization of those resources requires the leadership and good governance of developing countries and the respect of their ownership consistent with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. The G8 welcomes the efforts of the Providing for Health Initiative as well as the International Health Partnership and the Catalytic Initiative. These health-related initiatives should enhance in a coherent manner the efforts of partner developing countries. The G8 will work to ensure its assistance to partner developing countries is well coordinated in support of national health plans.
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IV Actions to be taken A. Health Systems Strengthening 11. Health systems are multi-dimensional. The international community should tackle various aspects of health systems such as the health workforce and human resources for health; health information; good governance; essential infrastructure; quality assurance; management of medical products and essential drug supply systems; and sustainable and equitable health financing of the health systems. Aiming to work towards universal access to health services, the G8 emphasizes the importance of comprehensive approaches to address the strengthening of health systems including social health protection, and will work with partner countries to promote adequate coverage of recurrent costs in health systems. 12. An adequate health workforce is central to effective health systems. There is an estimated shortage of about 4 million health workers globally and 1.5 million in Africa. In order to work towards universal access to health services also for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged, the international community must act as a whole, addressing this gap with a sense of urgency. The G8 members will work towards increasing health workforce coverage towards the WHO threshold of 2.3 health workers per 1000 people, initially in partnership with the African countries where we are currently engaged and that are experiencing a critical shortage of health workers as is shown in the annexes to this report, while taking into account the specifically needed skill mix as well as regional disparities and individual country needs. 13. It is important to increase the use of skilled health workers and empower them in the field; promote capacity-building for central and district health officers; secure well-being and vitality of health workers; and provide technical assistance for strengthening planning capacity for human resources development. In order to increase and improve the supply of health workers, measures such as ‘Treat, Train and Retain’ (TTR) of health workers and task-shifting between health workers should be
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encouraged. The G8 encourages the WHO work on a voluntary code of practice regarding international ethical recruitment of health workers. The G8 takes note of the Kampala Declaration and Agenda for Global Action in March 2008 adopted at the First Global Forum on Human Resources for Health that articulated the importance of retention of health workers and their equitable distribution, and described priority steps, with the Global Health Workforce Alliance facilitating its implementation. 14. Appropriate monitoring and evaluation of health systems help to enable policy-makers to base their decisions on accurate health information and progress evaluations of national and international health policies, including policies that target achieving polio eradication, the health related MDGs and expanding the health workforce. In this respect, the G8 recognizes the value of using maternal health indicators to help track and assess health systems performance. G8 encourages further collaboration among stakeholders with the aim of standardizing health metrics to collect, analyze and evaluate health data for policy planning and evaluation. 15. The international community must enhance the capacity of health systems to respond to newly emerging health challenges such as human cases of H5N1 avian influenza and other viruses with pandemic potential, as well as natural disasters. B. Maternal, Newborn and Child Health 16. Maternal, newborn and child health and care, and sexual and reproductive health are important for promoting health in individuals, families and communities. While there have been gains in reducing overall child deaths, there has been little progress in reducing newborn and maternal mortality. 17. Significant gains have been made in reducing under-five mortality through increased coverage of measles and other routine vaccinations, micro-nutrients supplementation, and proven malaria interventions. However, almost ten million children under the age of five continue to die
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every year, mostly from preventable causes. We recommend that the G8 will continue to support the scale up of comprehensive packages of child health interventions, including those listed above, especially at the community level. In addition, the G8 will work to decrease neonatal mortality, the largest remaining area of under-five mortality. 18. We recommend that the G8 will contribute to support a comprehensive approach to reducing maternal and newborn mortality through investment across the continuum of care work to improve access to quality antenatal and postnatal care, increasing access to skilled birth attendants bearing in mind the target agreed at the ICPD+5 in 1999, 90% of all births should be assisted by skilled attendants by 2015, backed by access to emergency obstetric care, to reach the MDGs target of a three quarters reduction in maternal deaths during the period 1990 to 2015. An effective approach will maximize the contacts between the health worker and the mother and child and maximize linkages across programs to deliver a range of effective interventions. It will invest in the health workforce, health facilities and culturally appropriate referral systems and tools such as simple and culturally appropriate handbooks for maternal and child health. Reproductive health should be made widely accessible. 19. The major causes of under-five mortality are acute respiratory infections including pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, neonatal and prenatal conditions, malaria, and malnutrition. Cost-effective tools to address these conditions, such as ORT (oral rehydration therapy) and zinc and basic hygiene for diarrheal diseases and antibiotics for pneumonia must be provided. 20. Good nutrition is a fundamental requirement for health, and it is critical to the success of various health programs including maternal, newborn and child health and infectious disease programs. The therapeutic benefits of treatments for AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria or preventive effects of regular immunizations are enhanced with adequate nutrition and appropriate supplies of micro-nutrients. In any nutrition programs, the inter-relationship between infectious disease measures, education programs and poverty alleviation measures should be
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considered. The G8 will consider the recent rise in food prices which could jeopardize the nutritional status of vulnerable groups, in implementing any nutrition programs so that targeted interventions can address the risk and consequences of malnutrition among those groups. C. Infectious Diseases 21. The international community needs to continue to strengthen its efforts in scaling up towards the goal of universal access to prevention, treatment, and care and support of HIV/AIDS by 2010, including by meeting our pledges at Heiligendamm to support life-saving ART through bilateral and multilateral efforts for approximately 5 million people, to prevent 24 million new infections, and to care for 24 million people, as well as to scale up coverage of programs for the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS in Africa. In order to tackle the causes of the disease, accelerating efforts for comprehensive and evidence based prevention including prevention of mother to child transmission and addressing sexual exploitation and gender based violence remain critical. Given the vulnerability and susceptibility of women to HIV infections and steadily increasing proportion of women among those newly infected, there is a need for gender analysis, promotion of gender equality and actions to address the specific needs of women and girls. Support for sexual and reproductive health should be made available and accessible to adolescents and to other highly vulnerable groups. Barriers of discrimination, stigma and exclusion which prevent access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support should be eliminated. The G8 supports ongoing work to review travel restrictions for HIV positive people with a view to facilitating travel and we are committed to follow this issue. 22. Although progress has been made in increasing case detection and treatment success rates, the international community is still off the track of the Global Plan to Stop TB, 2006-2015. The Plan aims to cut TB deaths in half by the year 2015 compared to 1990 levels, saving some 14 million lives over this ten year period. The expansion of the STOP TB Strategy including high-quality DOTS (directly observed treatment short-course) is essential for many developing countries with weak surveillance capacities and
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contributes to strengthening health systems. The G8 must also strengthen surveillance and diagnostic systems for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) as well as integrated collaborative approaches to address co-infection of HIV and tuberculosis as recommended by WHO. 23. We recommend that the G8 will continue to work individually and collectively over the next few years to enable the 30 countries in Africa with the highest malaria prevalence to reach at least 85 percent coverage of vulnerable groups with effective measures to achieve a 50 percent reduction in malaria-related deaths. The G8 should continue to expand access to long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLITN), integrated vector control mechanisms like indoor residual spraying in accordance with the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, early diagnosis, and treatment with effective anti-malaria medicines (ACT: artemisinin-based combination therapy) and intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. As part of fulfilling its past commitments on malaria, the G8 will continue to expand access to LLITN with a view to providing 100 million nets through bilateral and multilateral assistance, in partnership with other stakeholders. Continuous vigilance and pre-emptive action should also be supported to help manage and prevent resistance to ACT and the threat to effective treatment that it would bring. 24. The incidence of polio is at its most geographically focused in history and we have the opportunity to eradicate the disease if we intensify our efforts. The G8 will meet its previous commitments to maintain or increase financial contributions to support the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, and encourage other public and private donors to do the same. The G8 supports a strong commitment by polio-endemic countries, and will work with them in the efforts to eradicate polio, bearing in mind the World Health Assembly resolution urging poliomyelitis-affected countries to engage all levels of political and civil society in these efforts. 25. An estimated one billion people are affected by a range of neglected tropical diseases (NTD) which cause substantial health, economic and
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social burdens in poor countries. Efforts to control or eliminate NTDs need to be reinvigorated. The G8 will work to support the control or elimination of diseases listed by the WHO through such measures as research, diagnostics and treatment, prevention, awareness-raising and enhancing access to safe water and sanitation. In this regard, by expanding health system coverage, alleviating poverty and social exclusion as well as promoting adequate integrated public health approaches, including through the mass administration of drugs, we will be able to reach at least 75% of the people affected by certain major neglected tropical diseases in the most affected countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, bearing in mind the WHO Plan. With sustained action for 3-5 years, this would enable a very significant reduction of the current burden with the elimination of some of these diseases. D. Promotion of Cross-Sectoral Approach 26. Health issues cannot be solved by working through the health sector alone. The G8 acknowledges the importance of enhancing linkages between health and other areas, both at the policy and field levels and between health programs. In particular, we recognize the close relationship between the internationally recognized goals on health, poverty, education, gender and safe water and sanitation. Successful disease prevention programs require community action and a strong multi-sectoral response. Development of other basic infrastructure - such as roads, utilities and ICT also contribute to improving health conditions. The reduction of gender inequalities, the empowerment of women and the reduction of violence against women and girls can positively affect health. We recommend that the G8 will advance strategies and programmes that tackle these issues. 27. The G8 will strive to support integrated approaches. Schools, communities and civic organizations are useful platforms for improving health and the awareness on health through, for example, life-skills education, knowledge transfer to families and communities, and school based public health interventions.
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28. Concerning climate change, it is important to support the work being done by WHO and other relevant organizations to analyze the potential health impacts related to climate change, while noting that the science in this area is still developing. E. Resources 29. G8 assistance for health has been increasing since 2002. At Heiligendamm the G8 committed to provide at least $60 billion for fighting AIDS, malaria and TB and strengthening health systems. Already in 2008 significant additional commitments, especially in the context of contributions to the Global Fund, have been provided. The G8 reiterates its commitment to continue efforts, to work towards the goals of providing at least projected $60 billion over the coming years to fight infectious diseases and strengthen health systems. The G8 also reiterates the importance of developing countries allocating more of their own resources for health. 30. The G8 also recognizes that for progress to be made on maternal, reproductive and child health, and emerging and neglected health priorities, additional resources - from both domestic and international sources - are needed if the health MDGs are to be achieved. Polio eradication has urgent funding requirement for the next five years of at least $980 m for 2008 to 2012 according to GPEI; unless met, prospects for eradication will deteriorate.
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July 2008Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
July 2008Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
BackgroundBackgroundAddress by Foreign Minister KoumuraGlobal Health and Japan’s Foreign Policy – From Okinawa to Toyako – (25 November 2007)
Special Address by Prime Minister Fukudaon the Occasion of the Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum
‘I intend to focus on health, water and
education at the G8 Summit’ (26 January 2008)
➩Proposed to develop a framework for action✦Established the G8 Health Experts’Meeting and convened it
three times.✦ Conducted hearing from H８ （WHO, World Bank, UNICEF,
UNFPA, UNAIDS, Global Fund, GAVI, Gates Foundation), Norway and AU as outreach members of the Meeting.
✦Conducted hearings from academia and NGOs in various forms.
１１
Framework for Action（Summary）Framework for Action（Summary）
２２
I. Introduction
II. Current Situation
III. Principles for Action
IV. Actions to be Taken
1. Post G8 Kyushu Okinawa Summit: Increased bilateral support, establishment of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, enhancement of activities of private foundations and civil societies.
2. Substantial progress in the field of infectious diseases, but significant challenges remain.
3. Far less progress in improving maternal, newborn and childhealth. Issue of under-nutrition.
1. Meeting previous commitments.2. Comprehensive approach towards health-related MDGs.3. The Human Security perspective: Protection/empowerment
of individuals and communities.4. Longer-term perspective: supporting research and development.5. Participatory approach, aid effectiveness.
The report includes annexes that show G8 implementation ofits past commitments. G8 will follow-up through annual review.
1. Health Systems Strengthening2. Maternal, Newborn and Child Health3. Infectious Diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, Malaria, Polio,
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD))4. Cross-sectoral Approach 5. Resources
Framework for Action (Conceptual Image)
Framework for Action (Conceptual Image)
DevelopingCountries
Infra-structure
EducationWater andSanitation
Gender
Health Systems StrengtheningExpansion of community health
Human Resource Development of Health Workers
Focus on women and childrenMaternal, Newborn and Child Health
Malaria
G8/DevelopedCountries
Newly EmergingDonors
UN/InternationalOrganizations
Private SectorNGOs
Academia
３３
TB
OtherInfectious Diseases
(NTD, measles etc.)Non-infectious
Diseases
HIV/AIDSPolio
Development of Framework for Action suitable for 21st Century(The Human Security perspective, participatory approach）
Framework for Action(Health Systems Strengthening)
Framework for Action(Health Systems Strengthening)
✦Human Resource DevelopmentWork towards increasing health workforce coverage of a WHO threshold of 2.3* health workers per 1,000 people.Reference: There are 37 African countries out of 46 countries under the WHO Regional Office for Africa which haven’t achieved the 2.3 threshold. (The current average is estimated at 1.9 per 1,000)
✦Monitoring and EvaluationIndispensable for policy planning
✦Enhance the capacity of health systems to respond to newly emerging health challenges and natural disasters.
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Population density of health care professionalsrequired to ensure skilled attendance at birth
Doctors, nurses and midwives per 1,000 population
Coverage of birth by skilled birth
attendants (%)
Minimum desiredlevel of coverage
Lower bound (2.02)
UpperBound(2.54)
ThresholdEstimate (2.28)
Source：World Health Report 2006 (WHO)
Reference: Japan’s approachTraining of 100,000 health and medical workers in coming five years in Africa (Committed at TICAD IV)
【Reference】 The average number of health workers (total number of physicians, nurses, midwives as well as community health workers) in WHO member states. Africa – 2.3 (*different from the above 2.3)Europe – 18.9 Eastern Mediterranean - 4.0Americas - 24.8 South East Asia – 4.3Western Pacific – 5.8 World – 9.3
Footnote: On average, countries with fewer than 2.5 healthcare professionals (counting only doctors, nurses and midwives) per 1,000 population failed to achieve an 80% coverage rate for deliveries by skilled birth attendants or for measles immunization.
Framework for Action (maternal, newborn and child health )
Framework for Action (maternal, newborn and child health )
Far less progress in improving maternal health and in reducing the newborn portion of under-five child mortality.
【【ChildrenChildren】】
UnderUnder--five mortality rate five mortality rate （（per 1,000 live birthsper 1,000 live births））
・・SubSub--Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa：：166166・・Average for developed countriesAverage for developed countries：：99
Estimates for 2005 indicate that 10 million children died Estimates for 2005 indicate that 10 million children died before their fifth birthday, mostly from preventable causes.before their fifth birthday, mostly from preventable causes.
【【Pregnant MothersPregnant Mothers】】
maternal mortality ratio (a womanmaternal mortality ratio (a woman’’s risk of dying from s risk of dying from treatable or preventable complications of pregnancy and treatable or preventable complications of pregnancy and childbirth)childbirth)・・SubSub--Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa：：1 in 161 in 16・・Developed countriesDeveloped countries：： 1 in 3,8001 in 3,800
Half a million women continue to die each year during Half a million women continue to die each year during pregnancy or childbirth, almost all of them in subpregnancy or childbirth, almost all of them in sub--Saharan Saharan Africa and Asia.Africa and Asia.(Source: 2005 UNICEF statistics/2007 MDGs Report)(Source: 2005 UNICEF statistics/2007 MDGs Report)
Health-related Millennium Development Goals✦Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
✦Goal 5: Improve maternal healthReduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. ５５Source: UNICEF “Progress for Children: A
World Fit for Children Statistical Review”
Continuum of CareImportance of providing continuum of care in time and place from pre-pregnancy, through pregnancy, childbirth, and the early days and years of life. (Increasing access toskilled birth attendants, simple andculturally appropriate handbooksfor maternal and child health).Nutrition✦The critical importance of
improvement of nutrition for a child under 24 months.
✦Need to consider recent rise in food prices which could jeopardize the nutritional status of vulnerable groups.
６６
Maternal Health
PostpartumBirthPregnancyAdolescencePre-pregnancy
ChildhoodInfancyNeonatalPostnatal
Source： The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Healthcare （PMNCH）
A mother and a child with a doctor using the MCH Handbook ‘Messages of Life’ provided by the Japanese Government in PalestinePhoto provided by: JICA
Reference: Japan’s approachSave the lives of 400,000 children in coming five years in Africa. （Committed at TICAD IV)
Health Facilities – Primary & Referral care
Households
Communities
Linking the places of
care giving
Linking across the times of caregivingLinking across the times of caregiving
【Target of ICPD+5*】‘Globally… all birth should be assisted by skilled attendants by 2010, 85 per cent, and by 2015, 90 per cent.’【Current Situation】
Globally：68%, Africa: 46.5% (WHO)*The twenty-first special session of the General Assembly five years after the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994.
Framework for Action(maternal, newborn and child health )
Framework for Action(maternal, newborn and child health )
７７
AIDS✦Importance of scaling up towards
the goal of universal access.✦prevention (esp. mother to child
transmission), gender equality,social care (support of the ongoing work to review travelrestrictions for HIV positive people).
2006200620022002１９９０１９９０ 19951995
１０１０
８８
６６
４４
２２
2.52.5
2.02.0
1.81.8
1.01.0
0.50.5
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: Three Major Infectious Diseases)
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: Three Major Infectious Diseases)
Health-related Millennium Development Goals✦Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS,
malaria & other disease･ Have halved by 2015 and begun to reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
･ Have halved by 2015 and begun to reverse the
incidence of malaria and other major diseases. Source： MDGs Report 2007
Annual number of AIDS deaths in sub-Saharan AfricaHIV prevalence in sub-Saharan AfricaHIV prevalence in developing regions(excluding sub-Saharan Africa)A
nnual n
um
ber o
f death
due to
AID
S (M
illions)
HIV
prevale
nce in
adults a
ged
15-
49(Percenta
ge)
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: Three Major Infectious Disease)
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: Three Major Infectious Disease)
Tuberculosis✦Global Plan to Stop TB 2006 -2015.(Halve prevalence and death rates by 2015 from 1990 levels).✦DOTS (directly observed treatment, short-course) contributes to strengthening health systems.✦Importance of tackling multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB) and co-infection of HIV and tuberculosis.
MalariaLong-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLITNs), indoor residual spraying, early diagnosis, treatment. ８８
Distribution of the Global Fund（As of 30 July 2008）
・Grants: US$ 10.8 billion
(136 countries, 527 projects)
・Disbursed to approved grants: US$ 5.9 billion
(136 countries, 508 projects)
Results of the Global Fund・Saved 2.5 million lives in total
・Saving more than 3,000 lives per day
Reference: Japan’s approach・In February 2005, pledged to distribute 10 million LLITNs. Decision for project implementation was completed by end 2007.
・In May 2008, pledged additional contribution of US$ 560 million for the Global Fund for coming years.
・Collaborates with NGO. Convenes international TB symposium （24 – 25 July 2008).
ＵＮＩＣＥＦ
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: Polio)
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: Polio)
✦ The incidence of polio is at its most geographically focused in history. Wild poliovirus is limited in 4 countries: Nigeria, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan.
⇒ Importance of approach towards eradication.
✦Commitment by polio-endemic countries
✦Support by donorcountries
９９
Source： Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)
Reference: Japan’s approachAssistance to polio vaccination through UNICEF etc. focusing on polio endemic countries.
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: NTD)
Framework for Action(Infectious Diseases: NTD)
14 Diseases Currently Listed as NTD by WHO
１０１０
Efforts to control or eliminate Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)
✦Research and Development✦Diagnostic and Treatment✦Awareness-raising activities for
prevention✦Enhancing Access to safe water and
sanitation
Disease
Blinding trachoma ◎
Buruli ulcer
Chagas disease
Dengue
Dracunculiasis/guinea-worm disease
Human African trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness
Leishmaniases
Lymphatic filariasis/elephantiasis ◎
Leprosy
Onchocerciasis (river blindness) ◎
Schistosomiases ◎
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis(Roundworm, Whipworm, Hookworm)
◎
Cholera
Yaws
Reference：Japan’s Approach【Global Parasite Control Initiative （Hashimoto Initiative）】
✦Establishment of hub centers for parasite control✦Holding of workshops and cooperation promotion
meetings【Other Cooperation in the Field of Parasite Control】✦Approach towards eradication of guinea-worm
disease✦Approach towards control of Chagas disease✦Approach towards control of Lymphatic filariasis
◎: Targeted diseases of the presidential initiative for NTD
control announced by President Bush on 20 February 2008.
Framework for Action(Cross-Sectoral Approach)
Framework for Action(Cross-Sectoral Approach)
The importance of integratedapproach
✦water & sanitation✦education✦gender✦climate change✦Infrastructure
Progress of the Water-related MDGs (2002)
Source：WHO/UNICEF
1.07 billion people (17% of the world) lack access to safe drinking water (97％ of them live in developing countries). More people lack access in Oceania (52%) and sub-Saharan Africa (55%)
Millennium Development GoalsGoal 2: Achieve universal primary education・Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women・Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 andin all levels of education no later than 2015.
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability・Reduce by half the proportion of peoplewithout sustainable access to safe drinkingwater.
１１１１
【Progress of the sanitation-related MDGs (2002)】
2.62 billion people (42 % of the world) lack access to basic sanitation (97％ of them live in developing countries). More people lack access in sub-Saharan Africa (37%), South Asia (36%) and East Asia (45%)Improvement is especially slow in rural areas, and it will be difficult to achieve this goal by 2015
Framework for Action(Cross-Sectoral Approach)
Framework for Action(Cross-Sectoral Approach)
About 72 million children of primary school age were not in school in 2005. 3.3 million in sub-Saharan Africa.
Source： EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008 (UNESCO)
Universal Primary Education (2005)
１２１２
Reference: Japan’s approach【Africa’s Water Development】－Provide safe drinking water to 6.5
million people－Develop 5,000 water-related human
resources－Dispatch of the Water Security Action
Team (W-SAT)
【Education and Human Resource Development】
－Construct 1,000 primary and secondary schools containing roughly 5,500 classrooms for about 400,000 children
－Expand SMASE (Strengthening ofMathematics and Science in Education) projects for 100,000 teachers in Africa, and 300,000 teachers globally.
－Expand projects to improve educational environment based on “School for All”models for 10,000 schools in West Africa. (Committed at TICAD IV）
Arab States
3,165
2,449
4,555
3,673
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
1999 2005
year
nu
mbe
r
boys
girls
Sub-Saharan Africa
19,939
15,076
22,484
17,698
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1999 2005
year
nu
mbe
r
boys
girls
East Asia and the Pacif ic
3,412
4,572
3,412
4,952
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1999 2005
year
nu
mbe
r
boys
girls
Latin America/Caribbean
1,654
1,241
1,941
1,192
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1999 2005
year
nu
mbe
r
boys
girls
South and West Asia
9,745
5,811
21,689
11,281
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1999 2005
year
num
ber boys
girls