Gandhi & India 1915 - 1948

Gandhi & India 1915 - 1948World History : Grade 12

Key Terms / Words Viramgam 1915 Rowlatt Satyagraha Rowlatt Bill/ActGeneral Hartal Protest Amritsar MassacreGeneral Dyer Chauri Chaura (NCM 1920-1922) Indian National CongressHind Swaraj / Englistan Salt March

Gandhis first Satyagraha in India1915 : Viramgam over their customs cordon.

This customs cordon forced third class passengers to be medically inspected at the Viragram train station for sanitary reasons.

Problem : only third class passengers. Gandhi explained that these passengers were treated like they were sheep, servants, and often missed the train as a result.

1915 : ViramgamWhen Gandhi was informed of the situation the first thing he asked was are you prepared to go to jail and the reply was we will certainly go to jail, provided you lead us.

Gandhi took this issue to the Bombay Government.

This was the beginning of Satyagraha in India.

Rowlatt Satyagraha : 1919After WWI there was a high level of dissatisfaction in India

The British had broken promises of more political freedom

Conflict

Riots

Rowlatt Satyagraha : 1919Justice Rowlatt

February 1919 the British introduced the Rowlatt Bill.

Gandhi took immediate action

Rowlatt Satyagraha : 1919Gandhi established a nationwide general hartal protest that was to begin April 6th 1919. He advised Indians not to venture into any economic activity with the British, which meant no purchases of merchandise and closing of factories and schools.

The British answer to all of this uproar came down to the establishment of the Marshall Law that put major limitations on political movements by Indians, and their right to assemble.

The Amritsar MassacreApril 13th 1919, the day of the holy festival of Baisakhi, more than 10,000 people gathered in the citys Jallinanwalla Bagh (garden).

General Reginald Dyer (British Officer) and 50 soldiers attacked.

This resulted in the death of 379 people and about 1200 being badly wounded.

The Amritsar MassacreBritishs true colors of violence when their goals were being threatened.

This movement allowed Gandhi to be better known and his philosophy and politics of Satyagraha became widely accepted among India and the Indian National congress.

Chauri Chaura (Non Cooperation movement 1920 -1922) Significant because it showed that Gandhi believed in the principles of Satyagraha/Sarvodaya more than the outcome.

The goal was to not cooperate with the Britishs unjust laws.

Gandhi asked his followers to leave there jobs, schools, and any British position.

Chauri Chaura (NCM 1920 -1922) February 1922 marked a turning point in the successful campaign.

Extreme violence was used against the British and people were killed.

Gandhi realized that he had to call off his campaign although he had been notably close to victory.

Beliefs and Principals

Chauri Chaura (NCM 1920 -1922) This proved that he would have to re-educate peasants and define more strict guidelines to his campaigns.

Peasants were very important to Gandhis movements because they were in his opinion the most pure, due to not being as heavily colonized.

Took 8 years before another movement (Salt March 1930)

The Indian National Congress (INC) : Gandhis role Gandhi had always felt the need for a lack of government institutions

Hind Swaraj / Englistan

Wanted INC to be an NGO

The Indian National Congress (INC) : Gandhis role Become president of INC for one year in 1925.

The goal was in Gandhis vision to turn the INC into a parallel government with an organized hierarchy. This allowed people from all walks of life in India to join the congress. (Anyone could join Would help in future)

1934 he retired from politics Felt he was not needed and many people in the INC thought his views to be radical

1930 : Salt March Gandhis Salt March of 1930 represented the pinnacle of Gandhis success and power

Gandhi had learned from mistakes

Gandhi now had a global audience

1930: Salt March Gandhi had gained so many followers . When he started the Salt March he had 78 selected people, and by the time he walked his distance of 241 miles he had 1200 people with him.

Waiting till April 6th to actually walk down to the beach Symbolic (Jallianwalabagh massacre).

Top leaders of the INC were jailed, including Gandhi, others took their place. (Gandhi arrested very early in campaign)

This fight against the Salt Tax was able to continue without Gandhi because he was able to set up such a structured and disciplined system that the British had no answer.

Gandhi showed up in Dandi with 1200 people, not long after 1700 ended up in jail.( Followers continued to grow)

1930: Salt March At the end of the Salt March the satyagrahis were unable to take over the Dharasana Salt works and the salt tax was not lifted.

The Salt March was able to provide a powerful symbol of what satyagrahas potential was and that they were not to be taken lightly.

The salt satyagraha received worldwide coverage and evoked global sympathy for the satyagrahis. Two years in a row, 1930 and 1931, Gandhi appeared on the cover of Time magazine, which also designated him Man of the Year 1930.

Salt March http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sCsArbBloU

Independence 1947The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India movement (led by "Mahatma" Gandhi)

The Indian National Army (INA) movement (led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose) and others, eventually resulting in the withdrawal of the British.

1947 Independence

Gandhi is assassinated 1948 (78)

Assignment Write a 2 page (double spaced) essay on one of the following:

Gandhi & Satyagraha

Gandhi in South Africa Why is it important?

Is Gandhi a Global icon? Why?

Gandhi and the Salt March

Gandhi and his role in the independence of India

Is Gandhi still relevant?

Pick your own topic Rubric 20 marks

5 marks Grammar and Spelling5 marks clear introduction and conclusion10 marks Clear answered your question