OFFSHORE EMISSIONS & TEC NOLOGY

Micki J. JainProduct Definition Manager – Offshore

Global PetroleumHouston, Texas

OFFSHORE EMISSIONS & TECHNOLOGY SCR GAS

ENGINES

OFFSHORE EMISSIONS & TECHNOLOGYOFFSHORE EMISSIONS & TECHNOLOGY

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Agenda OverviewEmission Regulations for Offshore

• Applicability• International Maritime

Organization (IMO)• US Emission Control

AreasTechnologies

• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

• Gas Engines• Dual Fuel

Applicability of Regulations

IMO – International NOx Regulation for Vessels, from NOx Technical Code MEPC58

•IMO II Diesel engines over 130 kW installed on vessels engaged in international voyages with Keel laid onor after 1/1/2011.

• Applies to any diesel engine over 130 kW that undergoes a “major conversion” on or after 1 January, 2011.A major conversion is:

–The engine is replaced*.

–Any substantial modification exceeding emissions.

–Rating Increase 10%.

The regulation does not apply to emergency engines. Also, all engines solely dedicated to the exploitationof sea bed minerals are exempt from IMO requirements (Regulation 3 of Annex 5, Formerly Regulation 19)

*An exact replacement is allowed. Engines which are not exact, must be upgraded to IMO standard ineffect at the time of replacement.

IMO I & II & III Emissions Limits

•IMO II, NOx = 44 x N-0.23 Where N is rated RPM

–Effective Jan 1, 2011

•IMO III, NOx = 9 x N-0.20 Where N is rated RPM

–** Effective Jan 1, 2016

•Effective date refers to date ship’s keel laid

•**Note: Applies only within designated Emissions Control Areas (ECA) zones

02468

1012141618

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000

IMO I

IMO II

IMO III

9.84 g/kw-hr

NOx (g/kw-hr)

RPM

7.66 g/kw-hr

1.96 g/kw-hr

North America IMO III NECA zoneFrom EPA

USA NECA Zone is now in effect, August 2012 http://www.epa.gov/oms/oceanvessels.htm#emissioncontrol

IMO Tier III NOx Emissions limits take effect for all vessels with keels laid 1/1/2016 when operating in the zone

Fuel Sulfur limits are now in effect in the NECA zone.

Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Regions

Additional EPA requirements for OCS regions

Who?– Drillships, jack up rigs, platforms that attach to the sea floor, regardless of flag

What?– Marine propulsion engines and auxiliaries must meet current stationary engine standards

(NSPS & NESHAP) in certain geographic locations (See OCS regions below)– (Reasonably Available Control Technology)

– EPA has Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) for these regions• Adopted stationary regulations (1992) to keep attainment areas from deteriorating into

non-attainmentWhere?– East of 87.5 degree longitude in US Gulf– Offshore regions of Alaska

When?– This regulation has been in place since 1992– NESHAP 2013, Tier 4i is current RACT

Diesel NSPS Limits and NESHAP

Diesel NSPS limits currently are at Nonroad Tier 4i for non emergency engines < 2237 bkW, Tier 2 for engines > 2237 bkW and < 15L/cyl– Marine limits for engines >15L cyl < 30L cyl (C280)

NESHAP has myriad of service interval and maintenance requirements, and latest addition of the rule 40CFR63 subpart ZZZZ would have required a DOC

– Due to comments from the EMA and Industry, EPA has re-opened the proposed rule to public comment prior to November 2, 2012.

– EPA’s proposed rule would require only maintenance practice and no DOC.

EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY

SCR

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Advantages: •Highly efficient (removes up to 95% NOx)

•Can be turned on and off for varying emissions standards

•Engine optimized fuel economy

•Proven emissions solution

•No new engine components to require maintenance

•No additional equipment required for tier 4 final emissions levels

How it works: •Process by which oxides of nitrogen (NOx) contained in diesel exhaust are reduced to nitrogen (N2) and water (H20)

•Requires diesel exhaust fluid (DEF)

•Airless or Air assisted DEF injection system

•Exhaust flows through a Clean Emissions Module to eliminate NOx

SCR System Overview

Urea Tank

DEFCompressed AirWire Harness

Dosing Cabinet

Air Compressor*

Urea Transfer Pump

Clean Emissions Module

*Images Shown Not to Scale

*In most applications

Offshore Drilling Installation with SCR

SCR Top View

EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY

SCR

GAS ENGINES

Gas Engines

Emissions, Noise, Water, Local RegulationsIncreasingly challenging emissions regulationsEnvironmental concern and activism in existing and prospective oil and gas areas

NAAQS limits are changingNO2 and Ozone limits

Flaring LegislationIncreasing costs of Diesel fuel

Utilizing natural gas offers quick payback by offsetting diesel cost with low cost gas

Main Drivers for Natural Gas Use in Power Generation

Comparison

3 X 1356 kW (1818 hp)

3 X 1,101 kW (1476 hp)

•Total NOx 22.86 kg/hr (50.4 lb/hr )

•Total PM .08 kg/hr (.18 lb/hr)

•Total NOx 2.72 kg/hr (6lb/hr)

•Total PM 0 kg/hr

Diesel Gas

Reduce NOx by 88.1%, PM by 100%

CATERPILLAR EMISSIONS TECHNOLOGY

SCR

Dual Fuel Engines

Dual Fuel: Technology

Dual Fuel: How it works

Dual Fuel: EmissionsNOx limit values according to IMO II:– 10.53 g/kWh (n = 500

rpm)Main Engine: diesel electric drive:– 10.0 g/kWh

Auxiliary genset: – 10.0 g/kWh

NOx limit values according to IMO III:– 2.59 g/kWh (n = 500

rpm)Gas mode– 2.50 g/kWh

Key Take AwayNeed for awareness of different types of

regulations depending on location and application

Different technologies available to address these regulations

Thank You