gear measurement and basic concepts
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
1/34
By
K.VARUN
ROLL NO 123511
GEAR MEASUREMENT
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
2/34
INTRODUCTION
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs,
which mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque.
Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a
power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh
with another gear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-
rotating toothed part, called a rack, thereby producing translation
instead of rotation.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
3/34
HISTORY
The earliest known reference to gears was circa A.D. 50 by Hero
of Alexandria, but they can be traced back to the Greek
mechanics of the Alexandrian school in the 3rd century B.C. and
were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes(287212 B.C.).
The Antikythera mechanism is an example of a very early and
intricate geared device, designed to calculate astronomical
positions. Its time of construction is now estimated between 150
and 100 BC.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
4/34
DEFINITION
Gears are toothed members which transmit power / motion
between two shafts by meshing without any slip.
A wheel with teeth around its rim that mesh with the teeth of
another wheel to transmit motion.
In any pair of gears, the smaller one is called pinion and the
larger one is called gear immaterial of which is driving the other.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
5/34
CLASSIFICATION OF GEARS
Gears are classified according to the shape of the tooth pair and
disposition into
spur
helical
bevel
worm
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
6/34
SPUR GEAR
Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation
Transmit power from one shaft to
another parallel shaft
Used in Electric screwdriver,
oscillating sprinkler, windup alarm
clock, washing machine and clothesdryer
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
7/34
Helical Gear The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear
This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more
smoothly and quietly than spur gears
One interesting thing about helical gears is that if the angles of the
gear teeth are correct, they can be mounted on perpendicular shafts,
adjusting the rotation angle by 90 degrees
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
8/34
Helical Gear
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
9/34
Types of Helical gear1. Cross helical gears
Crossed Helical Gears are a type of Helical Gears only. They are
the typical example of two helical gears applied for transmitting
power between non parallel and non-intersecting shafts.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
10/34
2. Double Helical Gears
Double Helical Gear or Herringbone Gear is of cylindrical form. It
has two sections of teeth, right hand and the other left hand. They
operate by engaging themselves simultaneously with the teeth of an
identically designed mating gear.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
11/34
Contd
To avoid axial thrust, two helical
gears of opposite hand can be
mounted side by side, to cancel
resulting thrust forces
Herringbone gears are mostly used
on heavy machinery.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
12/34
Rack and pinion
Rack and pinion gears are used to
convert rotation (From the pinion)
into linear motion (of the rack)
A perfect example of this is the
steering system on many cars
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
13/34
Bevel gears
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs
to be changed
They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but
can be designed to work at other angles as well
Based on the arrangement of teeth on bevel gears can be divided
into straight, spiral & hypoid gears.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
14/34
Straight bevel gears
A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with most of its
tip cut off.
Wide application of the straight bevel drives is in automotive
differentials, right angle drives of blenders and conveyors.
Straight bevel gears are generally used only at speeds below
5 m/s or, for small gears, 1000 r.p.m.
A typical application of straight bevel used in differential
application in automobiles.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
15/34
Contd.
. Bevel gears with equal numbers of teeth andshaft axes at 90 degrees are called miter gears.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
16/34
spiral bevel gear
Spiral bevel gear teeth are curved along the tooth's length and set
at an angle, analogously to the way helical gear teeth are set at an
angle compared to spur gear teeth.
They operate smoother than straight bevel gears and have higher
load capacity.
spiral bevel gear are extensively used in portable power tools,
gear boxes, machine tools, cooling towers, power plants, steel
plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
17/34
Their efficiency is slightly lower than straightbevel gears.
They have the same advantages and
disadvantages relative to their straight-cut
cousins as helical gears do to spur gears.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
18/34
Hypoid bevel gears
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the shaft axes
do not intersect.
These gears are also used for right angle drive in which the axes
do not intersect.
This permits the lowering of the pinion axis which is an added
advantage in automobile in avoiding hump inside the automobile
drive line power transmission.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
19/34
WORM GEAR
Worm and worm gear pair consists of a worm, which is very
similar to a screw and a worm gear, which is a helical gear. They
are used in right-angle skew shafts.
The sliding action prevalent in the system while resulting in
quieter operation produces considerable frictional heat.
Efficiency of these gears is low anywhere from 90% to 40 %.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
20/34
Internal Gear
Internal gears are used for transmitting power between two
parallel shafts.
In these gears, annular wheels are having teeth on the inner
periphery. This makes the drive very compact.
In these drives, the meshing pinion and annular gear are running
in the same direction.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
21/34
Forms OF Gear Tooth
INVOLUTE:
The tooth is derived from the trace of point on a
straight line, which rolls without slipping around a
circle i.e base circle .
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
22/34
Cycloidal
The tooth is derived from curve which is locus ofpoint on a circle rolling on pitch circle of gear.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
23/34
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
24/34
Gear tooth terminology
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
25/34
NOMENCLATURE.
Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder
(cone, etc.) that the toothed gear may be considered to replace.
Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.
Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a
right section of the gear.
Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the spacesbetween the teeth, in a right section of the gear.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
26/34
Contd
Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and theaddendum circle.
Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the
root circle.
Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear
and the addendum of the mating gear.
Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the
pitch surface.
Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the
pitch surface.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
27/34
Contd. Circular thickness (also called the tooth thickness): The thickness of
the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the length of an arc and not
the length of a straight line.
Tooth space: pitch diameter The distance between adjacent teeth
measured on the pitch circle.
Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one gear and
the tooth space of the mating gear.
Circular pitch (Pc) : Distance from one face of a tooth to the
corresponding face of an adjacent tooth on the same gear, measured
along the pitch circle. N
DPc
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
28/34
Contd.
Diametral pitch (Pd): The number of teeth of a gear unit pitchdiameter. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the number ofteeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,
WherePd = diametral pitch
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. Thepitch diameter is usually specified in inches or millimeters; in theformer case the module is the inverse of diametral pitch.
m = D/N
D
NP
d
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
29/34
Importance of gear measurement
Measurement helps us in three main ways:accuracy, unreliability of senses, and
standardization. In order that the rotary motion of
driven shaft be perfectly uniform relative to the
driving shaft, it is essential that both gears be ofperfectly uniform relative to the driving shaft, it is
essential that both gears be of perfect
geometrical form and be perfectly mounted on
perfect shafts running in perfect bearings. Forcloser control over the accuracy of manufacture,
precision measurement of gears plays a vital role.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
30/34
Problem set
1) What is Positive Drives? Why Gears are said as Positive Drives?
Ans : Positive drive means movement without slip. Gears are said to
be 'POSITIVE DRIVE" because there is no slippage between the
input and output.
2) If quietness of operation is required? Which gears are preferred
among following?
a)Spur gears
b)Helical gears
c)Herringbone gears
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
31/34
3) The DRIVER has 60 teeth and because it is the largest wesay that it revolves once. The DRIVEN gear has 30 teeth.What is gear ratio?
Ans :
Gear ratio =no: of teeth in driven /no of teeth in driver=1:2
4) A pair of spur gears consists of a 20 teeth pinion meshingwith 120 teeth gear. The module is 4mm .calculate
i) Centre distance ii) pitch circle diameters of pinion and gear
Ans :Centre distance =
Dp=m.Zp=4(20)=80mm
Dg=m.Zg=4(120)=480mm
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
32/34
Conclusion
Gears are used in many machines. Many are
machines we use in our everyday life, such as
cars; windup toys, clocks, mixers, bikes, oil rigs,
vacuum etc. Gears make our lives easier in
many ways. They allow us to change direction
and speed of movement, measure time andcreate a great force mechanical output with a
little force input. Properly designed & properly
maintained gear system can run over decades.
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
33/34
References:
1. Engineering Metrology. By R. K. Jain.2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear.
3. http://machinedesign.com/article/gear-tooth-
form-1115
4. design of machine elements by V.B.Bhandari
-
7/28/2019 gear measurement and basic concepts
34/34
THANK YOU