1. Bjrn Brembs http://brembs.net Universitt Regensburg 2. What is a brain good for, anyway? 3. What is behavior? The whole neural organism, it will be remembered, is, physiologically considered, but a machine for converting stimuli into reactions (James, 1890, p. 372). Behavior: An analysis of the world, followed by deliberation and planning, followed by execution of the plan. sense, think, act motor output sensory input ReactionPerception representation of the world Cognition representation of the motor plan William James Source: Paul Cisek 4. Source: Ken Catania 5. Reproducibility is not evolutionary stable 6. H. geographicus Variability in jumping Royan et al., 2010 M. trinitatis 7. Ongoing activity modulated by stimuli 8. Phototaxis: Gspr Jkely Polychaete: Platynereis dumerilii Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology 9. Pelagic Benthic LIGHT PRESSURE GRAVITY CHEMICALS TEMPERATURE SALINITY 10. G Jkely et al. Nature 456, 395-399 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07590 11. G Jkely et al. Nature 456, 395-399 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07590 12. a-FVRIamide a-acTub 13. Ongoing activity modulated by stimuli 14. Cornelia Bargmann 302 neurons, connectome Gordus et al. 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.018 15. Gordus et al. 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.018 16. Ongoing activity modulated by stimuli 17. Marcus Raichle fMRI 18. The limiting factor in the evolution of brain size was energy supply 35 19. 36 The additional energy burden associated with [] the environment may be as little as .5-1.0% of the total energy budget. Marcus Raichle (2006): Science 314, p1249 20. Ongoing activity modulated by stimuli 21. = 22. Jonathan Wolpaw 23. Wolpaw TINS (1997) + later data 24. Wolpaw et al, 1984&94; Carp et al, 2006; Wolf et al, 1995 25. Action Outcome Evaluation 26. Under carefully controlled experimental circumstances, an animal will behave as it damn well pleases. 27. Behavioral variability in a constant stimulus situation: Actions, not responses 28. Decisions or just noise in complex stimulus-response systems? 29. Geometric Random Inner Products: GRIP All computations Alexander Maye, UKE Hamburg (Maye et al. 2007) 30. Maye et al. (2007) If one simple stochastic point process is insufficient, maybe we need more 31. Source: This is Spinal Tap 32. Torque HeatColors operant classical self world 33. > 530 Mya CREB CRE Long- term memory cAMP PKA Cytoplasm Nucleus Nt DNA rutabaga Modified from: "Comparative psychology: Evolution and development of behavior" (2nd Edition, Psychology Press, 2008) 34. Brembs & Plendl (2008) Torque HeatColors Torque Heat rut-AC dependent Synaptic Plasticity Protein Kinase C world self rut2080 wtb rut2080 wtb HS noHS PKCi PKCi HS noHS PKCi PKCi 35. Action Outcome Evaluation FoxP2 36. Torque HeatColors Torque Heat world self self WT FoxP RNAi ctrl. 37. > 530 Mya Aplysia (Mollusks) Drosophila (Arthropods) Humans/mice/birds (Chordates) ??? cAMP PKA Cytoplasm Nucleus Nt DNA Type II cyclase PKC FoxP 38. Why have more than one learning system? 39. Training Test composite: turning + color turning 40. Training Test composite: turning + color turning WT WT 16min MB Impaired OK OK Self-Learning Test 41. Training Test composite: turning + color turning color WT WT 16min MB Impaired OK OK Self-Learning Test WT WT 16min MB OK Impaired Impaired World-Learning Test 42. Training Test composite: turning + color turning color WT 8min WT 16min MB Impaired OK OK Self-Learning Test WT 8min WT 16min MB OK Impaired Impaired World-Learning Test habit formation 43. Training Test composite: turning + color turning color WT 8min WT 16min FoxP 16min Impaired OK Impaired Self-Learning Test WT 8min WT 16min MB OK Impaired Impaired World-Learning Test 44. Training Test composite: turning + color turning color WT 8min WT 16min MB 8min Impaired OK OK Self-Learning Test WT 8min WT 16min MB 8min OK Impaired Impaired World-Learning Test Brembs, 2009 MB247 or 17D driving TNT 45. Brembs (2009) Curr Biol Colomb & Brembs (2010) Commun Integr Biol Brembs (2010) Proc Roy Soc Brembs (2011) Behav Proc 46. Spontaneous Activity independent of sensory input e.g. exploration Mixed Complex stimuli/variable actions Behavioral set Endogenous evoked responses Closed loop Evoked Fixed stimulus/response at fixed latency e.g. reflex Stimulus-response coupling Predictability 47. Spontaneous Activity independent of sensory input e.g. exploration Mixed Complex stimuli/variable actions Behavioral set Endogenous evoked responses Closed loop Evoked Fixed stimulus/response at fixed latency e.g. reflex Stimulus-response coupling Predictability/Efficiency 48. Flexibility Efficiency 49. Exploration Exploitation 50. Goal-directed Habitual