491

GENERAL COUNCIL OF MEDICAL EDUCATIONAND REGISTRATION OF THE UNITED

KINGDOM.

Registration of Medical Students.-The following are theGeneral Medical Council’s Regulations in reference to the-registration of students in medicine :-Every medical student shall be registered in the manner

prescribed by the General Medical Council. No medical,student shall be registered until lie has passed a preliminaryexamination as required by the General Medical Council,and has produced evidence that lie has commenced medicalstudy. The commencement of the course of professional.study recognised by any of the qualifying bodies shall notbe reckoned as dating earlier than fifteen days before thedate of registration. The registration of medical students.shall be placed under the charge of the branch registrars.Each of the branch registrars shall keep a register of.medical students according to a prescribed form, and shallenter therein the name, the preliminary examination anddate thereof, the date of registration, and the place and dateof commencement of medical study, as certilied by a masteror a teacher, or an official in a medical school or hospital.Every person desirous of being registered as a medical student.shall apply to the branch registrar of the division of theUnited Kingdom in which lie is residing; and shall produceor forward to the branch registrar a certificate of his havingpassed a preliminary examination as required by the GeneralMedical Council, and evidence that he has commenced medicalstudy. The branch registrar shall enter the applicant’s nameand other particulars in the Students’ Register, and shall give eIlim a certificate of such registration. Each of the branch.registrars shall supply to the several qualifying bodies,medical schools, and hospitals, in that part of the UnitedKingdom of which he is registrar, a sufficient number ofblank form of application for the registration of medicalstudents. The several Branch Councils-and in Englandthe Executive Committee, if its meeting be more convenientand the case be urgent - have power to admit specialexceptions to the foregoing regulations as to registration,for reasons which shall appear to them satisfactoiy. Acopy of the Register of Medical Students, prepared by eachof the branch registrars, shall be transmitted on or beforeDecember 31st, in each year, to the registrar of the GeneralCouncil, who shall, as soon as possible thereafter, prepareand print, under the direction of the Executive Committee,an alphabetical list of all students registered in the precedingyear, and supply copies of such authorised list to each of the*bodies enumerated in Schedule A to the Medical Act (1858),and through the branch registrars to the several medicalschools and hospitals. The several qualifying bodies arerecommended not to admit to the final examination for aqualification under the Medical Acts any candidate (notexempted from registration) whose name has not beenentered in the Medical Students’ Register at least forty-five months previously. In the case of candidates fromother than schools of the United Kingdom, the BranchCouncils--and in England the Executive Committee, if itsmeeting be more convenient and the case be urgent-havepower to admit exceptions to this recommendation. Theregulations for preliminary general education are as follows :--No person shall be allowed to be registered as a medical

student unless he shall have previously passed (at one ormore examinations) a preliminary examination in thesubjects of general education as specified in the followinglist :-1. English Language, including Grammar and Composi-tion. 2. Latin, including Grammar, Translation from specifiedauthors, and Translation of easy passages not taken fromsuch authors. 3. Elements of Mathematics, comprising(a) Arithmetic, including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions ;(b) Algebra, including Simple Equations ; (c) Geometry,including the first book of Euclid, with easy questions onthe subject-matter of the same. 4. Elementary Mechanicsof Solids and Fluids, comprising the Elements of Statics,Dynamics, and Hydrostatics. 5. One of the followingoptional subjects:-(a) Greek, (b) French, (c) German,(d) Italian, (e) any other Modern Language, (f) Logic,(g) Botany, (h) Zoology, (i) Elementary Chemistry.l

1 In the case of students in Universities with a prolonged curriculum,where the examination in Mechanics required for their degree is takenat a more advanced period of study than before commencing medicaleducation, registration can be effected only on having passed theexamination in Mechanics, but their registration may be then antedatedto the period at which the Preliminary was passed.

*

The following resolutions in regard to professional educa-tion and examination were passed by the General MedicalCouncil on June 5th and 6th, 1890, and will become obliga-tory on every medical student who commences his medicalstudies after January lst, 1892. As they necessitate ayear’s further study than is now compulsory, the variousexamining bodies in the kingdom will during the next yearbe obliged to alter their curricula of study and their ex-aminations so as to conform thereto.

Professional Education.-1. "The course of professionalstudy after registration should occupy at least five years,conditionally." "

2. " The first four of the five years should be passed at aSchool or Schools of Medicine recognised by any of theLicensing Bodies mentioned in Schedule A of the MedicalAct (1858), provided that the first year may be passed at aUniversity or Teaching Institution, recognised by any ofthe Licensing Bodies, where the subjects of Physics,Chemistry, and Biology are taught."

3. "Graduates in Arts or Science of any Universityrecognised by the Medical Council who shall have spent ayear in the study of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, andhave passed an examination in these subjects for the degreesin question, should be held to have completed the first ofthe tive years of medical study."4. "The fifth year should be devoted to clinical work at

one or more of such public hospitals or dispensaries, Britishor foreign, as may be recognised by any of the medicalauthorities mentioned in Schedule A of the Medical Act(1858), provided that of this year six months may be passedas a pupil to a Registered Practitioner holding a public ap-pointment, or possessing such opportunities of impartingpractical knowledge as shall be satisfactory to the Medicalauthorities. "

5. " The Regulations of the Examining Bodies, and of theschools, should be so framed that attendance on systematiccourses may be concluded at the end of the fourth year ofstudy, so as to permit of the student devoting the fifth yearto clinical work, as defined in Resolution 4."

6. " The regulations requiring attendance on systematicCourses of Lectures ought not to require attendance onmore than three Lectures weekly in any one Course."

7. °‘ Due time should be set aside for Practical Work inthe various subjects. Attendance on a Practical Courseshould be carefully ascertained and certified. By a Prac-tical Course is understood one in which work is done by thestudent himself, under the direction of a duly qualifiedteacher. "

8. "In order to promote a practical system of ClinicalTeaching, the Regulations should specify Hospital Practicewith Clinical Instruction.’ Ample time should be setaside for Hospital Work, and means should be taken toascertain regularity of attendance in the Wards and Out-patient Departments. Every candidate for the Final Pro-fessional Examination at the end of the fifth year shouldbe required to give evidence that he has had sufficientopportunities of practical study."This Resolution relates to such offices as the following :

Clinical Medical Clerkship and Surgical Dressership-eitherfor in- or out-patients ; Obstetrical Clerkship ; post-mortemClerkship.

9. "No qualification in Medicine ought to be grantedwithout evidence of clinical instruction in infectiousdiseases." "

Professional Examination. - 10. "With the view ofsecuring attention to practical work in Education, the timedevoted to the practical part of the examinations in all thesubjects should be extended."

11. " The examination in the Elements of Physics (in-cluding Mechanics), Chemistry, and Biology should bepassed before the beginning of the second winter session."

12. " Antecedent to the Final Examination, there shouldbe three Professional Examinations, arranged in suchmanner as to secure due continuity and sequence of study."

13. "All examinations, except the Final Examination inMedicine, Surgery, and Midwifery, should be passed beforethe final year intended for clinical work. ’

14. " The Final Examination in Medicine, Surgery, andMidwifery must not be passed before the close of the fifthyear of medical study."

15. "The system of compensation as between the threedifferent subjects of the qualifying examinations-viz ,Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery-is contrary to the inten-tion of the Medical Act (1886), and the Council directs theattention of the several medical authorities to this fact."

492

16. "The marks for the written and oral examinationsin Medicine and Surgery at the Final Examination shouldnot exceed those for the clinical and practical portions ofthe examination."

17. " Seeing that the practice of different authoritiesvaries on the question whether a student who fails to satisfythe Examiners in each of the several subjects of Medicine,Surgery, and Midwifery should be referred on all of them,or only on those in which he fails, the Council recommendsthat some general principle should be adopted with referenceto this question ; and suggests that a percentage of not lessthan 60 marks on each of any two subjects-supposing thatthe pass requirement be 50 per cent.-should exempt fromre-examination in those two subjects."

18. " The Council recommends to the Examining Bodiesthe use of a percentage system of marks; and, for facilita-ting the work of the inspectors appointed by the Council,the adoption of a uniform pass mark of 50 per cent."

19. " With regard to the Course of Study and Examina-tions which persons desirous of qualifying for the medicalprofession shall go through in order that they may become

possessed of the requisite knowledge and skill for theefficient practice of the profession, the Council now resolvesthat, in its opinion, the following conditions ought to beenforced without exception on all who commence theirmedical studies at any time after Jan. 1, 1892 :-

(a) " With the exceptions provided for under Resolution 3,the period of professional study, between the date of regis-tration as a medical student and the date of Final Exami-nation for any diploma which entitles its bearer to be

registered under the Medical Acts, must be a period of

bonâ-fide study during not less than five years :(b) "In every course- of professional study and examina-

tions the following subjects must be contained : (i.) Physics,including the Elementary Mechanics of Solids and Fluids,and the rudiments of Heat, Light, and Electricity ;(ii.) Chemistry, including the principles of the science

and the details which bear on the study of Medicine ;(iii.) Elementary Biology; (iv.) Anatomy ; (v.) Physiology;(vi.) Materia Medica and Pharmacy; (vii.) Pathology ;(viii.) Therapeutics; (ix.) Medicine, including MedicalAnatomy and Clinical Medicine; (x.) Surgery, includingSurgical Anatomy and Clinical Surgery; (xi.) Midwifery,including Diseases peculiar to Women and to new-bornChildren ; (xii.) Theory and Practice of Vaccination ; (xiii.)Forensic Medicine ; (xiv.) Hygiene ; (xv.) Mental Disease."(It is to be understood, as regards the above-mentionedsubjects, that the Council offers no opinion as to the mannerin which the subjects should be combined or distributed forpurposes of teaching or examination.)

(c) "At successive stated times during the first four

years of the course of study, all students must pass suchintermediate examinations as will test their proficiency inthe successive earlier branches of medical education, and,while tending to promote a due sequence in the medicalstudies, will also tend to lighten the final examination ofmatters which can properly be spared from it."W. J. C. Miller, B.A., Registrar of the General Council

and of the Branch Council for England, 299, Oxford-street,London, W.-James Robertson, Regibtra,!’ of the BranchCouncil for Scotland, 1, George-square, Edinburgh.-R. L.Heard, M.D., Registrar of the Branch Council for Ireland,35, Dawson-street, Dublin.

I.--UNIVERSITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. IThe following is a list of Examining Bodies whose ex-

aminations fulfil the conditions of the Medical Council asregards preliminary education, and have been recognised asentitling to registration as a medical or dental student;provided that the Elementary Mechanics of Solids andFluids, comprising the elements of Statics, Dynamics, andHydrostatics, is shown to have been included in the exami-nation:-

University of 0xford.-Junior Local Examinations; Cer-tificate to include Latin and Mathematics, and also one ofthese optional subjects-Greek, French, German. SeniorLocal Examinations; Certificate to include Latin and Mathe-matics. Responsions. Moderations. Examination for aDegree in Arts.

University of Cambridge.-Junior Local Examinations;Certificate to include Latin and Mathematics, and also oneof these optional subjects-Greek, French, German. SeniorLocal Examinations; Certificate to include Latin and

Mathematics Higher Local Examinations. Previous Ex.amination. Examination for a Degree in Arts.

University of Durhan.-Examination for Certificate ofProficiency. Examination for students at the end of theirfirst year. Examination for a degree in Arts.

University of London.-Matriculation Examination. Pre.liminary Scientific (M.B.) Examination. Examination fora Degree in Arts or Science.

Victoria University.- Preliminary Examination; Latin to.be one of the subjects. Entrance Examination in Arts, toinclude all the subjects required.

University of Edinburgh.-Local Examinations (JuniorCertificate); Certificate to include English Literature, Arith.metic, Algebra, Geometry, Latin, and also one of theseoptional subjects-Greek, French, German. Local Exami-nations (Senior Certificate); Certificate to include EnglishLiterature, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Latin, and also,one of these optional subjects--Greek, French, German.Preliminary Examination for Graduation in Science or

Medicine and Surgery. Examination for a Degree in Arts.University of Aberdeen.-Local Examinations (Junior

Certificate); Certificate to include all the subjects required.Local Examinations (Senior Certificate); Certificate to in.clude English Literature, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry,Latin, and also one of these optional subjects-Greek,French, German. Preliminary Examination for Gradua-tion in Medicine or Surgery. Examination for a Degree inArts.

University of Glasgow.- Local Examinations (Junior Cer.tificate); Certificate to include all the subjects required.Local Examinations (Senior Certificate); Certificate to in.clude English Literature, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry,Latin, and also one of these optional subjects-Greek,French, German. Preliminary Examination for Gradua.tion in Medicine or Surgery. Examination for a Degree inArts.

University of St. Andrews.—Local Examinations (SeniorCertificate); Certificate to include English Literature,Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Latin, and also one of theseoptional subjects-Greek, French, German. Local Exami-nations (Junior Certificate), to include all the subjects re-quired. Preliminary Examination for Graduation in Medi.cine or Surgery. Examination for a Degree in Arts.

University of Dnblin.-Public Entrance Examination.General Examination at end of Senior Freshman year.Examination for a Degree in Arts.

Queen’s University -in Irelaod.-Local Examinations forMen and Women; Certificate to include all the subjects re-quired by the General Medical Council. Entrance ormatri-culation Examination. Previous Examination for B.A.Degree. Examination for a Degree in Arts.Royal University of Ireland. -Matriculation Examination.Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board.-

Certificate to include the following subjects, an adequateknowledge of English Grammar and Orthography, as shownin the course of the examination, to the satistaction of theexaminers, being held as conforming to the requirements ofthe Medical Council in regard to those subjects: (a) Arith.metic, including Vulgar and Decimal Fractions ; (b) Algebra,including Simple Equations; (c) Geometry, including thefirst two books of Euclid; (d) Latin, including Translationand Grammar; (e) Also one of these optional subjects-Greek, French, German.

II-OTHER BODIES NAMED IN SCHEDULE ATO THE MEDICAL ACT.

Apothecaries’ Society of London.-Examination in Arts.Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of Edinburgh,

Preliminary (combined) Examination in General Education.Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.-Pre-

liminary Examination in General Education.Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.-Preliminary Ex-

amination; Certificate to include Matbematics.III. - EXAMINING BODIES IN THE UNITEDKINGDOM, NOT INCLUDED IN SCHEDULE

A TO THE MEDICAL ACT (1858).College of Preceptors.-Examination for a First Class

Certificate, or Second Class Certificate of First or SecondDivision, Algebra, Geometry, Latin, and either a ModernLanguage, or Greek or Chemistry, or Botany or Zoology,having been taken.

Queen’s College, Belfast.-Matriculation Examination.

493

Queen’s College, Corh.-Matrieulation Examination. Queen’s College, Galway.-Matriculation Examination.Intermediate Education Board of Irclmnd.-Junior Grade

Examination, Middle Grade Examination, Senior GradeExamination (Certificate in each case to include all thesubjects required).

St. David’s College, Lampeter. -Responsions Examination, to include all the subjects required.Educational Institute of Scotland.-Preliminary Medical

Examination.Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.-Preliminary

and Minor Examinations (pro tanto).Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland. -Preliminary Exami-

nation (pro tanto).Scotch Education Departnaent.-Leaving Certificates in

each Grade and in Honours.

REGULATIONSOF THE

MEDICAL EXAMINING BOARDS IN THEUNITED KINGDOM.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

There are two degrees in Medicine, B.M. and D.M., andtwo degrees in Surgery, B.Ch. and M.Ch., and a diploma inPublic Health.The B.M. and B.Ch. degrees are granted to those

members of the University who have passed the SecondExamination. Graduates in Arts (B.A. or M.A.) are aloneeligible for these two degrees. After the degree of B.A. isobtained, the degrees of B.M. and B.Ch. may be obtained bypassing the following examinations : - 1. Preliminary.2. Professional. (a) First Examination: Subjects-OrganicChemistry, unless the candidate has obtained a first or secondclass in Chemistry in the Natural Science School ; HumanPhysiology, unless he has obtained a first or second class inAnimal Physiology in the Natural Science School ; HumanAnatomy. (b) Second Examination : Subjects-Medicine,Surgery, Midwifery, Pathology, Forensic Medicine withHygiene, and Materia Medica with Pharmacy.The degree of D.M. is granted to Bachelors of Medicine of

the University—(1) who took the degree of B.M. previouslyto the end of Trinity Term, 1886, provided they have spent Ithree years in the practice of Medicine after taking that degree, and have composed a dissertation on some medicalsubject approved by the Regius Professor of Medicine, beforewhom it must be read in public; (2) who took the degree ofB.M. subsequently to the end of Trinity Term, 1886, providedthey have entered their thirty-ninth term and have com-posed on some medical subject a dissertation which isapproved by the professors in the Faculty of Medicine andexaminers for the degree of B.M. whose subject is dealtwith. A book published within two years of the candidate’sapplication for the degree may be substituted for a disserta-tion. The degree of M. Ch. is granted to Bachelors of Surgeryof the University who have entered their twenty-seventhterm, who are members of the surgical staff of a recognisedhospital, or have acted as Dresser or House Surgeon in such,t hospital for six months, and who have passed an examina-tion in Surgery, Surgical Anatomy, and Surgical Operations.The diploma in Public Health is granted only to Bachelors

of Medicine of the University who have passed an examina-tion in Hygiene, Sanitary Law, Sanitary Engineering, andVital- Statistics. The First Examination for the degrees of B. M. and B.Ch.

and the Examination in Materia Medica and Pharmacy maybe passed as soon as the Preliminary Scientific Examinationhas been completed. Organic Chemistry may be taken upon a separate occasion, but before Human Physiology andAnatomy. The two last-named subjects must be takentogether.The Second Examination may be passed after the com-

pletion of the first. Materia Medica and Pharmacy, if notalready passed, may be offered separately, but before theremaining subjects, which must be taken together.These examinations are held once a year in Trinity Term.Instruction in the subject-matter of Responsions, Modera-

tions, and the several final schools is given by the tutorsand lecturers of the Colleges and Halls. In Natural Science-i.e., in Physics, Chemistry, Zoology. Comparative Anatomy,Botany, Anthropology, Geology, Mineralogy, Astronomy,-

the professors of the University and their assistants delivercourses of lectures and conduct classes for practical instruc-tion in the Laboratories of the Museum and in the BotanicGarden every term. Several of the Colleges have tutors inScience and laboratories. Instruction in Organic Chemistryis given in the summer term. Physiology, PhysiologicalChemistry, and Histology are taught by the Waynflete Pro.fessor of Physiology and his assistants; Human Anatomyby the University Lecturer, by copiously illustrated Lecturesand Demonstrations and a carefully managed dissecting-room. Instruction and demonstrations in Physical Dia-gnosis and Regional Anatomy are given at the RadcliffeInfirmary. Clinical lectures in Medicine and Surgery aredelivered by the two Lichfield lecturers of the University,a physician and a surgeon of the infirmary respectively.TheRadclitfe Library at the Museum is open daily to readers,whether members of the University or others. It has alarge collection of works, ancient and modern, British andforeign, bearing on all the principal Natural Sciences, andon the science and practice of Medicine and Surgery.The University develops by these several institutions all

the means for giving the best education, general andscientific, in all such departments connected with medicine,preventive and curative, as the foundation for study in thegreat clinical schools of the metropolis and elsewhere.

Scholarships, &c.-Scholarships in some branch of NaturalScience (Chemistry, Physics, Biology) of the average annualvalue of £80 per annum, tenable for four years and renew-able under certain conditions for a fifth year, as well asExhibitions of a less annual value, are awarded after com-petitive examination, every year by some, from time totime by other, Colleges. Notices of vacancy &c. are publishedin the University Gazette. In February there is competedfor annually, by those who have obtained a first class in anyschool (Moderations or Final), or a Scholarship or Prize opento general competition in the University, one RadcliffeTravelling Fellowship. It is tenable for three years, and isof the annual value of JE200. The examination is partlyscientific, partly medical. The holder must travel abroad forthe purpose of medical study, and take the degree of B.M.Oxon. A Rolleston Memorial Prize is awarded once in twoyearsto members of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridgeof not more than ten years’ standing for an original researchin some Biological subject, including Physiology or Pathology.More detailed information may be obtained from the

University Calendar; the Examination Statutes, 1887,which contain the official schedules of the several subjectsof examination in both Arts and Medicine; from theStudent’s Handbook to the University; from the RegiusProfessor of Medicine; from the Professors in the severaldepartments of science.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

The student must enter at one of the Colleges, or as

a non-collegiate student, and keep nine terms byresidence in the University. He must pass the PreviousExamination in Classics and Mathematics, which may, andshould if possible, be done immediately on coming intoresidence in October, or, what is better, obtain exemptionthrough the Oxford and Cambridge Schools ExaminationBoard or the Local Examinations, before commencing resi-dence. He may then devote himself to medical study inthe University, attending the hospital and the medicallectures, dissecting, &c. Or he may proceed to take a degreein Arts, either continuing mathematical and classical studyand passing the ordinary examinations for B.A., or goingout in one of the Honour Triposes. The Natural SciencesTripos is the most appropriate, as some of the subjects arepractically the same as those for the first and second M.B.examinations.For the degree of Bachelor of Medicine (M.B.) five years

of medical study are required. This time may be spent inCambridge or elsewhere. The first three or four years areusually spent in Cambridge, the student remaining in theUniversity till lie has passed (say) the examination for theNatural Sciences Tripos and the first and second examina-tions for M.B. Cambridge being now a complete School ofMedicine, all the requisite lectures and hospital practicemay be attended here, and many students remain to attendlectures and hospital practice until they have passed thefirst part of the third examination for M.B. The supply ofsubjects for Dissection &c. is unusually abundant.There are three examinations for M.B. The first in