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General, Organic, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 8eand Biochemistry, 8e

Bettelheim, BrownBettelheim, Brown

Campbell, & FarrellCampbell, & Farrell

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Introduction to Chemistry 32B Spring 2009

CHAPTER 30 NUTRITION

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NutritionNutrition• Nutrients:Nutrients: the components of food and drink that provide growth, replacement, and energy:

•DigestionDigestion: the hydrolysis of starches, fats, and proteins into smaller units that can be absorbed

and metabolized.

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Vitamins5. Minerals6. Water

CH3H3C

CH3

CH2OHCH3 CH3

Viamin AVision, to heal eye and skin injuries

H3C CH3H3C

H2CCH3

Viamin D(Promotes Calcium and phosphate

absorption and mobilization.

O

O

CH2-CH=C-CH26

Vitamin KBlood clotting)

O

CH3

CH3

HO

H3CCH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

Vitamin E(Antioxidant) CH3

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The Food Guide The Food Guide PyramidPyramid

RDA ~ DRI

Dietary referenceintakes

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The Food Guide The Food Guide PyramidPyramid

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CaloriesCalories• Nutritional calorie (Cal):Nutritional calorie (Cal): 1000 cal or 1 kcal.

• Basal caloric requirement:Basal caloric requirement: the energy requirement for a resting body.

• ~2900 calories/day for ACTIVE

•~2000 calories/day for sedentary

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Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g• Carbohydrates are the main source of

energy in a diet; the main dietary carbohydrates are:• The polysaccharide starch.

• The disaccharides lactose and sucrose.• The monosaccharides glucose and fructose.Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the

mouth:a-Amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch and

glycogen.

C6H12O6

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Artificial sweetenerssweet taste~ no calories . ..

• 100-150Xs sweeter •then Sucrose

•450Xs sweeter •then Sucrose

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Proteins: 4 kcal/gProteins: 4 kcal/g• Dietary proteins can be used for energy, • main use amino acids: body can synthesize its own proteins.

• Digestion of proteins -- cooking, denatures • Proteins: HCl stomach hydrolyzes.

• Most protein digestion occurs in the small intestine.

• complete protein:complete protein: A dietary protein that contains all essential amino acids. Casein (milk)

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ProteinsProteins• Figure 30.4 Different enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide chains at different specific sites.

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Proteins: not all = Proteins: not all = completecomplete

• Gelatin, which is denatured collagen, is an incomplete protein because it lacks Trp, and is low in Ile and Met.

• Corn protein is low in Lys and Trp.• Rice is low in Lys and Thr.• Wheat protein is low in Lys.• Legumes are low in Met and Cys.• Soy protein is very low in Met.

Protein complementation:Protein complementation: diet of two or more proteins complement each other’s deficiencies; for example:

Vegetarians:1. Rice + tofu (Japan, China)2. Corn tortilla + beans (Central S.

America)3. Lentils + rice (India)

Trp Lys

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Fats: Fats: 9 kcal/g9 kcal/g• Fats are the most concentrated source of energy.• LipasesLipases, enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids,

• Bile saltsBile salts, (in liver), emulsify water-insoluble dietary fats acted upon by lipases.Which fat is

unsaturated? And why?

Which is solid at room temp?

Which is liq at room temp?

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Vitamins and MineralsVitamins and Minerals• Fat-Soluble vitamins (Non Polar)

CH3H3C

CH3

CH2OHCH3 CH3

Viamin AVision, to heal eye and skin injuries

H3C CH3H3C

H2CCH3

Viamin D(Promotes Calcium and phosphate

absorption and mobilization.

O

O

CH2-CH=C-CH26

Vitamin KBlood clotting)

O

CH3

CH3

HO

H3CCH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

Vitamin E(Antioxidant) CH3

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Vitamins and MineralsVitamins and Minerals• Water-Soluble Vitamins (Polar)

N

N

N

N SH3C

CH3

CH2OH

Cl-

B1 (Thiamine)(Coenzyme in oxidativedecarboxylation and

pentose phosphate shunt)

N

N

N

N

O

O

H

CH2

CCCCH2OH

OHH

H OHOHH

B2 (Riboflavin)(Coenzyme in oxidative

processes))

N

COOH

Nicotinic acid(Niacin)

Coenzyme in oxidative processes)

N

CHO CH2OHHO

H3C

B6 (Pyeridoxal)(Coenzyme in

transaminations, and heme synthesis

N

N

N

NH2N

OH

NH

CNHCHCH2CH2COOHCOOH

Folic acid(Coenzyme in methylation

and in DNA synthesis)

O

B12(Part of methyl-removing

enzyme in folate metabolism)

See Table 30.2

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Vitamins and MineralsVitamins and Minerals

Phosphorus Balancing calcium in diet 800-1200 mg

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

Chloride ion

Povides membrane potential

Osmotic pressure

Bone formation; hormonal function;blood coagulation; muscle contraction

Os motic pressure

Mineral Function

Magnesium

Iron

Zinc

CopperManganese

Chromium

MolybdenumCobalt

Selenium

Iodine

Fluorine

Cofactor in enzymes

Oxidative phosphorylation;hemoglobinCofactor in enzymes; insulin

Oxidative enzymes cofactorBone formation

Glucose metabolism

Protein synthesisComponent of vitamin B12

Fat metabolism

Thyroid glands

Enamel formation

3500 mg

2000-2400 mg

800-1200 mg

1700-5100 mg

280-350 mg

15 mg

12-15 mg

1.5-3.0 mg2.0-5.0 mg

0.05 - 0.2 mg

0.075-0.250 mg0.05 mg

0.05-0.07 mg

150-170 g

1.5-4.0 mg

RDA

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Anthony Almada, BSc, MScCofounder and former CSOEAS, Pioneering Researchon Creatine

FOOD for Performance Enhancement

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SUMMARY Chapter 30-Nutrition

• 1. 6 groups of nutrients: (Carbs, Fats, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, water)

CHECK OUT NUTRITION CLASS (F.C.S.19-Nutrition), Sharon Antonelli

•2. Carbohydrates: major source of E in diet

•3. Fats (lipids): have most concentrated Energy: 9 kcal/g

•4. Protein: degraded by body to A.A. specific proteins

5. Deficiency in Vit./minerals nutritional diseases: (Vit A – bad night vision)

(Vit C –scurvy)Vegetarians (B vitamins, folic

acid) – anemia

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GOAL of TODAY• Expose to basics or organic molecular structure:

CH3H3C

CH3

CH2OHCH3 CH3

Viamin AVision, to heal eye and skin injuries

H3C CH3H3C

H2CCH3

Viamin D(Promotes Calcium and phosphate

absorption and mobilization.

O

O

CH2-CH=C-CH26

Vitamin KBlood clotting)

O

CH3

CH3

HO

H3CCH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

Vitamin E(Antioxidant) CH3

Vitamin A

Tri-glycerides (fats)

Carbohydrates(starch)

Amino acids

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FOR WEDNESDAY PLEASE READ

Week of Page No. in Text Chapter, WS, & Lab Topics

(Wed) 1/28 70-83 3 Chemical bonds (Review)269-282 10 Organic Chemistry

Updated Syllabus

Introduction to Chemistry 32B - Spring 2009

Text: General, Organic and Biochemistry, Bettelheim, Brown and March, 7th ed. 2004,Thomson-Brookes/Cole:

CH3H3C

CH3

CH2OHCH3 CH3

Viamin AVision, to heal eye and skin injuries

H3C CH3H3C

H2CCH3

Viamin D(Promotes Calcium and phosphate

absorption and mobilization.

O

O

CH2-CH=C-CH26

Vitamin KBlood clotting)

O

CH3

CH3

HO

H3CCH3

CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

Vitamin E(Antioxidant) CH3