GENERAL OVER VIEW CRS has successfully implemented the ‘multiple uses of water’ approach throughout Jonglei

state, South Sudan since march 2015

Constructed/rehabilitated over 276 integrated water supply systems through development and emergency WASH projects and secured sustainable access to safe water for more than 241,329 people. To ensues sustainability CRS trained 182 pump mechanics dominantly women

Educated through messaging over 156,000 people on hand washing at critical times, safe water and food chain, safe excrete disposals, basic cholera prevention messages and early treatment seeking behavior.

Established 30 sanitation marketing group of 30 members who in turn sold slabs and mobilized household to construct over 4,000 household latrines and reached over 24,000 people accessed to appropriate latrine

Supported construction of separate (for girls and boys) 10 improved school toilets and benefited over 2,647 students

CRS/South Sudan has been working in close collaboration with the Government of South Sudan to support communities in national WASH programming.

Continued,

CRS is currently working to respond to WASH-related needs in 2 states (Jongeli, and Lakes) emergency responses and development through:

New Construction; Deep and shallow boreholes,

Rehabilitation; deep wells , shallow boreholes, Hand dug wells,

Hygiene and Sanitation activities: BCC/PHAST, CHAST,

Market Based WASH - Sanitation Marketing

Water safety planning – from source to consumption

The most popular latrine technology in Jonglei has proved to be the ecological sanitation ‘Arborloo’ as HHs are motivated due its multiple benefits. Arborloo simple pit (1 -1.5 meters deep) and for fruit tree planting when filled. Due to its multiple benefits including easy to construct, excreta disposal, fruit tree and suitable for collapsing site, its uptake is becoming very high and fast

• Population: 13 million (est.)

• State: 28

• Area: 619,745 sq km (239,285 sq miles)

• Literacy 27 % (age 18+)

• Life expectancy: 56 years (men), 58 years (women)

• GDP per capita: 2.90 USD Billion in 2016

• HDI: HDI value for 2015 is 0.418— which put the country in the low human development category—positioning it at 181 out of 188 countries and territories 38% Access to improved water

• 13% Access to improved sanitation

South Sudan at a Glance

Top physiographic map South Sudan, bottom

USAID-Funded Resilience Programming in Jonglei

Some facts about South Sudan.

• Access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities is less than 40 and 15% respectively, in South Sudan WASH program (2013-2018), Ministry of Water Resource and Irrigation (MWRI). The information from MWRI also indicated that over 40%of boreholes are non functional Open defecation is more than 95% is in rural.

• Over 40 per cent of WASH facilities in the conflict-affected states have been destroyed since late 2013. As a result many communities have reverted to using contaminated water sources.

• Most water supply systems across the country are either not functional or only operating at low capacity. The economic downturn has further increased the cost of transportation, making trucked water unaffordable for many poor communities.

• Large influxes of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) have led to the over-utilization of existing water and sanitation facilities, which has resulted in huge operational and maintenance needs in the sector. The logistics of providing water and sanitation facilities, as well as of ensuring hygienic conditions in the PoC camps and other places where IDPs settle is challenging, particularly when numbers increase rapidly and erratically.

Continued,

• Overcrowding in camps and settlements often without access to clean water and with poor hygiene conditions can lead to outbreaks of water-borne diseases including cholera, which caused 6,421 recorded cases and 167 deaths in 2014 (WHO, 2015). In 2015, another outbreak that began in the Juba PoC in May, led to 1,818 cases and 47 deaths end October and in 2017 also a large outbreak occurs where CRS respond for it.

• Due to insecurity and absence of water; most people migrate to river Nile, the only surface water that crosses the country. Furthermore, there are a number of boreholes concentrated along river Nile which in turn attracted settlement of people. The high concentration of people along the river resulted in several health and social problem including water related diseases (none tropical diseases like Guinea worm, cholera, malaria). Nowadays malaria and cholera occur as endemic in many areas causing several morbidity and mortality. Another problem is low production and conflict over resources including water and pasture.

• Gender based Violence (GBV) has increased with the conflict as women often have to walk further to collect water and are subjected to additional dangers including rape from armed men.

• Rapid inflation in the cost of many essential goods, including water, has further reduced access to safe water and sanitation services.

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and Who are the People CRS Helps?

CRS

• Founded in 1943 to help world war II refugees

• Official international relief and development agency of the US Catholic community

• Operate in ~100 countries with an annual budget of around $---- million

• Assistance based on need, not creed

• Has worked in South Sudan since …..

• Three signatory areas: Health/Nutrition, Agriculture/livelihood and Emergence

• Water Sanitation and Hygiene is cross cutting program

• Multiple Use Water Services (MUS) is core strategy

• Who are the People CRS Helps?

• They are poor overseas.

• They are marginalized.

• They are malnourished.

• They are hard-working.

• They can improve their lives provided they can get a little help.

Where We Work? Under Resilience Food Security Program (RFSP) in Jongeli state

RFSP WASH approach

The WASH program is integrated with other RFSP sectors to amplify the impact of the interventions:

• Nutrition (training, awareness raising on hygiene etc.)

• Agriculture (use of water for gardening etc.)

• SILC (hygiene and sanitation group)

• Livestock (use of water for livestock )

• Fishery (training for fishery group on hygiene a and handling of fish, waste etc.)

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Uror

Twic East

Pibor

Nyriol

Fangak

Duk

Bor South

Ayod

Akobo

Canal

Pochala

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

N

# Borehole Dsitribution River in jonglei State

i. Over 10000 boreholes in Jonglei and 35 % not funtionalii. Almost all boreholes drilled along river course

BOREHOLE DISTRIBUTION IN JONGLEI STATE

Why CRS intervenes? Water problem & its effect in Jonglei

• Women spent 50% of their productive time in searching for water.

• Water source for many communities were ponds, rivers, and standing water in marsh.

• Frequent Outbreak of water borne diseases (Cholera) and hhigh diarrheal incidence.

• High child mortality due to unsafe water.

• High work load for mothers and children

• Conflicts and displacement in all parts of the County.

• 40% of all the boreholes are broken at any one given time

• Sanitation and hygiene promotion is difficult when there is no water.

•

• Children unable to attend school due to this burden and remain at home supporting their families.

• Adolescent girls abducted while going to collect water.

• Collection of water is the task of women and children, sometimes traveling more than 10km per day

• Safe water coverage is over 1000 people per borehole (SS standard 1:250)

• High rates of malnutrition

• Sanitation coverage of 14.6% with less than 5% in rural areas.

• Low literacy and thus poor knowledge and practices of desired hygiene and sanitation.

• Women are less regarded as decision makers in distribution of safe water resources and operational & maintenance of improved water sources.

WHAT WE DO?

In emergency situations, access to clean water and a functioning sanitation infrastructure

enables people to stay healthy while they cope during these stressful periods. CRS’s work emphasizes protection of lives and livelihoods. CRS helps to stabilize and restore the health and well-being of communities that are unable to cope with natural or man-made disasters.

• Water supply development: borehole rehabilitation and new borehole drilling;

• Hygiene and sanitation promotion: household latrines, institutional and public toilets and improved hygiene practices;

• Water quality testing and monitoring;

• Capacity building :

WPUC establishment and training;

Water care taker (pump mechanic ) technical training;

Government and project staff training

• Rehabilitated 246 boreholes and dilled 27 new boreholes in government and opposition areas;

• Expanded water access to 241,329 people;

• Trained and equipped with M and O tools for 182 dominantly women borehole pump mechanics;

HOW WE DO WASH?

• Unique approach: CRS carries out its emergency water and sanitation services in accordance with established standards. What makes CRS stand out is that the organization responds to all three emergency phases: rapid response, stabilization and recovery and rehabilitation.

• Strict governance: Each level of emergency response is governed by a needs assessment and an analysis of both the CRS country program and the partner’s capacity to act quickly.

• Balancing act: Since many countries are at some stage of emergency programming, it is essential to balance a development and emergency response to ensure that support is provided to the most vulnerable populations, while progress is made in meeting specific program goals and targets.

Program modalities since 2013

CRS implements WASH as integral to other resilience and livelihood program including nutrition, disaster risk management, agriculture, livestock and fishery, saving and internal lending community (SILC)

CRS implements WASH as integral to other resilience and livelihood program including nutrition, disaster risk management, agriculture, livestock and fishery, saving and internal lending community (SILC)

Resilience and livelihood

Recovery

Emergency

• Pivot between activities based on changing livelihoods status of beneficiaries;

• Respond flexibly within context of local insecurity and access constraints;

SOURCE: Jonglei Food Security Progra

Linked Emergency to Development Program

CRS targeted the extremely vulnerable segments of the population who are at high risk of infection such as mothers, female headed-households, children and elderly since they are directly linked with consequences of poor domestic hygiene and sanitation environments. Cattle keepers migrated with their cattle to the river Nile for search of water and pasture for their cattle are also targeted by this intervention. All segments of the community are highly involved, particularly women and children to reduce the risk of contamination

• Cholera outbreak, displacement due to conflict and drought are the major areas to mention.

In 2017 Duk _Padiet cholera response program was integrated to Resilience Food Security Program (RFSP) and Livelihood and Recovery Program (LRP). This enabled CRS to stop expansion of cholera in short period

This experience enabled CRS to mobilize funding for emergency WASH projects including cholera response and conflict and drought WASH emergency projects

Emergency response to cholera in Duk

• Constructed 40 stances of public latrines;

• Rehabilitated 5 boreholes to expand safe water access to 2,500 beneficiaries;

• Undertook water quality testing both at source and at 40 houses;

• Conducted water treatment at HHs and water sources;

• Mobilized staff and vehicles to Duk(17 staff and 7 vehicles) ;

• Reached 22,960 individuals (8,358 men and 14,597) individuals on awareness raising on cholera prevention and control;

• Distributed 60 MT of NFIs (Aquatab, Pur, soap, collapsible jerrycan, latrine slabs etc.)

• Recruited, deployed , and trained 78 community outreach workers ( 20 men and 58 women) in Pajut (51), Poktap(13) and Padiet (14).

• Dug 126 pits and buried 1,008 rotting cattle carcasses in Poktap and Padiet;

• Stopped the cholera outbreak within one month;

Cholera Response location and representative photos in action

Emergency WASH for Kandak IDP, Ayod in coordination with Log Cluster

• There was no water source in Kandak before CRS intervention

• MI 26 helicopter transported rig and accessories to Kandak and this was contribution by log cluster and costs $265,440

• Three deep boreholes and 1 rehabilitated.

As a result over 20,000 people got safe

Community showing their joy

Four major area of focus: 1. the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and households, including their demand for

better services;

2. the way in which projects and programs are implemented by local Governments and NGOs;

3. the effectiveness of follow-up support and monitoring of communities and households by local Governments and NGOs; and

4. the appropriateness of policies, investments and other actions by central Government.

Major approaches • Community led need assessment and problem prioritization;

• CRS partnership with community leaders and government technical ministry staff in planning, implementation and monitoring;

• Strengthen skills and knowledge of CRS and government staff

• Leverage CRS private contribution (drilling rig, accessories and construction materials) to expand WASH activities in other CRS program locations including RFSP.

Sustainability of WASH Activities The program intervention is divided into different three phases:

• First phase: after conducting rapid assessment in the affected communities the main problems will be identified. For example, when there is displaced communities because of conflict or cholera outbreak, flood or drought the first response will be addressing of the basic needs to avoid further negative impact. During this period the community contribution is very minimal (like building communal latrines, provision of hygiene materials (soap )

• Second phase: discussion with the community members will be done and the community will be encouraged to take part on the implementation of the activities and capacity building activities.

• Third phase: Strengthen community members in management and sustaining hygiene, sanitation and water services. The program will stop paying for the hygiene promotes and start to use volunteers for the promotion work and provide training for the community members on production of sanitation facilities(like latrine slabs ) and maintenance of

handpumps.

What makes sustainable

• The activities selection approach is not top to bottom rather the community will identify the problems and the program put the solution considering the context of the community

• Capacity buildings will be given in all level (government staffs, local staffs, community leaders, women’s and students)

• The program stops free hand outs and focuses on strengthen the community structure to finance for the WASH activists like collection of fee for water supply service and buying latrine slab

• The program will develop a clear exit plan together with the community members so that they may not be surprise when the program leaves the area

• The program activities will be handing over to the village based community agents (Water User committee, pump mechanic (care taker), home hygiene promoters, sanitation market group and school WASH club facilitators) by ensuring that strong linkage with the local government administration

•

How do you see these activities transition from an emergency or conflict setting to a development setting?

• For the water supply in the beginning provision of spare parts and payment of pump machines will be done by the program and on the second phase a community structure will be established (water user committee is formed) to manage the water points and training for residents (women pumper mechanics) is given to manage the rehabilitation works. Through all the passes strong capacity building will be conducted to ensure the sustainability of the program. So far:

• CRS established and trained women pump mechanics on maintenance/operation and provided tool kits and spare parts to sustain the water services .

• CRS also established sanitation marketing group and trained the members on sanitary material production including slab and social marketing to sustain sanitation and hygiene services

Given the nature of emergency and conflict response, how to we go about collecting evidence to show that these WASH activities will be sustainable?

• At the start of the program baseline data are collected on the functionality of the WASH facilities. Following that community level monitoring system will be established which enables WUC and pump mechanics where collected and in regular basis’s the program will conduct performance check of the groups and the facilities this helps to get evidence of the WASH activities sustainability.

Implement for sustainability

• Coordinate with government, community groups and other stakeholders;

• Mobilize communities for borehole rehabilitation and hygiene promotion;

• Promote multiple use of water services (MUS);

• Integrate WASH with nutrition, SILC, resilience and livelihoods;

• Establish and train WPUCs, school WASH clubs and community mobilizers;

• Innovate based on the local context ( women pump mechanics, use of core group and school as the centre for community WASH activities, sanitation marketing, ecological sanitation etc.)

• Implement the water safety plan (from source to mouth);

• Build capacity of program team and Government stakeholder;

Lessons learnt-1: Women pump mechanics ensured functionality of borehole

• Participation of women and girls in WASH increases the effectiveness and sustainability of interventions: water pump mechanics, WPUC membership, SWC etc.

• Capacitating women in borehole rehabilitation is great means for ensuring sustainability of water resources. The women mechanics were not only efficient and dedicated in doing the work, they were also very punctual and timely inspect and rehabilitate the boreholes. This approach has taken as the breakthrough for WASH sector where CRS used to sustain its water resources, and this exercise has encouraged CRS to scale-up

• “we are happy to make our boreholes functional all

times” said the women pump mechanic team of Yuai, Uror, Norh Jongeli where water is scarce.

Lesson Learned-2: Multiple Uses Water Services (MUS) CRS WASH program is using any opportunities to integrate with other CRS sectors; agriculture, livestock, nutrition, DRR etc.

• Water for Domestic Uses Emphasis: Health – activities must contribute to improved health of households and communities

• Water for Productive Uses

Emphasis: Livelihoods – activities must contribute to strengthening livelihoods of project beneficiaries

• Water for Environmental Protection

Emphasis: Natural resources sustainability – activities must contribute to the sustainability of water resources in the rangeland

Voice of Women, Uror, and Nyirol counties North Jonglei

• Women used to travel 10 kilometres to fetch water from river

• Now we have safe water in our village

• Donkey and women were in separable.

• Now donkey are helping us in business.

• Now our time is for other livelihood activities

• No more migration, we are resilient as our health and income improved

Photo: Nyabieli Gatkouth Puor collects water from the new borehole. Photo credits James Chuol, April 2016.

Voice of school children, Pibor school, Jonglei

• Before we used to travel over 1 kilometre to collect turbid water from pond

• Now we get water in our school compound

• School drop out was high in general mainly for girls in dry season as it requires over 6 hours travel to collect water from river

• Now there is no drop out

• Before cholera, diarrhoea, intestinal parasites and other water related were common.

• Now these diseases are not common

Appropriate Technology in Jonglei

Hand-dug Wells and Hand Pumps

Inexpensive, i.e. under $1,000

10-20 yards below ground

Low maintenance costs

However, hand dug wells are feasible near rive and marshy area where ground water shallow

Drilling Boreholes

Expensive

$10-25K

100-300 yards below ground

Drilling rig and accessories can cost over $10^3K

High maintenance costs

But, only option for communities far from river Nile

Challenges & Opportunities

Still more!!!

• A lot of un reached community

• Many women suffering of long distance walk to collect water

• Many House holds are without latrine and with low awareness

• Children hampered their learning due to water collection duties

• Drought and flood continued to affect natural resource and livelihood.

• Unless the community are encouraged to take up the activities by themselves through capacity building and proper exit strategy even though we address the emergency, it will recur again like cholera

• NGOs who are working in the same are need to have harmonized approach otherwise make the activists sustainability will be a big problem.

Continued,

• CRS facilitates BH rehabilitation using trained pump mechanics paid by the WPUC. In areas with mobile populations or no pump mechanic, major rehabilitation is difficult. CRS will train more pump mechanics for these locations;

• Seasonal congestion of people and livestock at BHs leads to overuse and frequent pump failure. CRS will drill more boreholes and pilot the use of solar pumps for heavily used water sources;

• Mass hygiene promotion has limited impact on behaviour. CRS is implementing a new model of payam-based WASH and nutrition mobilizers to train and supervise village based community volunteers;

• Natural and man-made challenges (Seasonal events, floods, insecurity)

• Absence of Strong Private Sector participation.

• Dependence syndrome of the population.

Next Step

• CRS learned that constructing cattle trough and directing overflow garden through drainage system to farm benefited small ruminants to have access to water and women to grow vegetables that in turn improved nutrition of their children.

• This practice has multiple purposes; make the surrounding clean, prevent contamination, prevent breeding of malaria and other water related diseases.

• CRS will continue promoting multiple water services

• Congestion of over 1000 households around one single borehole equipped with hand pump contributed to frequent break down. To address this problem CRS will continue drilling borehole and also installing of motor/solar pump in densely populated communities.

• Access to sanitation facilities is very low in all target areas mainly due to limited awareness and difficulty of digging latrine which in turn attributed to collapsing nature of earth when dug. CRS will continue implementing innovative sanitation technologies(Arboloo) and also introduction of business models through integrating to SILC and Agro-enterprice

In the absence of other safe option, this considered as an Angele's food

• In most places surface water mainly ponds are the only option. Either water from ponds, river and stagnant water in marshes and others are prone in South Sudan. These sources serve the community for human, livestock and others. The prevalence of cholera , malaria and other non tropical diseases are very high. To address these problems will intensify knowledge treating the water before drinking and drilling boreholes.